ECO 450 Week 8 Quiz – Strayer

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Quiz 6 Chapter 11 and 12

C H A P T E R 1 1

Taxation, Prices, Efficiency,and the Distribution of Income

TRUE /FALSE QUESTIONS

1. A lump-sum tax results in both income and substitution effects. 

2. A consumer currently pays $500 a year retail sales taxes. She would be better off if she paid the same amount annually as a lump-sum tax. 

3. Clothing is sold in perfectly competitive markets where no externalities prevail. An excise tax on clothing will result in a market price for clothing that equals the marginal social benefit and marginal social cost of service. 

4. Assuming that the income effects are negligible and that beer is sold in a competitive market, a 10-cent per can tax on beer that causes a 10,000 can per month decline in sales will result in an excess burden of $1,000 per month. 

5. A tax on land results in an income effect on landlords but no substitution effect. Then it follows that the excess burden of a tax on land will be zero. 

6. The excess burden of a tax on interest income is $5 billion per year. Total interest income per year is $50 billion. The tax currently collects $15 billion in revenue per year. The efficiency-loss ratio of the tax is therefore 0.33. 

7. A payroll tax results in a difference between the gross wages paid by employers and the net wages received by workers. 

8. If the market supply of labor services is perfectly inelastic, a tax on labor income will reduce the net wages received by workers by the full amount of the tax per labor hour. 

9. If a $10 per unit tax is levied on the output of a monopolist, more of that tax will be shifted to consumers than would be the case if the same good were produced by a competitive industry. 

10. A study indicates that taxes in the United States reduce the Gini coefficient for the nation by 10 percent. This implies that taxes make the income distribution more equal. 

11. A lump-sum tax only results in income effects. 

12. An income tax is an example of a price-distorting tax. 

13. The more price-elastic the demand of a taxed item, the lower the excess burden of a tax on the sale of that item. 

14. If the tax on the sale of gasoline is doubled from 20 cents per gallon to 40 cents per gallon, the excess burden of the tax will quadruple. 

15. If the compensated elasticity of supply of labor is zero, then a tax on labor earnings will have zero excess burden. 

16. Lump-sum taxes do not prevent prices from equaling the marginal social cost and benefit of any goods and services.

17. Lump-sum taxes can vary in amount based on income level.

18. A lump-sum tax can distort prices and affect consumption behavior.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. A lump-sum tax:a. distorts market prices so that they do not simultaneously equal MSB and

MSC.b. can result in price changes but does not prevent prices from

simultaneously being equal to MSB and MSC.c. results in substitution effects that change prices.d. results in both substitution effects and income effects that change prices.

2. The current price of compact discs, which are traded in perfectly competitive markets, is $10. A $1 per unit tax is levied on the discs. Annual record sales decline from five million to four million as a result of the tax. Assuming that the income effect of the tax-induced price change is negligible, the excess burden of the tax will be:a. $500,000 per year.b. $1 million per year.c. $2 million per year.d. $2.5 million per year.

3. The elasticity of supply of land is zero. A tax on land results only in an income effect to landlords. Then it follows that a 10-percent tax on land rents will:a. have a positive excess burden.b. be shifted forward to tenants.c. be paid entirely by landlords.d. have zero excess burden.

e. both (c) and (d)4. Currently, a 10-cent per gallon tax is levied on gasoline consumption. The tax

is increased to 20 cents per gallon. The excess burden of the tax will:a. remain the same.b. double.c. increase four times.d. decline.

5. The supply of new cars is perfectly elastic. A $400 per car tax is levied on buyers. As a result of the tax,a. the price received by sellers will fall by $400.b. the price paid by buyers, including the tax, will increase by $400.c. the quantity of cars sold per year will be unchanged.d. the excess burden of the tax will be zero.e. both (c) and (d)

6. Other things being equal, the more inelastic the demand for a taxed good,a. the greater the portion of the tax paid by sellers.b. the greater the excess burden of the tax.c. the greater the portion of the tax paid by buyers.d. the less the portion of a tax on sellers that can be shifted to buyers.

7. The market supply of labor is perfectly inelastic. However, the income effect of tax-induced wage changes are believed to be substantial. Then it follows that a tax on labor income will:a. have zero excess burden.b. have positive excess burden.c. be paid entirely by workers as a reduction in net wages.d. both (a) and (c)e. both (b) and (c)

8. Suppose an economy is comprised of only two markets: one for food and the other for housing. A tax on food used to finance transfer payments is likely to:a. decrease the price of food.b. increase the price of housing.c. decrease the price of housing.d. have no effect on either the price of food or housing.

9. Differential tax incidence measures the effect:a. that a tax and the expenditures it finances have on the distribution of

income.b. that one tax alone has on the distribution of income.c. on the distribution of income of substituting one tax for another while

holding the size and composition of the budget fixed.d. on the distribution of income of substituting one tax for another while

changing the kinds of government services financed.

10. Most studies of tax incidence assume that taxes on labor income and other input services are borne entirely by the workers and other input owners that supply the services. This implies that the:a. supply of those input services is very elastic.b. supply of those input services is of unitary elasticity.c. supply of those input services is perfectly inelastic.d. demand for those input services is perfectly elastic.

11. Most studies show that the price elasticity of demand for gasoline is –0.2. If the price elasticity of supply is 2, then a tax on gasoline will:a. have no effect on the market equilibrium price of gasoline.b. cause the market equilibrium price of gasoline to fall.c. cause the market equilibrium price paid by buyers to rise.d. cause the net price received by sellers to fall.e. both (c) and (d)

12. The demand for medical care is very inelastic. If a 10-percent tax is levied on the sale of medical services and is collected from medical-care providers, then:a. the incidence of the tax is likely to be borne entirely by medical-care

providers.b. most of the tax is likely to be shifted to those who purchase medical

care.c. the market equilibrium price of medical care will fall.d. the excess burden of the tax is likely to be very high.

13. Which of the following is true about a lump-sum tax?a. It prevents efficiency from being attained in competitive markets.b. It causes substitution effects.c. It causes income effects.d. It causes both income effects and substitution effects.

14. Housing construction is generally believed to be an industry of constant costs. In the long run, which of the following is true if a $10 per square foot tax on housing construction is collected directly from builders?a. The incidence of the tax will be borne by builders.b. The excess burden of the tax will be zero.c. The quantity of new construction supplied will be unaffected.d. The tax will be fully shifted to buyers of new construction.

15. If the price elasticity of supply of labor is equal to 0.5 and the price elasticity of demand for labor is –2, then which of the following is likely to result from a tax on labor earnings?a. The tax will be fully borne by workers.b. Some of the tax will be shifted to employers as market equilibrium

wages increase.c. Market equilibrium wages will decline.d. There will be no effect on market equilibrium wages.

16. If a lump-sum tax is imposed, the slope of the new budget line relative to the budget line prior to the tax:a. remains unchanged.b. increases.c. decrease.d. can increase and decrease in different regions.

17. Viewed from origin a price distorting tax creates a new budget line with a ______ slope relative to the budget line without the tax.a. less steepb. more steepc. similard. varying

18. A $0.30 per unit tax is imposed on a good that reduces the quantity supplied and demanded by 1000 units. What is the deadweight loss (ignore price elasticities)?a. $300.00b. $100.00c. $150.00d. Cannot be determined.

19. If a per unit tax is imposed, but the quantity supplied and demanded does not change then:a. the demand is perfectly inelastic.b. the supply is perfectly inelastic.c. there is no deadweight loss.d. All of the above.

20. The efficiency-loss ratio relative to tax is:a. the deadweight loss less the tax revenue.b. the deadweight loss divided by the tax revenue reduced by one.c. the excess burden divided by the tax revenue.d. None of the above.

C H A P T E R 1 2

Budget Balance andGovernment Debt

TRUE /FALSE QUESTIONS

1. From 1950 to 2009, the federal government budget has been in balance in most years. 

2. The high employment budget deficit implies that increases in economic activity will not eliminate the actual deficit. 

3. Other things being equal, an increase in government borrowing is likely to increase interest rates. 

4. If taxpayers anticipate future tax increases when government borrows to finance deficits, increased government borrowing will increase interest rates. 

5. As of 2008, the amount of federal debt outstanding was equal to twice the annual GDP. 

6. From 1950 to 1980, the value of the federal debt as a percent of GDP declined. 

7. More than 50 percent of the federal debt in recent years has been outside debt. 

8. An increase in market rates of interest tends to decrease the market value of outstanding government debt. 

9. Deficit finance postpones taxation from the present to the future. 

10. The burden of the debt is borne by those who purchase government bonds. 

11. The federal government budget recorded surpluses between 1998 and 2001. 

12. State and local governments are usually required by state law to keep the budgets in balance. 

13. If business and personal saving are constant, then a federal budget deficit will have no impact on national saving. 

14. Other things being equal, a government surplus increases the supply of loanable funds available for investment. 

15. State revenue bonds are backed by the taxing power of state governments. 

16. A federal budget surplus can lead to more credit being available for productive activity.

17. A federal budget deficit can strain credit markets forcing the real rate of interest to decrease.

18. The U.S. deficit in the 1980s was structural in the sense that federal spending would exceed federal revenue even at a level of full employment.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The outstanding federal debt will decline in value if:a. budget deficits continue.b. the government runs a budget surplus.c. the market rate of interest increases.d. either (b) or (c)

2. The federal budget has been in deficit:a. for every year between 1970 and 1997.b. for every year between 1950 and 1997.c. only since 1980.d. for every year between 1960 and 1997.

3. The high employment deficit is estimated at $100 billion. Assuming that the economy is operating below full employment and that it will not overheat during the year,

a. the actual budget is not in deficit.b. increasing GDP will eliminate the deficit.c. increasing GDP will not eliminate the deficit.d. the actual budget is in surplus.

4. An increase in government borrowing has no effect on the willingness of citizens to save or on the demand for credit. Increased borrowing to cover deficits will therefore:a. reduce interest rates.b. increase interest rates.c. have no effect on interest rates.d. not require increased taxes in the future.

5. As a result of government borrowing to cover deficits, citizens increase the supply of savings to provide themselves with funds to pay anticipated increases in future taxes. Then it follows that increased government borrowing will:a. reduce private investment.b. increase private investment.c. have no effect of private investment.d. increase interest rates.e. both (a) and (d)

6. The total dollar value of the federal debt outstanding is:a. more than 50 percent of GDP.b. more than 100 percent of GDP.

c. less than 50 percent of GDP.d. less than 10 percent of GDP.

7. The federal government, its agencies, and the Federal Reserve System:a. are not permitted to hold outstanding federal debt.b. hold 50 percent of the outstanding federal debt.c. hold between 15 and 25 percent of the outstanding federal debt.d. hold 75 percent of the outstanding federal debt.

8. The largest portion of the net federal debt outstanding is owed to:a. foreigners.b. U.S. citizens and companies.c. federal government agencies.d. state and local governments.

9. The debt of state and local governments is mostly:a. internal.b. external.c. owed to citizens of other nations.d. worthless.

10. Government borrowing will:a. postpone taxation to the future.b. increase government interest cost.c. both (a) and (b)d. eliminate taxes.

11. Which of the following is true about the federal government budget balance in the United States?a. The federal budget has never had a surplus.b. The federal budget had a surplus every year from 1970 to 2008.c. The federal budget had a surplus from 1998 until 2001.d. The federal budget had a deficit from 1998 until 2001.

12. Which of the following can contribute to a decrease in national saving?a. a federal budget deficitb. an increase in the state and local government aggregate surplusc. a federal budget surplusd. an increase in personal saving

13. Other things being equal, a government budget surplus:a. increases the demand for loanable funds.b. increases the supply of loanable funds.c. is likely to increase market equilibrium interest rates.d. is unlikely to affect market equilibrium interest rates.

14. If the federal government runs a surplus consistently, then which of the following is likely to occur?a. National saving will decline.

b. The gross federal debt will increase.c. The gross federal debt will decrease.d. Market equilibrium interest rates are likely to rise as a result of the

surpluses.

15. General obligation bonds of state and local governments are:a. backed by revenue from public facilities such as sports stadiums.b. backed by the taxing power of state and local governments.c. usually used to finance transfer payments.d. usually used to finance capital expenditures.e. both (b) and (d)

16. A bond that is backed by the tolls collected from a bridge to be constructed from the proceeds of the bond is an example of:a. a general obligation bond.b. a non-obligation bond.c. a revenue bond.d. none of the above.

17. Evidence of “crowding out” in the market for loanable funds at a rate of 8% could be:a. private investors who will borrow only at a rate lower than 8%.b. private investors who are willing to accept a rate higher than 8% for

borrowing.c. a government surplus.d. a social security surplus.

18. High-employment deficit or surplus is:a. an extreme economic situation requiring emergency measures.b. the amount of deficit or surplus available assuming current employment

levels.c. the amount of deficit or surplus available when employment is at its

approximately full capacity.d. the amount of deficit or surplus available when unemployment is at a

relatively high level.

19. A government’s internal debt is:a. debt owed to other government agencies.b. debt owed to other governments.c. debt owed to its citizens.d. both (a) and (c).

20. The National Income and Product Accounts budget balance reflects:a. an inflation-adjusted budget balance less social security surplus.b. new debt resulting from a federal budget deficit.c. the real budget balance.d. the nominal budget balance.