Ecology Week 1
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Transcript of Ecology Week 1
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Ecology Week 1Ecology Week 1Chapter 50: Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
Chapter 54: EcosystemsJ Liu
September ___, 2008
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Big to SmallBig to Small
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Water BiomesWater Biomes
• Lakes—oligotrophic, eutrophic; littoral/ limnetic zones
• Wetlands
• Streams and Rivers
• Estuaries
• Intertidal Zones
• Oceanic Pelagic Biome
• Coral Reefs
• Marine Benthic Zone
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Land BiomesLand Biomes
• Tropical Forest
• Desert
• Savanna
• Chaparral
• Temperate Grassland
• Coniferous Forest
• Temperate Broadleaf Forest
• Tundra—permafrost
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Seasonal TurnoverSeasonal Turnover
• Spring and fall
• Switch oxygen rich and nutrient rich water
• Thermocline
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Ecosystems! Some Basics.Ecosystems! Some Basics.
• Are made up of all the biotic (alive things) and abiotic (immortal, not alive things) in a community
• Nutrients are cycled; energy isn’t
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“Trophic Relationships” (a.k.a. Food Chains)
“Trophic Relationships” (a.k.a. Food Chains)
• Autotrophs (primary producers)
• Heterotrophs (primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers)
• Detritivores (decomposers)
• Yum! :D
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Limiting Primary ProductivityLimiting Primary Productivity
• Primary production—amount of light energy converted to chemical energy per time
• Little energy from the sun is made use of
• NPP = GPP – R
• In water: photic zone, upwelling, and eutrophication
• On land: actual evapotranspiration
• In general: limiting nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus
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Production (In)efficiencyProduction (In)efficiency
• Secondary production—how much chemical energy becomes new biomass
• Production efficiency = NSP / APP
• Trophic efficiency—how much energy is transferred to the next trophic level
• Pyramids (production, biomass, numbers)
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The Green World HypothesisThe Green World Hypothesis
• Herbivores don’t eat all the plants because other things kill them first
• Plant defenses, limited nutrients, abiotic factors, competition (inter-/intra- specific)
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Biogeochemical CyclesBiogeochemical Cycles
• So called because they involve biotic and abiotic components
• Global versus local
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The Water CycleThe Water Cycle
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The Carbon CycleThe Carbon Cycle
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The Nitrogen CycleThe Nitrogen Cycle
(It’s too hard to draw)
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The Phosphorus CycleThe Phosphorus Cycle
AHHHH this one’s hard to draw too T.T
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Human InfluencesHuman Influences
• Moving nutrients from one part of the biosphere to another
• Critical load—the amount of a nutrient that can be absorbed by plants without damaging the ecosystem
• Cultural eutrophication
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Acid RainAcid Rain
• pH less than 5.6
• Lowers pH of water, changes soil composition
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ToxinsToxins
• Biological magnification—toxins become more concentrated in higher trophic levels
• Stay in the environment for a long time
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Carbon Dioxide in the AtmosphereCarbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
• C4 plants replaced by C3 plants
• Greenhouse effect—reflection of infrared back to Earth by carbon dioxide and dihydrogen monoxide ( ^^ )
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The Ozone LayerThe Ozone Layer
• Protects the surface from UV
• Depleted by CFCs
• Chlorine is a catalyst
• Skin cancer and cataracts
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