Economies of scale in police air operations Daniel Livingstone, Home Office 04/03/2013.
-
Upload
theodore-shields -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of Economies of scale in police air operations Daniel Livingstone, Home Office 04/03/2013.
![Page 1: Economies of scale in police air operations Daniel Livingstone, Home Office 04/03/2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649dd05503460f94ac59fa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Economies of scale in police air operations
Daniel Livingstone, Home Office
04/03/2013
![Page 2: Economies of scale in police air operations Daniel Livingstone, Home Office 04/03/2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649dd05503460f94ac59fa/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview
• NPAS need to understand the reason underlying variations in relative costs per flight at each base;
• A flight is defined as an operational or training mission. It is expressed in terms of duration (hours) and variable cost (of fuel and some maintenance);
• Base costs are fixed in the short term but variable in the long term;
• Costs per flight for each base are then compared. These are proxies for unit costs;
• Any evidence of unit costs decreasing with flight hours point to economies of scale.
![Page 3: Economies of scale in police air operations Daniel Livingstone, Home Office 04/03/2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649dd05503460f94ac59fa/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
However..• Some bases may be situated far away
from demand which will artificially increase flying hours and costs;
• Endogeneity bias: some airframes may be tasked for missions to retrospectively justify their purchase in pre-NPAS days; and
• Training hours are a legal requirement which means that training flights could be viewed as a fixed cost.
![Page 4: Economies of scale in police air operations Daniel Livingstone, Home Office 04/03/2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649dd05503460f94ac59fa/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Assumptions formatting1
• Costs per period for a starting date are shown;• Where costs vary per period they are profiled;• Requires all costs to be classified identically at
each base;• No more than 4 operating categories of airframe
per base;• Each airframe category must have identical cost
profiles
![Page 5: Economies of scale in police air operations Daniel Livingstone, Home Office 04/03/2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649dd05503460f94ac59fa/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Assumptions formatting 2
• 20 different categories of staff;• 20 different categories of operating cost;
![Page 6: Economies of scale in police air operations Daniel Livingstone, Home Office 04/03/2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649dd05503460f94ac59fa/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Training and tasking assumptions• Precise details critical to analysis of scale economies;• 2 years split into monthly periods;• Training costs behave as both fixed and variable costs.
The volume of missions and their length/duration will determine the impact of training costs on the effects of scale;
• Inputs comprise:- total training flights;- total mission flights;- hours/distance in take off, cruise and landing;- Base location and mission centroid geo co-ordinates;
• Differences in tasking allow demand to be normalised which can better illustrate cost differences between bases;
![Page 7: Economies of scale in police air operations Daniel Livingstone, Home Office 04/03/2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649dd05503460f94ac59fa/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Profiling
• This sub model shows the periodic rate of increase/decrease in costs;
• It is inferred from monthly data for each cost line;
• Each profile can then be compared;• Profile normalisation can also be
accomplished if bases post differing one off costs over the 2 year period;
![Page 8: Economies of scale in police air operations Daniel Livingstone, Home Office 04/03/2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649dd05503460f94ac59fa/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Outputs
• Comprise:- capital costs (Which comprise airframe lease costs plus routine maintenance);- staff costs;- operating costs which includes maintenance costs
associated with flying; and - spares;- flying/training hours and flying/training distances
travelled;- total number of missions/training flights
• Together these permit measures of efficiency such as costs per flight etc to be calculated.
![Page 9: Economies of scale in police air operations Daniel Livingstone, Home Office 04/03/2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649dd05503460f94ac59fa/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Application
• Measures of efficiency can be analysed to understand the potential for scale economies;
• Normalisation permits the model to be run in scenario mode with the identical missions and distances across bases;
• Easy identification of cost differences between bases;• Can be used for decision making by projecting costs
forward and examining the incremental consequences of expenditure decisions;
• The effects of consolidating/relocating bases can also be appraised, although this would require a base location model to be added on;
![Page 10: Economies of scale in police air operations Daniel Livingstone, Home Office 04/03/2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649dd05503460f94ac59fa/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Additional functionality
• Base location model;• Demand model.