Ecological Swaraj: Towards a Sustainable and Equitable India
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Transcript of Ecological Swaraj: Towards a Sustainable and Equitable India
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Ecological Swaraj
Towards aSustainable and Equitable India
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‘Development’• Development = opening up of
opportunities: intellectual,cultural, material, social
vs• ‘Development’ = material
growth (through industrial andfinancial expansion)– measured in % economic
growth, per capita income,etc
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Development = economicgrowth at all costs
•Industrialisation & infrastructure, esp. large-scale
•Green Revolution: heavy inputs (chemicals,irrigation, hybrids), commercialisation, monocultures
•Urbanisation: focus on cities, away from villages
•Consumption = consumerism (demand-led economy)
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1991-onwards…• Trade (export-import) liberalisation• Foreign direct investment• Delicensing / single window clearances• Privatisation
Economic ‘reforms’?
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Today’s visionof
‘development’
Violence against nature, people, andcultures
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Destruction of India’s environment
– >5.5 million ha. forest diverted in last 60 years– 70% waterbodies polluted or drained out– 40% mangroves destroyed– Some of the world’s most polluted cities and
coasts– Nearly 10% wildlife threatened with extinction
Smitu Kothari
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India’s ‘development’ refugees• Over 60 million displaced in last 50
years• Many millions more dispossessed
of land, water, natural resources,livelihoods
• Impoverishment of small farmers:250,000 suicides (many in Punjab!)
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So-called ‘natural disasters’are often human-made
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Impacts: growing inequality,leaving half our population behind
• Myth of growing employment:‘jobless growth’ in organisedsector:– 26.7 million in 1991– 30 million in 2012
• Wealth inequities:– top 10% own 53% wealth– bottom 10% own 0.2%
• % below poverty line: 38 to 70%• World’s largest number of
malnourished and undernourishedwomen/children
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India the new Coloniser(joining China, Japan…)
Over half a million hectares in Africa takenover by Indian companies to grow crops for
export to Europe etc
More coming up in L. America
Direct/indirect support by government
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India (& China, etc) on the pathof ‘globalised development’?
Gandhi:‘if India is to take Britain’s path of
‘development’, it will strip theworld bare like locusts’
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Towards alternatives
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Food security:sustainable agriculture
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•Reviving traditional diversity, promoting cultivated and wild foods•Creating community grain banks•Empowering women/dalit farmers, securing land rights•Creating consumer-producer links (Zaheerabad org. food restaurant)•Linking to Public Distribution System
Deccan Development Society (AP):integrating conservation, equity, &
livelihoods through sustainable agriculture
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An individual revolutionary…Natwar Sarangi
Narishu vill, Cuttack dist, Odisha
GenX: Jubraj Swain
Growing 360 varieties of rice
Seed albums and banks
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Can India feed itself?
•Organic farming can be highly productive•Integrated food systems (crop-livestock-fish)•Rescuing land from non-food cash crops•Encouraging diversity of food habits, farmer-consumer links
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Water security: decentralisedharvesting & distribution
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Arvari Sansad (Parliament),Rajasthan: water and foodsecurity throughlandscape governance
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KachchhWater self-sufficiency in one ofIndia’s lowest rainfall regions
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Natural resource security &nature conservation
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www.kalpavriksh.org
Gaddis
Changpas
Pipens
Heronries
Traditional tanks
Yuksam
Bishnois
Sacred mangroves Sacred
groves
Tragopan , and Golden langurprotection
Turtle conservation
Turtle conservation
Community Forestry
Van Panchayats
Grassland management JFM
GLIMPSES OF COMMUNITY CONSERVED AREAS IN INDIA
(from: Draft Directory of CCAs , Kalpavriksh )
ArvariSansad
Sacred groves
Peoples Protected Areas
Note: list and related publications available with Kalpavriksh
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Towards tribal self-rule, with conservation:Mendha-Lekha (Maharashtra)
Informed decisionsthrough monitoring, andregular study circles(abhyas gat)
All decisions in gramsabha (village assembly);no activity even bygovernment officialswithout sabha consent
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Conservation of 1800 ha forests, now with full rightsunder Forest Rights Act
Vivek Gour-Broome
Earnings from sustainable NTPF use (over Rs. 1crore in 2011-12), and use of govt schemestowards:
•Full employment
•Biogas for 80% households
•Computer training centre
•Training as barefoot engineers
2013: all agricultural land donated tovillage, collective ownership
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Community Forest Rights (FRA)
Assertion of CFRs against industrial projects (e.g.POSCO), mining (e.g. Vedanta), logging (e.g.Baigachak), plantations (Odisha), enclosures(Kachchh)
Several hundred claims accepted inMaharashtra (>7 lakh acres), Odisha(>70,000 acres) & Andhra
126,998 acres in Baiga &other areas, MP
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Livelihood security
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Jharcraft(Jharkhand) Employment for 2.5 lakh families…
reviving crafts, reducing outmigration
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Economic democracy…Livelihood security through community-ledcooperatives, self-help groups, producer companies:Dharani, Andhra Pradesh; Kachchh Mahila Vikas Sanghatan / Kasab,Gujarat; Nowgong APCL, Madhya Pradesh; Nyoli, Uttarakhand; Swach,Pune; Aharam Traditional Crop Producer Co.,Tamil Nadu)
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Dharani, AP: farmer’s company(facilitated by Timbaktu Collective)
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Khamir/Kasab, Kachchh: securelivelihoods for craftspersons
Facilitated by Sahjeevan, Kachchh MahilaVikas Sangathan, and others
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The Village and the City …
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Gram swaraj: outmigration is not inevitable
Ralegan Siddhi and Hivare Bazaar(Maharashtra), Kuthambakkam (TN)
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Towards sustainable cities Bhuj (Kachchh):•reviving watersheds, decentralized water storage and management•solid waste management and sanitation•livelihoods for poor women•dignified housing for poor•Information-based empowerment under 74th Amendment
(Hunnarshala, Sahjeevan, Kutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan, ACT, Setu)
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Dignified livelihoods for urban poor
Kagaj Kach Patra KashtakariPanchayat
&Swach(Pune)
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Towards sustainable cities…
Decentralised water harvesting, Chennai
Participatory budgeting, Bengaluru/Pune
But a lot more to be done…. public transport,energy, urban agriculture, zero-waste
colonies, ecofriendly architecture
(learn from UK transition towns, Cuba urban farming….)
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Alternative learning / educationTraditional and modern, oral and written, local and global•Pachashala, AP•Jeevanshala, Narmada•Prakruthi Badi, AP•Adivasi Academy, Guj•Beeja Vidyapeeth, Uttarakhand•Bhoomi College, Karnataka
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Technological alternatives…Technological innovations to reduce ecological impact,reach the poor (malkha cotton weaving, AP;Hunnarshala housing, Kachchh)
Energy: decentralised, renewable(Ladakh solar; Bihar integrated)
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The government responds…
• New laws:– Right to Information Act– National Employment Guarantee
Act– Scheduled Tribes and Other
Forest Dwellers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act 2006
• New programmes:– Organic farming policies /
programmes in 16 states: Sikkim100% by 2015, Kerala by 2020?
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Decentralised governance
Nagaland ‘communitisation’: devolution ofgovt powers over education, electricity,health to village councilsResult: sharp increase in quality & quantity ofservices
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Radical ecological democracy(RED) or
Ecological Swaraj• achieving human well-being, through
pathways that:– empower all citizens to participate in
decision-making– ensure equitable distribution of wealth– respect the limits of the earth and the rights
of nature
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Fundamental values &principles of RED
• Diversity and pluralism (of ideas, knowledge, ecologies, economies, polities, cultures…)
• Self-reliance for basics• Cooperation, collectivity, and ‘commons’• Rights with responsibilities/duties (sense of ownership)• Dignity of labour• Respect to subsistence• Qualitative pursuit of happiness• Equity / equality (gender, caste, class, ethnic)• Simplicity• Decision-making access to all• Respect for all life forms• Biophysical sustainability
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Radical Ecological Democracy:A NEW POLITICS and ECONOMICS
Localisation of decision-making, meeting basic needs
Embedded within larger structures of decision-making andeconomic relations that do not undermine the local
State’s role as guarantor of rights, welfare of underpriviliged;accountability through citizens’ charters, public hearings,social audits, right to participation, right to recall …
Indicators of ‘progress’ relate to well-being: clean water,nutritious food, secure housing, public transport, peace,harmonious social relations, opportunities for intellectual andspiritual learning …
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Radical Ecological Democracy:A JUST SOCIETY
Towards equity amongstclassescasteswomen and menethnic groupsabled and ‘disabled’
Towards rights-based approaches, infused withresponsibilities
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Radical Ecological Democracy:A NEW CULTURE OF KNOWLEDGE, AND
KNOWLEDGE OF CULTURE
Relinking with rest of nature: humans as part of nature, inherentrights of nature
Mix of tradition and modernity … both critically examined
Learning through doing and experience, not only textbooks
Places of learning and education: mix of formal and informal,‘barefoot’ teachers as important as PhDs!
Opportunities for spiritual / ethical growth (without falling into trap ofreligious fundamentalism)
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But … beware of falsesolutions!
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Ecology as fashion
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Technofixes and marketsolutions, ‘green economy’ …REDD/REDD+, CDM,geoengineering, carbon trade,CSR, etc
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Fascist, undemocraticbedfellows…
Fundamentalist environmentalism
•green-saffron links (Tehri, Sethusamudran)•blind revival of tradition (back to mythicalharmonious past)•authoritarian conservationist (tigerwallahs,privatisation…)
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Pathways….creating space, buying time,forging critical mass
• People’s resistance (Vedanta/POSCO, Orissa; anti-SEZ;hundreds of others)
• Stretching limits of system (RTI, FRA)• Citizens’ networking, joint actions, experimentation,
collective visioning• Empowering political carriers …. movements,
students, unions, etc• Alternatives confluences (vikalp sangam)
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India is in a unique position toIndia is in a unique position toevolve alternative models of well-evolve alternative models of well-
being with sustainability & equity being with sustainability & equity ……learning from / teaching otherlearning from / teaching other
countries and peoplescountries and peoples