ECON322OntwikkelingsekonomieDevelopment Economics

Meting van groei en ontwikkelingMeasuring growth and development

The key questions

• How do we measure development?• What are the important features of

developing countries?• How do conditions in today's developing

countries differ from the early stages of development?

• How has inequality changed?

Wie is die ontwikkelende wêreld?

• Volgens BNI is daar:o Lae-inkomste, lae middel-inkomste, hoë middel-

inkomste en hoë inkomste lande.

Daar is ook ander klassifikasies…

Indicators of development

• GDP and GNI should be compared at PPP.o See table 2.2

• Indicators of health and education.• The Human Development Index.

o Note the differences between and within countries.

• The new HDI.

Eienskappe van die ontwikkelende wêreld

• Laer lewenstandaard en produktiwiteit.• Minder mense-kapitaal.• Hoër vlakke van ongelykheid en absolute armoede.• Hoër bevolkingsgroeikoerse.• Meer sosiale "fractionalisation".• 'n Groter landelike bevolking, maar vinnige verstedeliking.• Laer vlakke van nywerheidsontwikkeling en vervaardigde

uitvoerprodukte.• Onder-ontwikkelde markte.• Geografiese uitdagings.• 'n Nalatenskap van kolonialisme en ongelyke internasionale

verhoudinge.

How do low-income countries today differ from developed countries in their early stages?

• Physical and human resources.• Relative levels of income.• Climatic differences.• Population size, distribution and growth.• International migration.• International trade benefits.• Basic science, technology and R&D.• Efficacy of domestic institutions.

Is daar konvergensie?

• Is daar "catch-up growth"?• Beweeg die lewensstandaarde van

ontwikkelende lande en ontwikkelde lande nader na mekaar?

• Is daar 'n middel-inkomste lokval?