Economics 2010
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Transcript of Economics 2010
Economics 2010Economics 2010
Lecture 3
The Economic Problem
Rober Martinez-EspineiraRober Martinez-Espineira
The fundamental economic problem is to decide which of our wants to satisfy and to which extent, how and when
Production and CostProduction and Cost
Some definitionsProduction possibility frontierProduction efficiencyOpportunity cost Increasing opportunity cost
Some definitionsSome definitions
Production is making wealth, valuable things by using productive resources. The greater the value, the greater is production
Some definitionsSome definitionsNatural resources are called LandHuman resources are called LaborCapital resources are called CapitalHuman capital: the skill and knowledge
of people. It comes from education, on the job training, and work experience
Productive resources are organized by entrepreneurial ability
Some definitionsSome definitions
Goods (material wealth) and services (immaterial wealth): things that people value
They fall into two categories: Consumption goods and services Capital goods
Production Possibility FrontierProduction Possibility Frontier
The production possibility frontier (PPF) is the boundary between those production levels that can be produced and those that cannot
The PPF depends on the quantities of productive resources and on the state of technology
Production Possibility FrontierProduction Possibility Frontier
Jones Inc. can produce two types of goods: computers and stereos
Using all its resources to produce computers, it can produce 50 a week
Using all its resources to produce stereos, it can also produce 50 a week
Similarly, Mark produces trousers, western cuts and/or baggys
Production EfficiencyProduction Efficiency Production
efficiency is achieved when it is not possible to produce more of one good without producing less of another good
Production EfficiencyProduction Efficiency Production
efficiency occurs at all points on the PPF
Possible production points inside the PPF such as point z are inefficient
Increasing Opportunity CostIncreasing Opportunity CostAlmost every productive resource is
better at producing some things than others
For example: most capital is custom designed to do a small range of jobs
Increasing Opportunity CostIncreasing Opportunity Cost
At one point on the PPF, every productive resource is being used in its most productive way
And as the economy moves from that point, in either direction, the opportunity cost of producing more of a good increases
Increasing Opportunity CostIncreasing Opportunity Cost The PPF in
this figure illustrates increasing opportunity cost
Increasing Opportunity CostIncreasing Opportunity Cost Suppose that
Initially, production is at e
If production moves toward a, the opportunity cost of missiles increases
Increasing Opportunity CostIncreasing Opportunity Cost The first
1,000 games cost 200 missiles
The second 1,000 games cost 300 missiles
Increasing Opportunity CostIncreasing Opportunity Cost The more
games we produce, the greater is the opportunity cost of a game
Increasing Opportunity CostIncreasing Opportunity Cost Similarly,
the more missiles we produce, the greater is the opportunity cost of a missile
Increasing Opportunity CostIncreasing Opportunity Cost Increasing opportunity cost is shown by the
outward bow of the PPFWe measure opportunity cost as the
decrease in the quantity of what we give up divided by the increase in the quantity of what we get
Opportunity cost is a ratio--the decrease in the quantity of one good divided by the increase in the quantity of another good
Increasing Opportunity CostIncreasing Opportunity Cost Increasing opportunity cost is everywhere in
the real world