Ecosystem and landscape services: development and challenges … · 2015. 10. 19. · landscape...
Transcript of Ecosystem and landscape services: development and challenges … · 2015. 10. 19. · landscape...
Ecosystem and landscape services: development and challenges of
disputed concepts
Olaf Bastian
German-Ukrainian Meeting on Ecosystem Services
28th-30th Sept. 2015 Dresden, IÖR
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
Background
Concept of ecosystemservices (ES)
= Contributions of nature(ecosystems) to human well-being
Increasing threats on nature(biodiversity)
Manifold and growing demandson limited resources
Fostering sustainable land use
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
Structure
ES: history and milestones
ES conceptual frameworks
ES assessment
Landscape services
Transboundary case study Ore Mountains (D/CZ)
Chances of the ES concept
Limits / risks
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden Peterson 2010
ES: history and milestones
Exponential growth of publications
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)
• Initiated by United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2000/2001
• Coordinated by the United NationsEnvironmental Programme (UNEP)
Objectives:
• assess the consequences of ecosystemchanges for human well-being
• establish the scientific basis for actionsneeded to enhance the conservation andsustainable use of ecosystems
ES: history and milestones
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY – “TEEB”
In March 2007, the G8+5 environment ministers (met in Potsdam) expressed the need to explore a similar project like the Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change.
ES: history and milestones
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
CBD CoP10 Nagoya, Japan (18.-29.10.2010): Strategic Plan 2011-2020
Aichi targets:VISION By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.
MISSION Take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services.
ES: history and milestones
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
ES: history and milestones
EU Biodiversity Strategy 2011
First European assessment of the provision of ecosystem services (Maes et al. 2011)
Working Group on Mapping and Assessment on Ecosystems and their Services (MAES)
Coherent analytical framework
Typology of ecosystems in Europe based on CICES-classification (Common International Classification ofEcosystem Services) (Haines-Young & Potschin 2012; Maes et al. 2013, 2014)
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
The Ecosystem Services Partnership
launched in 2008 by the Gund Institute for Ecological Economics
(University of Vermont, USA); now being coordinated by the Environmental Systems Analysis Group (Wageningen University, the Netherlands)
consists of institutional and individual members
Aims
enhance communication, coordination and cooperation, and to build a strong network of individuals and organizations
ES: history and milestones
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services – IPBES, 2012 in Bonn/Germany
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
The UK National Ecosystem Assessment (UK NEA) (2009-2011)
ES: history and milestones
first analysis of the UK’s natural environment in terms of the benefits it provides to society and continuing economic prosperity
involving many government, academic, NGO and private sector institutions.
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
Naturkapital Deutschland –
TEEB DE
Several reports andbrochures, participation ofmany scientists, experts, stakeholders
ES: history and milestones
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
Feasibility study for ES mapping in Germany 2014- coordinated by the Helmholtz-
Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)
ES: history and milestones
Research project„Elaboration and application of a methodology for a national assessment of ecosystem servicesin the framework of target 2 andmeasure 5 in the EU BiodiversityStrategy until 2020“IÖR Dresden/ifuplan München), 2014-2016
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
ES: history and milestones
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
ES: history and milestones
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
ES cascade TEEB (2009)
ES conceptual frameworks
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
EPPS framework (Ecosystem properties, potentials and services)
ES conceptual frameworks
Bastian / Grunewald 2012
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
Spangenberg, von Haaren, Settele2013
ES conceptual frameworks
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
Diversity of ecosystem services
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
Classification of ES
Advantage of the breakdown into
Provisioning ES,
Regulation ES, and
Socio-cultural ES
link to the concept of sustainability with its established
ecological, economic and social development categories
ES assessment
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
Total Economic Value (TEV)
Use values Non-use values
Indirect use values
(e.g. regulation of climate or
waters
Direct use values
(e.g. materials, recreation
Option values
(possible futurebenefit)
Bequest values
Existence values
ES assessment
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
Ranking of ES
Own survey in the Görlitz district with about 250 interviewees
ES assessment
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
• Arrangement/pattern ofecosystems/landscapeelements
• Spatial interferences
• Interrelationships causedby structure and processes
• Ecological spatial referenceunits
• Different scales anddimensions
• Spatial differentiation ofsupply and demand:
Service Providing Areas (SPA) and Service Benefiting Areas (SBA): Who sells? Who pays?
Spatial aspectsES assessment
Landscape concept = More integrative, total character, peculiarity
Landscape services = LS as the contributions of landscapes and landscape elements to human well-being
(© O. Bastian)
Landscape services
linking social concept of space (perception, action) with the physical concept of space (ecosystemcomplex)
broader perspective beyond ecosystems (on landscape elements and the landscape character)
prominent role of spatial aspects
stronger focus on the interplay between humans and environment
the more integrative view and interdisciplinary character of landscape (than of ecosystem)
relevance for landscape planning
(© O. Bastian)
Landscape services
Bastian et al. 2015 in Landscape Ecology
Three levels of relevance for using the term landscape services (LS):
1. No or low – no considerable role of landscape issues
2. Medium – landscape character (strong landscape context of aesthetics, focus on landscape character and planning) or landscape units are crucial: both terms ES and LS may be used
3. High – The service ist not supplied by an ecosystem but by other landscape elements (not all types are ecosystems): the term LS should be used instead of ES.
(© O. Bastian)
Landscape services
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
Chances of the ES concept
• Increased awareness of the multifacet value ofnature + our dependence on nature
• Enforcing integrative view for decision-making
• Foster accounting and monetary valuation in environmental planning
• More clearly differentiate between public and private goods for better targeting implementation strategies
• Frame communication and participation processes
e.g. von Haaren & Albert (2011)
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
Application in planning
• ES = Amending argument in environmental planning
• Some planning frameworks capture the idea of ES already (not necessarily the same terminology)
But:• Need for examples and evaluation of added value of
ES
• Missing of established ways / algorithms ofintegration into politics, planning and decision-making
Chances of the ES concept
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
Limits / Risks
• Ambiguity of definitions and classifications
• Ecological / biophysical aspects need to beunderstood
• Scientific accuracy and complexity versus simplification and clarity
• Compatibility of indicators with existing indicatorsystems
• Data availability
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
• Economic value = reduced form of value forms
• Reduction of the highly diverse human-nature-relationshipon an economic category
• Strengthening the dominating anthropocentric focus(nature as commodity, role of markets, exploitative human-nature-relationship)
• Imposition of economic instruments on non-marketgovernance structures
• Erosion of ethically and culturally based approaches
@ O. Bastian, S. Stutzriemer
Limits / risks
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
• Conflicts with some biodiversity targets: „useless“ species and ecosystems
• Shifting of focus from the conservation of(near-)natural ecosystems toanthropogenic areas
@ O. Bastian
Limits / risks
O. Bastian 28th Sept. 2015, Dresden
Thank you for your attention!
Спасибі за Вашу увагу!
Olaf.Bastianweb.dewww.bastian-landschaft.de