15-­‐11-­‐27  

1  

Economy  Under    Bri3sh  Rule  1760  to  1867  

•  Bri3sh  took  over  the  French  land  in  North  America  

•  There  was  no  more  New  France  –  it  was  now  called  the  Province  of  Quebec  and  was  centered  around  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley  

•  There  was  no  more  French  immigra3on  –  only  immigra3on  from  the  Bri3sh  Isles  

•  It  was  ruled  by  the  Bri3sh  monarchy  

Main  elements  of    Con3nuity  and  Change  

Con$nuity:  •  Fur  con3nued  to  be  the  main  resource  •  The  Bri3sh  had  a  similar  policy  to  mercan3lism  (in  the  early  years  

Change:  •  New  Bri3sh  merchants  and  entrepreneurs  arrived  

•  All  exports  now  went  to  Britain  •  Fur  trading  companies  in  the  colony  were  Bri3sh  

Exam  Ques3on  What  was  an  element  of  con3nuity  aVer  the  Conquest?  

The  Fur  Trade  con3nued  to  be  very  important  

•  Even  though  the  empire  had  changed  –  the  fur  trade  con3nued  to  expand  

•  It  was  s3ll  our  biggest  export  in  the  beginning  of  Bri3sh  Rule  

15-­‐11-­‐27  

2  

Economic  effects  of  the  expansion  of  the  fur  trade  to  

the  northwest  

1.  The  founding  of  the  Northwest  Company  

2.  Establishment  of  more  trading  posts  3.  Exhaus3on  of  the  fur  resources  

The  importance  of  The  fur  trade  (in  the  beginning  of  BR)  

The  2  main  trading  companies  at  this  3me  were  run  by  Bri$sh  merchants  (no  longer  French  ones).    Both  companies  focused  their  efforts  on  ge\ng  fur  from  the  Hudson’s  Bay  and  the  Great  Lakes  regions  1.   The  Hudson’s  Bay  Company  (HBC)  –  around  the  Hudson’s  Bay  –  Established  in  1670  

2.   The  Northwest  Company  (NWC)  –  Established  in  1783  by  English,  Sco\sh  and  Canadiens  merchants.    Established  to  compete  with  the  HBC  

–  S3ll  hired  Canadiens  voyageurs  to  go  get  the  fur  (because  they  had  a  knowledge  of  the  land  and  resources  already)  

Why  was  the  NWC  founded?   Why  did  the  NWC  hire  Canadiens  as  voyageurs?  

Document  60,  page  177  1.  Which  territories  were  the  most  coveted  (wanted)  by  

the  HBC  and  NWC?  

2.  What  on  this  map  shows  the  rivalry  between  these  two  companies?  

The  Decline  of  the  fur  trade  Factors  that  contributed  to  the  decline  

•  Increasingly  remote  (far  away)  trading  territories  –  Had  to  go  farther  to  get  the  fur  

•  Increased  opera$ng  costs  –  Had  to  pay  more  to  run  the  

business  

Effects  of  the  decline    on  the  colony’s  economy  

•  The  HBC  took  over  the  NWC  because  it  was  doing  poorly  

•  Montreal  was  no  longer  the  main  place  for  expor$ng  fur.    It  became  Hudson’s  Bay.  

15-­‐11-­‐27  

3  

!!

Re-­‐orienta3on  of  the  fur  trade  

Use  the  documents  on  the  last  slide  

What  was  an  effect  of  the  decline  of  the  fur  trade  on  the  economy  of  the  colony?  

The  Start  of  the  Timber  Trade  

What  is  one  of  the  ways  the  Conquest  benefibed  the  new  mother  country?  

Canada  had  huge  forests,  which  now  belonged  to  England.    England  would  cut  down  trees  from  them,  turn  them  into  3mber  and  then  use  or  sell  this  3mber.    They  made  profit  ($)  

The  Start  of  the  Timber  Trade  

•  TIMBER  became  Canada’s  3rd  economic  staple!  •  In  Lower  Canada,  in  around  1810,  $mber  replaced  furs  as  the  main  export  

•  Most  of  our  3mber  was  exported  to  Britain    1.  There  was  a  con$nental  blockade  by  Napoleon  

(emperor  of  France)  and  Britain  couldn’t  get  3mber  from  anywhere  else  in  Europe  

2.  Britain  needed  lots  of  3mber  to  build  their  naval  warships  to  fight  with  France  

3.  Great  Britain  had  preferen$al  tariffs  –  this  meant  that  places  in  the  Bri3sh  empire  could  only  import  items  from  within  the  Bri3sh  empire  rather  than  from  somewhere  else.  

How  did  Napoleon’s  blockade  benefit  our  economy?  

Part 2: Economy & DevelopmentDocument File

5

6

7

The Montreal dockworkers’ strike

European fishermen drying cod onNewfoundland Island

New sectors of the economy

The French state followed a strict economic policy (...), the goal of which was enrich the mother country. The colonieswere supposed to provide raw materials, which would be used to make manufactured goods in France.

2

4

History and Citizenship Education -587-404 Document File

1

SHEET 3

Chris

toph

e H

orgu

elin

et a

l., P

anor

amas

: Hist

ory a

nd C

itize

nshi

p Ed

ucat

ion,

Sec

onda

ry C

ycle

Two,

Year

2

(Mon

trea

l: G

rafic

or, 2

008)

Vol

. 1, p

. 152

.

Christophe Horguelin et al., Panoramas: History and Citizenship Education, Secondary Cycle Two, Year 1 (Montreal: Graficor, 2008) Vol. 1, p.87.

Alain Dalongeville, ed., Présences 2: une histoire thématique du Québec (Anjou: CEC, 2008), Vol. 1, 106. Translation

Christophe Horguelin et al., Panoramas: History and Citizenship Education, Secondary Cycle Two, Year 2 (Montreal: Graficor, 2008) Vol. 2.

3 Jean Talon visiting a shipyard

At the beginning of the French regime, Father Jérôme Lalemant, a Jesuit missionary, described the commercial activities of some Aboriginal communities and their effects on their way of life.

“They seem to have as many abodes as the year has seasons – in the Spring a part of them remain for fishing where they consider it the best; a part go away to trade with tribes which gather on the shore of the North icy sea . . . In summer, they al gather together . . . on the border of a large lake . . . . About the middle of Autumn, they begin to approach our Hurons, upon whose lands they generally spend the winter, but before reaching them, they catch as many fish as possible, which they dry. This is the ordinary money with which they buy their main stock of corn, although they are supplied with other goods. . . They cultivate a small patch of land near their Summer dwelling; but it is more for pleasure and that they may have fresh food to eat. . .

Jérôme Lalemant, 1641.

Sector Type of Production

Pulp and Paper News paper, cardboard, etc.

Mines Iron, steel, aluminum, etc.

Chemical products Dyes, preservatives, etc.

Oil automobiles, plastics, etc.

Funding  the  Timber  Trade  •  Since  this  was  a  new  

industry,  it  meant  that  new  money  had  to  come  into  the  colony  to  get  it  set  up  

•  This  capital  originally  came  from  merchants  and  the  government  in  Britain  

15-­‐11-­‐27  

4  

Funding  the  Timber  Trade  

Eventually,  merchants  were  able  to  facilitate  their  financial  opera$ons  and  their  access  to  capital  because  Canada’s  first  banks  were  founded  and  then  they  started  to  issue  paper  money.  Now  the  money  to  do  business  was  in  the  colony  –  not  coming  from  ppl  in  Britain  

Why  did  the  colony  need  capital  for  the  3mber  trade  to  work?  

Working  in  the  3mber  trade  •  The  workforce  was  composed  

mainly  of  French  Canadians  and  Irish  immigrants  

•  A  few  of  the  trades/jobs  of  workers  included  being  a  lumberjack,  log  driver,  or  sawyer  

•  The  products  made  here  were  large  squared  pine  or  oak  beams,  staves  (planks),  and  construc$on  lumber  

•  Most  of  these  products  were  exported  to  Great  Britain  

Compare  the  types  of  workers  

Fur  Trade   Timber  Trade   Shipbuilding  

A  Canadian  classic  from  1979…and  no,  I  wasn’t  born  yet  either  

hbp://www.nk.ca/film/log_drivers_waltz/    

15-­‐11-­‐27  

5  

In  the  early  19th  century,  the  majority  of  3mber  exports  passed  through  the  Port  of  Québec.    Quebec  City  therefore  became  a  

financial  center  with  many    large  shipyards.    

Effects  of  the  development  of  the  Timber  trade  

On  social  groups  •  Increased  number  of  workers  and  ar3sans  •  Increased  influence  of  the  business  class  On  the  development  of  new  regions  •  Mauricie  and  Saguenay  (these  were  previously  forrested  areas)    –  Link  to  popula3on  -­‐  Remember  how  these  were  opened  up  for  

coloniza3on  due  to  overcrowding  on  seigneuries  On  the  popula$on  •  Some  workers  migrated  to  regions  newly  opened  up  to  forestry  

•  Forestry  work  provided  farmers  with  extra  income  

What  was  an  effect  of  the  Timber  Trade  on  the  territory?  

Agriculture…  yes,  we’re  s3ll  talking  about  it  

Crops  and  markets  •  The  crops  were  similar  to  before  (Wheat,  oats,  potatoes)  

•  They  were  sold  in  local  markets  and  some  surplus  was  sent  to  Britain  to  be  sold  there  

The  decline  of  wheat  produc$on  in  Lower  Canada  •  Remember  that  in  the  1830’s  there  was  overpopula$on  on  agricultural  land  

•  Ppl  used  the  land  so  much  that  it  ran  out  of  nutrients  and  wouldn’t  produce  as  much  

•  Therefore,  because  of  this  soil  exhaus$on  Lower  Canada  didn’t  produce  as  much  wheat  any  more  

•  Many  farmers  le/  for  new  areas  of  coloniza4on,  moved  to  ci4es,  or  the  US    –  Remember  back  to  when  we  talked  about  French  emigra3on  

The  Development  of  new  systems  of  transporta3on  

Canals:  First  canal  was  built  in  Mtl  in  1825  –  the  Lachine  Canal  Railways:  First  Canadian  railroad  was  built  in  1836:  linked  St.  Jean  and  Laprairie  1852:  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  which  made  Montreal  the  hub  of  the  Canadian  railway  network  by  lining  the  city  to  the  Great  Lakes  region  and  the  port  of  Portland  Advantages:  Quick  travel,  Increased  amount  of  goods  being  transported  

15-­‐11-­‐27  

6  

Economic  Policies  by  the  end  of  Bri3sh  Rule  

Protec$onism  

A  policy  designed  to  protect  the  na$onal  economy  against  foreign  compe$$on  •  You  can  only  buy  from  your  

own  empire  or  na3on  OTHERWISE  you’ll  have  to  pay  huge  taxes  to  your  government  if  you  import  from  somewhere  else.  

Free  Trade  

A  policy  designed  to  have  free  circula$on  of  merchandise/goods  across  borders  •  You  wouldn’t  have  to  pay  taxes  when  you  import  something  from  somewhere  else  

 

Protec3onism:    Economic  policy  

Protec3onism  •  A  policy  designed  to  protect  the  na3onal  economy  against  foreign  compe33on  – You  can  only  buy  from  your  own  empire  or  na3on  OTHERWISE  you’ll  have  to  pay  huge  taxes  to  your  government  if  you  import  from  somewhere  else.  

•  Effects  of  protec3onism  on  our  economy:  –  Increase  in  $mber  exports  to  Great  Britain  because  they  can  only  buy  within  their  empire  

–  Increase  in  port  ac$vi$es  because  we  are  expor$ng  to  other  Bri$sh  colonies  

Pros  and  Cons  of  Protec3onism  

Pros   Cons  

Protec3onism  to  Free  Trade  Free  trade  was  adopted  as  of  1866  Free  circula3on  of  merchandise  –  no  customs  barriers  to  trade    Effects  of  free  trade  on  our  economy:  •  reduced  exports  to  Great  Britain  –  Britain  can  get  products  from  anywhere  

•  Canada  now  has  to  search  for  new  markets  to  sell  their  products  to  

15-­‐11-­‐27  

7  

Pros  and  Cons  of  Free  Trade  

Pros   Cons  

How  does  Free  Trade  affect  Canada  becoming  a  country  of  its  own?  

How  does  Free  Trade  affect  Canada  becoming  a  country  of  its  own?  

•  Bri3sh  North  American  colonies  now  needed  to  find  a  new  market  for  their  products  so  they  decided  to  join  together.    This  would  give  allow  them  to  trade  with  each  other  (Ontario,  QC,  NB,  NS).    

•  Canada  has  moved  out,  but  s3ll  has  an  emo3onal/cultural  abachment  to  Britain/”Mummy”