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![Page 1: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops:
a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations
L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger
University of Nebraska
![Page 2: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
GEO Environmental Risks and GEO Environmental Risks and BenefitsBenefits
• Risks of invasivenessRisks of invasiveness• Non-target organism impactsNon-target organism impacts• New viral diseasesNew viral diseases• Reduced pesticide environmental impactReduced pesticide environmental impact• Reduced rate of land conversionReduced rate of land conversion• Soil conservationSoil conservation• PhytoremediationPhytoremediation
Source: Wolfenbarger & Phifer (2000) Science
![Page 3: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Survival
Reproduction
Self-sustaining
Spread and persistence
Pollen flow
Hybrid formation
Hybrid survival
Hybrid reproduction
Gene introgression
Pathways to invasiveness
Introductionof plant
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Pathways by which environmental impacts could occur
• Presence of transgenic crop or its transgene – plant above ground – roots – decomposing tissue – pollen drift – gene flow to wild relatives in
natural ecosystem
![Page 5: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Pathways by which ecosystem effects could occur
• Changes in agricultural practices associated with adoption of a transgenic crop – Pesticide use patterns– Amount of agricultural land– Tillage practices– Crop diversity/rotation
![Page 6: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Non-target data considered in latest EPA risk assessment for Bt crops*
• Larval and adult honeybee• Green lacewing*• Ladybird beetles• Parasitic Hymenoptera• Monarch butterfly*• Avian oral toxicity• Static renewal acute toxicity, Daphnia• Corn as food for farmed fish• Collembola• Earthworms
*Standard studies based on EPA Subdivision M and/or OPPTS 885 Guidelines
OVERALL
Very limited evidence for toxic effects*
![Page 7: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Monarch butterflyMonarch butterfly
Risk assessment over a large geographic Risk assessment over a large geographic scalescale
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Farm Scale Evaluations
• Test hypothesis that biodiversity will be the same in fields managed with GM crops compared to conventional counterparts
![Page 9: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Farm Scale Evaluations:Why?
• By 1998 GE Herbicide tolerant crops have cleared most hurdles for commercialization
• BUT, concerns that GE Herbicide tolerant crops will reduce plant and invertebrate populations on which farmland wildlife depend
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Farming in the UK
• Arable and pastoral farming
• 75% of surface area• Land use
continuous since 700 BC
![Page 11: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Farmland is the environment
• Average farm size is 50 ha
• Lots of edge habitat• Wildlife depends on
fields and margins
![Page 12: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Status of birds in the UK
![Page 13: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Farm Scale Evaluations:Why?
• Concerns that GE Herbicide tolerant crops will reduce plant and invertebrate populations on which farmland wildlife depend
![Page 14: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Design of the FSE
• Fields planted 1/2 GE, 1/2 Conventional• Approx 60 fields per crop• Four GE herbicide tolerant crops: beets, maize,
spring oilseed rape and winter rapeseed
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Sites distributed over the UK
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Design of the FSE
• Fields planted 1/2 GE, 1/2 Conventional• Approx 60 fields per crop• Four GE herbicide tolerant crops: beets,
maize, spring oilseed rape (canola) and winter rapeseed
• Measure biodiversity within fields and at margins
• Biodiversity: weeds, seeds and inverts
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Habitats sampled
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Why not measure birds?
• Plants and inverts respond directly to herbicide management
• Conclusion of no effect more robust
• Model effect on birds
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Herbicide practices during FSE
GE crop
Fewer applications, later timing, weed cover variability
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Herbicide practices: MaizeGE crop
More weed cover in GE half of field
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Herbicide practices: Oilseed rape
More weed cover with conventional cropping
GE cropping: later, fewer
![Page 22: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Results: 8 papers, >100 Tables and figures
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Andow’s cheat
sheet for results
![Page 24: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What do we do with
this?
![Page 25: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Complications to maize interpretations?
• Atrazine banned in 2003
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Largest differences due to crop and season
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Status of birds in the UK
![Page 28: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
How was information from FSE used?
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Policy results
• Advisory committee recommends ban on GE HT beets and oilseed and approval of GE HT maize
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Recommendations to parliament
• oppose EU approval for the commercial cultivation of the GM beet and oilseed rape as grown in the FSE trials
• only allow the commercial cultivation of the GM maize in the FSE trials if restrictions are imposed on its EU marketing consent to limit herbicide use
March 2004
![Page 31: Ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops: a case study of the Farm Scale Evaluations L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger University of Nebraska.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033104/56649f2a5503460f94c441dc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
March 2005
• BayerCropScience withdraws its plans to cultivate its approved GE corn
• “…too many demands”
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November 2005
• No GE crops grown in the UK• None expected before 2008• Approval for use of GE crops in feed is
occurring
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And, the latest….
Swiss citizens are not prepared to sell their souls and convictions to satisfy their consumer tastes.
Le Matin on approval of a five-year ban on GM foods, 28 November 2005