Ecology PPT. MD - Living...
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1
Ecology
Our Environment
A Quote
This we know...
The earth does not belong to man, man belongs to earth.
All things are connected, like the blood which connects onefamily.
Whatever befalls the earth befalls the children of the earth.
Man did not weave the web of life - he is merely a strand in it.
Whatever he does to the web, he does to himself.
- Chief Seattle, 1854
A Quote
We do not inherit the earth from our
ancestors,
We borrow it from our children.
-Native American Proverb
Do Now
•Find your match and draw a
picture that describes the
vocabulary word. Be prepared
to share your drawing with the
class.
•What is it?
• The study of relationships b/w living
things (plants, animals, & other
organisms) with one another & their physical surroundings (natural
resources) such as air, soil, and
water.
ECOLOGY
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Ecologists
•study ecology at different
levels
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
•Abiotic = non-living factors
List Some Abiotic Factors?
Abiotic Factors
– Light (intensity & duration)
– Temperature range (fluctuations, daily &
seasonal)
–Water amt.
– Landscape (topography)
– Soil (type, minerals, pH)
– Temperature (warm temp-less O2; cold water-
more O2)
–CO2, Oxygen amount
LIVING ENVIRONMENT
•Biotic = living factors
List Some Biotic Factors?
LIVING ENVIRONMENT
• Biotic (living) Factors
–Plants
–Animals
–Fungi
–Bacteria
–Protozoa
–Everything alive!
Ecological Organization (Biotic)
• Species– A group of similar organisms capable of inter-breedingand producing fertileoffspring
Example: Bullfrogs
• Population– All the members of a single species inhabiting a given location
Example: All the Bullfrogs in a lake
• Community– All the interacting populations in a given area
Example: All the fish, frogs, plants, etc. in a lake
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Ecological Organization(Biotic & Abiotic)
• Ecosystem– All the living (biotic) & nonliving (abiotic) factors interacting (functioning together) as an independent, stable system
– These interactions result in a balancethat allows the ecosystem to be self-sustaining (independent)
Ecological Organization(Biotic & Abiotic)
• Biome– A large geographical area with similar vegetation types
• Biosphere
- all ecosystems on Earth whereall life is found
•Land
•Water•Air
Ecological Organization
Simple
Complex
Test Yourself (Organizational Levels)
• A guppy = ?• A hermit crab = ?
• A cat = ?• A dog = ?• All the hermit crabs in Mrs. Reece’s house = ?
• All the cats in Mrs. Reece’s house = ?• All the animals (people too!) in Mrs. Reece’s house = ?
• Mrs. Reece’s house = ?
Copy Into Your Notebook
• Pond
• Minnows
• Aquatic plants
• Entire population of different organisms
• The community of animals, plants and
micro-organisms, together with the habitat where they live
Analyze The Picture & Identify Each(community, habitat, ecosystem, population)
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Answers
• Pond
• Minnows
• Aquatic plants
• Entire population of different organisms
• The community of animals, plants and
micro-organisms, together with the habitat where they live
(Habitat)
(Population)
(Population)
(Community)
(Ecosystem)
Factors For
A Stable
Ecosystem &
Organism
Survival
Ecosystems
• Self-sustaining ecosystems must
have:
– Constant source of energy
– Ability to change this energy into organic molecules
– Cycle minerals & nutrients between organisms & the environment
Organism Requirements
•Basic Needs
–Food
–Water
–Shelter
•Other Needs
–Reproductive
–Social
Organisms go about getting these needs in very specific ways!
Ecosystems & Populations
• Populations change size based on
the resources available.
• Without limitations, populations
increase.
• Factors in the environment can limit
the size of a population- called
limiting factors
Limiting Factors
•Abiotic & Biotic are examples of limiting factors.
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Population Limiting factors
•Abiotic– Light
– Temperatures– Moisture– Soil Nutrients
– pH– Pollutant concentrations
•Biotic– Food Availability
– Disease– Predation– Competition from other organisms
– Mating opportunities
Examples
• Abiotic1. Extreme heat
- limits type of species to survive in desert
2. Water temp.
- limits types of fish that live in water
• Biotic
1. Predator-prey
relationships
(Coyote predator-
limits # of deer
(prey) in forest)
Factors Limiting Population Size
1. Predator-prey - Predation (1 organism eats another)
2. Competition
3. Carrying Capacity
1. Predator-Prey: Whose Who?
• Controls (limits) population size, if
left undisturbed population
remains BALANCED.
Predator = kills & eats organism
Prey = organism eaten
Case Study: The Lynx & The Hare
• The rise and fall in numbers of Canadian lynx and its favorite prey the snowshoe hare. The two populations were estimated each year for some 75 years from the number of animals caught by fur traders. The lynx population was found to rise and fall in a ten-year cycle, with that of the hare following two years behind. No other cat is so dependent on a single prey species, which is why there is such a clear pattern of interdependence between the two populations.
An Interdependent Relationship
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Predator-Prey Dynamic
• The relationship (graph) between
the 2 will look similar.
Ex: If prey population increases, so does the predator population
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/
environment/populationsandpyramidsrev6.shtml
2. Competition
• Organisms can compete for the
same resources such as food, shelter, territory (space), etc.
• Competition can be between
members of the same species or different species
Competition
• When resources are FINITE (limited)
& the demand for resources is
greater than the supply………
ORGANISMS COMPETE!
Competition
• Plants compete
with each other for:
• light (for photosynthesis)
• water, and
• nutrients
(minerals)
• Animals compete
with each other for:
• food
• water
• Mates ( for reproduction)
• living space
Reducing Competition
• To reduce competition for food
different species evolve to NOT
occupy exact ecological niches.
Ex: Different finch species feeding in spruce tree
An Ecological Niche
• The specific “role” or “job” that an organism plays in its environment
• Its daily routine
• What the organism does in its environment
– Where & how they get food
– Where & how they hide
– Where & how they nest
– Where & how they breed
– Etc., etc., etc., etc., etc., ……….
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Competition between 2 Paramecium species. One species will win, the other will lose.
3. Carrying Capacity
• The total number of
organisms that a certain
area can support.
• Organisms DO NOT
overpopulate due to
FINITE resources like
food, space, H2O
Carrying CapacityBirth rate = death rate population
- No increase
# squirrels in 1 square
mile of a forest
Wrap-Up: Fill In
Population Size
May Be Limited By
Predators
Competition(food, space, mates)
FiniteResources(H2O, food,space)
Disease
Human Disturbances
(habitat
destruction)
Activity: Answer These Questions
Based on Your Analysis (On Board)
• Name some decomposers.
• What role does the tree trunk play for the insects, caterpillars, & larvae?
• Identify the different ecological niches for the following organisms:
- squirrels, fungi, bees, blue tits,
sparrow hawks
• Do the bluetits & squirrels inhabit the same tree?
• Do the bluetits & squirrels occupy the same or different niche within the oak ecosystem?
Oak Tree Ecosystem
Each zone of the tree is home to a distinctive community of organisms
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Answers
• Bacteria, woodlice, and earthworms feed off last year's leaves, acorns & fungi grown on its roots
• The trunk layer provides shelter or food to insects, caterpillars and larvae.
• Squirrels (gather acorns), fungi (grows on roots) bees (gather pollen, nectar), bluetits(hunt moth larvae),
sparrowhawks (hunt small birds)
• Yes
• Different niches
Nutritional
Needs
In Ecological
Communities
Nutritional Relationships
•How do organisms acquire
nutrients and energy?– Make their own food--Autotrophs
•OR
– Get it from other organisms--Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
• Auto = self Troph = food, feeding
• Also called producers
• Synthesize their own food from inorganic materials & an energy source
or convert solar energy
into food energy
-Ex: green plants
Heterotrophs
• Hetero= different Troph= food, feeding
• Also called consumers
• Organisms are dependent on other organisms for food
• Categorized by what they eat and how
they acquire it.
5 Categories of Heterotrophs
1. Decomposers (Saprophytes)
2. Scavengers
3. Herbivores
4. Carnivores
5. Omnivores
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1. Decomposers
• Organisms that obtain its nutrients
from nonliving organic matter
(dead plants, dead animals)
Ex: bacteria, fungi (molds, yeasts), certain plants) insects (Dung beetle), earthworms
Indian Pipe (Plant)
Decomposer’s Role
• Eat dead materials to break down
into chemical parts like nitrogen, carbon & other nutrients so plants
& animals can use.
Dung Beetle Recycling Nutrients
2. Scavengers
• Animals that consume (eat)
already dead animals.
• Are carnivores.
Ex: turkey vultures, crows, burying beetles, hyenas
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Without decomposers and scavengers, the world would be covered with
dead plants and animals!
Did You Know? 3. Herbivores
• Animals that consume (eat) plants,
algae, phytoplankton
Deer
Cow
Grasshopper
4. Carnivores
• Animals which consume other animals
– Predators:
• animals which kill and consume their preyOwl
Polar bears
Wolf
Frog Video
Carnivorous Plant: Venus Flytrap
5. Omnivores
• Animals that consume both plant
& animals.
RaccoonBrown bear
Energy Flow
• All organisms need energy to carry on life processes (build new cells, chemical reactions, movement)
• The Sun is the ultimate source of energy in ecosystems
• How does the energy from the Sun flow
through ecosystems?
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1. Mouse receives
energy from food
it eats.
2. Mouse uses energy from food to
survive (growth, keep warm, capture
food, escape predators). Heat is lost from body.
4. Energy is lost in
wastes (feces)
3. 90% of energy
in mouse’s food is
used or lost. 10% is available for
predators
The Pathway of Food Energy Is
Represented BY
1. Food Chains
2. Food Webs
2. Ecological Pyramids
http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngexplorer/0309/quickflicks/in
dex.html
1. Food Chains(ENERGY FLOW)
- a model that shows how energy moves through an ecosystem from the producer to the consumers.
SUN
PRODUCER
Primary
Consumer (Herbivore)
Secondary
Consumer (Carnivore)
Tertiary
Consumer (Carnivore)
Decomposers
Describe the orderof the food chain.
2. Food Webs (ENERGY FLOW)
- a complex
model that
shows how food chains
overlap in an
ecosystem.
Why is the Food Web More Complex than the Food Chain?
•Because 1 species eats more than 1 type of organism
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Direction of Energy Flow
Herbivore
Consumer
Omnivore
SecondaryConsumer
Carnivore
Tertiary Consumer
DecomposerEnergy
SourceProducer
Return Nutrients To
autotrophs
3. Ecological Pyramids
• A pyramid that
shows the transfer
of energy flow using
food chains.
• Pyramid represents
the amount of:
- Energy
- Biomass
- Numbers
Trophic
levels
What Do Ecological Pyramids
Tell Us?
1. Pyramid of Energy
- each step (trophic level/ feeding level)up, 90% of energy is LOST because its used by organism to stay alive for cellular processes then lost by body heat.
- each level passes 10% of its stored energy to next level up to make new cells.
1. Pyramid of Energy
Important!
Energy
CAN NOT
Be RECYCLED
2. Pyramid of Biomass
- the total mass
of living matter
(weight) that is
consumed
by the level
above it.
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3.Pyramid of Numbers
• the numbers of organisms that exist
at trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Exercise: What Percentage of Energy is Passed Upward? Complete the Pyramid of Energy
1000 Kcal
100 Kcal
10 Kcal
Bluegrass
Insects & worms
Ants & spiders
Birds
Does this
illustration represent a Pyramid of
Energy, a Pyramid of Biomass, or a
Pyramid of Numbers?
Pyramid of
Biomass
1. Where is
energy mostabundant (in
greatest
amount)?
Producers
Identify: (Food Web, Ecological
Pyramid, Food Chain)A.
B.C.
Summary
• Available food energy, biomass, &
# of organisms DECREASE as you
move UP the pyramid
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A Food Chain Environmental Problem -
Biomagnification
- An increase concentration of pollutants along a food chain
How does DDT become concentrated in the tissues of organisms at each
trophic level in a food chain?
• DDT is
metabolized &
excreted more
slowly & builds up
in fat.
• Results:
Organisms at the
TOP of the food
chain are at
greatest risk.
Incre
ase
concentration o
f DDT
DDT used on an
agricultural field & rainstorm washes it into
nearby streamphytoplankton
DDT inhibits the
deposition of calcium
Species
declined
What Are The
Symbiotic Relationships
In An Ecosystem?
Label These Pictures:Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism
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Symbiotic Relationship
(Symbiosis)
• A close relationship between 2 species.
Types of Symbiotic Relationships
1. Mutualismo 2 organisms live closely together & both
benefit. Anemone protects
the clownfish & gives it a safe home
because the anemone has
poisonous tentacles that does not harm
the clownfish.
Clownfish clean the
anemone by eating the leftover algae &
food. Also, chases away predators
(butterfly fish) from the anemone
Mutualism
Other Examples:
• Bees & flowers (flower gets pollinated)• Human intestinal bacteria (bacteria gets
food, humans get vitamins)
• Hippos & birds (Hippo gets cleaned, birds get food & shelter)
• Lichen (fungus & algae) (Lichen provides a habitat for algae, algae provides food for fungus)
• Wrasses & cleaner shrimp (Both eat dead skin, parasites, and scrapes of food off of fish & clean mouth & gills; not harmed by the bigger fish)
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria on legume nodules (bacteria live in plant roots, plants get a usable form of nitrogen in nodules to use for maintenance, bacteria gets carbohydrates (nutrient, energy) from plant via photosynthesis)
Mutualism
Bee gets food (pollen)
Flower can get pollinated
because the pollen sticks to the bee’s body & fertilizes it (the pollen contains the sperm
cells).
Bacteria gets food,
human gets protection - vitamins
Legume nodules
Mutualism
Hippopotamusallows birds to prey on the parasites that feed on him even opening its mouth for bird to safely hunt. Bird has food & is safe.
Lichens
Fungus holds water for algae, algae can photosynthesize & give food to fungus
Hippos
Hippo gets cleaned, birds get food & safety
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Cleaner shrimp & wrasse fish providing a cleaning service
2. Commensalism
o One organism benefits and the other is unaffected
Examples:
• Shark and remora (remora eats the scraps of fish from the shark without harming the shark)
• Epiphytes (orchids) (no roots in soil, found high in trees, doesn’t get nutrients from the tree)
• Barnacles and whales (barnacles are crustaceans that find a home on whales to gain food, whale not harmed)
• Pearlfish and sea cucumbers (pearlfish’s home is the anus of the sea cucumber; sea cucumber is not harmed)
• Lichen & tree (lichen gains more sunlight; no harm to tree)
Shark & Remora away
to obtain a food source & safety
Epiphytes – gets nutrients
from air, falling rain, greater access to sunlight, seeds can
be dispersed by wind
Barnacles find their
habitat on whales to find nutrients where it
can be transported to new sources of food
not harming the organism
Pearlfish lives inside the anus during
the day & comes out at night to search for food
Lichen & tree gets
sunlight, tree not
harmed
3. Parasitism
– One organism benefits while the other is harmed
• Ringworm
•Heartworm & dogs
•Malaria
• Tapeworms
•Deer tick
• Leeches
• Lamprey
• Athlete’s foot & Humans
Parasites depend on host for nourishment;
host weakens, gets infection, or gets ill
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Heartworm Worm gets
nutrients; Dog’s heart weakens
Lamprey gets blood; fish
is wounded & could get infected
Tapeworm gets
nutrients; host is weakened
Closure: Symbiotic Relationships
• Draw this table, fill in using +, -, 0– + = benefits the organism– - = harms the organism– 0 = organism is unaffected
SPECIES A SPECIES B
MUTUALISM
COMMENSALISM
PARASITISM
Answers
SPECIES A SPECIES B
MUTUALISM + +
COMMENSALISM + 0
PARASITISM + -
• Draw this table, fill in using +, -, 0– + = benefits the organism– - = harms the organism– 0 = organism is unaffected
Ecological Succession
Ecological Succession
• A change in an ecosystem where 1 community replacesanother due to changes in abiotic & biotic factors.
Plants grow using
soil nutrients then die & return nutrients
to soil
Animals feed on
plants & leaves wastes
Bacteria, fungi,
insects live off decaying stuff &
replace it in soil
A Changing Ecosystem
Primary Succession•The development of a community in
an area of rock with no topsoil
Secondary Succession•The return of a community to its
original state after a disturbance (flood, fire, or windstorm). Soil remains & plants
are the 1st species to develop.
2 Types of Ecological Succession
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Lichens & moss secrete acids die decay material & rock make soil
Pioneer species
Forest fire, soil remains
Primary
Succession
Secondary
Succession
Grass, small shrubs,
soil enriches
Grass, tall shrubs,
small trees. Soil enriched
Tall shrubs & trees,
animals. Soil enriched
1. Does a community exists in this illustration?
2. Which one(s) are considered the pioneer species?
Yes, a community of plants (grasses, flowers, shrubs, trees)
annual plants
120 yrs
Seeds flown by birds & animals debrisincreases & settles on bottom of pond so pondweed grows emergent plants from water grow & decay more build-up on pond floor rises marsh & animals, more debris swamp dried pond becomes forest, grassland)
A Pond
Succession
Hawaii’s Primary Succession on
Lava Flows
1. Is This Primary or Secondary Succession?
2. Why?
3. Prediction: What Do You Think Was The First Pioneer Species
In This Picture?
Primary
Developed from rock
Lichens, Moss