Economic and Ethical Impacts of Science and Technology

7/30/2019 Economic and Ethical Impacts of Science and Technology

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Economics & Ethics


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L I A B L E T O B E C A L L E D O N T O A N S W E R ; L I A B L E T O

L E G A L R E V I E W O R I N C A S E O F F A U L T T O P E N A L T I E S

A B L E T O A N S W E R F O R O N E S C O N D U C T A N DO B L I G A T I O N S ; A B L E T O C H O O S E F O R O N E S E L F

B E T W E E N R I G H T A N D W R O N G . . .

( W E B S T E R S D I C T I O N A R Y )

Responsible


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Responsibilities of engineers

Legal responsibilities:

Not to cause harm

To compensate whenharm is caused

To practice in accord withEngineering Practices Act

Moral responsibilities:

To recognize anddischarge our duties andobligations

Understand and adhere toa Code of Ethics


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3rd floor walkway across a hotelatrium collapsed during a party,killing 114 people

the material used was of a lowerstrength material than specified

Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse


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Gillum and Duncan

were charged with gross

negligence by the

licensing board and their

licenses were revoked

even though criminal

charges had not been

filed against them.


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W H A T T Y P E O F C A U S E D H A R M C A N B E

O B S E R V E D ?

Who is responsible for the

accident?


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S E R V E T H E P U B L I C I N T E R E S T - - M E A N S

W H A T ?

What are the responsibilities of

the professional engineer?


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C A N B E D E F I N E D A S T H E B E N E F I C I A R Y F A C T O R T H A TD E T E R M I N E T H E L O N G E X P R E S S I O N O B J E C T I V E S O F A N

O R G A N I Z A T I O N I N W H I C H O B J E C T I V E S W O U L D B E T H EF I N A N C I A L I M P R O V E M E N T T H A T G E N E R A T E S W E A L T H A N D

M E E T S T H E N E E D S O F T H E E X I S T I N G E R A A L T H O U G HS A V I N G T H E A T M O S P H E R E S O L O N G T E R M E R A C A N M E E T

T H E I R N E E D S A S W E L L .

Sustainable Advantage


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3 Theories of Causes of Harm

Intentional

Negligent

Recklessness


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Intentional

Intentionally

caused harmis done

knowinglyand

deliberately.


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Negligent

Negligently

caused harmis not

knowinglydone without

due care.

Agent should haveknown better.


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Recklessness

Recklessly

caused harm isnot done

intentionally(harming other

is not one of itsaims), but

done inconscious

awareness thatharm is likely

to result.


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T H E A R E A O F L E G A L P R A C T I C E T H A T E N C O M P A S S E S T H E

D U T I E S O F A T T O R N E Y S T O A C T I N A P R O F E S S I O N A L M A N N E R ,O B E Y T H E L A W , A V O I D C O N F L I C T S O F I N T E R E S T , A N D P U T T H EI N T E R E S T S O F C L I E N T S A H E A D O F T H E I R O W N I N T E R E S T S .

Professional Responsibility


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Professional Responsibility

Malpractice Model

Reasonable Care Model

Good Works Model


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Malpractice orMinimalist Model

Professionals have aduty to conform to the

standard operatingprocedures of theirprofession

They are morally andlegally responsible forharms caused by their

failure to fulfill this duty.

It is not alwaysadequate.

Standard operatingprocedures are typically

minimalist andspecifying onlyminimally acceptablestandards.


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Engineers only have two duties:

to conform to accepted practice,

fulfil basic duties prescribed by terms of employment.

Those who would follow this model might be mostconcerned with not doing anything wrong. Thats not my responsibility, someone else will take care of

that.


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Reasonable CareModel

The engineer is

expected to takereasonableprecautions or carein the practice ofhis profession. Themodel strives to

prevent harm, andit appeals to a"standard ofreasonableness asseen by a normal,

prudentnonprofessional."


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Adhere to accepted standards of practice

Take reasonable care to ensure that mistakes areprevented and the public welfare is protected

Exercise and apply skill, ability and judgementreasonably and without neglect keep abreast of evolving changes in knowledge and practice

recognize when minimal standards of practice might not be

sufficient to prevent a harm, and take additional actions toprevent such a harm in those cases


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Characteristics of the Reasonable Care model

Concern for preventing harm, rather than just tryingnot to cause harm

Oriented towards the future, toward avoiding

problems and protecting the public Attitude of concern or caring


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Good Works Model ofResponsibility

...above and

beyond the call ofduty.

Example: A localengineer offers to design

and assemble a localarea network for aschool at her cost, withno charge for her owntime.


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Where do our responsibilities lie?

The reasonable care model may actually be theminimal standard for an engineer.

Engineering codes of ethics demand it:

accept responsibility in making engineering decisionsconsistent with the safety, health and welfare of the public, andto disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public orthe environment --IEEE Code of Ethics

Public expects it

Principle of Proportional Care: When people have a greaterability to harm, they have a greater obligation to prevent harm.


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Impediments of responsibility

Self-interest Fear

Self-deception

Ignorance

Egocentric tendencies

Microscopic vision

Uncritical acceptance of authority

Antagonism toward outside regulation

Groupthink

Cumbersome business organizations


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Technology is never inherentlygood or bad; it is the intentions of

the people who use it.


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T H E P R A C T I C E O F M E D I C I N E I S A N A R T ,

N O T A T R A D E ; A C A L L I N G , N O T A B U S I N E S S ;A C A L L I N G I N W H I C H Y O U R H E A R T W I L L B EE X E R C I S E D E Q U A L L Y W I T H Y O U R H E A D . - -

W I L L I A M O S L E R

Business in Medicine


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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Pre-implantation Genetic

Diagnosis (PGD)

Stem Cell Research

Gene Therapy

Advancements:


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Sex

Skin,Hair

and EyeColor

NoGenetic

Disorder

intelligence

Beauty Height


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DESIGNERBABY

A baby whose genetic makeup has been artificiallyselected by genetic engineering combined with in vitro

fertilization (union of a sperm and an egg cell outside thebody of a woman) to ensure the presence or absence of

particular genes or characteristics


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SpermCell

UnfertilizedEgg Cell

Pre-implantation

Genetic

Diagnosis

In VitroFertilization

(IVF)

Zygote(earliest developmental

stage of the embryo)


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Pre-implantation

Genetic

Diagnosis

Disorders/Diseases are

found

Fertilized eggwill not be

implanted

Processmust be

repeated


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DesignerBaby

Selected

Baby


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...Preventing the disease by

preventing the childs existence.


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One Round of IVF=$9, 000 or 385, 000

php

PGD= $4000 to 7500or

170, 000- 320, 000 php


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FERTILITY PILLS:$150/CYCLE OR6,300PHP


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If it takes 3 trialsfor the parents to

be satisfied...

$49, 000 or

2,110,000 php forIVF and PGD


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Successful pregnancy: 10-35%

Repeating theProcess= Moremoney will be

spent


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U.S. has the largest IVF industry in the world

Human IVF is a $3 billion/year

industry

126 Billion php


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In the Philippines,IVF or PGD are offered in onlythese hospitals

Asian Hospitaland Medical

Center

St. Luke's MedicalCenter

Manila Doctors

Hospital

The Medical City


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Multiple eggs will beimplanted into the

mothers womb

4-7 embryos 4-7 fetuses

Crowding in the

uterus


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Pregnancy ReductionOr

Reduction Procedure

Weaker fetuses willbeABORTED


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Under scan control,a gauge 20 needle

placed on the heartof the fetus

Injects potassiumchloride (causing

a heart attack)


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What happens to the embryos which are

not selected?

Destroyed

Use in

EmbryonicStem CellResearch

More than 300, 000embryos are left over

in IVF clinics


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Embryonic StemCell Research

Stem cells are extracted from humanembryo possessing the capacity to be

come and develop into various specifictypes of cells for possible use to repairdamaged tissues and organs


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P l h


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Peel away thetrophoblast (the

skin of the

embryo)

Discharge thecontents of theembryo into a

petri dish

Trophoblast

is requiredfor the

implantationof the

embryo intothe uterus


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Why do scientists prefer EmbryonicStem Cells over other stem cell?

Even though it is believe to less likely toinitiate rejection after transplantation

since stem cells are derived from patients

own adult stem cells, adult stem cells haverestricted differentiation potential.


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Although Embryonic Stem Cell tend to

be more versatile than adult stem cells,other sources (such as umbilical cord)have proven to be just as versatile.

Embryonic stem cells are alsoincompatible to some patient since

the embryos used are not from

someone with the same geneticmake-up as the patient.


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Whats the real reasonwhy scientistprefer Embryonic Stem Cells

Research/Therapy over other stem cellresearch/therapies?

Adult stem cells are

difficult to obtain

A lot of excess

embryos


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Cost of Stem Cell Therapy

$10,000- $40,000 or 420,000 php- 1.7 M

php

Could cost up to $400,000 or 16.8 Millionpesos

Organ Transplant: 5.5 Million pesos


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In the Philippines,Stem Cell therapy is offered in only3 hospitals

Asian Hospitaland Medical

CenterSt. Luke's Medical

Center

MetropolitanMedical Center


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Ethical Issues in StemCell Research

Embryos are killed

for Stem CellResearch

Pro-ESCR says that these embryos

are going to get killed anyway. Theymight as well have their stem cells

extracted so that they can be of someused to humanity.


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An evil act done for a good motive

does not become good. To destroy aninnocent life so as to save another

life is not morally justified.


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Stem Cell Research puts

us on the road to growinghumans for body parts


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Adam was conceived, not just to be ason, but a medical treatment.

What if Molly was healthy? Would Adamexist?


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Gene Therapy

A PROCESS WHEREIN THEFAULTY GENES AREREPLACED BY THE

CORRECT SEQUENCE OF

GENES


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ViralVector Viruses are efficient in

targeting cells anddelivering information

Good gene

Injectedinto thebody

Virus infectsthe cell and

inserts itsgenetic codedirectly into

thechromosome

of the host cell

Change thecells

defectivegenes with

the newsubstituted

genes

It is POSSIBLE

that the newgood genes

will take overthe chosen cells


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Gene therapy isstill in its

experimentalphase

Tested onhumans


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Jesse Gelsingers Case

Dr. Wilsonand Dr.

Batshaw

InformedConsent

Which should containall the risks andbenefits of the

medical procedure


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InformedConsent

Dr. Wilson didnt mention that some testanimals died due to severe immune responseto the virus during the animal testing

Reason whyFDA

allowedthem toperformhuman

trials


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Dr. Wilson

Head of the institute for gene therapy atthe University of Pennsylvania

Owns a private company calledGENOVO INC.


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Genevo Inc.

Has the rights to any discoveries made byDr. Wilson at his University of PennsylvaniaLaboratory

University of PennsylvaniaLaboratory

(because hes the head) let him runclinical trails prior to deciding toinvest


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BIOGEN

Cambridge- based biotechnology company

Paid Genovo Inc. $37 million for therights to market anyliver and lungrelated therapies developed by Genovo


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When the doctors startacting like

businessmen, who do

the people turn to fordoctors?

-And the Band Played On


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LOOK AT THESE STUFF


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ISNT IT NEAT?

WOULDNT YOU THINK MY COLLECTIONS


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WOULDN T YOU THINK MY COLLECTION SCOMPLETE?


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WOULDNT YOU THINK IM THE GIRL


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THE GIRL WHO HAS EVERYTHING


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LOOK AT THIS TROVE


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TREASURES UNTOLD


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HOW MANY WONDERS


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CAN ONE CAVERN HOLD?


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LOOKING AROUND HERE YOU THINK


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SURE, SHES GOT EVERYTING


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IVE GOT GADGETS


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AND GIZMOS A-PLENTY

GO O S


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IVE GOT WHOZITS

AND WHATZITS GALORE


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AND WHATZITS GALORE

YOU WANT THINGAMABOBS?


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YOU WANT THINGAMABOBS?

I GOT TWENTY!


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I GOT TWENTY!

BUT WHO CARES NO BIG DEAL


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BUT WHO CARES, NO BIG DEAL

I WANT MORE


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I WANT MORE

I WANNA BE WHERE THE PEOPLE


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ARE

I GOT MY CIVIC


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I GOT MY CIVIC

TO DRIVE WHERE I WANT TO


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TO DRIVE WHERE I WANT TO

ROLLING IN THIS DUAL FUEL CAR


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ROLLING IN THIS DUAL-FUEL CAR


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CALLING MY FRIENDS


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CALLING MY FRIENDS

WONT GET ME THAT FAR


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WON T GET ME THAT FAR

iPad HAS FaceTime


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iPad HAS FaceTime

FOR TALKING CHATTING


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FOR TALKING, CHATTING

STROLLING AROUND THE BUSINESS


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AREA

THAT PLACE AGAIN? SILICON


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VALLEY

UP TO GOOGLEPLEX


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UP TO GOOGLEPLEX

UP TO AMD


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UP TO AMD

UP TO INTEL


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UP TO INTEL

FACEBOOK


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FACEBOOK

AND ADOBE


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AND ADOBE

WANDERIN FREE


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WANDERIN FREE

IM GLAD TO BE PART OF THIS


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WORLD

WHAT WOULD I GIVE IF I COULD LIVE WITH ALL THEIR


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PRODUCTS?

WHAT WOULD I PAY TO SPEND ALL DAYS POPULAR IN


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TOWN?

BETCHA MY DAD, HED


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UNDERSTAND

BUY ALL THE WISHES AND WANTS OF HIS


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DAUGHTER

ALL PHONES AND GADGETS


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ALL PHONES AND GADGETS

CARS AND THE WIDGETS


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CARS AND THE WIDGETS

READY IN STORE


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READY IN STORE

I WANT ALL OF THE PEOPLE TOO


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KNOW

TELL THEM THAT WE GOT HIGH PURCHASINGPOWER


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POWER

WHAT ELSE TO WORRY?


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WHAT ELSE TO WORRY?

NOTHING, NOTHING BUT ETHICALMYSTERY


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MYSTERY

NOW IT IS MY TURN,WOULDNT ILOVE


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LOVE

LOVE TO EXPLORE THE WORLD UPABOVE


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ABOVE

AND NOW YOU SEE


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OW OU S

IM GLAD TO BE


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PART OF THIS WORLD


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S i d T h lOLOGY


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M A R K E T / C O N S U M E R S A S P E C T

Science and Technology as

BUSINESS

ECONOMIC&ETHICALIMPACTS

OFSCIENCEAND

TECHNO

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND


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TECHNOLOGY



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TECHNOLOGY



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TECHNOLOGY


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TECHNOLOGY



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TECHNOLOGY



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TECHNOLOGY



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TECHNOLOGY

ONLINEMARKETPLACE (e-

CommerceMarketplace)

Primary type of

multichannel e-commerce site


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TECHNOLOGY



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TECHNOLOGY

SELECTION

AVAILABILITY

PRICES

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE ANDC O OG


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Southern part of SanFrancisco Bay Area

Home to the worlds largettechnology corporations

American High-Tech Sector

The Valley of HeartsDelight

TECHNOLOGY


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ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY


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TECHNOLOGY

CISCOSYSTE

MS



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TECHNOLOGY

eBay



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TECHNOLOGY

Hew

lett-Pack

ard


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TECHNOLOGY

YouTube



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TECHNOLOGY



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TECHNOLOGY



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Purchasing Power

TECHNOLOGY



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Realincome

TECHNOLOGY

MONETARYINCOME

PRICE LEVELPURCHASING

POWER


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TECHNOLOGY

1024 x 768

pixel display

2048 x 1536

pixel display9.5 MiPads

1.5 MiPad3

PRODUCT HOARDING


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TECHNOLOGY



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TECHNOLOGY



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TECHNOLOGY



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TECHNOLOGY


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Digital Signature


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Now it is my turn


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Wouldnt I love


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Love to explore the world up above


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Now you see, Im glad to be part of this world


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Products: Agricultural and vegetable

seeds Plant biotechnology traits Crop protection chemicals

Globally:

21,035 employees404 facilities in 66 countries

Monsantos Past


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1997

Monsanto Corp.

Pharmacea &Upjohn

2000

PharmaciaCorp.

2003

MONSANTOPFIZER

1901-1997MonsantoCorp.

MEETING THE


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MEETING THE

NEEDS OF

TODAY WHILE

PRESERVING

THE PLANET

FOR

TOMORROW..


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On May 23, 2003, PresidentBush proposed an Initiative

to End Hunger in Africa

(IEHA)

Monsantowas one of the

biotech companies whom

supported the program.


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Monsanto re-invests more

than $2.6 million per dayinresearch and development

as of August 2010, we have netsales revenue of about 11billion dollars and

about 47% change in the NetIncome Attributable.


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Do GM Crops Increase Yield?


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GM crops generallyhave higher yieldsdue to both breeding

and biotechnology.

250 million acresglobally are now

planted withtransgenic crops.



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G C p

Analysis by PG Economics also show thatGM crops are credited with:

decreasing pesticide and fuel use

with facilitating conservation tillage practices

improve carbon retention

lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Mexico - yield increases with herbicide tolerant soybean of


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Mexico yield increases with herbicide tolerant soybean of9 percent.

Romania yield increases with herbicide tolerantsoybeans have averaged 31 percent.

Philippines average yield increase of15 percentwithherbicide tolerant corn.

Philippines average yield increase of24 percentwithinsect resistant corn.

Hawaii virus resistant papaya has increased yields by anaverage of40 percent.

India insect resistant cotton has led to yield increases onaverage more than 50 percent. Source: PG Economics


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Agent Orange


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g g

U.S. military used Agent Orange from 1961 to 1971 to save thelives of U.S. and allied soldiers by defoliating densevegetation in the Vietnamese jungles.

Manufacturing companies included: Diamond Shamrock Corporation

Dow Chemical Company, Hercules, Inc.

T-H Agricultural & Nutrition Company

Thompson Chemicals Corporation

Uniroyal Inc. Monsanto Company

Toxic Agent Orange!


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g g

Agent Orange is an approximately 1:1 mixture of twophenoxyl herbicides: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)

2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)

But was contaminated with a dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), causing adverse healtheffects.

Toxic Agent Orange!


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g g

The Vietnam Red Cross reported as many as:

3 -4.8 million Vietnamese people have been affected, including at least150,000 children born with birth defects and at least 400,000 peoplebeing killed or maimed.

About 17.8% (3,100,000 ha) of the total forested area of Vietnam wassprayed during the war, which dramatically disrupted ecologicalequilibrium.

resulted in bioconcentration and biomagnification within the areas affected


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Terminator Technology


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gy

In June 2007, Monsanto acquired Delta & Pine LandCompany, a company that had patented a seed technologynicknamed Terminators.

produces plants that have sterile seeds so they do not floweror grow fruit after the initial planting.

Terminator Technology


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By using this technology it couldincrease farmers' dependency onseed suppliers.

However, Monsanto made a commitmentnot to commercialize sterile seedtechnology in food crops.


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Economic and Ethical Impacts of Science and Technology

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Transcript of Economic and Ethical Impacts of Science and Technology