ECLAC HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS1 Tourism Direct damage to tourism infrastructure ECLAC HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS2 Tourism Damage to beaches in tourist areas ECLAC HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS3 Damages to tourism Direct damages Repair or reconstruction costs of tourism infrastructure Repair or reconstruction costs of tourism infrastructure Repair or replacement cost of furniture and tourism equipment Repair or replacement cost of furniture and tourism equipment Damages to beaches and other tourist attractions Damages to beaches and other tourist attractions Indirect damages Temporary fall in hotel occupancy and income of enterprises Temporary fall in hotel occupancy and income of enterprises Negative effect in linked activities Negative effect in linked activities Cancelled future reservations and cost of promotion campaigns Cancelled future reservations and cost of promotion campaigns Unemployment Unemployment Differential impact on women Differential impact on women ECLAC HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS4 ECLAC HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS5 ECLAC HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS6 ECLAC HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS7 PRODUCTIVE SECTORS (Millions of dollars) Environment Direct losses in the sector and impact in other sectors, indirect effects through loss in environmental services ECLAC HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS9 Environment Resources / capital: Air Water Soil and Land Biodiversity (Flora and Fauna) Environmental services ECLAC HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS10 Disaster impacts on the environment Temporary damage or destruction of natural assets (direct damage) Temporary damage or destruction of natural assets (direct damage) Reduction or non availability of environmental services provided by natural resource endowmnet (indirect damage) Reduction or non availability of environmental services provided by natural resource endowmnet (indirect damage) ECLAC HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS11 Damages to the environment Direct damages Repair costs of natural resources to their previous state: reforestation, land stabilisation, protection against slippage, etc. Repair costs of natural resources to their previous state: reforestation, land stabilisation, protection against slippage, etc. Cost of alternative water sources Cost of alternative water sources Beach cleanup and replenishing Beach cleanup and replenishing Indirect damages Loss of environmental services Loss of environmental services Cleanup from spills of toxic materials Cleanup from spills of toxic materials ECLAC HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS12 Damage to land DS/Dic. 99 Erosion, landslides, landslips, crevices ECLAC HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS13 Damage to soils Parchment and loss of Humidity and fertility Silt deposits and pollution Erosion through inundation and overflowing ECLAC HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS14 Damages to soil Reduced production (agriculture, tourism, commerce, etc.) Pollution, Contamination, Inundation, drought Value of lost production Value of lost land Erosion, Sedimentation and landslides Indirect Damages Direct damages Damages caused by ECLAC HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS15 Estimating damages to soil When soil is destroyed it is associated with erosion, sedimentation or landslides: The direct cost is estimated at the commercial value of lost lands ($/ha), or appraised at the present value of (indirect) losses of production during a long enough time period. There are no indirect costs