Ecology Revision class - Institute of Education · 2020-02-28 · Ecology Ecology is the study of...
Transcript of Ecology Revision class - Institute of Education · 2020-02-28 · Ecology Ecology is the study of...
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BIOLOGY
HIGHER
WESLEY HAMMOND
6thYearBiology
HigherLevelWesleyHammond
Unit 1:
Ecology
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What do you need to know about UNIT 1?
• Unit 1 is worth at least 25% of the Biology paper (can be worth up to 32.5%).
• Two short questions (10%) in Section A will be asked from scientific method, food and ecology.
• One long question (15%) in Section C will be asked from scientific method,
food and ecology.
• An experiment question (7.5%) can also be sometimes asked in Section B of paper.
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Ecology
Thistopichasbeenaskedeveryyearsince2004.Itisworthbetween15%to27.5%inyourLeavingCertificate.
History of topic
2004 80 marks
2005 60 marks
2006 110 marks
2007 80 marks
2008 95 marks
2009 80 marks
2010 80marks
2011 80 marks
2012 80 marks
2013 110 marks
2014 80 marks
2015 80 marks
2016 86 marks 2017 110marks
2018 80marks2019 60marks
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Ecology
Ecologyisthestudyofinteractionsbetweenlivingthingsandtheirenvironment.Biosphere:
• PartoftheplanetcontaininglivingorganismsExample: Deepintheoceansandhighinthemountains.
Ecosystem:
• Groupoforganismsthatinteractwiththeirenvironment.Example:Woodlands,grasslands,bogs,lakes,hedgerows,desert.
(Youwillneedtoknowoneecosystemindetail)
Habitat:
• Aplacewhereaplantoranimallives.
Population:
• AllthemembersofthesamespecieslivinginanareaExample:populationofrabbitsinafield.
Community:
• AllthedifferentpopulationslivinginanareaExample:populationofbacteria,fungi,plantsandanimalsinafield.
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Environmentalfactorsaffectingorganisms:
• Abioticfactorsrelatetononlivingfactors
• Bioticfactorsrelatetolivingfactors
• Climaticfactorsrefertoweatheroveralongperiodoftime(rainfall,
temperature)
• Edaphicfactorsrelatetothesoil(soilpH,soiltype,soiltemperatureand
soilmoisture).
Effectsofabioticfactors(non-livingfactors)
• Altitude=Highaltitudesarecoolerandplantsandanimalscannot
survive.
• Aspect=Southfacingslopesarewarmerandreceivemorelightwhichallowsmoreplantstogrow.
• Steepness=Steepslopescannotholdwaterwhichmakesitharderforplantsandanimalstoexist.
• Lightintensity=themorelightavailablethemoreplantswillgrow.
• Airtemperature=inwarmerclimateswithhighertemperatures,moreplantswillbepresent.
• Windspeed=plantsexposedtohighwindswillnotgrowwellandmay
eventuallydie.
• SoilpH:plantswillgrowbetteratcertainpHvalues.Ifthesoilistooacidicorbasictheplantmaydie.
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Effectsofbioticfactors(livingfactors)Competition:Competitionoccurswhenorganismsstruggleandfightforaresourcethatisinshortsupply.Predation:Predationisthecatching,killingandeatingofanotherorganism.Food:themorefoodthatisavailabletoaplantoranimal,thelargerthenumberoforganismsthatwillsurvive.Parasitism:parasitescauseharmtoanorganismandcankillthehost.Humans:humanscancausealotofdamagetonaturalenvironments.
Energyflow
NOTE:Thesunistheprimarysourceofenergyflow.
• Feedingallowsenergytoflowfromoneorganismtoanotherinahabitat.
Producers:Producersareorganismsthatcarryoutphotosynthesistomaketheirownfood.
Examples:sycamoretrees,ivy
PrimaryproducerPrimaryconsumerSecondaryconsumerTertiaryconsumer
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Consumers:Consumersareorganismsthattakeinfoodfromotherorganisms.
• Primaryconsumer:feedonproducers
Example: Herbivoresfeednlyonplants(deer)
Decomposers–feedondeadmatter(bacteriaandfungi)
Detritusfeeders(mussels,earthworms)
• Secondaryconsumer:animalsthatfeedonprimaryconsumers
Example: Carnivores(onlyeatmeat) Scavengers(feedonanimalskilledbyother)
• Tertiaryconsumers:feedonsecondaryconsumers
NOTE:Thesearenormallythetopconsumers.
Whatareomnivores?
• Organismsthatfeedonbothplantsandanimals.Example:Badgers,humans,bear.
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Foodchain
Afoodchainisasequenceoforganismsinwhicheachoneiseatenbythenextorganisminthefoodchain.Atrophiclevelisafeedingstageinthefoodchain.
Examplesofagrazingfoodchain:Grass Rabbit Fox
Whataffectsthelengthofafoodchain?
• Theamountofenergypassingfromonetrophicleveltothenexttrophicleveldecreaseswhichlimitsthelengthofafoodchain.
• Only10%ofenergyfromeachstageispassedontonexttrophiclevel.
• Other90%isusedbyorganismsforenergyorlostbyheat.
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Foodweb:Foodwebconsistsoftwoormorefoodchainsthatareinterlinked.Examples:Producer:Leaves
Primaryconsumer:Snail,earthworm,greenfly,rabbit,mouse,caterpillar
Secondaryconsumer:Stoat,ladybird,hedgehog
Tertiaryconsumer:fox.
Pyramidofnumbers
• Apyramidofnumbersrepresentstheorganismnumberateachtrophiclevelinafoodchain.
• Numberoforganismsateachtrophicleveldecreasesasyoumoveupthefoodchain,andthesizeoftheindividualincreases.
Note:Bodysizeoforganismstendtoincreaseasyoumoveuppyramidbecauselargeranimalstendtoeatsmallerones.
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Example of normal pyramid: Example of inverted pyramid: Example of parasitic pyramids:
Limitationsofpyramidofnumbers:
• Theydonottakeintoaccountthesizeoftheorganisms.
• Sometimesthepyramidcannotbedrawntoscaleduetothenumbersbeingsobig(millionsofbacteriamayliveononeashtree).
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Whatisaniche?
• Thenicheistheroleanorganismplaysinitscommunity.
Example:whatiteatsandhowitinteractswithdifferentorganismsinthesurroundingenvironment.Ifmorethanonespecieshasthesamenichetheycannotsurviveforlongduetocompetition(forspace,food,mates).NOTE:swallowsandthrushespreventcompetitionbyhavingdifferentniches.Swallow:feedsonaerialinsects
Thrushes:feedsongroundinsects
.
Note:Ifanorganismisintroducedintoavacantnicheithasabetterchanceofsurvivalasthereislesscompetition.Whymightanorganismstillnotsurvivewhenintroducedintoavacantniche?
• Itmaynotbeabletoadapttonewhabitat.
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Pollution/Conservation/Wastemanagement
Impactsofhumansonecosystems:Humansaffectecosystemsinthreeways:
• Pollution
• Conservation
• Wastemanagement
Pollution:Pollutionisaharmfuladditiontotheenvironment.
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Sourcesofpollution:
• Electricitygeneration
• Transport
• Farmwastes
Whatarepollutants?
• Pollutantsaresubstancesthatcausepollution.
Threetypesofpollution:(onlyneedtoknowonetype)
• Agricultural/domestic/industrialpollution.
• Agriculturalpollution(slurry,fertilisers,pesticides,silagerun-off).
Effectsofagriculturalpollution:
• Slurry(animalswastematerial)entersriversorlakesduringheavyrainfallwhichcausesalgaltogrow.
• Whenalgaedieandbreakdown,oxygenisabsorbedandthereforethelevelinoxygeninwaterfalls.
• Waterplantsandanimalsdieduetolackofoxygen.
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NOTE:Theadditionofnutrientstofreshwateriscalledeutrophication.
Solvingtheseproblems:• Storingslurryinleakprooftanks.
• Spreadtheslurryinthedrysummertimeasthereislesschanceofitbeingwashedintostreams.
Conservation:Conservationisthemanagementofourenvironment,whichwillpreventthedeathandextinctionoforganisms.NOTE:Thepresentrateofextinctionisfasternowthaneverbefore. Quagga
Benefitsofconservation:
• Preventsorganismsbecomingextinct
• Maintainsawiderangeoflivingthings.
• Organismsmaybeusefulinnature.
• Maintainsabalanceinnature.
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NOTE:NaturereservesandZoosareusedtopreventextinctionsandprotectorganisms.
ExampleofconservationinFisheries
Problemswiththefishingindustry:
• Overfishinghasreducedthenumberinfishstocks.
• Theuseofsmallfishmeshinnetsresultsinsmallfishbeingcaughtandkilled.
Solutionstotheseproblems:
• Sizeofmeshinthenetsshouldbemadelargersosmallfishcanescape.Thisallowssmallfishtoescapeandmaintainthenumbersofthepopulation.
• Usefishquotastoensureonlycertainamountoffisharecaught.
WasteManagementAgriculture:
• Slurry(animalswastematerial)entersriversorlakesduringheavyrainfallwhichcausesalgaltogrow.
• Whenalgaedieandbreakdown,oxygenisabsorbedandthereforethelevelinoxygeninwaterfalls.
• Waterplantsandanimalsdieduetolackofoxygen.
Solvingtheseproblems:• Storingslurryinleakprooftanks.
• Spreadtheslurryinthedrysummertimeasthereislesschanceofitbeingwashedintostreams.
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Wastemanagementinfish:• Wastematerialssuchasfishheads,tails,andintestinesaredilutedby
water.
• Thesesubstancesarehighlyalkalineandareneutralisedbyaddingacid.Usedtocreatefertiliser.
Wastemanagementinforestry:• Wastematerialsfromtopsoftrees,smallbranches,rootsandsawdust
areprocessedtoformwoodproducts(MDF)
Problemswithwastedisposal
• Wastesmaycontainmicroorganismsthatcausediseases.
• Nutrientsfromagriculturalwastereleasedintowatercancauseplantsandanimalstodie.
• Wasteinlandfillsitescanbeunslightlyandsmell(attractrats)
• Incineratorscancausepoisonousgasestobereleased.
NOTE:Heatfromincineratorscanbeusedtoproduceelectricity.
Controlofwasteproduction:
• Reduce• Reuse• Recycle
Roleofmicro-organismsinwastemanagement:
• Landfillsitesshouldbecoveredinsoilasbacteriaandfungiarepresentwhichwillbreakdownsomeofthematerial.
• Insecondarystageofsewagetreatmentbacteriaandfungiareusedtobreakdownorganicmatter.
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FactorsaffectingPopulations
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Apopulationisalltheorganismsofsamespecieslivinginanarea.HowarePopulationscontrolled?
• Predation• Competition• Parasitism• Symbiosis
Competition
Competitionoccurswhenorganismsstruggleandfightforaresourcethatisinshortsupply.Examples:Twomaleblackbirdscompetingforafemale.Whatresourcesmightanimalscompetefor?
• Food• Shelter• Mates• Space
Whatresourcesmightplantscompetefor?
• Food• Space• Water• Light
Intra-specificcompetitionTakesplacebetweenthesamespeciesExample:tworobinsfightingforterritoryInter-specificcompetitionTakesplacebetweendifferentspeciesExample:blackbirdandthrushcompetingforfood.
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Typesofcompetition
Contestcompetition
• Thisiswherethereisaphysicalcontestbetweentwoindividualorganismsandonlyonebenefits(onlyonegetstheresource).Examples:Twomaledeerfightingforterritoryandfemalemates.
Scramblecompetition
• Allofthecompetingindividualsgetsomeoftheresourcebutnoneoftheorganismsgetenoughresourcetosurvive.
Examples:plantseedlingscompetingforlightandspace.Ifsomearenotremovedtheywillnotgetenoughlight,waterandspaceandmaydie. NOTE:Howtoavoidcompetition?
• Thebutterflyandcaterpillarwhicharethesamespeciesavoidcompetitionastheyhavedifferentmouthparts.Butterflyfeedonnectarwhilecaterpillarsfeedonleaves.
Predation
Predationisthecatching,killingandeatingofanotherorganism.Apredatorisanorganismisanorganismthatcatches,killsandeatsanotherorganism(foxes)Thepreyistheorganismthatiseatenbythepredator(rabbits).
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Predator–Preyrelationships:
Example: Predator:Fox Prey:rabbit
• Asthepopulationofpreyincreases,thenumberofpredatorswillrise(morefoodavailable).
• Aspredatorspopulationbeginstoincrease,thepopulationofpreydecrease.
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Factorsthataffectpredator-preypopulations:
• Availabilityoffood:ifpreynumbersarelarge,thiscancauseanincreaseinthenumbersofpredators.
• Disease:cancausepopulationnumbersdecreasedramatically.
• Migrationofpredators:predatorsmayhavetomoveareaifthepreyspopulationisreallysmallwhichmakesiteasierforthepreypopulationstoincrease.
Whatisanadaption?
• Isafeaturethathelpsanorganismtosurviveandreproduce.
AdaptationsofpredatorsandpreyPredators:
• Foxescanrunfastandhavegoodsenseofsmelltocatchprey.
• Owlshavegreateyesighttocatchtheirpreyatnight(nocturnal)whichallowsthemtoavoidothercompetition.
• Hawkshaveexcellenteyesighttolocateprey.
• Ladybirdshaveastrongjawtokillandeataphids.
Prey
• Micecanrunfastandhidetoavoidbeingeaten.
• Frogsarecamouflagedtoavoidattackbyitspredators.
• Ladybirdshaveabrightredcolour,indicatingthattheytasteverybad.
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Adaptionsofplants:
• Nettleshaveastingtoprotectthemfrompredators.
• Brightcolourflowersisusedtoattractinsectsforpollination.
Factorsthataffecthumanpopulations:
• War–increasethedeathrate
• Famine–increasethedeathrate
• Contraception-reducesthebirthrate
• Disease–increasesthedeathrate.
Parasitism:
• Occurswhenoneorganismobtainsitsfoodfromalivehostcausingit
harm.Typesofparasites:
1) Endoparasites:liveontheinsideofthehost’sbodycausingharm(liverflukeinsheep,tapeworminthehumansmallintestines).
2) Exoparasites:liveontheoutsideofthehost’sbody(fleasonadog,greenflyonarosebush).
Whatistheroleofparasitesinnature?
• Theycontrolpopulationsoftheorganismthattheyfeedon.Howdoparasitesdifferfromotherpredators?
• Theyaresmallerthannormalpredators.• Theycanattackthehostinsidethebody.
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Symbiosis:
• Whentwodifferentorganismsliveincloseassociationwitheachotherandatleastonebenefits.
• Mutualismisanotherformofsymbiosiswherebothbenefits.Examplesofsymbiosis:
• Symbioticbacteriainthehumanlargeintestines.TheyproducevitaminBandKforthehuman(host)andtheygetfoodandshelterfromthehost.
• Nitrogenfixingbacteriaconvertnitrogengasintonitratesfortheplantinthesoil.Thebacteriagetfoodandshelterlivinginroots.
Nitrogenfixingbacteria
Nitrates protectionandshelterClover
Aquaticenvironments
Factorsthataffectaquaticenvironments:
• Light: Plantsareonlyfoundtowardssurfaceofwater.
• Currents: Plantscanbecarriedawayunlessattachedtorocks.
• Saltcontent: saltconcentrationaffectswhatorganismsliveinwater.
• Waveaction:Cancausedamagetoplantsoranimals.
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TheNutrientCycles
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Nutrientrecycling
• Nutrientrecyclingallowselementslikecarbonandnitrogentobeexchangedbetweenlivingandnon-livingpartsofanecosystem
• Alsoacceptedinmarkingscheme(allowsnutrientstobereused)
TheCarbonCycle
Whatisthefunctionofthecarboncycle?
• Socarboncanbeconvertedtocarboninlivingthings(carbohydrates)
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Processesinvolvedinthecarboncycle:
• Photosynthesis• Respiration• Decomposition• Combustion
Functionoflivingorganismsinthecarboncycle:Bacteriaandfungi:theirroleasdecomposershelpreturncarbonbackintotheatmosphere.Animals:returncarbonbackintotheatmospherebytheprocessofrespiration.Plants:absorbcarbonfromtheatmospherebyaprocesscalledphotosynthesis.
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TheNitrogenCycle
Whatisthefunctionofthenitrogencycle?
• Itconvertsnitrogenintoformsthatlivingthingscanuse.• Livingthingsusenitrogenfortheformationofprotein,RNA,DNA.
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Bacteriainvolvedinthenitrogencycle:
• Bacteriaofdecay
• Nitrogenfixingbacteria
• Nitrifyingbacteria
• Denitrifyingbacteria
Whatbacteriaareinvolvedinthenitrogencycle?
Nitrogenfixation:
• Usingnitrogenfixingbacteria(anaerobicbacteriawholiveonrootsoflegumesofclover),theyconvertnitrogengasintonitrates.
Decomposition:
• Bacteriaofdecaybreakdowndeadorganismsandreleasenitrogenintheformofammoniaintothesoil.
Nitrification:
• Usingnitrifyingbacteriaammoniaisconvertedintonitritesandnitrates(thesebacteriaarechemosyntheticinthattheymaketheirownfoodusingchemicalreactions)
Denitrification:
• Usingdenitrifyingbacteria(anaerobicbacteria)thenitratesareconvertedbackintonitrogengas.
NOTE:WhatiscommontobothCarbonandNitrogencycle?
• Bacteriainvolved/excretion/deathanddecay/nutrition.
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Experiment
Section
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StudyofaGrasslandecosystemAhabitatsurveyshouldincludethefollowingkeyparts:
1) Mapofhabitat
2) Abioticandbioticfactorsaffectingthelivingorganisms.
3) Calculatethepopulationsofbothplantsandanimalsinthathabitat.
4) Presenttheinformationgatheredusingchartsandtables.
Whatdoyouusetoidentifyplantsandanimals?
• Anidentificationkey.Youmustidentifyfiveanimalsinyoursurvey:
• Snail• Ladybird• Spider• Blackbird• Earthworm
Youmustidentifyfiveplantsinyoursurvey:
• Ivy• Nettles• Buttercup• Daisy• Bluebells
Tocreateasimplekeytoidentifyfivefauna(typeofanimals)
AnimalCanfly CannotflyBlackfeathers RedandblackShellNoShell (blackbirds) (ladybirds)(snail)
8legs Segmented (spider) (earthworm)
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Tocreateasimplekeytoidentifyfiveflora(typeofplants)
Plant
ColouredFlowers Flowerslackingcolour Sting Nosting (nettle)(ivy)Blueflower whiteflowerYellowflower(bluebells)(daisy)(buttercup)Equipmentusedtocollectanimals:
Pooter---Sucktheorganismintojar(collectsinsectsandspiders)
Sweepnet:Sweepoverlonggrass(collectsinsects)
Planktonnet:pulledthroughwaterwithajarattachedtocollectplankton.
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Beatingtray:Placedunderabushwhichisshaken(collectsinsects,beetles,worms)Pitfalltrap:Placedinsoilfor24hours(collectssnails,slugsandworms)
Tullgrenfunnel:Heatfromthelightcausetheinsectstomovedownfromthesoilandlitterandintothepot(collectsinsects)
Mammaltrap:Smallanimalsenterandbecometrapped(collectsmice)
Cryptozoic trap: Placed on top of soil and returned to a few days later. Animals that like moist and dark conditions will gather on the cryptozoic traps.
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What is the difference between a quantitative survey and a qualitative survey?
• A quantitative survey tells you the numbers of organisms present.
• A qualitative survey tells you if an organism is absent or present. NOTE:quantitative surveys provide more information.
Quantitativesurveyforplants:
TocalculatePercentageCoverofplantsinagrasslandarea:(amountofgroundcoveredbyanyspecies)
1) Aquadratisasquaremadeofmetalorwoodandhassidesof0.5
metre.
2) Aquadratisplacedrandomlyinyourhabitat.Thisiscarriedoutbythrowingapenciloveryourshoulderandplacingthequadratwheretheobjectlands.
3) Thiswasrepeated10times.
4) Ineachquadrat,wecountedthetimeseachplanttouchesanintersectionpointofeachsmallsquareandrecordedourresultsonatable.
5) Wethenusedtheformula:Numberoftouches x100Numberofsquares1
6) Agraphwasdrawnwiththeresults.
NOTE:
• Thissurveyusesanobjectiveestimateasaperson’sindividualjudgementsarenotused.
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QuantitativeSurveyforplants:
TocalculatePercentagefrequencyofplantsinagrasslandarea:(chanceoffindinganamedspecieswithonethrow)
1) Aquadratisasquaremadeofmetalorwoodandhassidesof0.5
metre.
2) Aquadratisplacedrandomlyinyourhabitat.Thisiscarriedoutbythrowingapenciloveryourshoulderandplacingthequadratwheretheobjectlands.
3) Aquadratwasthrown10times.
4) Thepresenceorabsenceofaspeciesisrecordedforeachquadratandwerepresentedinatable.
5) Graphyourresults.
6) Ifaspeciesispresentinthreequadratsoutoften,theirfrequencyis3/10X100/1=30%
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TocarryoutaQuantitativesurveyofanimalsusingtheCapture–recapturemethod
(estimatethenumberofmice)
1) Inahabitat,captureanumberofmice(usedamammaltrap).
2) Markeachorganismusingamarkermakingsurenottoharmtheanimals(e.gmakingthemmorevisibletopredators).
3) Releaseeachorganismintheareaitwascaptured.
4) Onasecondvisit(somedayslater)asimilarnumberofanimalswerecaughtandthemicethatweremarkedwererecorded.
5) Thetotalofnumberofanimalswerecalculatedusingtheformula:Number=C1stXC2nd
M2ndC1st=numbercaughtandmarkedon1stvisitC2nd=numbercaughton2ndvisitM2nd=numbermarkedon2ndvisitfromfirstvisit
6) Graphyourresults.NOTE:markedanimalsmustbegiventimetomixwiththeunmarkedanimals.
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Example:Estimatethenumberofwildharesinagrasslandarea.50haresweretrapped.Atagwasplacedonitsfuranditwasreleased.Afewdayslater50moreharesweretrapped,ofwhich20hadalreadybeentagged.Afewdayslater50moreharesweretrappedand10hadtheirearstagged.
i) Calculatethenumberofharesinthisgrassland:ii) Calculatethemeanpopulationsizeofharesingrassland:
i) Comparefiestandsecondvisit:
Numberofhares=50x50=125
20
Comparefirstandthirdvisit:Numberofhares:50x50=250 10
ii) Meanpopulation:125+250=187.5hares
2
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Toinvestigatethreeabioticfactors(non-living)inahedgerow.
Aspect
• Aspectcanbeidentifiedusingacompass.
NOTE:aspectaffectslightintensityandtemperature(botharehigheronsouthfacingslopes).
Airtemperature
• Airtemperatureistakenusingathermometer.WindSpeedanddirection
• Canbemeasuredusingananemometerandawindgauge.SoilpH
• RecordedusingapHmeteroruniversalindicator.
Lightintensity
• CanbemeasuredusingalightmeterWhatpossiblesourcesoferrormayoccurinyourhabitatsurvey?Accidentaldiscovery:
• Arareanimalmayormaynotbeseenwhichisnotverycommontothehabitat.
Sizeofsamplearea:
• Ifthesampleareaistoosmalltheremightnotbeafairreflectionontheorganismsthatarepresentinthatarea.
• Thelargerthesamplesizethemoreaccuratetheresults(e.gthrowing100quadratsratherthanjust10).
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Humanerror:
• Humansmayidentifyanorganismincorrectly(Solution–useakey).
• Ifhumansarerequiredtogiveestimationonsomething,therejudgementmaynotbeaccurate.
Changingseasons:
• Certainorganismsmaybepresentinspringandsummer.However,ifyouarecarryingoutthehabitatsurveyinthewintermanyorganismsmaynotbepresent.
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DoyouKnow TickDefineecology Definebiosphere Defineecosystemandnameoneexample Definehabitat,population,community Defineabioticfactorandgivethreeexamples Definebioticfactorandgivethreeexamples Defineclimaticfactorsandgivethreeexamples Defineedaphicfactorsandgivethreeexamples Listthreefactorsimpactingonaquaticenvironment Statetheprimarysourceofenergy Defineproducers,primaryconsumers,secondaryconsumers,tertiaryconsumersandnotetheretropiclevelinfoodchain
Defineherbivore,carnivoreandomnivore Defineflora,faunaanddecomposers Definefoodchain,foodwebandtrophiclevels Drawafoodchainwithfourtrophiclevels Drawafoodwebwiththreefoodchains Explainthereasonwhyfoodchainshaveonly4or5trophiclevels Defineaniche Describethechancesofanorganismsurvivingifintroducedintoavacantniche
Definethetermpyramidofnumbers Drawanormalandinvertedpyramidofnumbers Toidentifyexamplesoforganismsincertainstagesinpyramidofnumbers
Statealimitationofusingpyramidofnumbers Statefactorsthatcontrolpopulationnumbers Definecompetition,intra-specificcompetition,interspecificcompetition,contestcompetitionandscramblecompetitiongivinganexampleforeach
Toknowanexampleofhowoneorganismhasanadaptivetechniquestosurvivecompetition
Definepredation,prey Stateadaptionsoftwotypesofpredators Stateadaptionsoftwotypesofprey Defineparasitism,endoparasiteandexoparasites Definesymbiosisandknowtwoexamplesofsymbiosisrelationships Drawagraphtorepresenthowpredator-preyrelationshipsaffecttheirpopulations.
Statethreefactorsthatimpactpredatorpreyinteractions Listfourfactorsthataffecthumanpopulations Definepollutionandpollutant Nameatypeofagriculturalpollution Defineconservation Statetwobenefitsofconservation Statetwoproblemswithfishingindustry
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Listtwomethodsofconservationinfishingindustry Forwastemanagementstateoneeffectofslurryonenvironment Listtwomethodsofcontrollingthereleaseofslurry Statethreeproblemsassociatedwithwastedisposal Statetheroleofmicroorganismsinlandfillsitesandsewagetreatment
Statethreemethodsofcontrollingwasteproduction Definenutrientrecycling Todrawordescribethecarboncycle Statetheroleoforganisms(bacteria,fungi,plantsandanimals)inthecarboncycle
Statethefunctionofthenitrogencycle Todrawordescribethenitrogencycle Definenitrogenfixation,nitrificationanddenitrification Namethebacteriainvolvedinthenitrogencycle Statetheroleoforganisms(bacteria,fungi,plantsandanimals)inthenitrogencycle
Nameoneecosystem Statethefunctionofakey Defineaqualitativestudyandquantitativesurvey Nametwopossiblesourcesoferrorinecosystemstudyandstatehowtheymightbeprevented
Toinvestigatethreeabioticfactorsinecosystem Toknowinfluenceofthreeabioticfactors Defineadaptation Stateoneadaptionofbothananimalandaplantandthebenefitofthisadaptation
Namefivefaunainanamedecosystem Todrawakeytohelpidentifythesefivefauna Namefiveflorainanamedecosystem Todrawakeytohelpidentifythesefiveflora Listtheequipmentusedtosurveyorganismsandexplainhowtheywork
Tocarryoutaquantitativesurveyofplants(Quadratsurvey-%cover)
Tocarryoutaquantitativesurveyofanimals(Capture-recapturemethod))
Statehowyoupresentresultsfromsuchsurveys
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ExamQuestionsExamPaper2019,Question10:
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ExamPaper2018,Question2:
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ExamPaper2018,Question
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ExamPaper2017,Question2:
Solutions2017,Question2:
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ExamPaper2017,Question7:
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Solutions2017,Question7:
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Solutions2017,Question10:
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ExamPaper2016,Question1:
Solutions2016,Question1:
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ExamPaper2016,Queestion10:
Solutions2016,Question2:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Solutions2016,Question10:
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ExamPaper2015,Question2:
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ExamPaper2015,Question13:
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Solutions2015,Question13:
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ExamPaper2014,Question1:
Solutions2014,Question1:
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ExamPaper2014,Question15:
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Solutions2014,Question15:
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ExamPaper2013Question2:
Solutions2013Question2:
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ExamPaper2013Question15
i) Nameonebirdfromthestudyandnameitsparasite:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ii) Explainthetermectoparasite:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
iii) Suggestonenegativeeffectonbirdsorchicksoflivinginparasiteinfestednests:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
iv) Apartfromaneffectonparasitenumbers,suggestareasonfortheuseofthefilterfibresinnestbuilding:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
v) Stateonebenefittoaplantofgivingoffstrongsmells:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
vi) Suggestwhatmightbetrappedinusedcigarettes:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
vii) Suggesthowthescientistsmighthavemeasuredtheamountofcigarettefilterfibresinonenest:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
viii) Thescientistsputunusedcigarettefiltersbesidebird’snests.Suggestareasonforthis:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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ix) Thenestscontainingunusedfiltersshowedanormalparasiteload.Suggestonereasonforthisobservation:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b)
i) Drawalargediagramtoillustratethemainfeaturesofthenitrogencycle:
ii) Outlinetwobiologicalsimilaritiesbetweenthenitrogencycleandthecarboncycle:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
iii) Suggestwhycontinualmonitoringoftheenvironmentisvaluable:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
iv) Inthecaseofeachofthefollowingpairsofterms,distinguishbetweenthemembersofeachpairbywritingasentenceabouteachterm:1) Contestcompetitionandscramblecompetition:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2) Edaphicandaquatic:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3) Climateandweather:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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c)
ii)Giveanexplanationofthegraphthatyouhavedrawnforthepreyspecies:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________iii)Doyouthinkthatpopulationgraphsforahostspeciesanditsmainparasitewouldshowsimilarfluctuations.Explainyouranswer:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________iv)Suggestaroleforparasitesintheoverallschemeofnature:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________v)
1) Nametwopredators:_____________________________________________________________________________________
2) Giveoneadaptivetechniqueinthecaseofeachpredator:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Solutions2013Question15:
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ExamPaper2012Question4:
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Solutions2012Question4:
ExamPaper2012Question11:
a) i) Distinguishbetweenafoodchainandafoodweb:
Includeaclearreferencetoeachinyouranswer:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ii) Whatdoecologistsmeanbyapyramidofnumbers:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b)
i) Suggestareasonforattemptingtoestablishanexoticspeciesinanew
country:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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ii) Suggesttworeasonswhythegreatmajorityofattemptedintroductionshavebeenunsuccessful:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
iii) Useyourknowledgeofthelifecycleoffloweringplantstosuggesthowanexoticplantmayescapefromcapacity:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
iv) Useyourknowledgethatyouhavegainedinyourstudiesofecologytosuggesthowtheintroductionofanexoticspeciesmay:1) impactnegativelyonanexistingcommunity:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2) impactpositivelyonanexistingcommunity:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
v) Ithasbeenstatedthatanexoticspecieshasagoodchanceof
becomingestablishedinanewenvironmentifthereisavacantniche.1) Explainthetermnicheinthiscontext:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2) Doyouagreewiththeaboveanswer:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3) Explainyouranswer:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
c) Nametheecosystemwhichyouinvestigatedduringyourstudyofecology:_____________________________________________________________________________________i) Explaintheterms:
1) Flora:________________________________________________________________________
2) Fauna:________________________________________________________________________
ii) Nameoneanimalfromyourecosystemanddescribehowyou
carriedoutaquantitativestudyofthatanimal:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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iii) Suggestonewayinwhichmarkingananimalmightendangerit:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
iv) Ecosystemsaresubjecttochanges,bothnaturalandartificial.Mentiononeofeachtypeofchangeasitappliestoyournamedecosystem:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Solutions2012Question11:
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ExamPaper2011Question3:
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ExamPaper2010Question5:
Solutions2010Question5:
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ExamPaper2009Question3:
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Exampaper2008Question7:
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Solutions2008Question7
Exampaper2007Question2:
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ExamPaper2006Question2:
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ExamPaper2006Question9:
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Exampaper2004Question5:
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Solutions2004Question5: