ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION - srm · Ecological Succession Ecological succession is the gradual process...
Transcript of ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION - srm · Ecological Succession Ecological succession is the gradual process...
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ECOLOGICAL
SUCCESSIONSUCCESSION
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Ecological Succession
� Ecological succession is the gradual process
by which ecosystems change and develop
over time.
� It includes a series of changes that a biotic � It includes a series of changes that a biotic
community undergoes in its maturation
towards a stable condition.
� Some species may disappear altogether,
some may become more abundant, even
new species may be formed.
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Important terms to know…
� Habitat: A place where organisms live.
Eg. Pond
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� Population: Group of individuals of the same
species in a particular location.
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� Community: All of the populations of species
in a given area.
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� Ecosystem: The community, together with
the physical and chemical environment of a
particular area.
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Types – based on the habitat
� Primary Succession – Begins in areas
where no soil is initially present. The area has
not been changed physically by organisms.
Eg. Colonization of newly exposed island.Eg. Colonization of newly exposed island.
� Secondary Succession – Begins in areas
where soil is already present. The area is
previously colonized and the soil is
organically enriched. Eg. Abandoned crop
lands.
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Primary Succession
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Secondary Succession
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Types – based on the organism
� Autotrophic succession – Characterized by
dominance of autotrophic organisms like
green plants.
� Heterotrophic succession – Characterized
by dominance of heterotrophic organisms like
bacteria and animals.
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The different stages…
Primary Autotrophic Succession
� Nudation – The formation of a bare area.
� Migration – Movement of organisms into a
bare area.bare area.
� Colonization – Occupation of bare area by
first or pioneer community.
� Ecesis – Establishment of the pioneer
community. They react with the medium and
establish themselves.
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The different stages…
� Aggregation – The final stage of invasion by
pioneer group. The species reproduce and
aggregate into large population in the new
area. area.
� Competition – Various species compete
among themselves for space, light and
nutrients. Communities which cannot
withstand competition are replaced by other
communities.
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The different stages…
� Stabilization – This is the final stage in the
process of ecological succession. The climax community becomes stabilized for a longer
period of time and it can maintain itself in period of time and it can maintain itself in
equilibrium. If undisturbed, the climax
community can maintain itself for a long time.
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Lichens/mosses on bare rock
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Colonization of rock
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Small plants growing…
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Shrubs beginning to form
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Trees – the climax community
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Primary succession
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Secondary Succession
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Secondary
SuccessionSuccession
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Terminologies
� Pioneer Community – The first species to
colonize an area.
� Climax Community – The final, stable
community in a newly developed ecosystem. community in a newly developed ecosystem.
This community is not replaced.
� Sere – The progression from a pioneer to a
climax community is called a Sere.