Submitted by ANJALI ABHASME

(K5616)

Eco-Friendly Building Materials amp Technology

Eco-Friendly Building Materials amp Technology

AIM OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVES SCOPE LIMITATIONS METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION

What is ecofriendly material

Why ecofriendly materials PROPERTIES Embodied Energy Conventional Eco-friendly materials Eco-friendly materials amp techniques Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

for VIDARBHA REGION 1 Structural System ndash

2 Masonry

3 Flooring

4 Plastering

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Contents

6 Flooring paving and road work

7 Tiles for interiors

8 Windows Doors and openings

9 Electrical

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

11 Wood

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

Case study-

CSV wardha Conclusion

Aim of the study

To study an eco-friendly building materials and technologies use in vidarbha region

Objectives

To study optimum conditions of environment in relation to climate human comfort and health

To study climate responsive techniques and material used in construction

To study how to make use of natural resources in the form of heat and light

Develop a comprehensive list of conventional building materials

Evaluate existing building product eco-ratingassessment systems for adopting to the Indian context

Recommendations for a rating system for evaluating eco-friendly building product

Recommend a list of eco-friendly materials

Scope

To study use of innovative materials and technologies and implement it in buildings

Limitations

Study related to a selected site or a region Detailing of services

Methodology

Internet Data SearchSite visits and Market SurveyCommunication with Retail Vendors and ManufacturersData Collection from Local Builders Contractors and ArchitectsReview of research by HUDCO BMTPC TIFAC CBRI etc

What is Eco-friendly material Dictionary describes a product that has been

designed to do the least possible damage to the environment

US EPA ndash EPP program defines asproducts or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose1048707

An eco-friendly material limits the strain on virgin materials fossil fuels and othernatural resources not only by its composition but also through the manufacturing process transportation of the material and end of life recyclability

Why eco-friendly materials

bull Phenomenal growth in the construction industry that depends upon depletable resources

bull Production of building materials leads to irreversible

environmental impacts bull Using eco-friendly materials is the best way

to build a eco-friendly building

Properties

ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALSamp TECHNOLOGY

Reduction in air land and water pollution

Durability amp Life span

Aids Energy Efficiency in buildings

Reuserecycle

BiodegradableRenewable SourceReuse of Waste product

Embodied Energy

Local Availability

The various properties of the Eco-friendly materials and techniques are ndash Materials can be eco-friendly also if they can assist in reduction of the energy used in the building during operation and maintenanceit is difficult to get a material that has all these properties and it thus becomes a comparative assessment to identify eco-friendly materials

Scalar total of energy input required to produce the product including transporting them to the building site

Aluminium and steel has the most embodied energy because to the high energy required to produce them Compared to timber that requires very less energy for production

Embodied Energy

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

1Bamboo Bamboo Based Partcle Board amp Ply Board Bamboo Matting

2Bricks sun dried 3Precastcement concrete blocks lintels slab

Structural and non-structural modular elements4CalcinedPhosphoGypsum Wall Panels5Calcium silicate boards and Tiles6Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks7Cement Paint8Clay roofing tiles9Water polyurethane and acrylic based chemical

admixtures for corrosion removal rust prevention water proofing

10Epoxy Resin System Flooring sealants adhesives and admixtures

11Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters12Ferro-cement Roofing Channels13Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and PaverBlocks14Gypsum Board Tiles Plaster Blocks gypsum

plaster fibrejutesisal and glass fibrecomposites15Laminated Wood Plastic Components16Marble Mosaic Tiles17MDF Boards and Mouldings18Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles19ParticalBoards20Polymerisedwater proof compound

21Polymerisedwater proof compound

22Portland PozzolanaCement Flyash CalcinedClay Based

23Portland Slag Cement

24RCC Door Frames

25Ready Mix Cement Concrete

26Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board

27Stone dust

28Water proof compound adhesive Polymer Powder

source Seminar on eco friendly building material by

Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-friendly materials amp techniques 1BagasseBoard ndashBMTPC2Bricks from Coal WasheryRejects -CBRI Roorkee3Building Blocks From Mine Waste ndashSERC4Burnt Clay FlyAshBricks -CBRI Roorkee5Coir Cement Board -CBRI Roorkee6Compressed Earth Blocks ndashBMTPC7EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI

Roorkee8FibreFlyashCement Boards ndashBMTPC9FibreReinforecedConcrete PrecastElements Wall

panels Blocks Manhole Covers ndashSERC10Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards -CBRI Roorkee11FlyashCellular Concrete FlyashCement Brick

Blocks -BMTPC12FlyashLime Cellular Concrete -CBRI Roorkee13FlyashLime Gypsum Brick -BMTPC14Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash-Central

Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata15Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC16Non Erodable Mud Plaster -CBRI Roorkee17Polytiles-CBRI Roorkee18Timber from trees such as Poplar Rubber

Eucalyptus -BMTPC19Precastwalling roofing components -CBRI

Roorkee20Prefab Brick Panel System -CBRI Roorkee

1 Structural System ndash Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain

reinforced) - cement sand aggregate steel

Base Materials for RCC and Steel Systems

a Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash Slag Calcinated Clay) attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and or direct addition of pozzolana material

b Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives Systemsa Ferro cement and b Pre-cast components for columns

beams slabs lofts balconies roofs etc

c Ready Mix Concreted Use Resinous curing agents

Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-Friendly Building Materials amp Technology

AIM OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVES SCOPE LIMITATIONS METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION

What is ecofriendly material

Why ecofriendly materials PROPERTIES Embodied Energy Conventional Eco-friendly materials Eco-friendly materials amp techniques Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

for VIDARBHA REGION 1 Structural System ndash

2 Masonry

3 Flooring

4 Plastering

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Contents

6 Flooring paving and road work

7 Tiles for interiors

8 Windows Doors and openings

9 Electrical

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

11 Wood

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

Case study-

CSV wardha Conclusion

Aim of the study

To study an eco-friendly building materials and technologies use in vidarbha region

Objectives

To study optimum conditions of environment in relation to climate human comfort and health

To study climate responsive techniques and material used in construction

To study how to make use of natural resources in the form of heat and light

Develop a comprehensive list of conventional building materials

Evaluate existing building product eco-ratingassessment systems for adopting to the Indian context

Recommendations for a rating system for evaluating eco-friendly building product

Recommend a list of eco-friendly materials

Scope

To study use of innovative materials and technologies and implement it in buildings

Limitations

Study related to a selected site or a region Detailing of services

Methodology

Internet Data SearchSite visits and Market SurveyCommunication with Retail Vendors and ManufacturersData Collection from Local Builders Contractors and ArchitectsReview of research by HUDCO BMTPC TIFAC CBRI etc

What is Eco-friendly material Dictionary describes a product that has been

designed to do the least possible damage to the environment

US EPA ndash EPP program defines asproducts or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose1048707

An eco-friendly material limits the strain on virgin materials fossil fuels and othernatural resources not only by its composition but also through the manufacturing process transportation of the material and end of life recyclability

Why eco-friendly materials

bull Phenomenal growth in the construction industry that depends upon depletable resources

bull Production of building materials leads to irreversible

environmental impacts bull Using eco-friendly materials is the best way

to build a eco-friendly building

Properties

ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALSamp TECHNOLOGY

Reduction in air land and water pollution

Durability amp Life span

Aids Energy Efficiency in buildings

Reuserecycle

BiodegradableRenewable SourceReuse of Waste product

Embodied Energy

Local Availability

The various properties of the Eco-friendly materials and techniques are ndash Materials can be eco-friendly also if they can assist in reduction of the energy used in the building during operation and maintenanceit is difficult to get a material that has all these properties and it thus becomes a comparative assessment to identify eco-friendly materials

Scalar total of energy input required to produce the product including transporting them to the building site

Aluminium and steel has the most embodied energy because to the high energy required to produce them Compared to timber that requires very less energy for production

Embodied Energy

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

1Bamboo Bamboo Based Partcle Board amp Ply Board Bamboo Matting

2Bricks sun dried 3Precastcement concrete blocks lintels slab

Structural and non-structural modular elements4CalcinedPhosphoGypsum Wall Panels5Calcium silicate boards and Tiles6Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks7Cement Paint8Clay roofing tiles9Water polyurethane and acrylic based chemical

admixtures for corrosion removal rust prevention water proofing

10Epoxy Resin System Flooring sealants adhesives and admixtures

11Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters12Ferro-cement Roofing Channels13Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and PaverBlocks14Gypsum Board Tiles Plaster Blocks gypsum

plaster fibrejutesisal and glass fibrecomposites15Laminated Wood Plastic Components16Marble Mosaic Tiles17MDF Boards and Mouldings18Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles19ParticalBoards20Polymerisedwater proof compound

21Polymerisedwater proof compound

22Portland PozzolanaCement Flyash CalcinedClay Based

23Portland Slag Cement

24RCC Door Frames

25Ready Mix Cement Concrete

26Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board

27Stone dust

28Water proof compound adhesive Polymer Powder

source Seminar on eco friendly building material by

Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-friendly materials amp techniques 1BagasseBoard ndashBMTPC2Bricks from Coal WasheryRejects -CBRI Roorkee3Building Blocks From Mine Waste ndashSERC4Burnt Clay FlyAshBricks -CBRI Roorkee5Coir Cement Board -CBRI Roorkee6Compressed Earth Blocks ndashBMTPC7EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI

Roorkee8FibreFlyashCement Boards ndashBMTPC9FibreReinforecedConcrete PrecastElements Wall

panels Blocks Manhole Covers ndashSERC10Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards -CBRI Roorkee11FlyashCellular Concrete FlyashCement Brick

Blocks -BMTPC12FlyashLime Cellular Concrete -CBRI Roorkee13FlyashLime Gypsum Brick -BMTPC14Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash-Central

Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata15Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC16Non Erodable Mud Plaster -CBRI Roorkee17Polytiles-CBRI Roorkee18Timber from trees such as Poplar Rubber

Eucalyptus -BMTPC19Precastwalling roofing components -CBRI

Roorkee20Prefab Brick Panel System -CBRI Roorkee

1 Structural System ndash Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain

reinforced) - cement sand aggregate steel

Base Materials for RCC and Steel Systems

a Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash Slag Calcinated Clay) attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and or direct addition of pozzolana material

b Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives Systemsa Ferro cement and b Pre-cast components for columns

beams slabs lofts balconies roofs etc

c Ready Mix Concreted Use Resinous curing agents

Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

6 Flooring paving and road work

7 Tiles for interiors

8 Windows Doors and openings

9 Electrical

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

11 Wood

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

Case study-

CSV wardha Conclusion

Aim of the study

To study an eco-friendly building materials and technologies use in vidarbha region

Objectives

To study optimum conditions of environment in relation to climate human comfort and health

To study climate responsive techniques and material used in construction

To study how to make use of natural resources in the form of heat and light

Develop a comprehensive list of conventional building materials

Evaluate existing building product eco-ratingassessment systems for adopting to the Indian context

Recommendations for a rating system for evaluating eco-friendly building product

Recommend a list of eco-friendly materials

Scope

To study use of innovative materials and technologies and implement it in buildings

Limitations

Study related to a selected site or a region Detailing of services

Methodology

Internet Data SearchSite visits and Market SurveyCommunication with Retail Vendors and ManufacturersData Collection from Local Builders Contractors and ArchitectsReview of research by HUDCO BMTPC TIFAC CBRI etc

What is Eco-friendly material Dictionary describes a product that has been

designed to do the least possible damage to the environment

US EPA ndash EPP program defines asproducts or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose1048707

An eco-friendly material limits the strain on virgin materials fossil fuels and othernatural resources not only by its composition but also through the manufacturing process transportation of the material and end of life recyclability

Why eco-friendly materials

bull Phenomenal growth in the construction industry that depends upon depletable resources

bull Production of building materials leads to irreversible

environmental impacts bull Using eco-friendly materials is the best way

to build a eco-friendly building

Properties

ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALSamp TECHNOLOGY

Reduction in air land and water pollution

Durability amp Life span

Aids Energy Efficiency in buildings

Reuserecycle

BiodegradableRenewable SourceReuse of Waste product

Embodied Energy

Local Availability

The various properties of the Eco-friendly materials and techniques are ndash Materials can be eco-friendly also if they can assist in reduction of the energy used in the building during operation and maintenanceit is difficult to get a material that has all these properties and it thus becomes a comparative assessment to identify eco-friendly materials

Scalar total of energy input required to produce the product including transporting them to the building site

Aluminium and steel has the most embodied energy because to the high energy required to produce them Compared to timber that requires very less energy for production

Embodied Energy

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

1Bamboo Bamboo Based Partcle Board amp Ply Board Bamboo Matting

2Bricks sun dried 3Precastcement concrete blocks lintels slab

Structural and non-structural modular elements4CalcinedPhosphoGypsum Wall Panels5Calcium silicate boards and Tiles6Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks7Cement Paint8Clay roofing tiles9Water polyurethane and acrylic based chemical

admixtures for corrosion removal rust prevention water proofing

10Epoxy Resin System Flooring sealants adhesives and admixtures

11Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters12Ferro-cement Roofing Channels13Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and PaverBlocks14Gypsum Board Tiles Plaster Blocks gypsum

plaster fibrejutesisal and glass fibrecomposites15Laminated Wood Plastic Components16Marble Mosaic Tiles17MDF Boards and Mouldings18Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles19ParticalBoards20Polymerisedwater proof compound

21Polymerisedwater proof compound

22Portland PozzolanaCement Flyash CalcinedClay Based

23Portland Slag Cement

24RCC Door Frames

25Ready Mix Cement Concrete

26Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board

27Stone dust

28Water proof compound adhesive Polymer Powder

source Seminar on eco friendly building material by

Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-friendly materials amp techniques 1BagasseBoard ndashBMTPC2Bricks from Coal WasheryRejects -CBRI Roorkee3Building Blocks From Mine Waste ndashSERC4Burnt Clay FlyAshBricks -CBRI Roorkee5Coir Cement Board -CBRI Roorkee6Compressed Earth Blocks ndashBMTPC7EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI

Roorkee8FibreFlyashCement Boards ndashBMTPC9FibreReinforecedConcrete PrecastElements Wall

panels Blocks Manhole Covers ndashSERC10Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards -CBRI Roorkee11FlyashCellular Concrete FlyashCement Brick

Blocks -BMTPC12FlyashLime Cellular Concrete -CBRI Roorkee13FlyashLime Gypsum Brick -BMTPC14Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash-Central

Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata15Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC16Non Erodable Mud Plaster -CBRI Roorkee17Polytiles-CBRI Roorkee18Timber from trees such as Poplar Rubber

Eucalyptus -BMTPC19Precastwalling roofing components -CBRI

Roorkee20Prefab Brick Panel System -CBRI Roorkee

1 Structural System ndash Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain

reinforced) - cement sand aggregate steel

Base Materials for RCC and Steel Systems

a Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash Slag Calcinated Clay) attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and or direct addition of pozzolana material

b Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives Systemsa Ferro cement and b Pre-cast components for columns

beams slabs lofts balconies roofs etc

c Ready Mix Concreted Use Resinous curing agents

Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Aim of the study

To study an eco-friendly building materials and technologies use in vidarbha region

Objectives

To study optimum conditions of environment in relation to climate human comfort and health

To study climate responsive techniques and material used in construction

To study how to make use of natural resources in the form of heat and light

Develop a comprehensive list of conventional building materials

Evaluate existing building product eco-ratingassessment systems for adopting to the Indian context

Recommendations for a rating system for evaluating eco-friendly building product

Recommend a list of eco-friendly materials

Scope

To study use of innovative materials and technologies and implement it in buildings

Limitations

Study related to a selected site or a region Detailing of services

Methodology

Internet Data SearchSite visits and Market SurveyCommunication with Retail Vendors and ManufacturersData Collection from Local Builders Contractors and ArchitectsReview of research by HUDCO BMTPC TIFAC CBRI etc

What is Eco-friendly material Dictionary describes a product that has been

designed to do the least possible damage to the environment

US EPA ndash EPP program defines asproducts or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose1048707

An eco-friendly material limits the strain on virgin materials fossil fuels and othernatural resources not only by its composition but also through the manufacturing process transportation of the material and end of life recyclability

Why eco-friendly materials

bull Phenomenal growth in the construction industry that depends upon depletable resources

bull Production of building materials leads to irreversible

environmental impacts bull Using eco-friendly materials is the best way

to build a eco-friendly building

Properties

ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALSamp TECHNOLOGY

Reduction in air land and water pollution

Durability amp Life span

Aids Energy Efficiency in buildings

Reuserecycle

BiodegradableRenewable SourceReuse of Waste product

Embodied Energy

Local Availability

The various properties of the Eco-friendly materials and techniques are ndash Materials can be eco-friendly also if they can assist in reduction of the energy used in the building during operation and maintenanceit is difficult to get a material that has all these properties and it thus becomes a comparative assessment to identify eco-friendly materials

Scalar total of energy input required to produce the product including transporting them to the building site

Aluminium and steel has the most embodied energy because to the high energy required to produce them Compared to timber that requires very less energy for production

Embodied Energy

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

1Bamboo Bamboo Based Partcle Board amp Ply Board Bamboo Matting

2Bricks sun dried 3Precastcement concrete blocks lintels slab

Structural and non-structural modular elements4CalcinedPhosphoGypsum Wall Panels5Calcium silicate boards and Tiles6Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks7Cement Paint8Clay roofing tiles9Water polyurethane and acrylic based chemical

admixtures for corrosion removal rust prevention water proofing

10Epoxy Resin System Flooring sealants adhesives and admixtures

11Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters12Ferro-cement Roofing Channels13Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and PaverBlocks14Gypsum Board Tiles Plaster Blocks gypsum

plaster fibrejutesisal and glass fibrecomposites15Laminated Wood Plastic Components16Marble Mosaic Tiles17MDF Boards and Mouldings18Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles19ParticalBoards20Polymerisedwater proof compound

21Polymerisedwater proof compound

22Portland PozzolanaCement Flyash CalcinedClay Based

23Portland Slag Cement

24RCC Door Frames

25Ready Mix Cement Concrete

26Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board

27Stone dust

28Water proof compound adhesive Polymer Powder

source Seminar on eco friendly building material by

Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-friendly materials amp techniques 1BagasseBoard ndashBMTPC2Bricks from Coal WasheryRejects -CBRI Roorkee3Building Blocks From Mine Waste ndashSERC4Burnt Clay FlyAshBricks -CBRI Roorkee5Coir Cement Board -CBRI Roorkee6Compressed Earth Blocks ndashBMTPC7EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI

Roorkee8FibreFlyashCement Boards ndashBMTPC9FibreReinforecedConcrete PrecastElements Wall

panels Blocks Manhole Covers ndashSERC10Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards -CBRI Roorkee11FlyashCellular Concrete FlyashCement Brick

Blocks -BMTPC12FlyashLime Cellular Concrete -CBRI Roorkee13FlyashLime Gypsum Brick -BMTPC14Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash-Central

Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata15Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC16Non Erodable Mud Plaster -CBRI Roorkee17Polytiles-CBRI Roorkee18Timber from trees such as Poplar Rubber

Eucalyptus -BMTPC19Precastwalling roofing components -CBRI

Roorkee20Prefab Brick Panel System -CBRI Roorkee

1 Structural System ndash Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain

reinforced) - cement sand aggregate steel

Base Materials for RCC and Steel Systems

a Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash Slag Calcinated Clay) attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and or direct addition of pozzolana material

b Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives Systemsa Ferro cement and b Pre-cast components for columns

beams slabs lofts balconies roofs etc

c Ready Mix Concreted Use Resinous curing agents

Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Scope

To study use of innovative materials and technologies and implement it in buildings

Limitations

Study related to a selected site or a region Detailing of services

Methodology

Internet Data SearchSite visits and Market SurveyCommunication with Retail Vendors and ManufacturersData Collection from Local Builders Contractors and ArchitectsReview of research by HUDCO BMTPC TIFAC CBRI etc

What is Eco-friendly material Dictionary describes a product that has been

designed to do the least possible damage to the environment

US EPA ndash EPP program defines asproducts or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose1048707

An eco-friendly material limits the strain on virgin materials fossil fuels and othernatural resources not only by its composition but also through the manufacturing process transportation of the material and end of life recyclability

Why eco-friendly materials

bull Phenomenal growth in the construction industry that depends upon depletable resources

bull Production of building materials leads to irreversible

environmental impacts bull Using eco-friendly materials is the best way

to build a eco-friendly building

Properties

ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALSamp TECHNOLOGY

Reduction in air land and water pollution

Durability amp Life span

Aids Energy Efficiency in buildings

Reuserecycle

BiodegradableRenewable SourceReuse of Waste product

Embodied Energy

Local Availability

The various properties of the Eco-friendly materials and techniques are ndash Materials can be eco-friendly also if they can assist in reduction of the energy used in the building during operation and maintenanceit is difficult to get a material that has all these properties and it thus becomes a comparative assessment to identify eco-friendly materials

Scalar total of energy input required to produce the product including transporting them to the building site

Aluminium and steel has the most embodied energy because to the high energy required to produce them Compared to timber that requires very less energy for production

Embodied Energy

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

1Bamboo Bamboo Based Partcle Board amp Ply Board Bamboo Matting

2Bricks sun dried 3Precastcement concrete blocks lintels slab

Structural and non-structural modular elements4CalcinedPhosphoGypsum Wall Panels5Calcium silicate boards and Tiles6Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks7Cement Paint8Clay roofing tiles9Water polyurethane and acrylic based chemical

admixtures for corrosion removal rust prevention water proofing

10Epoxy Resin System Flooring sealants adhesives and admixtures

11Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters12Ferro-cement Roofing Channels13Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and PaverBlocks14Gypsum Board Tiles Plaster Blocks gypsum

plaster fibrejutesisal and glass fibrecomposites15Laminated Wood Plastic Components16Marble Mosaic Tiles17MDF Boards and Mouldings18Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles19ParticalBoards20Polymerisedwater proof compound

21Polymerisedwater proof compound

22Portland PozzolanaCement Flyash CalcinedClay Based

23Portland Slag Cement

24RCC Door Frames

25Ready Mix Cement Concrete

26Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board

27Stone dust

28Water proof compound adhesive Polymer Powder

source Seminar on eco friendly building material by

Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-friendly materials amp techniques 1BagasseBoard ndashBMTPC2Bricks from Coal WasheryRejects -CBRI Roorkee3Building Blocks From Mine Waste ndashSERC4Burnt Clay FlyAshBricks -CBRI Roorkee5Coir Cement Board -CBRI Roorkee6Compressed Earth Blocks ndashBMTPC7EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI

Roorkee8FibreFlyashCement Boards ndashBMTPC9FibreReinforecedConcrete PrecastElements Wall

panels Blocks Manhole Covers ndashSERC10Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards -CBRI Roorkee11FlyashCellular Concrete FlyashCement Brick

Blocks -BMTPC12FlyashLime Cellular Concrete -CBRI Roorkee13FlyashLime Gypsum Brick -BMTPC14Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash-Central

Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata15Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC16Non Erodable Mud Plaster -CBRI Roorkee17Polytiles-CBRI Roorkee18Timber from trees such as Poplar Rubber

Eucalyptus -BMTPC19Precastwalling roofing components -CBRI

Roorkee20Prefab Brick Panel System -CBRI Roorkee

1 Structural System ndash Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain

reinforced) - cement sand aggregate steel

Base Materials for RCC and Steel Systems

a Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash Slag Calcinated Clay) attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and or direct addition of pozzolana material

b Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives Systemsa Ferro cement and b Pre-cast components for columns

beams slabs lofts balconies roofs etc

c Ready Mix Concreted Use Resinous curing agents

Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

What is Eco-friendly material Dictionary describes a product that has been

designed to do the least possible damage to the environment

US EPA ndash EPP program defines asproducts or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose1048707

An eco-friendly material limits the strain on virgin materials fossil fuels and othernatural resources not only by its composition but also through the manufacturing process transportation of the material and end of life recyclability

Why eco-friendly materials

bull Phenomenal growth in the construction industry that depends upon depletable resources

bull Production of building materials leads to irreversible

environmental impacts bull Using eco-friendly materials is the best way

to build a eco-friendly building

Properties

ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALSamp TECHNOLOGY

Reduction in air land and water pollution

Durability amp Life span

Aids Energy Efficiency in buildings

Reuserecycle

BiodegradableRenewable SourceReuse of Waste product

Embodied Energy

Local Availability

The various properties of the Eco-friendly materials and techniques are ndash Materials can be eco-friendly also if they can assist in reduction of the energy used in the building during operation and maintenanceit is difficult to get a material that has all these properties and it thus becomes a comparative assessment to identify eco-friendly materials

Scalar total of energy input required to produce the product including transporting them to the building site

Aluminium and steel has the most embodied energy because to the high energy required to produce them Compared to timber that requires very less energy for production

Embodied Energy

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

1Bamboo Bamboo Based Partcle Board amp Ply Board Bamboo Matting

2Bricks sun dried 3Precastcement concrete blocks lintels slab

Structural and non-structural modular elements4CalcinedPhosphoGypsum Wall Panels5Calcium silicate boards and Tiles6Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks7Cement Paint8Clay roofing tiles9Water polyurethane and acrylic based chemical

admixtures for corrosion removal rust prevention water proofing

10Epoxy Resin System Flooring sealants adhesives and admixtures

11Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters12Ferro-cement Roofing Channels13Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and PaverBlocks14Gypsum Board Tiles Plaster Blocks gypsum

plaster fibrejutesisal and glass fibrecomposites15Laminated Wood Plastic Components16Marble Mosaic Tiles17MDF Boards and Mouldings18Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles19ParticalBoards20Polymerisedwater proof compound

21Polymerisedwater proof compound

22Portland PozzolanaCement Flyash CalcinedClay Based

23Portland Slag Cement

24RCC Door Frames

25Ready Mix Cement Concrete

26Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board

27Stone dust

28Water proof compound adhesive Polymer Powder

source Seminar on eco friendly building material by

Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-friendly materials amp techniques 1BagasseBoard ndashBMTPC2Bricks from Coal WasheryRejects -CBRI Roorkee3Building Blocks From Mine Waste ndashSERC4Burnt Clay FlyAshBricks -CBRI Roorkee5Coir Cement Board -CBRI Roorkee6Compressed Earth Blocks ndashBMTPC7EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI

Roorkee8FibreFlyashCement Boards ndashBMTPC9FibreReinforecedConcrete PrecastElements Wall

panels Blocks Manhole Covers ndashSERC10Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards -CBRI Roorkee11FlyashCellular Concrete FlyashCement Brick

Blocks -BMTPC12FlyashLime Cellular Concrete -CBRI Roorkee13FlyashLime Gypsum Brick -BMTPC14Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash-Central

Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata15Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC16Non Erodable Mud Plaster -CBRI Roorkee17Polytiles-CBRI Roorkee18Timber from trees such as Poplar Rubber

Eucalyptus -BMTPC19Precastwalling roofing components -CBRI

Roorkee20Prefab Brick Panel System -CBRI Roorkee

1 Structural System ndash Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain

reinforced) - cement sand aggregate steel

Base Materials for RCC and Steel Systems

a Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash Slag Calcinated Clay) attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and or direct addition of pozzolana material

b Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives Systemsa Ferro cement and b Pre-cast components for columns

beams slabs lofts balconies roofs etc

c Ready Mix Concreted Use Resinous curing agents

Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Why eco-friendly materials

bull Phenomenal growth in the construction industry that depends upon depletable resources

bull Production of building materials leads to irreversible

environmental impacts bull Using eco-friendly materials is the best way

to build a eco-friendly building

Properties

ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALSamp TECHNOLOGY

Reduction in air land and water pollution

Durability amp Life span

Aids Energy Efficiency in buildings

Reuserecycle

BiodegradableRenewable SourceReuse of Waste product

Embodied Energy

Local Availability

The various properties of the Eco-friendly materials and techniques are ndash Materials can be eco-friendly also if they can assist in reduction of the energy used in the building during operation and maintenanceit is difficult to get a material that has all these properties and it thus becomes a comparative assessment to identify eco-friendly materials

Scalar total of energy input required to produce the product including transporting them to the building site

Aluminium and steel has the most embodied energy because to the high energy required to produce them Compared to timber that requires very less energy for production

Embodied Energy

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

1Bamboo Bamboo Based Partcle Board amp Ply Board Bamboo Matting

2Bricks sun dried 3Precastcement concrete blocks lintels slab

Structural and non-structural modular elements4CalcinedPhosphoGypsum Wall Panels5Calcium silicate boards and Tiles6Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks7Cement Paint8Clay roofing tiles9Water polyurethane and acrylic based chemical

admixtures for corrosion removal rust prevention water proofing

10Epoxy Resin System Flooring sealants adhesives and admixtures

11Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters12Ferro-cement Roofing Channels13Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and PaverBlocks14Gypsum Board Tiles Plaster Blocks gypsum

plaster fibrejutesisal and glass fibrecomposites15Laminated Wood Plastic Components16Marble Mosaic Tiles17MDF Boards and Mouldings18Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles19ParticalBoards20Polymerisedwater proof compound

21Polymerisedwater proof compound

22Portland PozzolanaCement Flyash CalcinedClay Based

23Portland Slag Cement

24RCC Door Frames

25Ready Mix Cement Concrete

26Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board

27Stone dust

28Water proof compound adhesive Polymer Powder

source Seminar on eco friendly building material by

Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-friendly materials amp techniques 1BagasseBoard ndashBMTPC2Bricks from Coal WasheryRejects -CBRI Roorkee3Building Blocks From Mine Waste ndashSERC4Burnt Clay FlyAshBricks -CBRI Roorkee5Coir Cement Board -CBRI Roorkee6Compressed Earth Blocks ndashBMTPC7EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI

Roorkee8FibreFlyashCement Boards ndashBMTPC9FibreReinforecedConcrete PrecastElements Wall

panels Blocks Manhole Covers ndashSERC10Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards -CBRI Roorkee11FlyashCellular Concrete FlyashCement Brick

Blocks -BMTPC12FlyashLime Cellular Concrete -CBRI Roorkee13FlyashLime Gypsum Brick -BMTPC14Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash-Central

Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata15Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC16Non Erodable Mud Plaster -CBRI Roorkee17Polytiles-CBRI Roorkee18Timber from trees such as Poplar Rubber

Eucalyptus -BMTPC19Precastwalling roofing components -CBRI

Roorkee20Prefab Brick Panel System -CBRI Roorkee

1 Structural System ndash Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain

reinforced) - cement sand aggregate steel

Base Materials for RCC and Steel Systems

a Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash Slag Calcinated Clay) attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and or direct addition of pozzolana material

b Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives Systemsa Ferro cement and b Pre-cast components for columns

beams slabs lofts balconies roofs etc

c Ready Mix Concreted Use Resinous curing agents

Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Properties

ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALSamp TECHNOLOGY

Reduction in air land and water pollution

Durability amp Life span

Aids Energy Efficiency in buildings

Reuserecycle

BiodegradableRenewable SourceReuse of Waste product

Embodied Energy

Local Availability

The various properties of the Eco-friendly materials and techniques are ndash Materials can be eco-friendly also if they can assist in reduction of the energy used in the building during operation and maintenanceit is difficult to get a material that has all these properties and it thus becomes a comparative assessment to identify eco-friendly materials

Scalar total of energy input required to produce the product including transporting them to the building site

Aluminium and steel has the most embodied energy because to the high energy required to produce them Compared to timber that requires very less energy for production

Embodied Energy

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

1Bamboo Bamboo Based Partcle Board amp Ply Board Bamboo Matting

2Bricks sun dried 3Precastcement concrete blocks lintels slab

Structural and non-structural modular elements4CalcinedPhosphoGypsum Wall Panels5Calcium silicate boards and Tiles6Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks7Cement Paint8Clay roofing tiles9Water polyurethane and acrylic based chemical

admixtures for corrosion removal rust prevention water proofing

10Epoxy Resin System Flooring sealants adhesives and admixtures

11Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters12Ferro-cement Roofing Channels13Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and PaverBlocks14Gypsum Board Tiles Plaster Blocks gypsum

plaster fibrejutesisal and glass fibrecomposites15Laminated Wood Plastic Components16Marble Mosaic Tiles17MDF Boards and Mouldings18Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles19ParticalBoards20Polymerisedwater proof compound

21Polymerisedwater proof compound

22Portland PozzolanaCement Flyash CalcinedClay Based

23Portland Slag Cement

24RCC Door Frames

25Ready Mix Cement Concrete

26Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board

27Stone dust

28Water proof compound adhesive Polymer Powder

source Seminar on eco friendly building material by

Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-friendly materials amp techniques 1BagasseBoard ndashBMTPC2Bricks from Coal WasheryRejects -CBRI Roorkee3Building Blocks From Mine Waste ndashSERC4Burnt Clay FlyAshBricks -CBRI Roorkee5Coir Cement Board -CBRI Roorkee6Compressed Earth Blocks ndashBMTPC7EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI

Roorkee8FibreFlyashCement Boards ndashBMTPC9FibreReinforecedConcrete PrecastElements Wall

panels Blocks Manhole Covers ndashSERC10Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards -CBRI Roorkee11FlyashCellular Concrete FlyashCement Brick

Blocks -BMTPC12FlyashLime Cellular Concrete -CBRI Roorkee13FlyashLime Gypsum Brick -BMTPC14Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash-Central

Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata15Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC16Non Erodable Mud Plaster -CBRI Roorkee17Polytiles-CBRI Roorkee18Timber from trees such as Poplar Rubber

Eucalyptus -BMTPC19Precastwalling roofing components -CBRI

Roorkee20Prefab Brick Panel System -CBRI Roorkee

1 Structural System ndash Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain

reinforced) - cement sand aggregate steel

Base Materials for RCC and Steel Systems

a Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash Slag Calcinated Clay) attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and or direct addition of pozzolana material

b Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives Systemsa Ferro cement and b Pre-cast components for columns

beams slabs lofts balconies roofs etc

c Ready Mix Concreted Use Resinous curing agents

Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Scalar total of energy input required to produce the product including transporting them to the building site

Aluminium and steel has the most embodied energy because to the high energy required to produce them Compared to timber that requires very less energy for production

Embodied Energy

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

1Bamboo Bamboo Based Partcle Board amp Ply Board Bamboo Matting

2Bricks sun dried 3Precastcement concrete blocks lintels slab

Structural and non-structural modular elements4CalcinedPhosphoGypsum Wall Panels5Calcium silicate boards and Tiles6Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks7Cement Paint8Clay roofing tiles9Water polyurethane and acrylic based chemical

admixtures for corrosion removal rust prevention water proofing

10Epoxy Resin System Flooring sealants adhesives and admixtures

11Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters12Ferro-cement Roofing Channels13Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and PaverBlocks14Gypsum Board Tiles Plaster Blocks gypsum

plaster fibrejutesisal and glass fibrecomposites15Laminated Wood Plastic Components16Marble Mosaic Tiles17MDF Boards and Mouldings18Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles19ParticalBoards20Polymerisedwater proof compound

21Polymerisedwater proof compound

22Portland PozzolanaCement Flyash CalcinedClay Based

23Portland Slag Cement

24RCC Door Frames

25Ready Mix Cement Concrete

26Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board

27Stone dust

28Water proof compound adhesive Polymer Powder

source Seminar on eco friendly building material by

Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-friendly materials amp techniques 1BagasseBoard ndashBMTPC2Bricks from Coal WasheryRejects -CBRI Roorkee3Building Blocks From Mine Waste ndashSERC4Burnt Clay FlyAshBricks -CBRI Roorkee5Coir Cement Board -CBRI Roorkee6Compressed Earth Blocks ndashBMTPC7EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI

Roorkee8FibreFlyashCement Boards ndashBMTPC9FibreReinforecedConcrete PrecastElements Wall

panels Blocks Manhole Covers ndashSERC10Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards -CBRI Roorkee11FlyashCellular Concrete FlyashCement Brick

Blocks -BMTPC12FlyashLime Cellular Concrete -CBRI Roorkee13FlyashLime Gypsum Brick -BMTPC14Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash-Central

Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata15Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC16Non Erodable Mud Plaster -CBRI Roorkee17Polytiles-CBRI Roorkee18Timber from trees such as Poplar Rubber

Eucalyptus -BMTPC19Precastwalling roofing components -CBRI

Roorkee20Prefab Brick Panel System -CBRI Roorkee

1 Structural System ndash Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain

reinforced) - cement sand aggregate steel

Base Materials for RCC and Steel Systems

a Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash Slag Calcinated Clay) attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and or direct addition of pozzolana material

b Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives Systemsa Ferro cement and b Pre-cast components for columns

beams slabs lofts balconies roofs etc

c Ready Mix Concreted Use Resinous curing agents

Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

1Bamboo Bamboo Based Partcle Board amp Ply Board Bamboo Matting

2Bricks sun dried 3Precastcement concrete blocks lintels slab

Structural and non-structural modular elements4CalcinedPhosphoGypsum Wall Panels5Calcium silicate boards and Tiles6Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks7Cement Paint8Clay roofing tiles9Water polyurethane and acrylic based chemical

admixtures for corrosion removal rust prevention water proofing

10Epoxy Resin System Flooring sealants adhesives and admixtures

11Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters12Ferro-cement Roofing Channels13Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and PaverBlocks14Gypsum Board Tiles Plaster Blocks gypsum

plaster fibrejutesisal and glass fibrecomposites15Laminated Wood Plastic Components16Marble Mosaic Tiles17MDF Boards and Mouldings18Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles19ParticalBoards20Polymerisedwater proof compound

21Polymerisedwater proof compound

22Portland PozzolanaCement Flyash CalcinedClay Based

23Portland Slag Cement

24RCC Door Frames

25Ready Mix Cement Concrete

26Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board

27Stone dust

28Water proof compound adhesive Polymer Powder

source Seminar on eco friendly building material by

Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-friendly materials amp techniques 1BagasseBoard ndashBMTPC2Bricks from Coal WasheryRejects -CBRI Roorkee3Building Blocks From Mine Waste ndashSERC4Burnt Clay FlyAshBricks -CBRI Roorkee5Coir Cement Board -CBRI Roorkee6Compressed Earth Blocks ndashBMTPC7EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI

Roorkee8FibreFlyashCement Boards ndashBMTPC9FibreReinforecedConcrete PrecastElements Wall

panels Blocks Manhole Covers ndashSERC10Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards -CBRI Roorkee11FlyashCellular Concrete FlyashCement Brick

Blocks -BMTPC12FlyashLime Cellular Concrete -CBRI Roorkee13FlyashLime Gypsum Brick -BMTPC14Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash-Central

Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata15Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC16Non Erodable Mud Plaster -CBRI Roorkee17Polytiles-CBRI Roorkee18Timber from trees such as Poplar Rubber

Eucalyptus -BMTPC19Precastwalling roofing components -CBRI

Roorkee20Prefab Brick Panel System -CBRI Roorkee

1 Structural System ndash Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain

reinforced) - cement sand aggregate steel

Base Materials for RCC and Steel Systems

a Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash Slag Calcinated Clay) attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and or direct addition of pozzolana material

b Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives Systemsa Ferro cement and b Pre-cast components for columns

beams slabs lofts balconies roofs etc

c Ready Mix Concreted Use Resinous curing agents

Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Conventional Eco-friendly materials

1Bamboo Bamboo Based Partcle Board amp Ply Board Bamboo Matting

2Bricks sun dried 3Precastcement concrete blocks lintels slab

Structural and non-structural modular elements4CalcinedPhosphoGypsum Wall Panels5Calcium silicate boards and Tiles6Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks7Cement Paint8Clay roofing tiles9Water polyurethane and acrylic based chemical

admixtures for corrosion removal rust prevention water proofing

10Epoxy Resin System Flooring sealants adhesives and admixtures

11Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters12Ferro-cement Roofing Channels13Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and PaverBlocks14Gypsum Board Tiles Plaster Blocks gypsum

plaster fibrejutesisal and glass fibrecomposites15Laminated Wood Plastic Components16Marble Mosaic Tiles17MDF Boards and Mouldings18Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles19ParticalBoards20Polymerisedwater proof compound

21Polymerisedwater proof compound

22Portland PozzolanaCement Flyash CalcinedClay Based

23Portland Slag Cement

24RCC Door Frames

25Ready Mix Cement Concrete

26Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board

27Stone dust

28Water proof compound adhesive Polymer Powder

source Seminar on eco friendly building material by

Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-friendly materials amp techniques 1BagasseBoard ndashBMTPC2Bricks from Coal WasheryRejects -CBRI Roorkee3Building Blocks From Mine Waste ndashSERC4Burnt Clay FlyAshBricks -CBRI Roorkee5Coir Cement Board -CBRI Roorkee6Compressed Earth Blocks ndashBMTPC7EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI

Roorkee8FibreFlyashCement Boards ndashBMTPC9FibreReinforecedConcrete PrecastElements Wall

panels Blocks Manhole Covers ndashSERC10Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards -CBRI Roorkee11FlyashCellular Concrete FlyashCement Brick

Blocks -BMTPC12FlyashLime Cellular Concrete -CBRI Roorkee13FlyashLime Gypsum Brick -BMTPC14Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash-Central

Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata15Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC16Non Erodable Mud Plaster -CBRI Roorkee17Polytiles-CBRI Roorkee18Timber from trees such as Poplar Rubber

Eucalyptus -BMTPC19Precastwalling roofing components -CBRI

Roorkee20Prefab Brick Panel System -CBRI Roorkee

1 Structural System ndash Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain

reinforced) - cement sand aggregate steel

Base Materials for RCC and Steel Systems

a Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash Slag Calcinated Clay) attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and or direct addition of pozzolana material

b Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives Systemsa Ferro cement and b Pre-cast components for columns

beams slabs lofts balconies roofs etc

c Ready Mix Concreted Use Resinous curing agents

Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

21Polymerisedwater proof compound

22Portland PozzolanaCement Flyash CalcinedClay Based

23Portland Slag Cement

24RCC Door Frames

25Ready Mix Cement Concrete

26Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board

27Stone dust

28Water proof compound adhesive Polymer Powder

source Seminar on eco friendly building material by

Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-friendly materials amp techniques 1BagasseBoard ndashBMTPC2Bricks from Coal WasheryRejects -CBRI Roorkee3Building Blocks From Mine Waste ndashSERC4Burnt Clay FlyAshBricks -CBRI Roorkee5Coir Cement Board -CBRI Roorkee6Compressed Earth Blocks ndashBMTPC7EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI

Roorkee8FibreFlyashCement Boards ndashBMTPC9FibreReinforecedConcrete PrecastElements Wall

panels Blocks Manhole Covers ndashSERC10Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards -CBRI Roorkee11FlyashCellular Concrete FlyashCement Brick

Blocks -BMTPC12FlyashLime Cellular Concrete -CBRI Roorkee13FlyashLime Gypsum Brick -BMTPC14Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash-Central

Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata15Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC16Non Erodable Mud Plaster -CBRI Roorkee17Polytiles-CBRI Roorkee18Timber from trees such as Poplar Rubber

Eucalyptus -BMTPC19Precastwalling roofing components -CBRI

Roorkee20Prefab Brick Panel System -CBRI Roorkee

1 Structural System ndash Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain

reinforced) - cement sand aggregate steel

Base Materials for RCC and Steel Systems

a Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash Slag Calcinated Clay) attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and or direct addition of pozzolana material

b Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives Systemsa Ferro cement and b Pre-cast components for columns

beams slabs lofts balconies roofs etc

c Ready Mix Concreted Use Resinous curing agents

Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-friendly materials amp techniques 1BagasseBoard ndashBMTPC2Bricks from Coal WasheryRejects -CBRI Roorkee3Building Blocks From Mine Waste ndashSERC4Burnt Clay FlyAshBricks -CBRI Roorkee5Coir Cement Board -CBRI Roorkee6Compressed Earth Blocks ndashBMTPC7EPS Composites and Door Shutters -CBRI

Roorkee8FibreFlyashCement Boards ndashBMTPC9FibreReinforecedConcrete PrecastElements Wall

panels Blocks Manhole Covers ndashSERC10Fibrous Gypsum Plaster Boards -CBRI Roorkee11FlyashCellular Concrete FlyashCement Brick

Blocks -BMTPC12FlyashLime Cellular Concrete -CBRI Roorkee13FlyashLime Gypsum Brick -BMTPC14Insulating Bricks from Rice Husk Ash-Central

Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata15Jute Fibre Polyester -BMTPC16Non Erodable Mud Plaster -CBRI Roorkee17Polytiles-CBRI Roorkee18Timber from trees such as Poplar Rubber

Eucalyptus -BMTPC19Precastwalling roofing components -CBRI

Roorkee20Prefab Brick Panel System -CBRI Roorkee

1 Structural System ndash Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain

reinforced) - cement sand aggregate steel

Base Materials for RCC and Steel Systems

a Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash Slag Calcinated Clay) attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and or direct addition of pozzolana material

b Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives Systemsa Ferro cement and b Pre-cast components for columns

beams slabs lofts balconies roofs etc

c Ready Mix Concreted Use Resinous curing agents

Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

1 Structural System ndash Alternatives to Cement Concrete (plain

reinforced) - cement sand aggregate steel

Base Materials for RCC and Steel Systems

a Pozzolana Material content (Fly-ash Slag Calcinated Clay) attained through use of Blended Portland Cement (BPC) and or direct addition of pozzolana material

b Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar

c Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives Systemsa Ferro cement and b Pre-cast components for columns

beams slabs lofts balconies roofs etc

c Ready Mix Concreted Use Resinous curing agents

Recommended eco-friendly alternatives

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

2 Masonry Alternatives to Fired clay bricks cement concrete

blocks stone

a Use of Fly ash + sand + lime bricks blocks

b Pulverized debris + cement bricks blocks

c Industrial waste based bricks blocks

d Aerated lightweight BPC concrete blocks

e Phospho-Gypsum based blocks

f Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

g Rat trap bond (cavity wall)

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely Soil preparation Moulding

Drying and Firing The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks The amount of total

coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition quality of coal etc A

tonne of coal gives about 123MJ to 133MJ depending upon quality of the coal generally transported from

far off distances The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5MJ

per brick

Bricks

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Brick masonry units may be solid hollow orarchitectural terra cotta

All types can serve structural function a decorative function or combination of both

The various types differ in their formation and composition Building brick also called common hard or kiln-run brick is made from ordinary clay or shale and is fired in kilns These bricks have no special shoring markings surface texture or colour

Buildingbricks are generally used as the backing courses in either solid or cavity brick walls the harder and more durable types are preferred

Face brick is better quality and has betterdurability and appearance than building brick Because of this face bricks are used in exposed wallfaces The most common face brick colors are various shades of brown red gray yellow and whiteClinker brick is overburned in the kiln Clinkerbricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimesirregular in shape

TYPES OF BRICKS

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Clinker brick is over burned in the kiln Clinker bricks are usually rough hard durable and sometimes irregular in shape Pressed brick is made by a dry-press process rather than by kiln firing

Pressed bricks have regular smooth faces sharp edges and perfectly square corners Ordinarily they are used like face brick

Glazed brick has one surface coated with a whiteor colour ceramic glazing The glazing forms whenmineral ingredients fuse together in a glasslike coatingduring burning Glazed bricks are particularly suitedto walls or partitions in hospitals dairies laboratoriesand other structures requiring sanitary conditions andease of cleaning

Fire brick is made from a special type of clay Thisclay is very pure and uniform and is able to withstandthe high temperatures of fireplaces boilers andsimilar constructions

Cored bricks have ten holes two rows of five holes each-extending through their beds to reduce weight Walls built from cored brick are not much different in strength than walls built from solid brick

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

The Stabilised Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a cost effective environmentally sound masonry system The stabilised compressed earth block has a wide application in construction for walling roofing arched openings corbels etc

Stabilised earth blocks are manufactured by compacting raw material earth mixed with a

stabilised such as cement or lime under a pressure of 20 ndash 40 kgcm using manual soil press such as Balram A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in India

The basic principle of all the machines is the compaction of raw earth to attain dense even sized masonry Some of the hydraulic machine can even manufacture interlocking blocks

These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and mortar less construction

The most important factor that affects the quality of a compressed earth block is the composition of the soil mix used to manufacture the blocks The physical properties of soil have greater relevance in the manufacture of compressed earth block They include colour particle size break-up structural stability adhesion bulk density capillary porosity specific heat moisture content permeability linear contraction and dry strength

Soil classified as clayey sands are excellent for making blocks Such soils require little stabilisation to achieve block strength 20 kgsq cm with the BALRAM machine The optimum soil composition for compressed soilmud block is 7 gravel 53 sand 20 silt and 20 clay

Stabilised Compressed Earth Block

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

The compressed earth block overcomes these limitations by an increase in block density through compaction using a mechanic press The water content in soil is low for compaction as compared to the puddle clay required for mud bricks and ensures much greater dimensional stability

A block has high density which varies between 18 and 21 gmcc this gives more load bearing capacity and improved water resistance

- is low cost - is easy to manufacture locally by small group

of people4 - is low in energy consumption because no fuel

is burnt for block making or transportation - can use soil available at site - has smooth surfaces With these advantages a compressed earth

block can be used for construction ofhouses Greater design care and stabilisation enable the construction of more ambitious structures that need less maintenance and are longer lasting

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Low energy and emissions Uniform size High strength Thermal insulation Versatile Cost effective

Advantages

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Fly Ash Brick Fly Ash Brick machine made Bricks are

manufactured as per the industrial standards by using latest concrete compact technology which involves pressing load that helps in constructing bricks of higher compressive strength amp low water absorption

Fly Ash Brick is widely appreciated for the following features

Low water absorption capability Dimensional accurate High Compressive Strength Durability Uniform Shape

Apart from these we also offer concrete bricks cement bricks blocks and square concrete bricks These can be provided to our clients in customized shapes sizes colours and dimensions as per their usage requirements

Raw Materials that is required for fly ash brick

Fly Ash Stone grit Crushed sand Cement or lime

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

STONE -

The history of mankind to have begun wiyh the stone age merked by the use of implements weapons made of stone The discory of stone age article from Palghat in kerala And stone buildings of the late archeuliam to lower middle paliolithic perioc of fifty thousand BC established the early use of stone as building material in the indian subcontinent

Stone has been defined as natural heard substance form from mineralk and earth materisl which are present in rock Rock may be defined as the portio0n of the earth crustr having no definite shape and structure

Classification of building stone - Except serpentine and stone all important building stones can be classified into three main groups

bullIgneous ndash ignious rocks such as granite and besalt are the result of solidification from a molten state

bullSedimentary ndash sedimentary rocks are composed of sand clay and other substance resulting from a disintigration of stone into small particles

bullMetamorphic rocks ndash it is a product of both ignious and sedimentary rocks form either by pressure heat action of water or a combination of water

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Uses of stone -

Use of stone in building material depend upon the nature of the work type of the structural element in which it is to be use and its quality availability and transportation cost For structural purposes granite gneiss trap sand stone lime stone marble quartzite and slate are most useful Foundation and wall items ndash quarry split and sawn stone from rock are used to erect the substructure of building Piece stone sawn and split from lime ston e sand stone dolamite and volconic tuff are used for walls piers abutement etc Facing and architectural items ndash facing slab and stone stairs and landing parapet etc are made of slabs sawn or split from semi-finished product blocks with glossy dull ground sawn pointed fluted or rock finish Facing slab stone of granite besalt gabbro marbel breccia limestone sandstone and volcanic tuff are generally used

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Masonry Using The lsquoRat-Trap Bondrsquo Technology

IntroductionThe rat-trap bond technology has been developed by Architect Laurie Baker with the HABITAT Resource Centre in India andis a result of its experimentations in cost-effective housing technologies conducted over 40 years This technology has been used in India for over 20 years and has been successfully adopted in Sri Lanka by Practical Action in partnership with a local community based organisation called the Rural Centre for Development (also known by the Sinhala acronym `Sangramarsquo)

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

middot The rat-trap brick wall can be constructed in 8rdquo or 9rdquothicknessesmiddot Its strength is equal to standard 9rdquo brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks (it is also considered more earthquake resistant based on observations made after an earthquake)middot The air medium that is created by the bond helpsmaintaining a good thermal comfort inside the buildingmiddot As the construction is appealing to the eye both internallyamp externally plastering is not necessarymiddot 100 square feet of this wall will cost only LKR 6454- as against the traditional 9rdquo wall that costs LKR 8759-(These amounts are as of March 2005)middot The overall cost saving on this wall compared to thetraditional 9rdquo wall is about 26

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4 (100 mm) with alternate course of stretchers and headersThe headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the wallsAdvantages-bullStrength is equal to standard 9 (229mm) brick wall but consumes 20 less bricks bullThe air medium that is created by the bond helps maintaining a good thermal comfort inside the building bullAs the construction is appealing to the eye from both internally amp externally plastering is not necessary bullThe overall saving on cost of this wall compared to the traditional 9 wall is about 25 bullAn ideal mechanism for the congested low-income communities where land is scarce but building a standard up-stair house is not a financially viable option bullIt is true that open wiring and plumbing is preferred But if you plan your services at an early stage of design it can enrich your building You can also save on plastering cost and materials and on future costs of re-painting (its maintenance-free)

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

This technology has about 25 overall-saving on cost of a building of traditional 9 construction The structure has proven its strength to go up to three floors with the support of brick columns With this technique there is reduction in cost of the wall by 25 as with conventional English bond (9rsquorsquothk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu m whereas in Rat-trap bond only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar consumption

Disadvantages-bullIt has to be done by masons trained in rat trap bond because there could be wastage of mortar falling into the gap bullThe other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing If you break one brick then more than one brick will fall down

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 125mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (T-Joint)

For extra stability-- Vertical Rod should be placed at 245mm from the inner face of the Brickwork Rat-trap Bond (L-Joint)

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

CSV Mud House

Tile faced mud block technology Conical tiles arch roof Frameless door amp windows Terracotta Flooring

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Tile-faced Mud Blocks

Several combinations of the locally available Black Cotton (BC) soil which has good binding properties with bhaswa and murram (hard soil) are possible for making adobe blocks

One part of BC soil to four parts of murram makes strong blocks with reasonable stability through moisture cycles However the exterior face of a mud wall succumbs to weathering and consequent erosion necessitating maintenance cycles beyond the time resources of poor daily-wage labourers

This enforced neglect is commonly noticed in dilapidated walls

CSVrsquos Wardha Blocks have combined the low cost of mud with weather resistance of terra cotta

One face of the block is provided with a weatherproof skin a bunt clay tile with a dovetail key at the back to anchor it to the block Red clay pottery continues to be a traditional skill in the region

These tiles draw on these skills and resources for this new product

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

The tiles are made with simple techniques using wooden moulds The face tiles measures 9rdquo x 4rdquo x frac12 ldquo and has a key 1rdquokey projection Householders can also make it

One woman can make 250 such tiles a day which can then be baked locally by the village potter Each face tile costs 40 p or less

The mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof With no need of a press or ram or concrete or any

other binding material ordinary mud is used to make 230thick walls using tile faced mud blocks of 100thk and filling the masonry joints with cement pointing

The mud blocks are made from 80 murum amp 20 BC soil or clayey soil using 230 X 230 wood or steel mould in which facing tile is kept on one side and then it is filled with mud mix by hands

If required inner surface of the wall can also be tiled

For internal walls mud blocks of 300 X 230 thk are made without facing tiles for which appropriate moulds areused

can themselves make the blocks For a villager houseof 250-sqft only three days labour is required for block making Each block costs about Rs 150- (withoutfacing tile)

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Construction of tile faced mud block wall

outer view

Tile Faced Mud Block

Making of Tile Faced Mud Blocks and face tiles

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Detailed process of making of tile faced

mud blocks

Tile faced mud blocks drying in sunlight

Outside View Inside View Mud Plastering

TILE FACED MUD BLOCK

WALL CONSTRUCTION

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

FACED TILESBurnt Clay Face Tile

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

MAKING OF FACED WALL TILES

1

5

4

2

3

87

6

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

ldquoGunardquo in Telugu is a tapering burnt clay pipe The familiar semi-cylindrical pan tiles are obtained by splitting such pipes vertically into two

These ldquoGunardquo tapering pipes can be socketed into one another forming an arch over a suitably curved shuttering

A series of such arches make a barrel vault capable of withstanding considerable loads ndash upto 1 tonm2

The top of the roof is given a plaster finish After joints are filled and topped with plaster the roof becomes rigid and waterproof doing totally without steel or timber

The cost of this roof works out to Rs 20sqft The roof needs neither wood nor steel and is most

suitable for disaster prone areas like flood amp earthquake as it is quick to build comfortable to live and low in cost

Guna Vault Roof

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof

It has no under structure yet can bear weight of 1000 kgm2

It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days

Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years

It is not affected by rain hail or wind Being light in weight (less than 12 kgsqft)

the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes Even if the mud walls collapse the roof

remains intact residing on pillars and beams

Guna Vault Roof has the following advantages

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

They are supported by gable walls at both ends Guna pipes are now laid dry on this skeleton shuttering in a plug-socket manner completing the roof ring by ring

Limecement mortar is now poured on the roof trowelling it into the gaps and leaving the top rough to receive the finishing coat

Care is taken to remove the skeleton support within 12 hours to allow natural setting

bullAfter construction of brick pillars ring beams and gable walls the MS trusses are placed inposition above the opposite pillars held with guy ropes and timber poles Now GI pipes (12 mm dia 10 nos) are placed on the trusses in the MS rings provided at specific points

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN(Loading process)

BURNING OF TILES IN THE

POTTERY KILN

BAKING OF CONICAL TILES IN THE KILN

(Unloading process)

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

DETAILS OF ROOF CENTERING

FIXING OF CONICAL TILES OVER CENTERING

LAYING OF CONICAL TILES BY INSERTING THEM IN TO EACH

OTHER

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF INSIDE VIEW

(Ready for plaster)

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster

REMOVING THE CENTERING AFTER PLASTERING

GUNA TILE ARCH ROOF

Second coat of Cement Plaster

completed

CONICAL TILED ARCH ROOF DETAILS

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

3FLOORING is IPS (Indian Patent Stone) finished in green colour with brick red borders

Alternatively flooring can also be mud or terracotta tile or stone tile finished

DOOR WINDOW frames are fabricated in mild steel with horizontal guard bars and fixed in position by hold-fasts to the brick columns

Main door shutters and window shutter are in bamboo battened teak wood where as internal doors are in block board

WINDOW DRESSING is done in pull up woven jute bamboo mat blinds It absorbs heat and keep the interiors cool and add to the beauty of house

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

4 Plastering ndash Alternatives to Cement sand plaster of paris

gypsum

a Calcium Silicate Plasterb Cement Plaster c Use of Fiber reinforced clay plaster d Phosphor-Gypsum Plastere Non-erodable Mud Plaster

Gypsum plasterGypsum plaster is very safe from fire cause it has some kind materials cannot burn by fire So gypsum plaster not only use by ceiling design or interiors design but in other countries they use as passsive fire protection and fireproofing too The plaster provides a layer of insulation to retard heat flow into structural steel elements that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fireIf we use a gypsum plaster to make our ceiling design we have a lot off advantage One of the advantage is this gypsum plaster has save from fire Gypsum plaster easier for the installation cause just have many step Gypsum plaster free from insect

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Critical Factors

1 Proportion of mud and bitumen 2 Mixing of mud 3 Finishing 4 Availability of bitumen

1 Mud should be thoroughly mixed with rice husk 2 For every 0035cum of soil add 2 kg of cut back bitumen 3 Mud wall should be plain and free from cracks before applying the mortar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER

Construction Process

Take measured quatity of rice husk

Add mud to the collected rice husk

Add bitumen to the mud mix and knead

knead thoroughly

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Collect the prepared mud mortar into pans for plastering

Sprinkle water over the wall surface and apply mud plaster

Plaster the outer wall surface which is exposed to rain water

Allow the plaster to dry for two days and apply cow dung

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling

1Characteristic It is a new type of decorative material made of gypsum power fiber calcium and silicate with a reinforcing chemical formula

2Strength with the unique intensity enhanced formula ATY series have overcome the low intensity and the weakness of fragility of ordinary plasterboard It possesses higher strength than the traditional paper surfaced plasterboard In addition it is tested that it does not smash while falling to the cement ground freely within one-meter high

3 Fireproof Class A incombustibility

4Waterproof ATY calcium silicate gypsum ceiling is made by the ATY unique waterproof chemical formula possesses a well performed waterproof feature The product does not distort after immersing in water There is no water stain

after drying

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Performance

Fireproof

Class A incombustibility Environmental friendly

Gypsum is a widely used building material with long history the feature of white colour and environmental friendly is widely recognized in the industry

Humidity absorption

Gypsum absorbs the moist in the air adjusting the indoor temperature enjoys the reputation of ldquonatural air conditioningrdquo

Waterproof

The product does not distort after immersing in water for 48hours it can be used in the environment with above 95 humidity

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

5 Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous non-ferrous sheets tiles thatch

a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plastics instead of PVC and Foam PVC Polycarbonates acrylics amp plastics

b Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles c Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets

Raw Material Bamboo mat Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyurethane coating

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

The main raw material for the production of BMCS is bamboo which is the fastest growing plant and occurs naturally in the forests and is also suitable for plantation even over degraded lands For manufacturing BMCS bamboo is to be converted into mats that are hand woven by ruraltribal people particularly women Thus the product is both environment and people friendly

The technology for manufacture of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheet has been transferred to an entrepreneur

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet

Leveraging on our sophisticated infrastructure and in depth knowledge of our team we are able to manufacture optimum quality of fiber reinforced plastic roof sheets Some of the salient features of our roof sheets for which they are widely used includes the followingDurable

Corrosion resistance High grade material

bulldurable and long lasting plain roofing fiber reinforced plastic sheets that is one of our most popular products bullWidely used in various industries the product has the following featuresCorrosion resistanceSimple setupSturdy constructionFlexibleThese sheets are ideally suitable for factory shades warehouses swimming pools gardens terrace open to sky areas parking areas of multi storeyed buildings and shopping complexes

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

6 Flooring paving and road work

Alternatives to wood stone ceramics concrete

a Fly ash industrial waste pulverized debris blocks in BPC

b Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving

c Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7 Tiles for interiorsa Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi

covered areas b Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified)c Mosaic Tiles Terrazzo Flooring d Cement Tiles e Phospho-Gypsum Tiles f Bamboo Board Flooring

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo

bull FSC Wood Flooring

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Linoleum Cork and Bamboo Rapidly renewable natural materials

Linoleum All natural renewable materials Durable and low-maintenance

material Virtually limitless creative design

opportunities countertops included Creating e nergy at the end of its useful life

Cork Flooring Rapidly renewable material with superior

durability characteristics Can be stained to match virtually any color Natural buoyancy allows for comfort underfoot Absorbs sound in noisy interiors

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Bamboo Rapidly renewable material Incredibly durable ndash great

life cycle Beautiful design possibilities Two basic types of bamboo flooring Strand

and Solid Available from sustainably managed sources

Eco-Friendly Countertops Recycled glass paper and plastic

Recycled Glass

bull 85 glassbull 100 of the glass is recycled in the USAbull Manufactured in the USAbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Cradle to Cradle Certifiedbull No off-gassing

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Compressed Paper

Recycled Plastic

bull Up to 100 Post ndash Consumer recycled paperbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull PaperStone Certified contains 100recycled paper and is certified by the FSC

Recycled Plastic 3-Form 100bull 100 recycled plasticbull Diverts waste from the landfillbull Up-cycled into higher qualitybull Reduces the demand for virgin materialsbull Entirely Recyclable

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

EARTH FLOORING 1 Remove all organic matter from earth

2 Mud should be thoroughly mixed

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

8 Windows Doors and openings ndash Steel aluminum timber glass RCC PVC

Stonea Ferro cement and Pre-cast RCC lintel

chajja and jalisb Masonry bond combinations for jali work Alternatives to Timber and Aluminum

Steel frames a Ferrocement b Pre-cast RCC Frames Frameless Doors c Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Framesd Hollow recycled steel channels and

recycled Aluminium Channels and Components

Shutters and Panels ndash alternatives to timber plywood glass aluminum

a Red Mud based Composite door shutters b Laminated Hollow Composite Shutters c Other wood alternatives

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

9 Electrical Alternatives for Aluminum brass PVC GI SSa Use unplasticised PVC or HDPE productsb Where applicable use products with recycled

aluminum and brass components

10 Water supply Sanitary and Plumbing System

a RCC uPVC GI CI pipes instead of lead AC pipes

b Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings fixtures and accessories

c Use Polymer Plastic (Random) hot cold water system instead of GI

d Manholes and covers - use Pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised PVC instead of CI

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

11 Wood Renewable timber from plantations with

species having not more than 10 year cycle or timber from a government certified forest plantation or timber from salvaged wood

Plywood should be phenol bonded and not urea bonded

Use of MDF Board Instead of Plywood

Bamboo PlyMat Board Fibre Reinforced Polymer Board Bagasse Board Coir Composite Board Bamboo mat Veneer Composite Finger Jointed Plantation Timber Board Recycled Laminated Tube Board Aluminium-Foil+Paper+Plastic Composite Board Use of Mica Laminates and Veneer on Composite boards instead of natural timber

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives

a Use of water based chemicals instead of solvent based

b Epoxy resins instead of tar felt pitch

13Painting Polishing Priming and similar surface finishing

a Use of Cement Paint Epoxy Resin Paint for external surfaces

b Use of Water based paints enamels primers and polishes

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Conclusion Eco friendly locally available materials

and there techniques are simple to

use costless and environment safe

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

Bibliography

httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart EnviroGadgetcombull httpwwwbuildingmaterialorgbull wwwautomation-drivecomconcrete-blockbull A handbook of csv housing technologybull httpwwwnaturalbuilthomecom httpwwwgreen2greenorg httpwwwgreenhomeguideorg httpwwwbuildingreuseorg httpwwwfscorg httpwwwthenaturalsteporgcomnyStart

bullSeminar on eco friendly building material by Mrs Zigisha Mhaskar

THANK YOUhellip

• Eco-Friendly Building Materials amp Technology
• Eco-Friendly Building Materials amp Technology
• Slide 3
• Aim of the study
• Scope
• What is Eco-friendly material
• Why eco-friendly materials
• Properties
• Conventional Eco-friendly materials
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Eco-friendly materials amp techniques
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Bricks
• TYPES OF BRICKS
• Slide 18
• Stabilised Compressed Earth Block
• Slide 20
• Advantages
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• CSV Mud House
• Tile-faced Mud Blocks
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• PREPARATION OF CLAY FOR THE MAKING OF GUNA TILES amp FACED WALL TILES
• MAKING OF GUNA TILES ON THE POTTERWHEEL
• BAKING OF GUNA TILES IN THE KILN (Loading process)
• Slide 43
• CONICAL TILE ARCH ROOF First coat of Plaster
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Calcium Silicate Plaster Ceiling
• Performance
• 5 Roofing and ceiling-
• Bamboo Matt Corrugated Roofing Sheets
• Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets
• Fiber Reinforced Plan Roof Sheet
• 6 Flooring paving and road work
• Eco-Friendly Resilient and Hardwood Flooring
• Linoleum Cork and Bamboo
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• EARTH FLOORING
• Slide 62
• 8 Windows Doors and openings ndash
• 9 Electrical
• 11 Wood
• 12 Water proofing chemicals additives sealants and adhesives
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Slide 69