Ecology Notes
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Transcript of Ecology Notes
![Page 1: Ecology Notes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568134c6550346895d9beb8a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ecology Notes
2012
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Ecology:
The study of interactions between organisms and their
environment
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Levels of Organization
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BiosphereAll parts
of the planet that
contain life
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BiomeGroup of
ecosystems with the same climate and communities
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EcosystemLiving (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) aspects that interact
in a given area
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CommunityDifferent population that live
and interact in
a given area.
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PopulationGroup of
organisms of the same
species that live in the
same area and compete with each other for
resources
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OrganismOne
individual of a
species
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Factors in the Environment
Biotic Factors: Any living part of the environment
Examples: bacteria, animals, plants, insects
Abiotic Factors: Any non- living part of the environment
Examples: hours of sunlight, type of soil, rainfall
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Niche• an organisms job in the environment
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Niche
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Niche
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• Where an organism lives
African Elephant
Great Black-backed gulls
Habitat
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Biomes of the world
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Tundra 1/3
• Arctic Tundracold year round, -34o to 12oCPermafrost – ground never thaws out
dry, 12 to 20 cm per year
• Alpine Tundra• long, cold winters with short, cool summers• a little rain, lots of snow• Mountainous – high altitude with no trees
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Tundra 2/3
• Location: northern N. America, Asia and Europe, polar ice caps
• Climate-40˚C to 18˚C
15-25cm or less annual rain
• Unique Characteristics• Coldest biome• Means treeless• Low biotic diversity
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Tundra 3/3
•Animalssnowy owl, caribou, arctic fox,
lemmings and small rodentsArctic: (N) polar bears, seals, insects,
and mites (S) penguins
•Plantsground-hugging like mosses, lichens, sedges, and short
grasses• Arctic: (N) mosses and lichens
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Desert 1/3
• Hot/Dry: Am. West, Central and South Am., Africa, Australia, Mexico, Middle East
• Semi Arid: West Coast of California,
Russian steppes, Southern Europe, North Asia
• Coastal: Chile
Cold: Greenland
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Desert 2/3
• Makes up 1/5 of Earth’s surface• Plants and Animals are well adapted to the
dry environment• Climate: Hot days (49oC) followed by cold
nights (20oC)• Ann Precipitation: dry, less than 25 cm per
year
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Desert 3/3
• Unique Characteristics• Variable temperatures• Soils rich in minerals but poor in organic
material
• Animals• Mountain lions, gray foxes, bobcats, antelopes,
kangaroo, bats, owls, hawks, and roadrunners, ants, beetles, rattlesnakes and lizards
• Plants• Cacti, creosote bush, other plants with short growing cycles
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Grassland• Covers ½ of Africa (5 million mi2)• Examples– Tropical Savanna (E. Africa, S. Brazil, N. Australia)
– Temperate (C. Asia, N. America, Australia, C. Europe)
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Tropical/Savanna Climate: (20o to 25oC)
-warm year round
-seasonal rainfall -rich soil
Ann. Precipitation: 50 to 125 cm/yearAnimals: lions, tigers, leopards, cheetahs,
elephants, giraffes, zebras, termites, pelicans, monitor lizards
Plants: tall grass (savanna), tall deciduous trees, orchids, bromeliads (tropical)
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Temperate
• Climate: winter (-4oC),
spring, summer (38oC), fall -fertile soils
• Ann. Precipitation: 50 to 90 cm/year rain and snow
• Animals coyotes, badgers, wolves, grizzly bears,
rabbits, bison, owls, snakes, grasshoppers
• Plants lush, perennial grasses and herbs
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Tropical Rainforest 1/2
• Greatest species diversity• Found in areas near the equator, hot
and wet yr round• Thin, nutrient-poor soils• Climate: warm year round
(20o to 25oC)
• Ann Precipitation: – 200 + cm/year
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Tropical Rainforest 2/2
• Animals
sloths, jaguars, anteaters, monkeys, parrots, butterflies, piranhas, boa constrictors, anacondas
• Plantsferns, large woody vines, orchids, bromeliads, climbing plants, broad-leaved evergreen trees
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Temperate Forest (Deciduous)
• 4 seasons, fertile soil• Climate: changes dramatically with the seasons (-30o to 30oC)• Ann. Precipitation: 75 to 150cm/year
rain and snow• Animals: deer, black bear, squirrels,
raccoons, skunks, turkeys• Plants: deciduous trees, some conifers, flowering
shrubs, herbs, ground layer of mosses and ferns• Location: E. U.S., SE Canada, most of Europe,
parts of Japan, China, and Australia
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Taiga(Boreal)
• Low temperatures• High humidity• N. Am., Asia, N. Europe• Acidic, nutrient-poor soil• Climate: short cool summers, long cold
winters• Ann. Precipitation: 40 to 100 cm/year,
mostly snow• Key Trait: Evergreen Trees
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Aquatic
• Freshwater – “sweet” water, able to drink•Marine – salt water, unable to drink, covers 3/4 of Earth’s surface
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Freshwater
• Standing Water– Lakes and Ponds
• Flowing Water– Rivers and Streams
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Marine (ocean)Photic Zone = Light penetrates
Intertidal Zone-exposed to tides and air-snails, sea stars, sea urchins, seaweed,
Coastal Ocean-plankton, kelp forests, sea otters, seals, whales, variety of fish
Aphotic Zone = no light• Open Ocean• Ocean trench
• Chemosynthetic autotrophs are only producers
that survive
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Coral Reef
Warm, shallow, water with diverse environments
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Estuaries Places where fresh water and salt water meet and mix
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Ecological Succession
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Succession
• Changes that occur in a community over time
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Primary Succession
New, bare land with no soil
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The first species to exist in the environment are the
Pioneer species
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The ecosystem will continue to develop until a climax
community has been reached
A climax community is a mature, stable community
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Secondary Succession
Occurs when there is a disturbance in the community
(Examples follow)
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Natural Disasters
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Animals
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Abandonment
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Biotic Factors
Flow of Energy 0.1%
1.0%
10%
100%
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Producers=
Autotrophs
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Consumers = Heterotrophs
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Herbivores
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Carnivore
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Omnivore
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Humans are Omnivores
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Detritivore
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Decomposer
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Food Chains are a “unidirectional” flow of energy
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Each step in a food chain is called a trophic level
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Food Webs are linked food chains within an ecosystem
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Abiotic Factors
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Sun
Source of all energy in an ecosystem
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Biogeochemical Cycles
Connects the biological, geological, and chemical aspects of the biosphere
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Water Cycle
Evaporation- land (liquid) to air (gas)Transpiration – plants (liquid) to air (gas)Condensation – air (gas) to liquid dropletsPrecipitation – falls from sky
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Carbon Cycle
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Biological Processes
Photosynthesis – carbon dioxide in oxygen outRespiration – oxygen in carbon dioxide outDecomposition – carbon released into environment
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Geochemical ProcessesErosion – movement of geological materials (like carbon)Volcanic Activity – volcanoes release gases (including carbon)
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BiogeochemicalBurial/Decomposition – fertilizes (puts carbon into) the land and creates fossil (carbon based) fuels
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Human ActionsMining – releases carbon from groundDeforestation – cutting/burning trees and releasing their carbonBurning Fossil Fuels – releases carbon into the air
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Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen is needed to produce amino acids to build proteins
Nitrogen makes up 78% of Earth’s atmosphere
Most nitrogen is in an unusable form and must be “fixed” by Legumes (bean type) plants and/or bacteria in order to enter into the cycle
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Phosphorus CycleMajor component of nucleic acids
Not found in the atmosphere, only in the land
Mostly absorbed by plants and then cycled through the ecosystems through food webs
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Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis is a close relationship between two organisms
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Predation: one organism captures and feeds on another
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Parasitism: One organism lives on/in another causing it
harm
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Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is neither helped
nor harmed
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Mutualism: both organisms benefit
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Competition: struggle for resources
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Scavenging: Feed off dead/decaying
organisms
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PopulationsGroup of organisms of the same
species in same area
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Characteristics of a Population
1. Geographic Distribution: area inhabited by a population (range)
2. Population Density: # of individuals per unit area
3. Growth Rate: change in size of a population (+/-)
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Population Growth is Affected by:
1. Birth Rate
2. Death Rate
3. Immigration/Emigration
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Types of Population Growth
1. Exponential Growth• Individuals reproduce at a constant rate• Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources,
populations will grow without limit• J-shaped curve
2. Logistic Growth-Occurs when population’s growth slows/stops
following a period of exponential growth-Ceases once carrying capacity is reached
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Limiting Factors
1. Density Dependent• Limits population growth based on population
size• Example: disease, competition, stress, predation
2. Density Independent• Limits growth regardless of population size• Example: temperature, extreme weather, floods,
drought, natural disaster, habitat destruction