Soil acidity, ecological stoichiometry and allometric scaling in
ECOLOGICAL SOIL MANAGEMENT: AN INTRODUCTION TO …
Transcript of ECOLOGICAL SOIL MANAGEMENT: AN INTRODUCTION TO …
E C O L OG I C A L S O I L MANAG EMEN T :A N I N T R ODU C T I O N T O S O I L S C I E N C E
WASH INGTON S T A T E UN I V E R S I T Y E X T EN S I ON V ER S I ON 2 0 2 0
1 . INTRODUCT ION TO SO I L SC I ENCE BAS ICS
• 1.1 What is soil?
DE S E R T
AGR I CU L TURA L FOR E S T
* U N L E S S O T H E RW I S E N O T E D , A L L P H O T O S A R E C O U R T E S Y O F P X H E R E . C OM
1 . INTRODUCT ION TO SO I L SC I ENCE BAS ICS
• 1.2 What is in a volume of soil? 49%
24%
23%
1% 3%
Minerals Water Air
Biological Organic matter
1 . INTRODUCT ION TO SO I L SC I ENCE BAS ICS
• 1.3 What is soil
function?“The excited skin of the earth”
PHO T O C O U R T E S Y : D O U G L A S C O L L I N S
1 . INTRODUCT ION TO SO I L SC I ENCE BAS ICS
• 1.4 Disciplines of Soil Science
P E D O L O G Y B I O L O G Y
P H Y S I C S F E R T I L I T Y
C H E M I S T R Y
2. SOIL FORMATION, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND NATURAL HISTORY
P H O T O C O U R T E S Y : N A T H A N S T A C E Y
2 . SO I L FORMAT ION , PHYS ICAL PROPERT I ES , AND NATURAL H I STORY
• 2.1 Soil forming factors:
I L L U S T R A T I O N R E C R E A T E D F R OM : H T T P S : / / D A R T M O U T H I G E R T . W O R D P R E S S . C OM / 2 0 1 5 / 0 1 / 2 3 / A N ‐ A P A T I T E ‐ F O R ‐ K E N Y T E /
Wind Blown Loess
2 . SO I L FORMAT ION , PHYS ICAL PROPERT I ES , AND NATURAL H I STORY
• 2.1 Soil forming factors: Parent Material
Volcanic Basalt BedrockGlacial
Wind Blown Loess
SB15SB16
2 . SO I L FORMAT ION , PHYS ICAL PROPERT I ES , AND NATURAL H I STORY
• 2.1 Soil forming factors: Parent Material and …
Alluvial + volcanicVolcanic ash and pumice (white pebbles) from Mt St. Helens eruption deposited over alluvial stream sediment (layers) along the Green River, Gifford Pinchot National Forest
PHOTO COURTESY: NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION DISTRICTS (LYNN SUCKOW)
transport parent material.
Aeolian processesWind‐deposited loess in the Palouse, Eastern WA
2 . SO I L FORMAT ION , PHYS ICAL PROPERT I ES , AND NATURAL H I STORY
• 2.1 Soil forming factors: Climate
West Side
East Side
PHOTO COURTESY: STEPHEN BRAMWELL
2 . SO I L FORMAT ION , PHYS ICAL PROPERT I ES , AND NATURAL H I STORY
• 2.1 Soil forming factors: Relief (aka topography)
Bedrock mountains: steep, shallow soils
Glacial moraine: rolling terrain, layered, gravelly soils
Floodplain: flat, layered, fine‐textured soils
PHOTO COURTESY: DOUG COLLINS PHOTO COURTESY: CRAIG COGGER
2 . SO I L FORMAT ION , PHYS ICAL PROPERT I ES , AND NATURAL H I STORY
• 2.1 Soil forming factors: Biological organisms
Organism
PHOTO COURTESY: DOUGLAS COLLINS
2 . SO I L FORMAT ION , PHYS ICAL PROPERT I ES , AND NATURAL H I STORY
• 2.1 Soil forming factors: Time
Inceptisol UltisolPHOTO COURTESY: HTTP://GEO.MSU.EDU/EXTRA/SOILPROFILES/
2 . SO I L FORMAT ION , PHYS ICAL PROPERT I ES , AND NATURAL H I STORY
• 2.1 Soil forming factors: Are humans the sixth factor?
See: Howard, J. 2017. Anthropogenic Soils. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.
2 . S O I L F O RMA T I ON , P H Y S I C A L P RO P E R T I E S , AND NA TU R A L H I S T O R Y
• 2.2 Soil texture
2 . S O I L F O RMA T I ON , P H Y S I C A L P RO P E R T I E S , AND NA TU R A L H I S T O R Y
• 2.2 Soil texture
0.05mm
2 . S O I L F O RMA T I ON , P H Y S I C A L P RO P E R T I E S , AND NA TU R A L H I S T O R Y
2.2 Soil texture
ILLUSTRATION COURTESY: WEBSOILSURVEY.NRCS.USDA.ORG
2 . S O I L F O RMA T I ON , P H Y S I C A L P RO P E R T I E S , AND NA TU R A L H I S T O R Y
2.2 Soil texturehttp://www.geologia‐croatica.hr/index.php/GC/article/view/GC.2015.09
2 . S O I L F O RMA T I ON , P H Y S I C A L P RO P E R T I E S , AND NA TU R A L H I S T O R Y
2.2 Soil texture
Particle size distribution affects: Drainage Aeration Water retention Nutrient exchange
http://www.geologia‐croatica.hr/index.php/GC/article/view/GC.2015.09
2 . SO I L FORMAT ION , PHYS ICAL PROPERT I ES , AND NATURAL H I STORY
• 2.3 Soil structure
ILLUSTRATION COURTESY: UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII MANOA
2 . SO I L FORMAT ION , PHYS ICAL PROPERT I ES , AND NATURAL H I STORY
• 2.3 Soil aggregation
PHOTO COURTESY: JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, VOLUME: 181, ISSUE: 1, PAGES: 104‐136, FIRST PUBLISHED: 11 AUGUST 2017, DOI: (10.1002/JPLN.201600451)
2 . SO I L FORMAT ION , PHYS ICAL PROPERT I ES , AND NATURAL H I STORY
• 2.4 Soil horizons
Soils are stratified vertically by horizons.
Soils in the same series have similar characteristics.
ILLUSTRATION COURTESY: NRCS.USDA.GOV
2 . SO I L FORMAT ION , PHYS ICAL PROPERT I ES , AND NATURAL H I STORY
• 2.4 Soil horizons
O horizon ‐Mostly organic matter such as decomposing leaves. The O horizon is thin in some soils, thick in others, and not present at all in others.
A ‐(topsoil) Mostly minerals from parent material with organic matter incorporated. A good material for plants and other organisms to live.
B ‐ (subsoil) Rich in minerals that leached (moved down) from the A or E horizons and accumulated here.
C ‐ (parent material) The deposit at Earth’s surface from which the soil developed.
ILLUSTRATION COURTESY: NRCS.USDA.GOV
2 . SO I L FORMAT ION , PHYS ICAL PROPERT I ES , AND NATURAL H I STORY
• 2.5 Typical WA soils
Everett(glacial outwash)
Bow(ash & lake sediment)
ILLUSTRATION COURTESY: SOIL WEB, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVISPHOTOS COURTESY: WASHINGTON STATE SOIL ATLAS
2 . SO I L FORMAT ION , PHYS ICAL PROPERT I ES , AND NATURAL H I STORY
• 2.5 Soil survey
https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/HomePage.htm
Click to add texthttps://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/gmap/
Photo by: Gene Williams, Snohomish County Surface Water Management
3 . SO I L FUNCT ION
• 3.1 Definitions of soil function
Soil can degrade the surrounding environment
3 . SO I L FUNCT ION
• 3.3 Soil biological communities
Organism Number per gram (dry weight basis)
Bacteria 100 million to 1 billion
Actinomycetes 10 million to 100 million
Fungi 100,000 to 1 million
Algae 10,000 to 100,000
Protozoa 10,000 to 100,000
Nematodes 10 to 100
SB34SE17
3 . SO I L FUNCT ION
• 3.3 Soil biological communities
Additional soil organism groupings and relative sizeEEco‐system engineers
ShreddersSecondary/higher
consumers
Primary consumers
Body Width (mm)20 2 0.1 0.003 0.001 0.00001
4 . SO I L F ERT I L I TY AND NUTR I ENTS
• 4.1 Soil nutrients and availability
Macronutrients MicronutrientsCarbon (C) 45.00% Chlorine (Cl) 0.01 %
Oxygen (O) 45.00% Iron (Fe) 0.01%
Hydrogen (H) 6.00% Manganese (Mn) 0.005%
Nitrogen (N) 1.50% Boron (B) 0.002%
Potassium (K) 1.00% Zinc (Zn) 0.002%
Calcium (Ca) 0.50% Copper (Cu) 0.0006%
Phosphorus (P) 0.20% Molybdenum (Mo) 0.00001%
Magnesium (Mg) 0.20% Nickel (Ni) 0.000001%
Sulphur (S) 0.20%
Percentages by plant dry weight
4 . SO I L F ERT I L I TY AND NUTR I ENTS
• 4.1 Soil nutrient and availability
Cations (+) Anions (‐)
AmmoniumNH4
+Potassium
K+PhosphorusH2PO 4
-
NitrateNO3
‐
4 . SO I L F ERT I L I TY AND NUTR I ENTS
• 4.1 Soil nutrient and availability
ILLUSTRATION COURTESY: UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA EXTENSION
4 . SO I L F ERT I L I TY AND NUTR I ENTS
• 4.1 Soil nutrients and availability
pHMeasure of how acid or alkaline a substance is (related to H conc.)6.0 to 7.5 ideal for most crops. Blueberries 4.5 to 5.5
4 . SO I L F ERT I L I TY AND NUTR I ENTS
• 4.1 Soil nutrients and availability
Rocks and minerals(parent material)
Organic Matter(litter, amendments, root exudates, protected, etc.)
Surface adsorbed(organo-mineral complexes)
Surface adsorbed(soluble organic molecules)
SO42-
K+
NO3-
Ca2+
NH4+
Mg2+Fe2-
PO4-
Nutrients in solution
BG15
4 . SO I L F ERT I L I TY AND NUTR I ENTS
• 4.1 Soil nutrient and availabilityChemical weathering
Very slowly available
Rocks and minerals(parent material)
Mineralse.g.: Hornblende ((Ca,Na)2(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al,Si)8O22(OH)2)
Potassium Feldspar (KAlSi3O8)
Elements unavailable
Weatheringphysical and chemical Elements available
“nutrients”
K+Ca2+
Mg2+ Fe2-PO4-
4 . SO I L F ERT I L I TY AND NUTR I ENTS
• 4.1 Soil nutrient and availability
Mineralizable
slowly available
ILLUSTRATION COURTESY: SOIL FERTILITY IN ORGANIC SYSTEMS: A GUIDE FOR GARDENERS AND SMALL ACREAGE FARMERS
Organic Matter(litter, amendments, root exudates, protected, etc.)
SO42-
K+
NO3-
Ca2+
NH4+
Mg2+Fe2-
PO4-
Nutrients in solution
4 . SO I L F ERT I L I TY AND NUTR I ENTS
• 4.1 Soil nutrient and availability
Nutrient pool
Quickly available
Surface adsorbed(organo-mineral complexes)
Surface adsorbed(soluble organic molecules)
SO42-
K+
NO3-
Ca2+
NH4+
Mg2+Fe2-
PO4-
Nutrients in solution
4 . SO I L F ERT I L I TY AND NUTR I ENTS
• 4.1 Soil nutrient and availability
Soil Type CEC meq/100g
Sands (light colored) 3 to 5
Sands (dark colored) 10 to 20
Loams 10 to 15
Silt Loams 15 to 25
Clay and clay loams 20 to 50
Organic soils 50 to 100
T Y P I C A L C E C V A L U E S F O R D I F F E R E N T S O I L T E X T U R E S