Ecology Review

Chapters 46-50

Population EcologyEcological Levels

Which of these levels considers the interaction of the biotic and the abiotic?

Which of the 8 AP themes could we apply this knowledge toward?.... I can think of two that fit nicely.

Theme 7: Interdependence in Nature and Theme 3: Energy Transfer

Density and Distribution

Which one of these would represent the human population living in North America? Why is it like that?

Population Ecology

• (r) the rate of natural increase or (births-deaths)/number of individuals in the population

Population growth

A or B… Which has the higher biotic potential?

Population EcologySurvivorship Curves

Which of the three represents a human population in an MDC(more developed country)?

What type of organisms fit roughly under the type III curve?

Population Ecology

Which of the three represents a human population in an MDC that does not have much immigration?

Why doe the first age structure diagram predict an increasing population?

Population Ecology

Exponential Growth= rN

Population Growth Models

Logistic Growth= rN (K-N/K)

What type of organisms fit the J shaped growth model?

What type of organisms fit the S shaped growth model?

Describe this portion of the equation?

Factors that Regulate Population Size

• Density-Dependent Factors• Density-Independent Factors

Density -Independent or Density-Dependent… Explain.

Which of the 8 AP themes could we apply this knowledge toward?

Theme 6: Regulation

Population Ecology

• r strategists (Opportunistic Pattern) vs. K strategist populations (Equilibrium Pattern)– There is a limited amount of energy so different organisms allocate it for different needs

Life History Strategies

Which am I and why?

Which strategy works best once carrying capacity (K)is reached?

Community Ecology

• Diversity of a community goes beyond composition because it includes not only a listing of species but also the abundance of each species.

Models regarding composition and diversity1. Individulistic- each population in

a community is there because its abiotic requiremejnts are met

2. Interactive- species are dependent on biotic interactions

Island Biogeography

Explain the concept and how it applies to the conservation movement

Island Biogeography in the O.C.

Community EcologySpecies Interactions

Do parasites kill their host quickly… Why or why not?

Community Ecology

• Niche vs. Habitat… Explain

• How is the fundamental niche different from the realized niche

I am a generalist

Community EcologyCompetitive exclusion principal-no two species can indefinitely occupy the same niche at the same time

Describe Russian ecologist G.F. Gause’s classic experiment

Theme 1: Science as a process

Community EcologyDescribe how these organisms dealt with the competitive exclusion principal

Character Displacement Resource Partitioning Realized Niche

Community Ecology

This is a classic graph constructed from pelts received by the Hudson Bay Trading company

If caught, I can not contribute

to the gene pool

Predator Prey Relationship

Describe accurately… How does “r” factor in?

Community Ecology

Which of these are Batesian mimics and which are Mullerian mimics?

What are some other prey defenses?... Think, pair,

share.

Symbiotic Relationships

1.Parasitism

2.Commensalism… Does it exist?

3.Mutualism

Theme 7: Interdependence in Nature

Community EcologySuccession-Change in composition of species over timeTwo types•Primary- Succession on newly formed land, soil needs to be created, starts with lichen, and takes a very long time. •Secondary- Where a disturbance damaged the life leaving only soil. Begins with r-strategists (Pioneering Species) which are eventually replaced by K-strategists in a climax community.

What is the Intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

Community EcologyHow am I a

keystone species?

a. Describe my food web

b. How am I a keystone species

Haha… you are taking directions from an

otter

Ecosystems and Human InterferenceNPP=GPP-RS

What influences the GPP of an ecosystem?

How efficient is the average plant… what percentage of the original energy is left over after

respiration?

55%

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Nature of an Ecosystem

Theme 7: Interdependence in Nature

Theme 3: Energy Transfer

Ecosystems and Human Interference

Which arrow is the thickest… what does that mean?

Typically, what percentage of energy transfers from one trophic level to the next, starting with the herbivores?

Theme 3: Energy Transfer

Ecosystems and Human Interference-The Water Cycle

-How is drinking water produced in the cycle?

Ecosystems and Human Interference-The Carbon Cycle

Why are we accumulating more carbon dioxide in the air?

Carbon dioxide, a gas, is reduced (energy added to form bonds) during photosynthesis to produce _____________.

Ecosystems and Human Interference-The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen fixation occurs when N2 is converted to a form plants can use. Some chemoheterotrophic bacteria have a mutualistic relationship with legumes (bean plants) and reduce atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia (NH3). Another set of free living chemoautotrophic bacteria convert ammonia (NH3) to nitrites (NO2) and nitrates (NO3) in a process known as nitrification. Plants take up ammonia and nitrate from the soil to produce amino acids which make up proteins.

Thanks to the bacteria, we, the plant and I, can make protein!

N2 An Inert Gas

Ecosystems and Human Interference-The Phosphorous Cycle

Often the lack of phosphorous is the limiting factor to producer growth and therefore algal blooms occur when excess comes into an ecosystem!

What is Eutrophication?

Why are these molecules important to Life?

• Water• CO2

• N2

• PO4 3-

The Biosphere-Abiotic Factors that create the Climate of Ecosystems

Climate1. Variations in solar radiation…

Temperature2. Water

The Biosphere-Abiotic Factors that create the Climate of Ecosystem

Lakes

Less dense and floats but then sinks as it melts during spring

The epilimnion cools during fall faster than the hypolimnion

Oligotrophic vs. Eutrophic Lakes…. What is the difference?

How do humans effect the amount of Nitrogen in a Lake?

Conservation Biology

1. Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth2. The amount of biodiversity is a measurement

of the health of an ecosystem3. Biodiversity is an attribute of genetic

diversity, community diversity, and landscape diversity

4. Conservation biology aims to protect biodiversity

Which biomes have the most biodiversity and Why?