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ECIE booklet 2015 - academic-conferences.org · Abstracts of the Papers Presented at the 10th...
Transcript of ECIE booklet 2015 - academic-conferences.org · Abstracts of the Papers Presented at the 10th...
Abstracts of the Papers
Presented at the 10th European Conference on
Innovation and Entrepreneurship
ECIE 2015
The University of Genoa, Italy
17‐18 September 2015
Copyright The Authors, 2015. All Rights Reserved.
No reproduction, copy or transmission may be made without written permission from the individual authors.
Papers submitted to this conference have been double‐blind peer reviewed be‐fore final acceptance to the conference. Initially, paper abstracts were read and selected by the conference panel for submission as possible papers for the con‐ference. Many thanks to the reviewers who helped ensure the quality of the full papers.
This Booklet of abstracts and other conference materials is provided to confer‐ence participants for use at the conference.
Conference Proceedings The Conference Proceedings is a book published with an ISBN and ISSN. The pro‐ceedings have been submitted to a number of accreditation, citation and indexing bodies including Thomson ISI Web of Science and Elsevier Scopus for indexing. The Electronic version of the Conference Proceedings is available to download from DROPBOX. (http://tinyurl.com/ECIE2015) Select Download and then Direct Download to access the Pdf file. Free download is available for conference par‐ticipants for a period of 2 weeks after the conference.
The Conference Proceedings for this year and previous years can be purchased from http://academic‐bookshop.com E‐Book ISBN: 978‐1‐910810‐50‐7 E‐Book ISSN: 2049‐1069 Book version ISBN: 978‐1‐910810‐49‐1 Book Version ISSN: 2049‐1050 CD Version ISBN: 978‐1‐910810‐51‐4 CD Version ISSN: 2049‐1077
Published by Academic Conferences and Publishing International Limited Reading, UK 44‐118‐972‐4148 www.academic‐publishing.org
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Contents
Paper Title Author(s) Guide page
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Preface xiii vi
Committee xv vii
Biographies xx x
Research papers
Study of the Contribution of Research Into Women Entrepreneurship: A Meta‐Analysis of Discourses in the Literature Using ATLAS.ti
Iiris Aaltio and Qian Wang
1 1
Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth Index in an Emerging Economy: Nigeria as a Case Study
Joy Tuoyo Adu and Bolaji Michael Cole
1 9
Entrepreneurial Education Pro‐grammes and Their Impact on Entre‐preneurs’ Attributes
Hamid Alalwany and Fawaz Saad
3 15
Success in the Entrepreneurship and Innovation Program (EIP): A SWOT Analysis
Hanadi Mubarak Al‐Mubaraki and Michael Busler
3 25
Development of Individual’s Entrepreneurship Abilities With Special Educations in Short‐Term
Hooshang Asheghi‐Oskooee
4 36
The Innovation Process of Russian Manufacturing Companies
Yulia Balycheva and Oleg Golichenko
5 45
Impediments and Needs of Start‐ups and Investors in South‐East Europe for Investment Readiness and Growth
Andreas Baresel‐Bofinger, Panayiotis Ketikidis and Nikos Zaharis
6 54
The Intersection of Design Thinking and 21st Century Approaches to Innovation
Christopher Baughn and Christy Suciu
7 64
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Paper Title Author(s) Guide page
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Eco‐Design or Eco‐Innovation? The Case of the Building Sector
Sonia Ben Slimane, Anna Glaser and Claire Auplat
8 73
Culture and its Effect on Female Entrepreneurship Around the World: Convergence or an Emerging Trend?
Stephanie Birkner and Helen Aderemi
9 83
Group Creativity in Biomedical Engineering Education
Samira Bourgeois‐Bougrine, Baptiste Sandoz, Rachele Allena and Barbara Dallez
10 90
Developing Entrepreneurship Learning Outcomes in Business Education and Beyond: Pedagogical Implications
Anthony Paul Buckley 11 99
Income Flows and Market Orientation in Academic Spin‐Offs: Empirical Evidences in Italy
Nicoletta Buratti, Renata Paola Dameri, Pier Maria Ferrando and Roberto Garelli
12 105
How Some HR Management Practices may Hinder Innovation: The Case of the Hotel Industry
Maria de Lurdes Calisto 12 113
Access to Bank Credit During the Economic Crisis: A Comparison Between Italian Male and Female Entrepreneurs
Francesca Maria Cesaroni and Annalisa Sentuti
13 121
Research‐Based Spin‐Offs as Agents of Knowledge Dissemination: Evidence From the Analysis of Innovation Networks
Oscarina Conceição, Cristina Sousa and Margarida Fontes
14 130
A Case on a Case: Embedding Sustainable Entrepreneurship Into a Managerial‐Skills Course
Orlando Enrique Contreras and Leidy Tatiana Rodríguez
15 139
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Paper Title Author(s) Guide page
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The eSG Project: A Blended Learning Model for Teaching Entrepreneurship Through Serious Games
Francesca Maria Dagnino, Alessandra Antonaci, Michela Ott, Elisa Lavagnino, Francesco Bellotti, Riccardo Berta and Alessandro De Gloria
16 14
Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Smart Cities: A S‐D Logic’s Application to the Role of Research Centres in Deprived Urban Areas
Stefano De Falco and Francesco Polese
18 157
Structured Crowdsourcing: A B2B Innovation Roadmap
Rick Edgeman, Toke Engell, Nik Grewy Jensen, Marian Vrtik, Jacob Eskildsen and Torben Tambo
19 165
Measuring the Impact of Tourism Education on Empowering Women Entrepreneurship in Egypt
Hanan Hosny Soliman El Assar and Heba Said
20 175
An Empirical Approach of (SMTEs) Tourism Entrepreneurship in Alexandria: Characteristics and Obstacles
Hanan Hosny Soliman El Assar and Heba Said
21 185
Network Models of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems in Developing Economies
Daniel Evans, Benjamin Thirey and Louis Boguchwal
22 195
Innovation Networks and the Governance of Rural Territories: The Case of Coruche
Maria de Fátima Ferreiro and Cristina Sousa
23 205
Putting Innovation in Place: Georgia Tech’s Innovation Neighbourhood of Tech Square
Greg Giuffrida, Jennifer Clark and Stephen Cross
24 214
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Paper Title Author(s) Guide page
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The Balance of Externalities and Internal Effects in National Innova‐tion Systems
Oleg Golichenko and Svetlana Samovoleva
25 223
Exploring Academic Entrepreneurship: A Case Study at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Rosilah Hassan, Norngainy Mohd Tawil,
Shamshubaridah Ramlee, Khaidzir Ismail and Wahiza Wahi
26 231
A State‐of‐the‐art Analysis of Innovation Models and Innovation Software Tools
Luis Hernandez‐Munoz, Meghana Torane, Ardavan Amini and Anandhi Vivekanandan‐Dhukaram
27 237
Venture Dynamics: Buying, Building, Selling Enterprises. Moving Entrepreneurship Education Beyond Start‐ups
Dale Heywood 28 246
How Does a Platform Leader Keep its Platform Profitable?
Takashi Hirao and Yusuke Hoshino
29 252
Think Differently: An Exploratory Study of Entrepreneurship and Homelessness
Laura Hougaz and Jon Deakin
30 263
Early‐Stage Financing of University Spin‐Offs: The Impact of Entrepreneurial Capabilities and Social Networks of Founding Teams During Start‐ups
Thanh Huynh and Dean Patton
30 272
Spin‐Offs as the Business Model for Innovation
Tatiana Iakovleva and Kjersti Vikse Meland
31 281
Practical Steps Towards Innovative Co‐Teaching
Anna‐Liisa Immonen and Kristiina Kinnunen
32 291
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How Managers and Entrepreneurs use the Innovative Social Technologies
Alexandra Ioanid, Cezar Scarlat and Gheorghe Militaru
32 298
The Role of Interdepartmental Collaboration in the Development of the Innovation Ecosystem of the Lomonosov Moscow State University
Nataliya Ivashchenko, Petr Kiryushin and Alexandra Engovatova
33 303
Morphogenetic Model to Explain Entrepreneurial Behaviour: The Case of Germany
Paul Jackson, Philip Dobson and Nancy Richter
34 312
Challenges and Opportunities of Infusing Entrepreneurial Methods in Fundamental Science Education: Action Learning at École Polytechnique
Karen Johnson and Akil Amiraly
35 320
Technology Entrepreneurship Competence as a Result of Experiential Learning: Relationship Between Knowledge, Skills and Abilities
Rita Juceviciene, Agne Kazakeviciute and Monika Petraite
36 330
Interorganizational Networks and Firm Performance: The Mediating Role of Organizational Learning and Innovation
Lolita Jurksiene and Jurgita Giniuniene
37 341
From Spheres Towards Spaces in Design and Creative Technology
Sangeeta Karmokar, Andy Connor and Ricardo Sosa
38 349
A Risk‐Taking Model of Entrepreneurial University Internationalization: The Case of CITY College
Panayiotis Ketikidis and Yannis Ververidis
39 357
Product and Process Innovation from Reverse Supply Chain and Network Management
Alena Klapalovác 40 366
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The Innovation Network Scoreboard: Towards key Performance Indicators for the Assessment of Innovation Networks
Holger Kohl, Jan‐Patrick Cap, Erik Blaich and Ariane von Raesfeld
41 375
Do Competencies of Entrepreneurs and Managers Influence Internationalization Processes? Investigation of Lithuanian SMEs
Renata Korsakiene and Danuta Diskiene
42 384
The Role of Entrepreneurial Learning in Industrial Marketing Success: A Longitudinal Study
Stefan Lagrosen 43 392
Entrepreneurial Learning for Quality and Competitiveness: A Study in the Spa‐Industry
Yvonne Lagrosen and Stefan Lagrosen
44 399
An Exploratory Study of Service Delivery Innovation Among Government Employees
Ophillia Ledimo and Nico Martins
45 408
How Students Are Taught Entrepreneurship in Universities
Kiefer Lee 45 415
Cooperation Networks for Entrepreneurship Education in Heis: Strategies for Skills Development in Mozambique
Dambusse Libombo and Anabela Dinis
46 422
Highlighting Triple Helix in the Innovation Process: Spanish Crisis, 2010‐2013
María Jesús Luengo, Teresa Areitio and María Obeso
47 432
Are Couple‐run Companies Financially Different From Family‐run Firms? Empirical Evidence From the Czech Republic
Ondřej Machek, Tomáš Pokorný and Jiří Hnilica
48 441
Barriers to Technology Transfer at R&D Organisations
Adam Mazurkiewicz and Beata Poteralska
48 449
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Paper Title Author(s) Guide page
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Universal Methodology for the Innovative Technologies Assessment
Adam Mazurkiewicz, Beata Belina, Beata Poteralska, Tomasz Giesko and Wojciech Karsznia
49 458
Green Universities and Eco‐Friendly Learning: From League Tables to Eco‐Entrepreneurship Education.
Christopher Moon 50 468
The Structural Model of Organizational Climate Based on Managers’ Entrepreneurship in Universities
Fattah Nazem and Monirehalsadat Naghavi Benvid
51 478
Community Groups and Female Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries: A Study of a Senegalese Case
Mamour Ndour and Laurice Alexandre‐Leclair
52 485
Towards Women Empowerment: A Social Entrepreneurship Approach in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Florabel Nieva 53 494
Microfinancing and the Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Ghana
Franklin Odoom and Smile Dzisi
54 503
Entrepreneurship and Innovativeness in an eLearning Training Project in Romania
Andrei Ogrezeanu, Andreea Ogrezeanu and Andrei Niculescu
55 512
Open Service Innovation Platform in a Smart City
Jukka OjasaloL 56 521
Which Policies can Encourage the Diffusion of new Technologies? A Literature Review
Adele Parmentola, Michele Simoni and Ilaria Tutore
57 529
Social Outsourcing as a Development Tool for Social Enterprises
Ruslan Pavlov 58 539
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Paper Title Author(s) Guide page
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Which Professors are Helping Universities to Transfer Technology by Creating Spin off?
Aura Pedraza, Johana León and Carolina Betancur
59 546
Customer Value Placed Under Scrutiny: New Perspectives for an Integrative Co‐Creation Approach
Sabina Potra and Monica Izvercian
60 555
Entrepreneurship: A Contemporary Challenge to Sustainable Competitiveness of Thai Rubber Farmers
Suteera Puangpronpitag
61 561
Input and Output Additionality of R&D Programmes in European SMEs
Dragana Radicic and Geoffrey Pugh
63 567
Influence of Entrepreneurial Education and Technological Creativity on Entrepreneurial Intentions of Students in Zimbabwe: A Theoretical Perspective
Patient Rambe, Takawira Munyaradzi Ndofirepi and Dennis Yao Dzansi
64 576
The Dynamics Between Transformational Leadership, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Intrapreneurial Intention Among Employees
Seyed Hadi Razavi and Kamarulzaman Bin Ab Aziz
65 585
A Study on the Performance of Technology Transfer Units
Fernando Romero and António Rocha
65 592
Entrepreneurial Learning in Context: An Exploration of Learning Models in Different Domains
Michele Rusk and Pauric McGowan
67 600
Entrepreneurship in the Development of an Agile Enterprise: Theoretical and Practical Aspects
Maja Sajdak 67 609
Financing Constraints Faced by Small and Medium Tourist Businesses in India
Navjot Sandhu and Javed Hussain
67 618
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Human Resource Management and Innovation: What Lessons From Italian Social Enterprises?
Daria Sarti and Teresina Torre
69 626
Crowdfunding in the Context of Traditional Financing for Innovative SMEs
Andreas Schenk 70 636
Entrepreneurial Marketing in the Last Decade: A Literature Review
Oliver Schuster, Christine Falkenreck and Ralf Wagner
72 644
When Risk‐Neutral and Risk‐Averse Entrepreneurs Work Together: A Different Kind of Support
Niousha Shahidi 73 655
Entrepreneurship in the Gymnasiums Business: Mantras for Success
Krishna Shetty and Bramha Duggal
74 664
Cooperation and Innovation Activity: Study of the Relationship at the Regional Level
Viacheslav Sirotin and Marina Arkhipova
74 673
Business Coaching and the Development of Agric‐Businesses in Africa
Dzisi Smile, Dza Mawuko and Odoom Franklin
75 683
International Knowledge Networks in Sustainable Energy Technologies: Evidence From European Projects
Cristina Sousa and Isabel Salavisa
76 691
Positive Stress and Reflective Practice Enhancing Innovativeness Among Entrepreneurs
Kati Tikkamäki, Päivi Heikkilä and Mari Ainasoja
77 699
Transitioning Towards Employee‐Driven Innovation: Lessons From Pioneers in the ICT Sector
Lia Tirabeni, Paola Pisano and Klas Eric Soderquist
78 707
Product and Process Innovation to Exploit new Market Opportunities and Overcome the Crisis: An Italian Family Firm Case Study
Elisa Truant 79 716
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Towards entrepreneurial spirit at JAMK University of Applied Sciences; First year students’ views towards entrepreneurship
Minna Tunkkari‐Eskelinen and Mikael Viitasaari
80 724
Evaluation of Institutional Factors Shaping Entrepreneurial University: A Tale of two Universities and Regional Development in Russia
Dina Williams, Alexander Bedny and Nadezhda Terlyga
81 731
Anticipated Emotions in Nascent Entrepreneurship: A Latent Profile Analysis
Leonidas Zampetakis, Manolis Lerakis, Konstantinos Kafetsios and Vassilis Moustakis
81 740
BoP and Entrepreneurship: The Intersection of two Research Paths
Katrin Zulauf, Dominik Brockhaus, Oliver Schuster, Katharina Raab, Taylan Urkmez, Mario M. Keul and Ralf Wagner
82 749
PHD Research Papers 85 757
Impact of Customer Networks on Customer Lifetime Value Models
Pavel Jašekc 87 759
Culture and Entrepreneurship: A Developing Country Perspective
Nomusa Benita Mazonde and Teresa Carmichael
88 765
MCDM Methods: Alternative for Evaluation of Regional Innovation Performance
Eva Minarčíková 89 773
Contextualizing Corporate Governance and Innovation Generation: On Managerial Risk Taking
Nicolette Prugsamatz 90 781
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Paper Title Author(s) Guide page
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The ‘Model of Győr’: Triple Helix Interactions and Their Impact on Economic Development
János Rechnitzer and Petra Kecskés
90 787
The Reverse Business‐Modelling Framework: A new Approach Towards Action‐Oriented Entrepreneurship
Radostina Ruseva and Petko Ruskov
91 769
Masters Research Paper 93 805
When Growth is Critical: Indian Biotechnology Start‐ups’ Perspective
Aditi Yadav and Lata Dyaram.
95 807
Non Academic Paper 97 817
Trends in the Modern Education System: International Experience (USA) and Kazakhstan (Intellectual School)
Arman Imansharipova 99 819
Work In Progress Papers 101 825
Boundaryless Careers and Social Capital in Entrepreneurial Family Firms
Filippo Ferrari 103 827
Design and Innovation as Drivers of Modern Entrepreneurship
Charles Ikem, Aldo Salinas Aponte and Moreno Muffatto
103 832
Matching Experiential Learning Style With Entrepreneurial Opportunities: A Framework
Alexandros Kakouris, Heather Fulford and Panagiotis Liargovas
104 836
The Role of Empathy in Social Enterprise
Anna Kopec, Richard Hazenberg and Fred Seddon
104 840
Abstracts only 107
Why Does Creative Destruction no Longer Work? Proposing Actions for Increasing Employment
Arvind Ashta
109
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Hotel Quality in the European Capital of Culture: Leeuwarden 2018
Sjoerd Gehrels and Thomas Landen
110
Social Entrepreneurship: Perspective of Croatia
Marko Kolakovic, Boris Sisek and Mladen Turuk
110
HEInnovate: Engaging with Entrepreneurship at Universities
Adam Krcal and Rebecca Allinson
110
Female Perspectives on Sustainopreneurship: From Beneficiary to Women of Action?
Frauke Lange 113
A Coevolutionary Approach to Understanding Success Factors in SME Internationalization
Angela Poulakidas 114
The mechanisms through which personality traits influence the entrepreneurial intentions toward the promotion of cultural heritage: An empirical contribution with Italian late adolescents
Laura Di Giunta 115
Competetion Abstracts 117
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Innovation Mersha Aftab
119
The Start‐o‐mat Dirk Brunnberg 120
TOM INN&ENT Rainer Harms 121
Turning Technology into Business Dap Hartmann 122
Shake Away Weekend: Training to Behave in a More Creative Way
Asun Ibáñez 123
Business Team Tech: Cross‐Disciplinary Working for High‐Growth Start‐Ups
Carol Jarvis 124
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Curriculum Development for Tech‐nology Based Entrepreneurship Edu‐cation: Cross Disciplinary Networked Approach
Rita Jucevičienė 125
Simulated Business Environment Chris Moon 126
FACE ‐ Future Authentic Creative En‐trepreneurs
Sabine Mueller 126
The Wonders of Alice in Teaching Ef‐fectuation.
Noreen O'Shea 128
Creating Macedonian Innovative Youth
Radmil Polenakovik 128
Design Thinking: A Step Toward Fos‐tering Creativity And Innovation In Class Environment
Sojendra Pradhan 130
X‐Factor in Entrepreneurship Firuz Zare 131
Citation Pages 133
Google Scholar The Importance of Paper citations and Google Scholar
135
Jotter Page Blank Paper for notes
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Preface These proceedings represent the work of contributors to the 10th European Con‐ference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (ECIE 2015), hosted this year by The University of Genoa, Italy on the 17‐18 September 2015. The Conference Chair is Prof Luca Beltrametti and the Programme Co‐chairs are Prof Renata Paola Dameri, Prof. Roberto Garelli and Prof. Marina Resta, all from the University of Genoa.
ECIE continues to develop and evolve. Now in its 10th year the key aim remains the opportunity for participants to share ideas and meet the people who hold them. The scope of papers will ensure an interesting two days. The subjects cov‐ered illustrate the wide range of topics that fall into this important and growing area of research.
The opening keynote presentation is given by Marco Doria – Mayor of Genoa on the topic of Innovation and entrepreneurship in Genoa: past, present and future. A second keynote will be given by Flavia Marzano from the National board for innovation and Italian digital agenda on the topic of Innovation: New visions not just new technologies. The second day Keynote will be given by Roberto Santoro, President of the European Society of Concurrent Engineering Network (ESoCE Net) on the topic of People Olympics for healthy and active living: A people driven social innovation platform.
In addition to the main themes of the conference there are a number of specialist mini tracks on topics including Innovation and strategy, Entrepreneurship educa‐tion in action, The theory and practice of collaboration in entrepreneurship and Challenges for entrepreneurship and innovation n the 21st Century.
With an initial submission of 275 abstracts, after the double blind, peer review process there are 88 Academic research papers, 6 PhD research papers, 1 Masters Research paper, 4 work‐in‐progress papers and 1 Non‐academic paper published in these Conference Proceedings. These papers represent research from Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, , France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, , Kuwait, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Romania, Russia, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Thailand, UK and USA
We hope you enjoy the conference.
Renata Paola Dameri, Roberto Garelli and Marina Resta September 2015
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Conference Committee
Conference Executive Prof. Renata Paola Dameri, Department of Economics, University of Genova, Italy Prof. Luca Beltramentti, University of Genova, Italy Prof. Roberto Garelli, Department of Economics, University of Genova, Italy Prof. Marina Resta, Department of Economics, University of Genova, Italy
Mini track chairs Prof. Renata Paola Dameri, University of Genova, Italy Dr Alexandros Kakouris, University of Athens, Greece Dr Luisa Carvalho, Open University, Lisbon, Portugal Dr Cristina Sousa, DINÂMIA‐CET‐IUL and ISCTE‐IUL, Portugal Dr. Laurice Alexandre, CEDAG/ Sorbonne Paris Cité, France Prof Panayiotis H. Ketikidis, International Faculty of the University of Sheffield ‐ CITY College, Greece Dr Ruslan Pavlov, Central Economics and Mathematics Institute, Russia
Committee Members The conference programme committee consists of key people in the entrepre‐neurship and innovation community, both from the UK and overseas. The follow‐ing people have confirmed their participation:
Mr Khosa Aaron (University of Venda, South Africa); Dr. Kamarulzaman Ab Aziz (Multimedia University, Malaysia); Assc.Prof.Dr. Zafer Acar (Okan University, Is‐tanbul, Turkey); Dr. Bulent Acma (Anadolu University, Turkey); Dr. Hassanali Agha‐jani (University of Mazandaran(UMZ), Iran); JaioneAguirre (Tekniker technological centre, Spain); Dr Hamid Alalwany (Ithmaar Group/ UQ University/ Brunell Uni‐versity, United Kingdom); Dr Laurice Alexandre (Sorbonne Paris Cité, France , France); Dr. Laurice Alexandre Leclaire (Sorbonne Paris Cité University, France); Dr. Saleh Al‐Jufout (Tafila Technical University, Jordan); Dr. Hanadi Al‐Mubaraki (Kuwait University, Kuwait); Dr. Morariu Alunica (“Stefan cel Mare" University of Suceava, Faculty of Economics and Public Administration, Romania); Dr. Rumen Andreev (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria); Dr. Zacharoula Andreo‐poulou (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece); Dr. Christos Apostolakis (Bournemouth University, UK); Erik Arntsen (University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway); Omid Askarzadeh (Polad Saab Shargh, Tehran, Iran); Samantha Aspinall (University of Leeds, UK); Dr. Claire Auplat(Imperial College Business School, Lon‐don, UK); Dr Abu H Ayob (National University of Malaysia, Malaysia); Prof. Miro‐slav Baca (University of Zagreb, Varaždin, Croatia); Prof. Alina Badulescu (Univer‐sity of Oradea, Romania); Dr. Afsaneh Bagheri (Faculty of Entrepreneurship, Uni‐
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versity of Tehran, Iran); Susan Bagwell (London Metropolitan University, UK); Dr. Tabarak Ballal (The University of Reading, UK); prof Luca Beltramentti(University of Genova, Italy , Italy); Prof. Dr. Mihai Berinde (University of Oradea, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Dept. of International Business, Romania); Prof. Cristin Bigan (Ecological University of Bucharest, Romania); Prof. Dr. Ferrucio Bilich (University of Aveiro, Portugal); Prof. Dr. Dietmar Boenke (Reutlingen University, Germany); Ana Maria Bojica (University of Granada, Spain); Tina Bratkovic (University of Pri‐morska, Slovenia); Dr. Alexander Brem (University of Erlangen‐Nuremberg, Ger‐many); Fraser Bruce (University of Dundee, UK); Dr. Cagri Bulut (Yasar University, Izmir, Turkey); Jeffrey Burke (National Pollution Prevention Roundtable, Washing‐ton DC, USA); Kevin Burt (University of Lincoln, UK); Prof. Luisa Carvalho (Institute Polytechnic of Setubal, Portugal, Portugal); Francesca Maria Cesaroni (University of Urbino, Italy); Dr. Toly Chen (Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan); Ph.D. Kuo‐Sheng Cheng (National Cheng Kung University/Institute of Biomedical Engi‐neering, Taiwan); Dr. Nick Clifton(Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK); Mr Nicho‐las Corker (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Oxfordshire); Prof. Costas N. Costa (Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus); Prof. Teresa Costa (Instituto Polit cino de Set bal | Escola Superior de Ci ncias Empresariais, Portugal); Dr. Fengzhi Dai (Tianjin University of Science and Technology, , China); Prof Renata Paola Dameri (University of Genova, Italy, Italy); Sven H. de Cleyn(University of Antwerp, Antwerp, , Belgium); Prof. Armando Carlos de Pina Filho (Federal Uni‐versity of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil); Maria Chiara Demartini (University of Pavia, It‐aly); Dr. Izabela Dembińska (University of Szczecin, Poland); Carine Desleee (Uni‐versity of Lille 2‐ IMMD, France);Dr. Charles Despres (Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, Paris, France); Dr. Prof. Anca Dodescu (University of Oradea, Romania); Prof. Dr. Michael Doellinger (University Hospital Erlangen, Germany); Dr Philip Dover (Babson College, USA); Dr. Nelson Duarte (Porto Politechnic ‐ School of Management and Technology, Portugal); Dr. Smile Dzisi (Koforidua Polytechnic, Ghana); Prof. Vasco Eiriz (University of Minho, , Portugal); Dr. Hatem El‐Gohary (Birmingham City University, UK); Dr. Scott Erickson (Ithaca College, USA); Prof. Engin Deniz Eris (Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey); Dr. Mahtab Farshchi (London South Bank University, UK); Prof. Luis Fé De Pinho (Universidade Lusíada de Lis‐boa, Portugal); Prof. Paula Odete Fernandes (Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal); Prof. João Ferreira (University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal); Prof. Maria Joao Ferreira(Departamento de inovação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal); Adriana Fillol Mazo (Delegation of the government of Andalusia in Brussels, Bel‐gium); Dr. Silvia Florea (Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania); Dr. Heather Fulford (Aberdeen Business School, UK); Dr. Erdei Gábor (University of Debrecen, Hungary); Brendan Galbraith (University of Ulster, UK); Dr. Laura Galloway (Heriott‐Watt University, Edinburgh, UK); prof Roberto Garelli( Department of Economics, University of Genova, Italy , italy); Ass Prof. Cephas Gbande (Nasarawa
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State University, Nigeria); Prof. Panagiotis Georgiadis (University of Athens, Greece); Prof. Alan Gillies (Hope Street Centre, Liverpool Science Park, UK); Ass.Prof.Dr. Andriana Giurgiu(University of Oradea, Romania); Dr. Andrew Goh (University of South Australia, Australia); Dr. Sayed Mahdi Golestan Hashemi (Ira‐nian Research Center for Creatology, TRIZ & Innovation Management, Iran); Prof. Oleg Golichenko (Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of Russian Acad‐emy of Science, Russia); Dr. Mario Gomez Aguirre (Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Mexico); Dr. Elissaveta Gourova (Sofia University "St. Kli‐ment Ohridski", Bulgaria); Dr. Izold Guihur (Université de Moncton, Canada); Dr. Ebru Gunlu (Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Business, Turkey); Dr. Liang Guo (Rouen Business School, Mont Saint Aignan, France); Prof. Jukka Hallikas (Lap‐peenranta University of Technology, Finland); Kaled Hameide (Montclair State university in New Jersey, USA); Prof. Wafa Hammedi (University of Namur (FUNDP), Belgium); Dr. Jennifer Harrison (Southern Cross University, Australia); Takashi Hirao (Tokyo University of Science, Suwa, Japan); Dr. Rimante Hopeniene (Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania); John Howard (Public Health and Clinical Sciences, UK); Dr. Amy Hsiao (Memorial University of Newfoundland, St Johns, Canada); Dr. Harri Jalonen (Turku University of Applied Sciences, Finland); Paul Jones (University of Plymouth, UK); Dr. Magdalena Jurczyk‐Bunkowska (Opole University of Technology, Poland); Dr. Alexandros Kakouris (University of Athens, Greece); Dr. Yusniza Kamarulzaman (University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia); Dr Howells Karen (Eastern Mediterranean University, Cyprus); Sabri Kaya (Kirikkale University, Turkey); Prof. Stijn Kelchtermans (Hogeschool‐Universiteit Brussel, Belgium); Prof. Panayiotis Ketikidis (CITY College ‐ Interna‐tional Faculty of the University of Sheffield, Greece); Dr. Marko Kolakovic (Faculty of Economics & Business, Croatia); Dr. Sam Kongwa (Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa); Dr. Renata Korsakiene (Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni‐versity, Lithuania); Prof. Kothandaraman Kumar (Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, India); Dr. Stefan Lagrosen (Linnaeus University, Sweden); Prof. Brent Lane (Kenan‐Flager Business School, University of North Carolina, USA); Dr. Jona‐than Lean (University of Plymouth Business School, UK); Kiefer Lee (Sheffield Hal‐lam University, UK); Prof. Dr. Joao Leitao (University of Beira Interior, Portugal); Dr. Jun Li (University of Essex, UK); Dr Andriew Lim (Rotterdam Business School, Netherlands); YipengLiu (University of Mannheim, Germany); Dr. Joan Lockyer (Institute of Applied Entreprenruship, Coventry University, UK); Prof. Ilidio Lopes(Polythenic Institute of Santarém, Portugal); Dr. Angeline Low (University of Technology Sydney, Mosman, Australia); Prof. Sam Lubbe (NWU, South Africa); Dr. Fernando Lucas (Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Portugal); Phd María Lu‐engo (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Spain); Ass.Prof.Dr. Randa Mahasneh (The Hashemite University, Jordan); Dr. Maria Mar‐katou (Technological Education Institute of Larissa, Greece); Prof. Carla Marques
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(University of Trás‐os‐Montes Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal); Dr Lukasz Marzan‐towicz (University of Szczecin, Polska); Dr. Florinda Matos (ICAA ‐ Intellectual Capital Association Accreditation, Portugal); Philip McClenaghan (Augsburg Uni‐versity, Germany); Mr. Mohd Shamsuri Md Saad (: Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia); Prof. Luis Mendes (Beira Interior University, Portugal); Prof. Hatem Mhenni (Ecole Supérieure de Commerce, Tunis, Tunisia); Zoran Mitrovic (University of Western Cape, South Africa); Ass.Prof.Dr. José Monteiro‐Barata (ISEG, UTL, Lisbon, Portugal); Dr Christopher J Moon (Middlesex University, United Kingdom); Dr. Rabeh Morrar (An‐najah national university, Palestine); Isabel Mota (Universidade do Porto, Porto. , Portugal); David Mullins (BEGIN, Ireland); Maurice Mulvenna (University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK); Dr. Jan Nab (Utrecht Univer‐sity, The Netherlands); Prof. Desai Narasimhalu (Singapore Management Univer‐sity, Singapore); Dr. Artie Ng (Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology, To‐ronto, Canada , Canada); Dr. Tomasz Norek (University of Szczeciny, Faculty of Management and Economics of Services, Poland); Prof. Alcina Nunes (Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal); Ass.Prof.Dr. Birgit Oberer (Kadir Has University, Turkey); Dr. Maria Obeso (University of Cantabria, Spain); Alex Obuh (Delta State University, Nigeria); Prof. Jukka Ojasalo (Laurea University of Applied Sciences, Espoo, Finland); Dr. Noreen O'Shea (Novancia Business school, France); Prof. Mo‐hand‐Said Oukil (King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran,, Saudi Arabia); Dr. Prof. Hye‐Kyung Pang (Hallym University, Chooncheon, Republic of Korea); Dr. Shaun Pather (e‐Innovation Academy, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa); Dr Ruslan Pavlov (Central Economics and Mathematics Institute, Russia); Anna Pilkova (Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Management, Bratislava, Slovakia); Prof. Rui Pimenta(ESTSP‐ Instituto Politécnico Porto, Portugal); Prof. Dr. Ige Pirnar (Yasar University, Turkey); Dr. Nataša Pomazalová (FRDIS MENDELU in Brno, Czech Republic); DR. Malgorzata Porada‐Rochon (University of Szczecin, Poland); Dr. Jean‐Michel Quentier (ESC‐Bretange, Brest, France); Dr Dragana Radicic (Bournemouth University, United Kingdom); Dr. Catarina Ramalho (University of Lisbon, Portugal); prof Marina Re‐sta ( Department of Economics, University of Genova, Italy , Italy); Prof. Ricardo Rodrigues (NECE / University of Beira Interior, Portugal); Prof. Cristina Rodri‐gues(University of Minho, Portugal); Dr. Jose Carlos Rodriguez (Economic and Business Research Institute ‐ Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas y Empre‐sariales, Mexico); Fernando Romero (University of Minho, Portugal); Prof. Paulo Rupino Cunha (University of Coimbra, Portugal); Dr. S.R. Balasundaram Sadhu Ramakrishnan (National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India); Dr. Su‐prava Sahu (School of Commerce and Business Management, Ravenshaw Univer‐sity, india); Amitrajit Sarkar (Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology, New Zealand); Dr. Ousanee Sawagvudcharee (Centre for the Creation of Coherent Change and Knowedge, Liverpool John Moores University, Thailand); Simone
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Scagnelli(University of Turin, Torino, Italy); Prof. Dr. Cezar Scarlat (University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, Romania); Mark Schatten (University of Za‐greb,Varaždin, Croatia); Prof. Jeanne Schreurs (Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium); Dr. Elena Seghedin (Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Romania); Dr. Maria Th. Semmelrock‐Picej (Alpen‐Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Austria); Dr An‐nalisa Sentuti (University of Urbino, ITALY); Dr. Nima Shahidi (Islamic Azad Univer‐sity‐ Noorabad mamasani Branch, Iran); Dr. Armin Shams (National University of Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland); Dr. Namchul Shin (Pace University, New York, USA); Eric Shiu (The University of Birmingham, UK); Prof. Sandra Silva (Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal); Carmen Sirbu (Da‐nubius University, Romania); Prof. Aelita Skarzauskiene (Mykolas Romeris univer‐sity, Lithuania); Dr. Dorotea Slimani (Innventia AB, Sweden); Prof. David Smith (Nottingham Trent University, UK); Dr. Shahryar Sorooshian(University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia); Cristina Sousa (ISCTE‐IUL, Portugal); Dr. André Spithoven (Bel‐gian Science Policy Office, Belgium); Dr Marzena Starnawska (Gdansk University of Technology, Poland); Dr. Ludmila Striukova (University College London, UK); Dr Kabaly Subramanian(Arab Open University, Oman); PHD Jukka Surakka (Arcada university of applied sciences, Finland); Dindayal Swain (International Manage‐ment Institute, Inida); Prof. Peter Teirlinck (Hogeschool‐Universiteit Brussel, Bel‐gium); Dr. Aurora Teixeira (Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Porto, Portu‐gal); Dr. Mangaleswaran Thampoe (Vauniya Campus of the University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka); Prof. Milan Todorovic (University Union Nikola Tesla, Serbia); Dr. Piotr Tomski (Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management, Poland); Ana Trevino (ITESM, Mexico); Dr. Marios Trigkas (Technological Educational Insti‐tute of Larissa, Greece); Dr Blanka Tundys (University of Szczecin, Poland); Prof. Dr. Lorraine Uhlaner(EDHEC Business School , France); Armando Luis Vieira (Uni‐versidade de Aveiro, Portugal); Prof. Filipa Vieira (University of Minho, Portugal); Dr. Marcia Villasana (Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico); Dr. Carla Vivas (Poly‐technic Institute of Santarém, Portugal); Bernard Vollmar (Carl von Ossietzky Uni‐versität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany); Prof. Krzysztof Wach (Cracow Univer‐sity of Economics, Poland); Dr. Catherine Wang (Royal Holloway University of London , UK); Dr. Ismail Wekke (State College of Sorong, Indonesia); Dr. Wioletta Wereda (Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland); Dr. Doan Winkel (Illinois State University, USA); Catherine Wright (Heriot Watt University, UK); Fabiola Wust Zibetti (Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil); Aziz Yahya (Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia); Dr. Krzysztof Zieba (Gdansk Uni‐versity of Technology, Poland); Dr. Malgorzata Zieba (Gdansk University of Tech‐nology, Poland); Afonso Zinga (University of Coimbra, School of Economics, Portu‐gal).
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Biographies
Conference Chairs
Renata Paola Dameri Graduated in Economics in 1990, she is Assistant professor in Business administration at the Univer‐sity of Genova, Department of Economics. She has been teaching ERP Systems, Business administration, Accounting Information systems, Management Information systems, Managerial accounting, Financial Accounting. She is member of the faculty of SDA Bocconi School of Management – In‐
formation Systems Unit and visiting professor at Université Paris Dauphine, France. From 2012 to 2013 Luca was a Member of the local Government of the Municipality of Genova, at present personal assistant of the Mayor about territo‐rial development and Smart city. Paola is Director of the Master in Entrepreneur‐ship and Management programme, her main research interests are Information systems in companies and in the public sector, financial reporting, and smart cit‐ies
Programme Chair
Marina Resta is currently an Assistant Professor in the School of Social Sciences, University of Genova, Italy and an affiliate to RiskLab Finland. She graduated in Economics and holds a PhD in Applied Economics and Quantitative Meth‐ods. She is author of more than 90 works including publica‐tions in journals, books, books chapters and in conference proceedings. Her main research interests include: the appli‐
cation of soft computing techniques for the visualization and the analysis of finan‐cial markets; monitoring risk in the markets and using social networks tools to analyze how relevant features of balance sheets can emerge.
Keynote Speakers
Giorgio Cuttica ‐ After many years acting as General Man‐ager of the global MES (Manufacturing Execution Systems) operations at Siemens, world’s leading manufacturing IT solutions provider, Giorgio has recently opened a new indus‐trial group named sedApta, after the latin engraving that one of the most eminent Italian Renaissance writers, Ludovico Ariosto, posed on his home in Ferrara after retiring from
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many years of creative writing, yet considering his new house “small but still ade‐quate” to suite the temper of the master’s mindâ€. Today sedApta, after ac‐quiring several Manufacturing IT brands in Italy and Germany, is developing a brand new manufacturing IT International offer to help improve the new genera‐tion Supply and Factory Production Chains having to embrace new digital proc‐esses and platforms and train their workforces in to continuously improve their business key performance indicators.
Marco Doria is professor of Economic history at the Univer‐sity of Genova. He has been elected mayor of Genova in 2012. He is also mayor of the Metropolitan Area of Genova. Genova is the sixth city in Italy, counts 600 thousands inhabi‐tants; the Metropolitan Area of Genova includes 67 munici‐palities and counts 850 thousands inhabitants. The port of Genova is the first in Italy; the local industry includes a widely diversified range of high‐quality and high‐tech prod‐
ucts, electrical engineering and electronics, petrochemicals, aerospace.
Flavia Marzano, Member of the national board for innova‐tion and Italian digital agenda, Advisor for Public Administra‐tion on innovation; evaluator and reviewer of IST European Projects; lecturer in Rome University (Technologies for Public Administrations) and professor at Link Campus University in Rome. Flavia is active in the definition of Italian eGoverment and eParticipation Action Plans and related call for projects
and evaluations. President of Stati Generali dell'Innovazione, a multistakeholder association devoted to collecting and sharing experiences on innovation and lob‐bying for the adoption of innovative regulations at the national level (Open Data by default, Free Wi‐Fi, FOIA).
Mini‐track Chairs
Dr Laurice Alexandre is an Associate Professor and a re‐searcher at CEDAG/ Sorbonne Paris Cité. She’s holder of the Doctoral Advisor Accreditation Diploma in France. Her re‐search fields are mainly: female entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship and the development of SMEs on the in‐ternational market. She is author of various articles on fe‐male entrepreneurship in developing countries and she is
advising two PHD students working on female entrepreneurship in African coun‐tries. She is also author of various articles on social entrepreneurship in France, a
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book about innovation and another one about the development of SMEs in the international market.
Dr Luísa Carvalho is an Assistant Professor at the Open Uni‐versity, Lisbon, Portugal and a Researcher at the Centre for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics (CEFAGE), University of Évora. She received her PhD in Management from the University of Évora (Portugal). As a guest professor in international universities she teaches courses on master and PhDs programs. She is the author of several articles pub‐
lished in scientific journals, international conference proceedings, books and book chapters. Her current research interests are in the areas of entrepreneurship, innovation, internationalisation and the services sector.
Dr Alexandros Kakouris is a part time lecturer in entrepre‐neurship and innovation at the University of Athens. He holds a Ph.D. in Physics and a M.Sc. in Adult Education. He has been involved in entrepreneurship research since 2006, involved mainly with educational issues. His special interest concern fostering of entrepreneurship and innovation to science graduates and support of youth entrepreneurship
through counselling. He also specialises in nascent entrepreneurship and virtual business planning.
Prof Panayiotis Ketikidis is Vice Principal for Research, Inno‐vation & External Relations of CITY College ‐ An International Faculty of the University of Sheffield, and the Chairman of the Management Committee & Academic Director of the Doctoral Programme at the South East European Research Centre (SEERC). He is also President of the Triple Helix Asso‐ciation Chapter of Greece. He has over 25 years of experi‐
ence in management education research, and has obtained research funding from various networks as a result of this experience. Professor Ketikidis has been listed in the Marquis’s Who’s Who, Publications Board in Science and Engineering Elev‐enth Edition 2011‐2012.
Dr Ruslan Pavlov is a senior researcher at the Central Eco‐nomics and Mathematics Institute in Russia. He holds a Ph.D. in Economics which he gained from the same institution. His research interests include the diversification of business within the context of long wave’s theory, social responsibility
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of business and institutions of social entrepreneurship as factors of social innova‐tion.
Dr Cristina Sousa is a Researcher at DINÂMIA‐CET‐IUL and Invited Assistant Professor at ISCTE‐IUL, Portugal. She has a Master’s degree in Economics and Management of Science and Technology and a PhD in Economics. Her research inter‐ests include innovation, creation and circulation of knowl‐edge and entrepreneurship. Currently, her research is fo‐cused on networks, on entrepreneurship in knowledge‐
intensive sectors and on the transition to a sustainable energy system.
Biographies of Presenting Authors
Iiris Aaltio, PhD, is Professor at the Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics in Finland. Her areas of study are organizational culture, leadership, as well as gender and diversity in organizations. Her recent publications include arti‐cles in journals like: Equality, diversity and inclusion, International Journal of In‐tercultural Relations, and Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Joy Tuoyo Adu holds a B.Eng Degree in Civil Engineering, and two MSc Degrees in Structural Engineering and Water Resources and Environmental Engineering. She joined the Department of Civil Engineering, Yaba College of Technology in January 1999. She is presently a Principal lecturer and trainer/facilitator in the Centre for Entrepreneurship Development of the college.
Dr Hamid Alalwany is the adviser of the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Insti‐tute at UQU and the director of Ithmaar Company. Having worked for more than twenty years in industry and service sectors, particularly in transforming educa‐tion and health services, Alalwany has gained cross‐disciplinary experience in the fields of engineering, information systems, sustainability innovation and sustain‐able development.
Dr. Laurice Alexandre is an Associate Professor and a researcher at CEDAG/ Sor‐bonne Paris Cité/ France. She is holder of the Doctoral Advisor Accreditation Di‐ploma in France. Her research fields are mainly: women entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship and the development of SMEs in the international market. She is author of different articles on women entrepreneurship in developing countries and social entrepreneurship. She is responsible of an executive programme in Entrepreneurship at her University.
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Dr. Hanadi Mubarak AL‐Mubaraki is an Assistant Professor in Kuwait University. She teaches project management in civil engineering for undergraduate and graduate courses as well as management course in business schools. She has pub‐lished scientific articles in different academic journals, 3 books and has presented her research papers in many countries.
Akil Amiraly is a research scholar at the Ecole polytechnique, from where he ob‐tained his Ph.D. in Management in 2009. He is a recipient of a fellowship of the Institute for Sustainable Mobility (ParisTech, Renault), to develop a research on the electricity supply situation in Indian cities to understand the future develop‐ment of electric mobility.
Hooshang Asheghi Oskooee. Is an Assistant Professor in Business Management Dept. of University of Qom, Iran. He holds a Ph.D. in Business Administration with major in Business Policy Making (Strategic Management) from ATU (2011). He has an MBA in Financial Management from ATU (1995), a BA in Business Administra‐tion from TU (1992) and a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) from PNU (2014).
Dr Arvind Ashta Banque Populaire Chair in Microfinance at Burgundy School of Business (Groupe ESC Dijon‐Bourgogne), France. Offers courses in Microfinance. Researches institutional aspects of Microfinance, technology in Microfinance, and CSR. Taught Microfinance as visiting faculty in Chicago, Pforzheim, Brussels, Bar‐celona and Hertfordshire. Edited book on Advanced Technologies for Microfi‐nance. Publications in international journals and guest edits special editions of various journals devoted to microfinance. On editorial review board of Cost Man‐agement and Strategic Change.
Yulia Balycheva is a PhD student and research associate at Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. E‐mail: [email protected]
Andreas Baresel‐Bofinger is a Strategic Enterprise Advisor at the University of Sheffield International Faculty, CITY College. He holds a BA in Accounting and Fi‐nance and an MSc in Information Systems.
Sonia Ben Slimane is associate professor of innovation, and holder of the LABEX Chair in Nanotechnologies, Ecodesign, Innovation and Strategy at Novancia Busi‐ness School. She participated to scientific projects related to the systemic ap‐proach of innovation for ministry, institutional, and national agencies in France. Her field of expertises covers innovation, sustainable development, and techno‐logical transfer.
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Prof. Dr. Stephanie Birkner (1981) received her doctoral degree in 2012 from the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg (Oldenburg, Germany). 2013/2014 she was acting professor for business administration at the Jade University (Wil‐helmshaven, Germany). In 2014 she was appointed as junior professor for “Fe‐male Entrepreneurship” at the University of Oldenburg.
Erik Blaich is a junior researcher in Innovation and Benchmarking at Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology, Berlin. He is about to finish his master’s degree in Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship and currently works on his thesis in the field of innovation networks. Furthermore, he is an active entrepreneur himself.
Samira Bourgeois‐Bougrine is an Assistant Professor in Ergonomics at Paris Des‐cartes University. She has been involved, for more than 20 years, in developing innovative approaches to health and safety risk management. Her current re‐search area focuses on creativity across domains and on the development of trainings to enhance University students’ creativity in Risk and Biomedical engi‐neering.
Dr Anthony Paul Buckley is Assistant Head, School of Marketing In the College of Business, DIT. Tony holds a PhD in Management from Lancaster University (UK), a Post Graduate Certificate in Learning and Teaching from DIT, an MBS in Interna‐tional Marketing from UCD and an MA and BSc in management from Trinity Col‐lege Dublin.
Maria de Lourdes Calisto is a Senior Lecturer at ESHTE – Higher Institute for Tour‐ism and Hotel Management (Portugal) and member of the coordination commit‐tee of the Master in Hotel Management. She holds a Ph.D. in Management from University of Évora and is a non‐integrated member of CEFAGE ‐ Center for Ad‐vanced Studies in Management and Economics of University of Évora.
Jennifer J. Clark, Ph.D., is Director of the Center for Urban Innovation and Associ‐ate Professor of Public Policy at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Geor‐gia, USA. She has collaborated on manufacturing and innovation policy projects with a broad range of governments and non‐governmental organizations includ‐ing the OECD and the Canadian, UK, and US governments.
Orlando E. Contreras was born in Ocaña, Colombia in 1976. He got his bachelor degree in Industrial Engineering from Industrial University of Santander, Colom‐bia, 2001. He obtained a master in Business Administration from Tulane Univer‐
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sity, USA, 2007. He is an assistant professor and a member of Finance & Manage‐ment’s Research Group of Industrial University of Santander.
Francesca Maria Dagnino is a research fellow at the Istituto per le Tecnologie Didattiche of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). She is a Psychologist and a Cognitive‐Behavioural Psychotherapist. Her main research interests are Game Based Learning, Pedagogical Planning, and ICT‐Based Solutions for Cultural Heritage Education.
Anabela Dinis has a PhD in Management, Professor at University of Beira Interior (UBI); researcher of NECE – Research Unit. Her research is "Entrepreneurship” including relation with regional and social development and education. She pub‐lished in international journals and speaker in national and international confer‐ences, including Portuguese speaker countries (Brazil, Angola and Mozambique). Work at UBI includes creation, reconfiguration and co‐ordination of post‐graduate studies in management and entrepreneurship
Dr. Mawuko Dza is a Senior Lecturer and the Quality Assurance Director at the Koforidua Polytechnic in Ghana. He holds a PhD in Procurement/Supply Chain Management from Griffith University in Australia; an MSc in Production and Logis‐tics Management from Malardalen University in Sweden; and a BSc in Business Administration from the University of Ghana. His research interests are in the areas of Public Procurement, Service Science, Supply Chain Management, Organ‐izational Development and Small and medium scale entrepreneurs
Hanan Hosny Soliman Elassar is an Associate Professor in the tourism Studies Department, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels. Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Specialized in Tourism planning, got PhD in 2005, having many published papers in the tourism planning, tourism management and tourism organization fields and teaching tourism planning and tourism management curriculum.
Daniel Evans is a Senior Researcher with the Network Science Centre at West Point. He has an extensive background modelling economic networks with a focus on emerging markets especially on the African continent
Filippo Ferrari is a Lecturer at Bologna University, School of Economics, Manage‐ment and Statistics and School of Psychology and Education. He has a Bachelors degree in Work, Social, and Organizational Psychology and a Masters degree in Science of Lifelong Educational Processes. His fields of research and application are human resources training, management by objectives, family business.
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Maria de Fátima Ferreiro is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Economy of ISCTE‐IUL. She has a .degree in Sociology (ISCTE), a Master in Eco‐nomics and Social Policy (ISEG) and a PhD in Economics (ISCTE). She teaches in the areas of History of Economic Ideas, Social and Solidarity Economics, and Econom‐ics and Territory. She is vice‐president of the Permanent Comission of ISCTE‐IUL Pedagogical Council and a member of the Scientific Comission of the Department of Political Economy ISCTE‐IUL.
Dr.Sjoerd Gehrels started in Stenden UAS in 1989, after 10 years in the hospitality industry. He is UAS Professor (Lector), Innovation in Hospitality. Sjoerd holds an MSc (Surrey), MBA (Oxford) and EdD (Stirling). He is the Research in Hospitality Management journalco‐editor and editorial board member for the European Journal of Tourism Research.
Oleg Golichenko, is a Doctor of Economic Sciences, and main research associate of the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of Russian Academy of Sci‐ences. He is a professor of the Faculty of Intellectual Property Economics of Mos‐cow Physics and Technique Institute, Moscow, Russia.
Rosilah Hassan is an Associate Professor in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. She received her Degree from Hanyang University Seoul, Korea and PhD in Mobile Communication from University of Strathclyde, UK. She was coordinator of CES‐MED for two years before assigned as Deputy Director of CESMED. Currently she is the Deputy Director (Entrepreneur) for Pusat Citra UKM.
Päivi Heikkilä (MSc) works as a researcher at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland in a team Human‐Driven Design and System Dynamics. She has been working as a user experience expert, researcher and project manager in projects focusing on user needs and the potential of novel digital services. Currently, she works as a project manager and researcher in a project Eustress – Energy from Stress, which explores the entrepreneur experiences on positive stress.
Luis U. Hernandez‐Munoz obtained his PhD on pervasive computing from the School of Electronic, Electric and Systems Engineering at the University of Bir‐mingham, UK.. He has worked in industry as a certified metrologist and in acad‐emy as a research fellow. His current research involves innovation engine models and pervasive healthcare.
Dale Heywood is Programme Director for MSc Entrepreneurship at ULMS. She was a serial and portfolio entrepreneur for three decades prior to entering aca‐demia in 2003 to take an MBA. She continued to PhD research completed in 2011
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at MBS on entrepreneurial identity contrasting it with the PhD researcher identity exposing their similarities, not differences.
Takashi Hirao is an associate professor of innovation management at Department of Business Administration and Information of Tokyo University of Science, Suwa, responsible for the promotion of industry‐academia‐government collaboration activities. He is a member of the international conference organizing committee of the Business History Society of Japan. His recent research interest is manage‐ment of business ecosystems.
Yusuke Hoshino, PhD. in Commerce, is working as a lecturer at the department of business administration of Musashino University, Tokyo. His research interests are innovation management and corporate finance. He has written some papers on open innovation in synthetic fibre technology in the Holland and Japan, and on Japanese corporate pension plans.
Dr Laura Hougaz has extensive experience as a senior academic, researcher and manager in both the public and private Australian higher education sectors. She has received numerous grants and awards, and was Editor‐in‐chief of The ACPET Journal for Private Higher Education. She is currently employed as Relationships Manager for an innovative youth homelessness program in Melbourne, Australia, and runs her private research consulting firm, Study Connections
Dr. Thanh Huynh is a Research Fellow of Bournemouth University and has worked in the fields of entrepreneurship and open resources for many years. Huynh's recent research has been closely aligned to dynamic capabilities and crowd sourc‐ing that aim to support our understanding on entrepreneurship in both practice and theory.
Tatiana Iakovleva is an associate Professor at Stavanger Business School, Sta‐vanger Centre for Innovation Research, University of Stavanger since 2008. She holds a PhD in management from Bode Graduate School of Business, Norway (2007). Research interests include personal and organisational antecedents lead‐ing to innovation and superior entrepreneurial performance on enterprise and regional level, female entrepreneurship, also factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions. She has publications in International Journals and books on entrepre‐neurship, innovation and transitional economies.
Charles Ikem is a service designer with research interests in Design for policy, Design thinking for venturing and service design and corruption. Charles has an MA in design management from Birmingham City University, UK. Charles is cur‐
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rently a PhD candidate in Economics and Management Engineering at the Univer‐sity of Padova.
Arman Imansharipova, physics teacher at Nazarbayev Intellectual School. The school was founded in September 2010, at the special initiative of Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. My teaching style is based on student centered learning and focused on the uses of critical thinking strategy, problem based questions, research activity.
Anna‐Liisa Immonen, M.Sc. (Econ.), is a senior lecturer at the Department of Business Management in the Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences, Finland. She is also acting as a head of degree programme in business management. Her spe‐cial interests include economics, accounting and financing.
Alexandra Ioanid is a PhD student at University Politehnica of Bucharest with background on Information Technology. Current research interests are social networks, social media, and social technologies.
Paul Jackson had a 25 year career as a software development manager and stra‐tegic consultant in Australia and Germany, prior to joining Edith Cowan University in 2002. He is a senior lecturer in the School of Business. His particular research interest is investigating innovation management from philosophical, social and cognitive perspectives to improve outcomes.
Pavel Jašek is a PhD student at University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic. His research interest is mainly Customer Life time Value and relevant innovative concepts that cover marketing management, statistics and informatics fields.
Rita Jucevičienė is a lecturer at Kaunas University of Technology, School of Eco‐nomics and Business, Department of Strategic Management (Lithuania). Her re‐search interests cover various aspects of inter‐organizational trust that she had been researching during her research stays at the University of Geneva, University of Lausanne
Lolita Jurksiene is a Ph.D. candidate in management as well as junior research fellow at the Kaunas University of Technology. Research interests cover innova‐tion, strategic management, dynamic capabilities, ambidexterity, and networking areas. Lolita has several scientific publications, also attended several international conferences, including BAM 2014, SMS 2015, EGOS 2015, EURAM 2015 (assis‐tance in organizing Special Track).
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Sangeeta Karmokar has worked in the education industry across business and design disciplines. Her research study covered user centred design in interface design process, bringing innovation using design methods for developing business strategies, developing design methodologies for innovation, designing new digital business models. Her experience includes teaching across various disciplines such as communication Design, Business Design, Creative Technology and entrepre‐neurship.
Petra Kecskés is a PhD‐student at the Széchenyi István University, Doctoral School of Regional and Economic Sciences, in Győr, Hungary. She graduated as an inter‐national relations expert in 2010 and as an economist in 2013 at the same univer‐sity. Her research areas are the followings: industrial parks and their impact on economic development in rural areas, cooperation in industrial park settings and its dimensions, culture and its impact on cooperation.
Prof Panayiotis H. Ketikidis has a PhD and is the Vice Principal for Research, Inno‐vation & External Relations of The University of Sheffield International Faculty, CITY College, and the Chairman of the South East European Research Centre (SEERC). He has over 25 years of experience in management, education, research, and competitive research funding with various networks established as a result of this experience.
Kristiina Kinnunen, M.Sc. (BA), is a senior lecturer at the Department of Business Management in the Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences, Finland. She is also acting as a head of degree programme in business management. Her special in‐terests include entrepreneurship, accounting and business taxation.
Petr Kiryushin has a Phd and is an Assistant professor at the Department of Eco‐nomics of Lomonosov Moscow State University. He graduated from Lomonosov Moscow State University, received joint master degree at Central European Uni‐versity and Lund University. His research interests include: regional innovation systems, sustainable regional development and green economy.
Ass. Prof. Alena Klapalová, Ph.D. is the senior lecturer at Masaryk University, Faculty of Economics and Administration, Department of Corporate Economics, Czech Republic and College of Polytechnics Jihlava. She holds a Ph.D. in Economics and Management. Her teaching focuses on Operation Management, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Marketing, Management, International, Global and Cross‐cultural Marketing and Quality Management. Her research interests are primary in Innovation and Knowledge Management and Reverse Logistics.
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Marko Kolakovic, PhD, is full professor at the Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, where he graduated, finished master's degree and defended his doctoral dissertation. His fields of research are intellectual capital, virtual business, strategic entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, etc. He is leader of several research projects and a lecturer at several postgraduate studies.
Anna Kopec’s research examines the relationship between empathy and social enterprise. The research explores that in order for social enterprise to identify a social problem, the social entrepreneur may feel empathy with the potential beneficiaries of the social enterprise. Empathy emerges as a complex phenome‐non and its relationship to social enterprise as an under researched area.
Renata Korsakiene is Associate Professor at the Department of Economics and Management of Enterprises, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania. Dr. Korsakiene is the author and co‐author of a monograph and six books, more than 70 scientific papers, published in scientific journals and conference proceedings, indexed and abstracted in numerous international databases. Her research inter‐ests involve: strategic management, internationalization and international entre‐preneurship, entrepreneurship and human capital
Dr. Adam Krčál is a consultant at Technopolis. His particular focus of interest lies in entrepreneurship education and quality assurance, governance and funding in higher education. Prior Adam holds a PhD in International Trade and a Masters degree in International Relations, both from the University of Economics in Pra‐gue, Czech Republic, and he completed a student mobility programme at the In‐stitute of Political Studies of Paris (SciencesPo.).
Stefan Lagrosen is a professor of marketing and management at Linnaeus Univer‐sity, Sweden. He is head of the marketing department and pro‐dean of the School of Business and Economics. He received his Ph.D. from Stockholm University in 1997. His research interests include quality management, workplace health pro‐motion, health marketing, social media marketing and organisational learning.
Yvonne Lagrosen holds a Ph.D. from Chalmers University of Technology. She is currently active as an associate professor of quality management at University West, Sweden. Her main research interests are organizational learning and quality management with relations to health and fitness, creativity, entrepreneurship, values/core values, and brain functioning.
Frauke Lange is a research associate at the chair of female entrepreneurship at the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg. Previously she worked as a re‐
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search project manager at the University of Duisburg‐Essen and as a management consultant in industry and in the field of higher education.
Prof Ophillia Ledimo has a PhD in Industrial and Organisational Psychology and is currently working at The University of South Africa; Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology. Her field of specialization is Organisational Psychology and has presented papers at several national and international conferences within this field.
Kiefer Lee is Principal Lecturer in Marketing and Educational Partnership Aca‐demic Lead for the Dual Awards Programme at Sheffield Business School, Shef‐field Hallam University. He is the lead author of Global Marketing Management (2005; 2009; 2012; 2017). He has also published on the use of innovative pedago‐gies for entrepreneurial learning, enquiry‐based learning and learner autonomy.
Dambusse Libombo (Msc in Entrepreneurshipand Social Service) is lecturer of entrepreneurship subjects at Escola Superior de Negócios e Empreendedorismo de Chibuto (ESNEC) (MOZAMBIQUE) and a doctoral student at University of Beira Interior (Portugal). Her research project focuses on entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions
María Jesus Luengo PhD, is Associate Professor at Department of Management Evaluation and Business Innovation, at the University of País Vasco, Spain. She has managed some research projects and she has contributed to scholar area with articles and books. Her current work focuses on knowledge management, intellec‐tual capital and innovation in the regional areas.
Ondřej Machek, Ph.D is assistant professor at the University of Economics, Pra‐gue. He is specialized in measurement of productive efficiency of businesses, in‐dustries and public services, international comparisons of output and productiv‐ity, and family business. He is director of Research Support Center at the Faculty of Business Administration and editor‐in‐chief of Central European Business Re‐view.
Nomusa Benita Mazonde, is a PhD student at the Graduate School of Business Administration, Wits Business School, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Nomusa’s research is on Female Entrepreneurs who transition from the informal sector to the formal sector in Zimbabwe. She is co‐supervised by Professor Teresa Carmichael and Doctor Gillian Godsell.
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Adam Mazurkiewicz is a Prof., CEO – Institute for Sustainable Technologies ‐ Na‐tional Research Institute, Radom, Poland. Supervisor and expert in research pro‐jects – systems engineering, machine construction and maintenance, materials engineering, technology transfer, foresight. Adam is an expert in FP6, COST, Polish interdisciplinary research groups, head of a few strategic national and interna‐tional programmes, and author of 300 publications including 15 monographs.
Kjersti Vikse Meland is a senior scientist in Polytec, a regional Research Institute located in Haugesund in the Vest of Norway, since 2008. Meland has an M.sc in marketing from Buskerud University College in Norway. Her research interest in‐cludes how organizational, network and institutional antecedent lead to innova‐tion, entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship, open innovation in special and branding at both corporate and regional level.
Eva Minarčíkováis is currently studying the fourth year of PhD study in the field of study Economics at VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Department of Euro‐pean Integration. Her research priority is regional disparities in the context of EU cohesion and an application of the EU Cohesion Policy to the regional develop‐ment of EU countries. She deals also with the EU support of business and innova‐tion from the EU Structural Funds, EU's competitiveness and regional aspects of European integration.
Chris Moon is an award winning social and eco‐entrepreneur with a Phd from Imperial College. He is the founder of several eco businesses and formerly Head of Sustainability at two leading companies. He has consulted large and small busi‐ness and is Senior Lecturer, Eco‐entrepreneurship, Middlesex University Business School.
Vassilis Moustakis is a Professor of Management and Director of the Manage‐ment Systems Laboratory at the Technical University of Crete, Greece. He is also affiliated with the Open University of Greece as Academic Coordinator and Tutor in Management. He holds a DSc the George Washington University. Published work and citations available at:
Fattah Nazem is an Associate Professor. He has been vice‐president of the re‐search department for the last five years. His research interests are in the field of Higher Education Management. He has written 2 books and 170 articles. He is Chief Executive of the Quarterly Journal of Innovations in Educational Administra‐tion.
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Dr. Florabel Nieva is currently an Assistant Professor in Entrepreneurship De‐partment at Effat University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. She was the Chairperson for Entrepreneurship program in her previous University and a member of the Regional Quality Assessment Team (RQAT) for Business and Management Educa‐tion Commission of Higher Education Institution Philippines.
Franklin Dodzi Odoom (MA, Economic Policy Management, University of Ghana) is the Business Development Manager of Koforidua Polytechnic. Franklin is also an Assistant Registrar and his research and teaching interests are in Economics and Entrepreneurship.
Andrei Ogrezeanu, is a PhD Student at the University Politehnica of Bucharest, School of Entrepreneurship, Business Engineering and Management, and has been a management consultant with Pythia International, Bucharest for 8 years. His professional and academic work focuses on information technology adoption by organizations and individuals, technology related projects, technology training, and management consulting.
Jukka Ojasalo, Ph.D., Professor is currently Head of Master of Business Admini‐stration Degree Programme at Laurea University of Applied Sciences. He is Ad‐junct Professor at Aalto University School of Business and Helsinki University Fac‐ulty of Social Sciences. He has published a large number of articles on service, customer relationships, networks, and innovation. Email: [email protected]
Aura Cecilia Pedraza Avella is an Assistant professor at Universidad Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga ‐ Colombia, where she is also the director of Finance & Management research group and Coordinator of the Master's program in Indus‐trial Engineering. She has a PhD in Economic Science. Her academic work is fo‐cused on the areas of Entrepreneurship, Corporate Social Responsibility, Labor Market and Social Inclusion.
Francesco Polese Engineer, Director of SimasLab ‐ InterDept. Centre for Innova‐tion Systems and Health Management ‐ Associate Professor of Business Manage‐ment ‐ DISTRA (Dept. of Business Studies and Research). Professor of Health Man‐agement ‐ Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Salerno ‐ Italy
Beata Poteralska, PhD, is a senior researcher at the Institute for Sustainable Technologies‐National Research Institute, Radom, Poland. Beata is the manager and expert in national and international research projects specialising in innova‐tiveness improvement, technology transfer, foresight. Scientific secretary of the strategic national programme: “Innovative Systems of Technical Support for Sus‐
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tainable Development of Country’s Economy”. She is the author of 70 publications including 3 monographs.
Sabina Potra is an Assistant Professor at Politehnica University of Timisoara, Ro‐mania. She has a double diploma in PR Communication and Public Administration (2008), an MBA (2010) and a PhD in Engineering and Management (2013). Mrs. Potra has written several articles in prestigious journals and conferences on pro‐sumer management, value co‐creation, innovation strategies and quality man‐agement.
Dr. Angela Poulakidas is a research professor at Novancia Business School Paris. Dr. Poulakidas’ professional publications include articles related to international business. Her articles have been published in the Journal of Business Strategy, Maritime Policy and Management, Seatrade, Shipping Economist, and Journal of Commerce. Her research interests include international business, entrepreneur‐ship and marketing.
Arianna Prudenzi is a Master Degree Student at the Psychology Department, Sa‐pienza University of Rome. She holds a Bachelor Degree in the same University. Miss Prudenzi’s current research focuses on the predictive role of individual dif‐ferences on physical and psychological health in adolescence. She also actively collaborated to a research on individual differences in youth entrepreneurships in partnership with the Regional Government of Lazio (Italy) to evaluate policy im‐plementation to encourage youth to engage in jobs that revitalize cultural heri‐tage.
Nicolette C. Prugsamatz is a PhD candidate at the College of Management, Mahi‐dol University, Thailand. She received both a BBA degree in International Business Management and an MBA degree in Finance from Assumption University, Thai‐land. Her research interests are in the area of corporate finance, governance, in‐novation, entrepreneurship and income disparity.
Suteera Puangpronpitag is a full‐time economic lecturer from Mahasarakham Business School, Mahasarakham University, Thailand. Her area of expertise is business economics. She is interested in the Triple Helix model and its application to support knowledge transfer and economic development in countries with de‐veloping system.
Dragana Radicic is a Lecturer in Business Economics at Bournemouth University. Her academic research mainly concerns open innovation, cooperation for innova‐
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tion and quantitative policy evaluation, particularly R&D and innovation policy. She also made recent contributions in education policy.
Dr Patient Rambe holds a PhD in Educational Technology from the University of Cape Town, South Africa. He holds the position of Senior Researcher in the De‐partment of Business Support Studies at the Central University of Technology in South Africa.
Prof János Rechnitzer is a professor and head of the Doctoral School of Regional and Economic Sciences at the Széchenyi István University, in Győr, Hungary. He is one of the major researchers of regional sciences in Hungary. He is the head of many national and international research programmes, and he was the editor of the Space and Society, one of the most relevant journals in the topic of regional sciences until 2011. His major research areas are the followings: regional econom‐ics and policy, local economic development and innovations.
Dr. Nancy Richter completed an interdisciplinary study program at the Bauhaus‐Universität Weimar and at the Università degli Studi di Siena (Italy) encompassing Media Studies, Cultural Theory and Media Management. She completed her PHD in the field of Economics and Social Sciences at the Bauhaus‐Universität Weimar and deepened her studies in the history of modern management at the University of St. Andrews (Scotland). Her research interests include Work and Organization studies, Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Since March 2014,
Leidy T. Rodríguez was born in Málaga, Colombia in 1990. She finished her bache‐lor degree in Industrial Engineering from Industrial University of Santander, Co‐lombia in 2014, and won the distinction Cum Laude. She is also part of the Center for Technology and Innovation Management Research in the Industrial University of Santander.
Fernando Romero holds a Ph.D. in Science and Technology Studies from the Uni‐versity of Manchester. He is at the Production and Systems Engineering Depart‐ment, and at the Research Centre Algoritmi, in the University of Minho. He pub‐lishes regularly in the area of Industrial Innovation, Innovation Systems and inno‐vation management.
Radostina Ruseva has more than 14 years of professional experience in the field of innovation management. During her career she has worked for a number of nig international corporations and SMEs as well. 5 years ago she founded her first successful technology start‐up. Currently she is working as an innovation manager at the Digital Accelerator and is teaching at universities in Sofia and Munich.
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Michele Rusk ‐ Enterprise Fellow at Newcastle Business School, Northumbria Uni‐versity. fellow of the Chartered Institute of Marketing, Fellow of the Higher Edu‐cation Academy and member of the Design M anagement Institute she holds a primary degree in Design and an MBA. Her expertise is in entrepreneurial leader‐ship, strategic design, development and innovation management and marketing communications.
Dr Heba M. Said is a lecturer in the tourism Studies department, faculty of tour‐ism and hotels, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. He specialized in tourist psychology, got PhD in August, 2011 about managing tourist behaviour to mini‐mize negative impacts of tourism. He is now teaching tourism development and psychology curriculum.
Maja Sajdak, PhD in Economics, assistant professor in the Department of Strate‐gic Management at the Poznań University of Economics, al. Niepdległości 10, 61 – 875 Poznań .
Isabel Salavisa is an Associate Professor of Economics, ISCTE‐IUL, Lisbon. She has a Masters degree in Economics (ISEG/UTL, Lisbon) and a PhD in Economics from ISCTE‐IUL. Research interests are technological innovation, entrepreneurship and social networks; and the role of innovative firms and public policy in the transition to a sustainable energy socio‐technical system. The results of her research have been presented in national and international conferences and published in aca‐demic journals and books.
Svetlana Samovoleva, PhD, economist and specialist in the field of innovation, is a senior research associate of the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Dr Javjot Sandhu Phd Finance, MBA Finance, MA Eng, BSC Med PGCEis a Senior Lecturer in Finance at Birmingham City University. Since joining Birmingham City University, she continues to develop the discipline of bank lending decisions for small and medium farmers, an important area of research that has potential to impact on government policy and agricultural sector at large in developed and emerging economies.
Andreas Schenk is a Ph.D. student in the field of economics and business at the Universidad Europea Madrid and BiTS Iserlohn. Inspired by his work as an invest‐ment manager for a German VC firm his research is focusing on the economic potential and the financing of innovative SMEs.
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Oliver Schuster is a Research Associate at Hof University, Germany, working in the Research Group B2B Marketing and Sales. He holds a Diploma in Business Infor‐matics as well as a MBA in Marketing Management from Hof University. Before joining the University as a researcher, Oliver held a leading marketing position in the industry.
Annalisa Sentuti, PhD, is Contract Professor of Business Administration at the University of Urbino Carlo Bo (School of Foreign Languages and Literatures) and Research Fellow in Business Administration at the same College (Department of Economics, Society and Politics).Her main research interests include family busi‐nesses, succession, entrepreneurship and small business.
Niousha Shahidi, PhD in Sciences in Applied Mathematics area (Université Paris Dauphine, France), is a lecturer‐researcher at EDC Paris Business School. Her the‐sis dealt with optimization problems in insurance models (Ceremade). She worked at the Laboratory of Econometrics of Ecole Polytechique Paris. She has published in international journals and conferences on research themes which include the‐ory of the decision, Information asymmetry models in insurance, Entrepreneurial intention and data analysis.
Viacheslav Sirotin is a professor, department of Statistics & Data Analysis Higher School of Economics; Born 1959 in Moscow. PhD, Academy of Anti‐Aircraft De‐fense, Kharkov, Ukraine, 1990. Military Service, 1981‐2001; professor, Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics and Informatics, 2001‐2008; professor, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 2008‐
Christy Suciu (M.B.A. Webster University) is a Lecturer in the College of Business and Economics at Boise State University, teaching design thinking in the M.B.A. programs. She has served as a design thinking consultant for major global com‐panies. Her research interests include design thinking, innovation, and strategy.
Torben Tambo is associate professor at Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University and programme coordinator for MSc. in Tech‐nology‐based Business Development. Research interests: Information systems, enterprise architecture, retailing and supply chain management. Torben has pre‐viously published with Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Journal of En‐terprise Architecture and Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services.
Kati Tikkamäki is a doctor in education and has worked as a researcher and teacher for over ten years at the University of Tampere, Finland. Currently, she is working as a senior researcher in research programs related e.g. to eustress, re‐
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flective work practice and dialogic leadership. She is also a freelance trainer and trained supervisor.
Lia Tirabeni is Post‐Doc Research Fellow at the University of Turin. She holds a Doctorate in Sociology and she has been Post‐Doc Visiting Researcher at the Ath‐ens University of Economics & Business, Management Science & Technology De‐partment. Her research interests concern the areas of innovation processes, or‐ganization studies and economic sociology.
Teresina Torre is Associate Professor of Organization and Management at the University of Genova (Italy), where she teaches the courses of Human Resource Management and of Business Organization. Her research has been always focused on strategic human resource management in profit and non‐profit sectors, re‐cently she studies the evolution of compensation system and diversity manage‐ment.
Elisa Truant is an Aggregate Professor of the Department of Management, Uni‐versity of Turin, Italy. Her main research areas involve the following topics: Busi‐ness Administration, Strategic Planning, Process Management, Family Businesses.
Minna Tunkkari‐Eskelinen (Doc.Sc. in Econ.) completed her doctoral dissertation re family business next generation mentoring in 2005 and is now the co‐owner in Confidentum Ltd. She is currently charge of advancing entrepreneurship in Tour‐ism and Hospitality degree program, and training students to become entrepre‐neurs at JAMK University of Applied Sciences.
Ilaria Tutore has occupied a Post‐Doctoral position in Business Management at “Parthenope” University‐ Naples on the topic of innovation and green manage‐ment. She earned her PhD in Management from “Parthenope” University. Her research interests cover the field of environmental management, diffusion of in‐novation and cross‐cultural management.
Ralf Wagner is the SVI‐Endowed Professor for International Direct Marketing, University of Kassel, Germany. He serves as the dean of the faculty and coordi‐nates a research project of 10 European Universities challenging the Marketing Communication Innovativeness of European Entrepreneurs (MARCIEE).
Dina Williams obtained her PhD in Science, Innovation and Technology Manage‐ment from Manchester Business School. Key areas of Dina’s expertise are entre‐preneurship development; university technology transfer and commercialisation
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with focus on the development of entrepreneurial capacity in student and faculty; regional innovation development.
Aditi Yadav, is an MS research scholar at Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras (India). He is specializing in Human Resources Management (HRM). His research interest lies in studying growth of entrepreneurial firms, small and me‐dium sized firms and emerging biotechnology industry.
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Study of the Contribution of Research Into Women Entrepreneurship: A Meta‐Analysis of Discourses in the Literature Using ATLAS.ti
Iiris Aaltio and Qian Wang Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
Abstract: In this paper, we have analyzed how existing literature contributes to women entrepreneurship research in terms of theoretical, methodological and practical ways of understanding. Based on relevant contents and discourses, a main line within the trend of development can be seen as women entrepreneur‐ship shifting from a marginalized discipline to a more multi‐dimensional research concept. Certain representative issues evoke development or are even being left as “atheoretical” at some point; the “alternative” angle is accordingly significant for an in‐depth exploration through the relevant materials. The literature re‐sources are chosen with close attention to the keywords “women entrepreneur‐ship” in current issues from academically well‐known journals and books. There‐fore, we plan to set three objectives in this analysis based on the following three questions: (1) Why is it important to study women entrepreneurship? (2) How does current research contribute to women entrepreneurship both from theoreti‐cal and practical points of view? (3) What are the future concerns provided by the relevant discussions? The time range has been set from 2006 to 2012, so that we can anticipate the contemporary research situation and how women entrepre‐neurship has evolved. Four positions (“equal opportunities”, “meritocracy”, “spe‐cial contribution”, and “alternative values”) synthesized by Alvesson and Billing (2009) as “approaches to the understanding of women and leadership” will be “borrowed” to help classify and understand the theoretical background. Useful discussions and conclusions can be generalized through integrating the four posi‐tions with multiple points, which have been summarized by reading through the literature. (Seven points include “overall research development of women entre‐preneurship”, “empirical data gaps”, “enterprising promise of women entrepre‐neurship”, “comparisons between male and female entrepreneurs”, “barriers (inequality) for female entrepreneurs”, “important role of women entrepre‐neurs”, and “cultural (national) differences for studying women entrepreneur‐ship”). Discourses related to diverse perspectives of studying women entrepre‐neurship will be highlighted and concentrated on in order to conduct a meta‐analysis. During the analyzing process, ATLAS.ti will be used as a support tool.
Keywords: women entrepreneurship, gender study, meta‐analysis, ATLAS.ti
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Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth Index in an Emerging Economy: Nigeria as a Case Study
Joy Tuoyo Adu and Bolaji Michael Cole Centre for Entrepreneurship Development, Yaba College of Tech‐nology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
Abstract: Innovation and entrepreneurship are tightly coupled concepts. Innova‐tion involves designing new ways of conceptualizing, developing and producing goods and services which society needs. Entrepreneurship on the other hand is a mindset required to convert innovation into a real business situation, which deliv‐ers benefits to stakeholders. This research examined the role of innovation as an index growth analysis of the Nigerian economy and its competitiveness. It was discovered that research and development was relegated to the background due to low spending and patenting which invariably was not concomitant with the rebased GDP of 521,803US$ of the economy in 2014. Findings of the research also indicated that innovation requires not only highly knowledgeable, experienced, and skilled entrepreneurs, but also highly skilled workforce thus; educational poli‐cies and capacity building is necessary. Further findings revealed that there are no linkages between the research outcomes of tertiary/research institutions and the industry on one hand and no synergy between the public and private sectors of the economy on the other. The method of research is descriptive and qualitative using secondary data. The research concludes that, although Nigeria benefits from a large market size rated 33rd in the world and a relative efficient labor mar‐ket ranked 40th driven by its flexibility, there is the need for a synergy between the research findings of tertiary institutions and the industry. Nigeria must there‐fore engage in technological catch up in order to actualize productivity and en‐courage domestic innovation. Economic growth requires sustainable and shared increases in per capita income accompanied by changes in the structural composi‐tion of an economy towards higher value added goods and more efficient produc‐tion methods.
Keywords: economic growth, entrepreneurship, industry, innovation, productivi‐ty, research
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Entrepreneurial Education Programmes and Their Impact on Entrepreneurs’ Attributes
Hamid Alalwany and Fawaz Saad Innovation & Entrepreneurship Institute, Umm Al‐Qura University, Makkah, KSA
Abstract: The literature shows that entrepreneurship education is becoming one of the top priorities of universities, and an increasing number of universities all over the world have started developing and offering their students entrepreneur‐ship education programmes and training. Despite the potential influence and im‐pact of such programmes on developing entrepreneurial intention, skills and ca‐pabilities, the knowledge about the influence of such programmes on entrepre‐neurs’ attributes, how they can shape entrepreneurs’ abilities to develop and lead entrepreneurial initiatives and activities is scattered and not well organized. In recognition of this research gap, the main aim of the study is to address the links between entrepreneurship education and the entrepreneurs’ attributes and their capabilities in developing entrepreneurial initiatives. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to address the development of entrepreneurship as a concept at an indi‐vidual level, (2) to examine the entrepreneurs’ attributes, and how they have changed overtime, and (3) to analyse the influence and impact of entrepreneurial education programmes on entrepreneur’s attributes. The paper will contribute to three discourses: (1) Bridging the gap between the academic and entrepreneurial cultures in universities, (2) Predicting the development directions of entrepre‐neurship at individual level and their links to entrepreneurial education pro‐grammes, (3) Lessons for University leaders to assist the development and im‐plementation of effective entrepreneurial education programmes.
Keywords: entrepreneurial university, entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurs’ attributes, entrepreneurial capabilities
Success in the Entrepreneurship and Innovation Program (EIP): A SWOT Analysis
Hanadi Mubarak Al‐Mubaraki1 and Michael Busler2 1Kuwait University, Kuwait 2Richard Stockton College, USA
Abstract: Objectives:The purpose of this research is to: 1) discuss and analyze the adaptation of the innovation program in the United States (US) and United
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Kingdom (UK) through an examination of 8 successful case studies; 2) to identify the innovation indicators in four categories, (i) culture, (ii) policy, (iii) industry, and (iv) economy; and 3) to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of innovation (a SWOT analysis) and their potential use worldwide. Prior Work:The Entrepreneurship and Innovation Program (EIP) is a powerful engine for expansion and for addressing societal and global challenges. The innovation drives economic growth and job creation and is of significance not only within high‐tech sectors but in all economic sectors. While economists and policymakers worldwide have recognized the importance of technological innovation for growth, the relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship has been especially appreciated recently because entrepreneurs play an important role in fomenting innovation. The results are part of the ongoing research project funded by a grant by Kuwait Foundation for Advancement of Sciences (KFAS‐2012‐1103‐01). Methodology /Approach: The methodology is based on uses a qualitative approach consisting of literature review and eight international interviews in the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK). Results:This paper provides ranking of innovation programs and a set of guidelines and recommendations for future adaptation. Implications: This paper provides value‐added knowledge for both academics and practitioners who are interested insuccessful adaptation ofEIP. Value: The authors believe that this paper demonstrates an added value to the current literature on EIP and fill the gap in the case studies of developed and developing countries literature.Also, presents more comprehensive analysis of progress and challenges for practitioners including policy makers, governments, and funded organizations through the successful implementation of EIP best practices.
Keywords: innovation, entrepreneurship, economic development, technology transfer, US, UK, indicators
Development of Individual’s Entrepreneurship Abilities With Special Educations in Short‐Term
Hooshang Asheghi‐Oskooee Business Management Dept. of University of Qom, Qom, Iran
Abstract: Due to the profound effect of entrepreneurship on economic growth, the development and education of entrepreneurship are followed in many coun‐tries. Entrepreneurship literature implies that entrepreneurs are not born, but can be taught and led to become entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship from different perspectives, including the characteristics of entrepreneurs is studied. The Carland Entrepreneurship Index (CEI) can be used to measure individual entre‐
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preneurship potential. Existing models of entrepreneurship education are de‐signed for long‐term or mid‐term periods. These models are not suitable for short‐term educations. The CEI can be used to classify those who claim to be an entrepreneur or have tendencies to become one. It can help to develop appropri‐ate models for entrepreneurs' education and support. In this study, the CEI con‐ceptual model and its indicators were reviewed. The “LIFELONG ENTREPRENEUR‐SHIP EDUCATION MODEL” is discussed and concluded that using the CEI, can help to speed up the development of entrepreneurship and save education budgets.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, innovation, entrepreneurship education, short term educations, entrepreneurship development, economic growth
The Innovation Process of Russian Manufacturing Companies
Yulia Balycheva and Oleg Golichenko Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Abstract: The aim of this study is to identify and analyse the most widespread types of innovation processes practiced by Russian companies. For this purpose, an innovation process is represented as a combination of a set of elementary pro‐cesses. The following processes are considered to be elementary in the paper: creation, imitation, modification and distribution of innovations. At a given mo‐ment in time, any of the aforementioned elementary processes or their combina‐tions can be implemented. This approach makes it possible to analyse the struc‐ture and dynamics of firms’ behavioural mode changes and to identify the main innovation stages. In addition, elementary process specification provides an op‐portunity to determine the strategic choices of certain groups of companies dur‐ing the considered time period. The innovation processes of Russian manufactur‐ing firms are considered, depending on the degree of technology intensity and size class. As a result, it is established that maximum innovation activity is ob‐served in a high‐technology group of Russian enterprises. A decrease in the de‐gree of technology intensity leads to a considerable reduction of innovation activi‐ty. The exception is the group of low‐technology companies. The innovation crea‐tion process prevails in the group of high‐technology firms, the combination of creation and modification strategies is prevalent in the medium‐high technology group and the strategy of insignificant modification is foremost in the medium‐low technology group. All abovementioned strategies are used in the low‐technology group. It is also demonstrated that the innovation activities of the Russian firms increase with the size class, up to a class with 100 to 199 employ‐
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ees. After this level, growth in size negatively affects innovative activity. The dy‐namic structure of innovation processes in small Russian firms consists of the combination of creation, modification and diffusion processes. The dynamic struc‐ture of innovation processes in large Russian firms consists of a combination of modification and diffusion processes.
Keywords: innovation, Russia, innovation process, size company, technology in‐tensity, elementary process
Impediments and Needs of Start‐ups and Investors in South‐East Europe for Investment Readiness and Growth
Andreas Baresel‐Bofinger1, Panayiotis Ketikidis2 and Nikos Zaharis1 1SEERC ‐ South‐East European Research Centre, Thessaloniki, Greece 2University of Sheffield International Faculty, CITY College, Thessa‐loniki, Greece
Abstract: The region of South‐East Europe (SEE) needs to systematically foster sustainable economic growth. One way to contribute to this goal is to strengthen innovative entrepreneurship across the SEE countries. For that purpose it is es‐sential to increase the investment and growth readiness of start‐up companies and innovative SMEs in the region as well as to secure the right support and fund‐ing mechanisms for those ventures. The paper presents the results of a survey that has been conducted within an EU co‐funded project with the objective to support investment and growth readiness of start‐ups in the region of SEE. The purpose of the survey was to gain insights in existing key needs of start‐ups/innovative SMEs and investors across the region of South‐East Europe for policy support regarding investment and growth of their activities as well as to present these stakeholders’ recommendations for how to respond to these needs. The survey was conducted through an online questionnaire among 190 start‐ups/ innovative SMEs and financial stakeholders (such as banks, venture capitalists, incubators, business angels, etc.) in 11 countries of the SEE region fea‐turing a combination of scaling and open‐end questions. The results provide a multifaceted picture of the characteristics of the current situation regarding the entrepreneurial landscape of the region and of the challenges faced by the key stakeholders in a range of thematic topics, such as the legal environment, funding mechanisms, taxation system, education, knowledge transfer, infrastructure, bu‐reaucracy and entrepreneurial culture. Suggestions for policy changes in order to
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overcome the current barriers include a wide array of measures ranging from the better provision of more market‐oriented entrepreneurial education to fostering cross‐border syndicated investment.
Keywords: start‐ups, investors, entrepreneurship, South‐East Europe
The Intersection of Design Thinking and 21st Century Ap‐proaches to Innovation
Christopher Baughn and Christy Suciu Department of Management, College of Business and Economics, Boise State University, Boise, USA Abstract: Given the pressing demands for innovation in today’s competitive envi‐ronment, it is not surprising that the past 15 years have witnessed the develop‐ment and dissemination of many approaches which show promise in providing guidance for systemic innovation. These frameworks cover a wide span, ranging from the development of creative ideas for new products and services, through the establishment of entrepreneurial firms, to the development of new growth platforms in firms whose core business has matured. The guidance provided by these diverse approaches not only address methods and tools used to generate innovative ideas, but also the development of business models to enact and sus‐tain those innovations in the marketplace. This paper examines several recent contributions to innovative practice, including design thinking (Kelley, 2001, Brown, 2008, 2009), effectuation (Sarasvathy, 2001; 2003), business model gen‐eration and lean startups (Ostewalder and Pigneur, 2010; Blank and Dorf, 2012; Ries, 2011; Maurya, 2012), open innovation (Chesbrough, 2003; 2006, 2011) as well as the recent work of Clayton Christensen and colleagues (2003, 2005, 2007; 2009, 2011). These approaches promote an experimental, iterative process in which founders observe and interact with potential customers and sources of technology and ideas outside of the firm before locking into a specific path and precise product specifications. Understanding of opportunities is built through the expansion of social networks and through ongoing testing and modification of hypotheses relating to the product, the customers and the structure of the busi‐ness itself. Using design thinking as a reference point, this paper points out com‐mon themes integrating these new approaches, contrasting them with more tra‐ditional approaches to the development of new products and services. Four key integrating themes can be seen as (1) Learning through Experimentation, (2) De‐veloping Social Networks, (3) Fostering Deep Customer Understanding, and (4) Generating Ongoing Feedback. This paper discusses how these themes are mani‐fested throughout the various models, and how they combine to provide needed
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counterpoints to traditional approaches of strategy and management of risk sur‐rounding the innovation process. The key themes presented here are seen as par‐ticularly critical in coping with uncertainty and developing new sources of value.
Keywords: design thinking, lean startup, business model generation, open innova‐tion, effectuation
Eco‐Design or Eco‐Innovation? The Case of the Building Sector
Sonia Ben Slimane, Anna Glaser and Claire Auplat Novancia Business School, Paris, France
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to explore the concepts of eco‐design and eco‐innovation in the context of smart cities. In terms of impacts, the two approaches are considered to be sustainable solutions that imply finding the right balance between ecological and economic requirements by maximizing sustainability throughout all the stages of the product development process. However, despite the complementarities of their impacts, the two concepts are not clear in terms of targets and mechanisms. The aim of this article is to discuss these differences within the building and construction sector in the context of smart cities. We ar‐gue that the development of smart cities is closely linked to the context of sus‐tainable development and therefore the strategy related to the integration of environmental considerations into the design stage is determinant when engi‐neering the buildings and selecting the materials. In order to investigate empiri‐cally the understanding of the two concepts among professionals, we use a media content analysis. Within the LexisNexis database, we selected European profes‐sional magazines from the environment, construction and building categories published in English, French and German languages over the period 2005‐2015. Our results are threefold: first, there is a predominant use of the eco‐design com‐pared to the eco‐innovation concept; second, there is a strong difference be‐tween English and French professional magazine articles, the latter discussing eco‐design much more often than the first; and finally, the range of discussed eco‐design mechanisms and impacts got slowly broader since 2012. We discuss the results and try to explain them according to the evolution of the regulation in this field.
Keywords: eco‐innovation, eco‐design, smart cities, construction, media content analysis
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Culture and its Effect on Female Entrepreneurship Around the
World: Convergence or an Emerging Trend?
Stephanie Birkner1 and Helen Aderemi2 1Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Faculty of Computing Science, Business Administration, Economics, and Law, Oldenburg, Germany 2Obafemi Awolowo University, Faculty of Administration, Ile – Ife, Nigeria
Abstract: Academics and economists seek for directions when intoning the de‐bate on female entrepreneurship. While some school of thought expect the gen‐der bias within the start‐up community to eventually even out as soon as socie‐ties’ mind‐sets change with respect to women’s entrepreneurial reluctances; oth‐ers assert that the even out of the bias is occluded by women’s lack of entrepre‐neurial intention and competences. However, both proclaim a need to accelerate female entrepreneurship for two reasons: gender‐equality concern and economic specificity. Female entrepreneurs worldwide still face an uphill battle in some more or less severe cases. They have to carry unnecessary baggage on their rise to the top. Here, one can wonder: Who packed it? Biology? Social conditions? Na‐tions infrastructure? The anthropological theory of entrepreneurship has identi‐fied culture as a key determinant of venture creation behaviour, practices and outcome. This paper focuses on the extent to which the rise of female entrepreneursis especially cultural determined. We conducted a comparative analysis drawing on previous empirical studies and secondary data using Europe, Asia, and Africa for 1st, 2nd and 3rd world respectively. Evidences from our analy‐sis reveal that cultural environment features a negative correlation of entrepre‐neurial interest to gender. This means, males are more likely to be entrepreneuri‐al and more successful in their ventures than their female counterparts across the globe with slightly varying differences levelled by industrialization and socio‐economic development. The paper discusses our conclusions on culture entailed threats and opportunities for female entrepreneurs. It comes up with implications for further directions of research to shed lighton structural and mental concepts maintaining the start‐up gender bias.
Keywords: female entrepreneurship, gender bias, culture, environment, compar‐ative analysis
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Group Creativity in Biomedical Engineering Education
Samira Bourgeois‐Bougrine1, Baptiste Sandoz2, Rachele Allena2 and Barbara Dallez1 1Paris Descartes University, France, 2Arts etMétiersParisTech, France
Abstract: Aim: The present study focuses on a group creativity approach tested during a 5‐day interdisciplinary seminar involving 12 members of the teaching team, a creativity facilitator and 87 students from various nationalities enrolled in 4 specialities of a Biomedical engineering Master. Approach: 15 multidisciplinary teams of 5 to 6 students were formed according to their background and speciali‐ties. Questionnaires were used to assess students’ thinking styles and teamwork capability. Students were introduced to the six thinking hats technique and to an adapted version of Human Centred Design. During the creativity sessions, stu‐dents were encouraged to think about things that have frustrated them lately, to find an idea, define what the problem is and “solve” it. The last day, students vot‐ed for each project in terms of originality, impact and feasibility. A jury of experts gave a mark (out of 20) to each project. Results: All the projects involved the de‐velopment of a smart technical device to diagnose, detect, monitor, cure or pre‐vent a health problem such as diabetes, sleep disorder, sudden death syndrome, snake bite, epilepsy, bed sore, posture or hormonal issues. Jury marks were posi‐tively correlated with the peer feasibility and impact votes but not with the origi‐nality of the projects. The dominant thinking styleof the students was “Pragma‐tist” (42% of student with score ≥60). The team who received the highest number of votes and the highest jury mark (18 out of 20) included students with different thinking styles (Synthesist, Pragmatist, Realist and Analyst). The 6 teams in which there was at least one member with "Realist" dominant thinking style obtained 63% of peers’ feasibility votes. The lowest jury mark (14 out of 20) was awarded to the team including members with only 2 different thinking styles, "Synthesist" and "Idealist". Students with preference for "Synthesist" thinking style perceived their teamwork as less efficient. Conclusion: The approach used was well received by students and the outcome was very satisfactory. Feasibility and impact are favoured over originality by the students and their mentors. Teamwork seems to be influenced by the diversity of the thinking styles of the teams ‘members. The main guidelines developed to improve the teaching of creativity tools concern a) the composition of innovation teams: in addition to the diversity of backgrounds and specialities a more structured approach to form teams should involves meas‐uring team member’s thinking preferences before forming a team and balancing it accordingly, b) thinking style awareness: it could be interesting that one identifies
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each strategic thinking to leverage strengths and to reinforce or modify those thinking styles.
Keywords: group creativity, thinking styles, interdisciplinary teamwork, biomedi‐cal engineering
Developing Entrepreneurship Learning Outcomes in Business Education and Beyond: Pedagogical Implications
Anthony Paul Buckley Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland
Abstract: High growth states and regions can be differentiated form low growth states and regions by their high investment in knowledge, low knowledge filter and high levels of entrepreneurial capital. These states help create and accumu‐late entrepreneurial capital by providing citizens with learning opportunities ‘to be more enterprising’ in their pursuit of value creation and capture. In the context of higher education then, fundamental questions arise about what ‘constructively aligned’ curriculum design, learning and teaching methodologies and assessment strategies can deliver the appropriate entrepreneurship learning outcomes in en‐trepreneurship education and training (EET) in an increasingly complex, uncertain and unknowable world. This paper reviews the current EET literature, assesses current thinking and practice in EET and concludes, in the absence of empirical evidence favouring a particular pedagogical approach, that a portfolio of practice‐based methods is an appropriate approach to developing ‘value‐based’ entrepre‐neurship learning outcomes. This portfolio of pedagogical approaches is sub‐divided into five discrete but related primary pedagogies focusing on students’ attempts to create and capture value by observing (observation research in the field), playing (serious games and simulations), experiencing (business start‐up), creating (design‐based creation and co‐creation) and thinking reflectively (reflec‐tion‐on‐practice and reflection‐in‐practice) and not just understanding, knowing and talking as in more traditional approaches. This approach is heavily influenced by effectuation principles and the experimentally‐driven ethos of the lean start‐up movement. The paper concludes by suggesting a framework (with a case exam‐ple) for assisting leadership groups in universities and higher education institutes to develop appropriate entrepreneurship learning outcomes at universi‐ty/institute, college, school, programme and module levels.
Keywords: entrepreneurship education and training, entrepreneurship learning outcomes, business education, value creation and capture
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Income Flows and Market Orientation in Academic Spin‐Offs: Empirical Evidences in Italy
Nicoletta Buratti, Renata Paola Dameri, Pier Maria Ferrando and Roberto Garelli University of Genova, Italy
Abstract: This survey aims at tracing the income profile of 42 academic spin‐offs, analysing their balance sheet and especially the Income statement. Academic spin‐offs (ASOs) are an emerging trend in universities and research centres all over the world. They are considered like one of the most promising ways to trans‐fer research results to the market place. A recent survey regarding 42 ASOs set‐tled within the perimeter of the University of Genova (Italy) shows that they are characterised by low financial performance but high long‐term survival. The rea‐sons could be explained by the limits in their entrepreneurial orientation. To fur‐ther validate these hypotheses the authors suggest a quantitative in‐depth analy‐sis of revenues in the Income statement, especially investigating about the weight of non‐commercial incomes among the total. The research permits to trace dif‐ferent profiles about how these firms evolve in their relationship with the market, mirrored by their income mix. The quantitative, financial analysis confirms the hypothesis of different ASOs aims, not ever matching with the financial and eco‐nomic goals of a business.
Keywords: academic spin‐off (ASO), income statement, performance analysis, technological transfer
How Some HR Management Practices may Hinder Innovation: The Case of the Hotel Industry
Maria de Lurdes Calisto ESHTE – Higher Institute for Tourism and Hotels Studies, Estoril, Portugal CAFAGE ‐ Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Eco‐nomics of the Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
Abstract: Most hotel businesses are under a tremendous pressure to reduce pric‐es, even in the upper‐scale segment. Although innovation has been recognized in the literature as a way to support differentiation, or even to boost productivity, being therefore a way out of the margin‐crushing spiral, many managers seem to be unaware of how some human resources management practices may have det‐
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rimental effects on innovation. An entrepreneurial workforce has long been rec‐ognized essential for innovation in services. Because of the characteristics of ser‐vices, like inseparability of production and consumption, front line employees are often in a unique position to suggest new approaches to service delivery. These employees are also subject to pressure from customers to improve products and processes. Intrapreneurial activities may result from individual creativity or pur‐suit of self‐interest, and share many key behavioural characteristics with the tra‐ditional concept of entrepreneurship, such as taking initiative or opportunity pur‐suit. However, at the same time, intrapreneurship distinctly belongs to the do‐main of 'employee behaviour' and thus faces the same kind of limitations and opportunities for support from the organizational context. Therefore, one might assume that this would lead hotel managers and business owners to strategically value these employees (intrapreneurs) as they might be a large source of innova‐tion. However, hotel industry is known to be characterized by over‐worked, un‐derpaid, and under‐qualified workers. In this article, we review the literature to identify the gaps between the human resources management practices needed to foster an innovative workforce, and practices usually found in most hotel compa‐nies. These gaps raise questions concerned with the innovation outcomes of the industry, and how the most common human resources practices may be hinder‐ing those outcomes. These questions may serve as springboards for future re‐search and raise important issues for hotel managers to consider.
Keywords: hotel industry, human resources management, innovation, intrapreneurship, services
Access to Bank Credit During the Economic Crisis: A Comparison Between Italian Male and Female Entrepreneurs
Francesca Maria Cesaroni and Annalisa Sentuti Department of Economics, Society and Politics, University of Ur‐bino Carlo Bo, Urbino (PU), Italy
Abstract: This paper seeks to describe the ways in which the economic crisis has affected bank‐firm dynamics and access to credit for male and female entrepre‐neurs. The issue of bank loans and access to credit has been widely covered in studies on female entrepreneurship. Countless research proves the existence of significant differences between male and female businesses, for example, regard‐ing financial structure and the impact of debt finance. The causes of these differ‐ences, however, have not yet been clearly identified. In this context, one wonders
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whether male and female firms were affected by the crisis in the same way, or if bank‐firm dynamics followed different trends in the two cases. This paper pre‐sents the main findings from an empirical research based on a questionnaire sur‐vey involving a sample of 300 (150 male and 150 female) sole‐proprietors and owners of micro‐enterprises located in the Marche region (central Italy). Data was collected in October‐November 2013 and refers to the period 2008‐2013. The purpose of the questionnaire was to understand if men and women entrepre‐neurs asked for new bank loans during the crisis, and if they obtained the re‐quired bank loans under the same conditions. Moreover we want to understand if other variables, other than gender, could have influenced access to bank credit. The empirical analysis has shown that firms were very cautious with access to finance during the crisis. In fact, only a few firms asked for new bank loans and female firms asked for bank loans more rarely than male firms. In contrast to pre‐vious studies, this analysis reveals no significant differences between male and female businesses on the possibility of attaining requested bank loans .Even the influence of other variables is statistically insignificant.
Keywords: female entrepreneurship, access to credit, loans, gender, economic crisis, financing
Research‐Based Spin‐Offs as Agents of Knowledge Dissemination: Evidence From the Analysis of Innovation Networks
Oscarina Conceição1, Cristina Sousa2 and Margarida Fontes3 1DINÂMIA’CET‐IUL, University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal & Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Barcelos, Portugal 2ISCTE_IUL, University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal & DINÂMIA’CET‐IUL, University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal 3LNEG – National Laboratory of Energy and Geology, Lisbon, Portu‐gal & DINÂMIA’CET‐IUL, University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Por‐tugal
Abstract: The paper addresses the role played by research‐based spin‐offs (RBSOs) as knowledge dissemination mechanisms, through their position in knowledge networks. For this purpose the paper analyses the formal networks established by the Portuguese RBSOs in the context of publicly funded research, technology and pre‐commercial product development projects, and investigates their configuration along two levels. At organisational level, in order to under‐
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stand whether RBSOs extend their reach beyond the academic sphere; and if they do, whether they relate with similar firms or connect to organisations located downstream in the knowledge value chain, and which is their position in networks involving both research organisations and other firms. At spatial level, in order to understand whether RBSOs extend their reach beyond the region where they are created, thus potentially acting as connectors between diverse regions. The anal‐ysis starts from the population of RBSOs created in Portugal until 2007 (387) and identifies those that have established formal technological relationships as part of projects funded by all the programmes launched in the period 1993‐2012. As a result, the analysis encompasses 192 collaborative projects and involves 82 spin‐offs and 281 partners, of which only 20% are research organisations, the remain‐ing being other firms and a variety of other user organisations. The results, alt‐hough still preliminary, provide some insights into the knowledge networking be‐haviour of the RBSOs. As expected, research organisations are a central actor in spin‐offs’ networks, being the sole partner for some of them. But half of the RBSOs have moved beyond the academic sphere, being frequently a central ele‐ment in tripartite technological relationships between research and other organi‐sations and occupying an intermediation position in the network, thus potentially acting as facilitators in knowledge circulation and transformation. Also as ex‐pected, RBSOs are predominantly located in the main metropolitan areas and tend to relate with organisations similarly located. But while geographical proxim‐ity emerges as important in the choice of partners, in about half of the cases, RBSOs knowledge networks have extended beyond regional boundaries. Given their central position in the network this suggests a role as connectors across re‐gions that will be explored in subsequent research.
Keywords: spin‐offs, knowledge networks, space; knowledge dissemination, inter‐firm relationships
A Case on a Case: Embedding Sustainable Entrepreneurship Into a Managerial‐Skills Course
Orlando Enrique Contreras and Leidy Tatiana Rodríguez Industrial University of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
Abstract: This paper documents the experience of bringing a real‐business chal‐lenge into the classroom using a case that demonstrates an issue in a local utility company: the Bucaramanga Metropolitan Aqueduct. The local case study shows the dilemma the manager of a public utilities company must confront, faced with the poor impact of the bottled water business unit on income results. On the one hand, the Board of Directors is totally oriented toward financial results and per‐
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ceives interesting business potential with the massive development of this prod‐uct in the region. On the other hand, the natural discussion about taking ad‐vantage of that potential and what the company should do in terms of strategy tends to omit its true purpose and the strong policy of social responsibility, which should go against a business that is continually being challenged in terms of the destruction of social and environmental value that it generates (bottled wa‐ter).Then, this challenge appeals to the innovative sense of the students in the Managerial Skills course of the Industrial Engineering program at the Industrial University of Santander by using active innovation methodologies such as teach‐ing through case studies and design thinking in order to formulate different alter‐native business models for bottled water so that, along the lines of the actual purpose of the organization, they are able to generate, simultaneously, financial results as well as good environmental and social outcomes. The contribution of this case study centers on the validity of the results generated in terms of ac‐ceptance, motivation, and learning by making combined use of concepts such as sustainability, entrepreneurship, and education in innovation. The fact that it is a known, everyday company increased the levels of participation at the time of the respective feedback, and presumably, the students' ability to understand the con‐cepts related to the shared value creation in new ventures creation today.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, sustainability, design thinking, case study, pedagog‐ical innovation
The eSG Project: A Blended Learning Model for Teaching Entrepreneurship Through Serious Games
Francesca Maria Dagnino1, Alessandra Antonaci1, Michela Ott1, Elisa Lavagnino2, Francesco Bellotti2, Riccardo Berta2 and Alessandro De Gloria2 1Institute for Educational Technology, Italian National Research Council, Genova, Italy 2DITEN‐ University of Genoa, Italy
Abstract: The paper presents a case study in ICT‐enhanced entrepreneurship edu‐cation. It draws on the Entrepreneurship through Serious Games (eSG) EU project, co‐funded by EACEA in the framework of the lifelong learning programme (LLP) in 2011. The collaborative project was carried out in three EU countries (Italy, Spain and the Netherlands), where three different courses in Entrepreneurship for higher education students were designed, delivered and evaluated. This paper focuses on the Italian experience and devotes specific attention to the two
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courses (one for each of the two years of the project) carried out at the University of Genoa (UNIGE), involving students of non‐business faculties (engineering). The two courses were based on a blended‐learning model, used gamification tech‐niques and adopted innovative ICT tools, such as Serious Games (SGs). In the pa‐per, the learning/teaching methodology adopted in the Italian courses is de‐scribed and the overall potential of the blended strategy is highlighted. Actually, following Pankin et al. (2012) the two courses can correctly be classified as blended, as they adopted a learning/teaching strategy based on: different learn‐ing or instructional methods (lecture, discussion, guided practice, reading, games, case study, simulation), different delivery methods (live classroom or computer mediated), different scheduling (synchronous or asynchronous) and different lev‐els of guidance (individual, instructor or expert led, or group/social learning) (Pankin, Roberts, and July, 2012). As a matter of fact, one of the key elements of the two UNIGE courses was the integration of gaming sessions with both theoreti‐cal lectures and talks with entrepreneurs and experts in the field; in addition some parts of the courses required attendance of classroom lectures while other parts only required online presence and related activities. Different levels of guid‐ance were also experienced by participants during the courses: they were invited to work both individually and in groups and the learning process was both guided (by teachers, experts in the field and real entrepreneurs) and self‐regulated. As to the tools adopted in the project, the experimental courses showed that Serious Games represent a suitable tool for sustaining Entrepreneurship Education. Be‐sides, the appropriateness and effectiveness of the use of Serious Games for the intended purposes, the experiments conducted also demonstrated the suitability of the adopted blended learning/teaching methodology for sustaining student motivation and ultimately for improving learning.
Keywords: entrepreneurship education, blended learning, game based learning, gamification, technology enhanced learning
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Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Smart Cities: The Role of Research Centres in Marginal Urban Areas
Stefano De Falco1 and Francesco Polese2 and Mariarosalba Angri‐sani3 1Research centre for Innovation and Technology Transfer, Univer‐sity of Naples Federico II, Italy 2University of Salerno, Dept. of Management and Information Technology, Italy 3Technology Transfer Office, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Abstract: Currently the concept of smart city is widespread. Its value is related to sustainable development in terms of social cohesion, to the diffusion and availa‐bility of knowledge, creativity, freedom and mobility, environmental quality, and their relative use by advanced technologies. To think of a smart city or even, on a smaller scale, a smart area, means to consider different variables of influence. One of these variables is the geographical proximity between universities or re‐search centers and the territory. Data from universities and research centers op‐erating in different areas of technology, as gathered by a relevant literature in the field (Lawton Smith, H., 2007, 2011, 2013; Lazzeroni, M., Piccaluga, A., 2003; Lazzeroni 2010; Lazzeroni et al., 2013), show that, when the geographical distance from the source of knowledge (Universities and Research Centres) to users in‐creases, the impact of knowledge gradually decreases. The approach of the pre‐sent study declines the exposed issue to the specific case of marginal urban area. Results of an empirical analysis are proposed. It regards to a real case, based on the analysis of the impacts of the recent settlement of a research center, the cen‐ter Cesma of the University of Naples Federico II, in marginal east area of the city of Naples, in which the local administration has decided to implement requalifica‐tion actions.
Keywords: network, interaction, marginal urban areas, relationship, requalifica‐tion, smart city, value co‐creation
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Structured Crowdsourcing: A B2B Innovation Roadmap
Rick Edgeman1,2,3, Toke Engell1, Nik Grewy Jensen1, Marian Vrtik1, Jacob Eskildsen1,2 and Torben Tambo1 1Business and Technology Department, School of Business & Social Sciences (BSS), Aarhus University, Denmark 2Interdisciplinary Center for Organizational Architecture, BSS, Aar‐hus University, Denmark 3Industrial Engineering & Management Department, Uppsala Uni‐versity, Sweden
Abstract: Crowdsourcing is an increasingly popular source of both ideas and fund‐ing. Crowdsourcing in a B2B context is less well understood and, as such, much of our discussion will highlight business‐to‐business crowdsourcing. More generally discussion will address crowdsourcing relative to innovation and technology de‐velopment and customer relationship management. Examples will be used to de‐rive a general roadmap, and to identify specific areas worthy of increased atten‐tion. The roadmap is developed as a six‐stage approach that begins with task specification and concludes with management of inputs generated from crowd‐sourcing efforts. The roadmap emphasizes on early stages in the overall innova‐tion management activity that is related to development and specification of the task to be crowdsourced, the identification of the crowd, the creation of the envi‐ronment to connect the crowdsourcer, the task and the crowd, motivation of the crowd, and actual activities in reaching the crowd. Managing the input from the crowd is regarded as a later stage in the overall innovation management but also as a focal point in the arguments for improving B2B crowdsourcing. In crowd se‐lection processes this paper aims at classifying the crowd related to the closeness to the company requesting deliberate choices between employees, partners, prequalifying participants or the general crowd. Magnitude of insight, capability, expertise and volume is defined as critical to the outcome.
Keywords: crowdsourcing, B2B, distributed innovation, innovation clusters, inno‐vation contests, knowledge management, roadmap
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Measuring the Impact of Tourism Education on Empowering Women Entrepreneurship in Egypt
Hanan Hosny Soliman El Assar and Heba Said Department of tourism Studies, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
Abstract: Female entrepreneurship represents an important engine of economic growth for developing countries as it has a leading role in generating productive work, achieving gender equality and reducing poverty; thus, the analysis of devel‐oping successful entrepreneurship‐ related education can be useful for growth potential. Currently, Egyptian universities are expected to play a new role in socie‐ty, in addition to research and teaching, by applying a ‘third mission’ of economic development. Universities can contribute to entrepreneurship indirectly, through education of candidates. The study will address a research gap in the area of tour‐ism education by identifying the intentions of tourism female students to start a new business. Although today’s women make up a significant share of the pool of potential entrepreneurs, there appears to be a dearth of studies into tourism fe‐male students' intentions to get involved in entrepreneurial endeavors. Research importance and objectives – The women entrepreneurs in Middle East has unusu‐al characteristics in comparison of other developed countries mainly arising from the social structure of this area. The aim of research is to deepen the recent and promising new streams of female empowerment in Egypt by analyzing the effect of education on the female students to encourage them establish their own busi‐ness, the main research question: Do tourism education programs raise entrepre‐neurial attitudes and intention of female's students? While the peculiarities of the education environment have a primary role in affecting female entrepreneurs’ motivation, is tourism education still considered vocational and action oriented? Design/methodology/approach – In a pilot research project, the research measures relevant variables using two forms of questionnaire, the first was hand‐ed to female students before the start of tourism program(first year),the second handed to female students at the end of the program (fourth year) . This produc‐es unbiased estimates of the program’s impact on students’ beliefs about own aptitude for entrepreneurial tasks. The research shows how informative signals about entrepreneurial ability generated before and by entrepreneurship educa‐tion determine such beliefs, allowing students to learn their type. In our study we elicited the strength of the signals that students have received. Findings – Stu‐dents in the end of the tourism program increased their subjective norms and intentions towards self‐employment, whereas students before the start of the program did not. Therefore, the program's benefit is related to the increase of subjective norms and intentions towards self‐employment. Originality/value –
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Tourism education can empower women to face several barriers and establish their own business which is considered a man domain. Thus, the researchers will focus on the female students' views as subject of the various learning aspects in the faculty; analyze the changes and benefits of the tourism education in order to encourage them to be future entrepreneurs.
Keywords: women entrepreneur, tourism education, empowerment, Egypt
An Empirical Approach of (SMTEs) Tourism Entrepreneurship in Alexandria: Characteristics and Obstacles
Hanan Hosny Soliman El Assar and Heba Said Department of tourism Studies, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
Abstract: Tourism is a powerful economic force in the support of local communi‐ties and global markets especially in the developing countries. At present, tourism activities comprise one of the world’s largest industries, and the world’s largest service sector industry with over three trillion dollars in revenues produced. One of the most conspicuous developments in tourism policy internationally over the past two decades has been the growth of interest in small businesses. They have been seen by policy‐makers as the economic lifeblood of the sector. Small& me‐dium business ,as Stakeholders need resources, incentives and advice on how to respond to challenges and new opportunities to shift the emphasis towards im‐plementing strategies that emerge from successful initiatives. This research aims: To extend knowledge pertaining to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in gen‐eral within the context of the tourism industry, and to provide a richer under‐standing relative to major factors affecting the development of small and medium tourism enterprises (SMTEs) for travel agents in Egypt and try to give a significant result on entrepreneurship issues applying on Alexandria. Research importance and objectives: Over the last two decades in particular, growth SMEs have re‐ceived considerable attention from researchers and policy‐makers around the world for reasons identified by (Turok, 1991) as follows: There is considerable interest within the field of small firms policy and research in the identification of features that distinguish firms which grow from those that stand still or fail. This is thought important if more selective small firms' policies are to be developed. Identifying distinctive features of more and less successful firms may also provide insights into the factors influencing small firm development and hence improve understanding of the growth process(Davidson, 1989).
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esign/methodology/approach: The empirical study was conducted by distributing a questionnaire based on a Likert scale. The questionnaire was developed through Reviewing the related academic literature, articles, and previous relevant re‐searches to identify pertinent variables to the study and through drafting ques‐tionnaire by basing on identified variables, to ensure the accuracy and validity Findings: The findings indicate that being small in size and simple structure, lack of management experience and market recognition had formed the major charac‐teristics of these SMEs. Furthermore, they are facing an increasingly competitive environment and their sustainability is being threatened by a continuously de‐creasing market share and reducing profit levels. Originality/value: SME travel agents have a very short development history in Egypt and little is known about the Importance of the SMTEs. This study intends to provide enhanced under‐standing of the SMTEs which can serve as the base for future study.
Keyword: entrepreneurship, driving factors for entrepreneurs, obstacles of SMTEs, Alexandria
Network Models of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems in Developing Economies
Daniel Evans, Benjamin Thirey and Louis Boguchwal Network Science Center, West Point, USA
Abstract: Development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) has been recog‐nized as a key step in the progressive development of frontier and emerging economies. The social and economic environment is critical to the creation and success of the SMEs. Our project methodology seeks to develop insight into the establishment of social and economic criteria which facilitates the creation and success of SMEs. We have developed a quantitatively‐oriented network method‐ology that accurately evaluates a local entrepreneurial ecosystem in terms of po‐tential for growth and expansion. This innovative, yet simple, methodology is a variation of the Position Generator technique currently used to measure social capital. The results enable the identification of the most influential roles in a given local ecosystem. We further develop a model that illustrates the connections be‐tween these influential roles which then allows us to compare and contrast dif‐ferent local communities utilizing a uniform standard of measurement.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, ecosystems, network analysis, innovation, econom‐ic development, economic policy
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Innovation Networks and the Governance of Rural Territories: The Case of Coruche
Maria de Fátima Ferreiro and Cristina Sousa ISCTE‐IUL and Dinâmia’CET‐IUL, Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract: The paper presents the results of a research on the governance and innovation dynamics in a specific sectoral and geographical context: cork produc‐tion and transformation in a rural territory – Coruche, the so‐called ‘Capital of Cork’. The actors related with this raw material in this particular territory, their interactions, the main innovations and scales of action are considered through a network analysis. The research contributes to the extant literature, by addressing an empirical context that has been neglected by most innovation scholars: rural territories and traditional sectors, namely agro‐forest industry. Moreover, it in‐troduces the analysis of the governance system in the study of innovation pro‐cesses, discussing the role of several type of actors in the system and the institu‐tions that frame and emerge from their interactions. We use both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collect through semi‐directed interviews, con‐ducted in 17 organizations between January and September 2014. Secondary data was collect through the analysis of websites, reports, newsletters and press arti‐cles. We resort to social network analysis and use a typology of actors and of their roles in the innovation system to analyse the governance of the innovation sys‐tem. The results reveal a governance system characterized by multi‐actor and multi‐scale nature and a diversity of norms and rules that frame the interactions between actors. The governance of cork‐based activities includes important cork transformation companies, cork (forest) producers, professional and development associations, and public administration entities with competences in regulation and the development of the territory, including the management of European Funds. The results also reveal an important presence and role of the world main enterprise in the sector in different aspects of the system, namely innovation ac‐tivities. The local presence of this multinational enterprise introduces interesting issues related with some aspects of its attachment to the territory including the creation of employment and the collaboration with local entities.
Keywords: innovation networks, rural territories, governance, institutions, inno‐vation, Coruche
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Putting Innovation in Place: Georgia Tech’s Innovation Neighbourhood of Tech Square
Greg Giuffrida, Jennifer Clark and Stephen Cross Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Abstract: Discussions of university‐based economic development practice have evolved from discrete discussions about constituent elements (ex. technology transfer, firm start‐ups, etc…) to more integrated discussions about the role of the entrepreneurial university in shaping innovation districts. Policy analysts have identified “innovation ecosystems” connected to anchor institutions in Baltimore, Buffalo, Cambridge, Cleveland, Detroit, Houston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Lou‐is, San Diego, and “Tech Square” in Atlanta. These innovation districts share char‐acteristics in common with the “Triple Helix” thesis combining university, indus‐try, and government partners to build innovation neighborhoods connected to anchor institutions. Although the success of these innovation districts has been widely noted, the elements underlying that success have not been systematically identified. This study contributes to this evolving scholarship by examining the development and evolution of Technology Square in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. The “triple‐helix” thesis articulated by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff argues successful innovation cultures are fostered by continuous and iterative interaction among universities, governments, and industry. The Brookings Institution’s innovation districts model further considers the physical space and relationship culture in which these triple helix interactions manifest: 1) Economic assets (the triple‐helix actors); 2) Physical assets (public and private space, infrastructure, and connectiv‐ity); and 3) Networking assets (the relationships among the various actors that help advance new ideas). This paper analyzes the “Tech Square” project. It was built from 2001 to 2003 and simultaneously expanded the size and scope of the Georgia Institute of Technology, a major public research university with an urban campus. The project was initially driven by the need for more programming and academic space, but multiple factors shaped it into the foundation of a growing innovation hub. This case study uses a review of the literature on university knowledge and technology transfer; archival records; interviews; contemporary accounts; and mapping to build an ex post evaluation of Tech Square based on evolving theories of innovation district design. This study makes key contributions through a close examination of the physical form of Tech Square and how it was shaped by its particular Triple Helix environment. In addition, the Tech Square case highlights how the U.S. political context of limited government funding for university expansion necessitates a more creative economic development role for universities as anchor institutions. The findings of this study will be of interest to practitioners and scholars of economic development, public policy, urban plan‐
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ning and design, public‐private partnerships, and higher education seeking to bet‐ter understand the evolving role of research‐intensive urban universities in build‐ing and shaping innovation districts.
Keywords: innovation ecosystems, anchor institutions, triple helix, knowledge and technology transfer, regional innovation systems
The Balance of Externalities and Internal Effects in National Innovation Systems
Oleg Golichenko and Svetlana Samovoleva Central Economics and Mathematics Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, National Research, University Higher School of Econom‐ics, Moscow, Russia
Abstract. The paper analyzes the balance of internal and external effects of ac‐tors' activities in national innovation systems. The actors implementing the inter‐nal effects minimize costs and receive benefits. If there are side effects (externali‐ties), the other actors who had not participated directly in the internal effects implementation can obtain advantages and profits without bearing any costs. Externalities affect actors' motivations and encourage them to perform (or fail‐ure) some functions of the national innovation system (NIS). In order to achieve a rational combination of conflicting functions, it is necessary to reach certain pro‐portions between the effects of actors' activities and the emerging externalities of these activities. The externalities and their impact on NIS processes are consid‐ered from the standpoint of a country passing a particular stage of technological development. The effectiveness of NIS actors' operations in the processes of knowledge transfer strongly depends on integration of national markets into global ones. The key mechanism of such integration is international competition. The positive externalities of international competition can create motivation for domestic actors of the NIS to innovate. However, if the competition is too inten‐sive, it may lead to irreversible consequences for the domestic industries. At the same time, classic protectionism and high barriers to entry for foreign companies into domestic markets preserves the backward technological structure and thus serves as the main obstacles to economic development. The models of technology diffusion are considered to determine the possible ways of balancing positive and negative externalities of international competition on the investment stage of country's development. Much of the attention of the study focuses on such an externality as a technological spillover. On the investment stage, excessive sup‐pression of technological spillover restricts entries of new domestic participants into markets and reduces their ability to further development of new products or
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production methods. The paper take into account the problem of choosing a de‐gree of regulation of technological spillover and finding a balance between strict and lax protection of intellectual property rights. The examples of solving this problem for some countries are given. Finally, externalities of the bias in favour of a particular type of innovations are considered. These are the expansion of busy‐ness research capacity and active business partnership and cooperation with ex‐ternal sources of R&D. So as to remove unfavorable structural changes caused by these externalities, there is a need to achieve some balance between positive and negative their influences.
Keywords: innovation policy, externalities, international competition, technologi‐cal spillover, business bias and preferences, product and process innovations
Exploring Academic Entrepreneurship: A Case Study at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Rosilah Hassan1, Norngainy Mohd Tawil2, Shamshubaridah Ram‐lee2, Khaidzir Ismail1 and Wahiza Wahi1 1Pusat Citra Universiti, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia 2Centre of Entrepreneurship and SMEs Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Abstract: Entrepreneurship has been given the given the highest priority in an effort to reach the status of a developed nation by 2020. Most universities have developed entrepreneurial learning known as academic entrepreneurship (AE) by introducing entrepreneur related courses for multidiscipline students. In 22 public universities in Malaysia, there now exist 22 entrepreneurship centres and plat‐forms with models designed to achieve to the missions of each universities. In Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), two AE courses among other liberal courses are managed by CITRA, an academic centre created to enhance the en‐trepreneurial awareness and enculturalization of entrepreneurship among stu‐dents. These students upon introduced to the world of entrepreneurship will mi‐grate to three other higher level entrepreneurship courses offered at Centre for Entrepreneurship and SME Development (CESMED). In total UKM offers five AE courses provided by two centres; the first course namely Basic of Entrepreneur‐ship and Innovations (LMCW1022) compulsory to all first year students in all 12 faculties at UKM regardless of their disciplines and faculties. Whereas, second year students have a choice of taking three courses which are Junior Start Up (CMIE2016), Senior Start Up (CMIE3016) and SME Apprenticeship (CMIE2036). These courses provide co‐curriculum, academic training and industrial training
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respectively. Students in their third year who are also in their final year, can choose to register in Research on Entrepreneurship Cases (LMCR3033) course. In order to nurture the economic value of entrepreneurial learning from among 4000 students and teaching, UKM has blended into its courses simulation, online quiz, course survey as well as text books publishing for lecture use.
Keywords: entrepreneurial learning, academic entrepreneurship courses, entre‐preneurship centres, platforms
A State‐of‐the‐art Analysis of Innovation Models and In‐novation Software Tools
Luis Hernandez‐Munoz1, Meghana Torane1, Ardavan Amini1 and Anandhi Vivekanandan‐Dhukaram2
1 Birmingham City University, Centre for Enterprise Systems, UK 2 University of Cambridge Department of Psychology, Cambridge, UK Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of existing innovation models and inno‐vation software tools. An innovation model is a representation of the components and interactions that would foster the creation of novel solutions, systems or pro‐cesses. Those models are mechanisms designed to help producing effective and efficient collaborations within organisations, or among large organisations (LO) and Small to Medium‐Sized Enterprises (SMEs). However, although they have been often used by some LOs, their utilisation has been very limited in SMEs. This research addressed two research questions: First, investigate the components of current innovation models and their use in different organisations; and second, analyse the characteristics of innovation software tools and how they could be improved. This paper will contribute to the development of more efficient and enhanced models that can help addressing LOs’ challenges and help creating new markets for SMEs by constant engagement with LOs. A qualitative analysis of 17 publications from a selection of 400 academic abstracts, and 10 innovation soft‐ware tools available in the market, was carried out. Results show that innovation models have been designed to support innovation activities in sectors such as healthcare, public services, aerospace, education and businesses. The results also show that innovation software tools can provide a platform to capture, discuss, vote and rate new ideas from internal and external organisations’ stakeholders. However, despite innovation models and software tools seem to be democratic mechanisms for the management of ideas crowd‐sourcing, they lack a symbiotic environment that goes beyond a simple collection device, and provide improved
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innovation support. For example, better support to solve LOs’ needs efficiently, better support in the management of the collaboration among multiple organisa‐tions and the management of organisation's knowledge, capabilities, human re‐sources, intellectual property rights, financial resources, reputation, innovation costs and project risks. The review highlights the need to design and implement improved innovation models and software tools that empower innovation and efficient collaboration among organisations, which in turn would produce in‐creased economic growth and jobs creation.
Keywords: innovation model, innovation engine, innovation software tools, open innovation, SME networks, idea management
Venture Dynamics: Buying, Building, Selling Enterprises. Moving Entrepreneurship Education Beyond Start‐ups
Dale Heywood University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Abstract: This paper describes and qualifies a module introduced to a selection of Management School students in 2014/15. ULMS549 Venture Dynamics: Buying, Building, Selling Enterprises is a new core module for MSc Entrepreneurship stu‐dents but an elective module for other specialised MSc’s. It is a practical in role initiative which aims to move the entrepreneurship education remit and general management perceptions of entrepreneurship, beyond the traditional start‐up focus, to the additional objective of buying and growing an existing business. Stu‐dents use ‘live cases’ of actual businesses that are advertised For Sale in the UK. The students are required to work in small teams researching the businesses then, using transfer agent accounts, negotiate with vendors, assess multiple buy‐ing alternatives and identify opportunities to increase their chosen business’s val‐ue by becoming operational investors. The back story to the module’s significance is that the students have all been made redundant and have agreed to pool their redundancy packages together which is [an imaginary] £250,000. They know in advance that they have to increase the value of the business they choose in order to sell it on for profit but the percentage changes each year. In 2014/15 their tar‐get was a 25% increase in value and sale price. This module instils consideration that formulating an exit strategy is increasingly important whereas traditional approaches to entrepreneurship education all too often imply that starting up and maintaining a new business is the objective in itself (Pardo 2013). Increasingly new businesses get started in‐order‐to be bought out by a larger firm. This mod‐ule requires firstly a group Investment Proposal [for 30% of overall grade] to vali‐
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date why their chosen business is regarded as a sound investment. The second assessment [for 70% of overall grade] is an individual strategic proposal for how to go about adding value so all the group members can free up their capital, hopefully with some profit.
Keywords: entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial decisions, small business transfers, exit strategy, experiential learning
How Does a Platform Leader Keep its Platform Profitable?
Takashi Hirao1 and Yusuke Hoshino2 1Department of Business Administration and Information, Faculty of Business Administration and Information, Tokyo University of Science, Suwa, Nagano 2Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics, Musashino University, Tokyo
Abstract: How does a platform leader create its own platform and keep its plat‐form profitable? This paper aims to explore platform management, focusing on NTT docomo that is the largest Japanese mobile network communications opera‐tor. In the startup phase of a new platform‐mediated market, NTT docomo creat‐ed two‐sided markets with network effects between hardware and software through a common platform, such as i‐mode service that were the first commer‐cially mobile internet system. In addition, NTT docomo could keep its platform profitable because technological obsolescence caused by the continuous evolu‐tion of i‐mode services stimulated its subscribers to replace. Such sustaining inno‐vations to raise incomes from the established money‐side might plunge successful platform leaders into innovator’s dilemma.
Keywords: platform, two‐sided markets, replacement purchase, network effects, mobile phone industry
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Think Differently: An Exploratory Study of Entrepreneurship and Homelessness
Laura Hougaz1 and Jon Deakin2 1Study Connections, Melbourne, Australia 2Deakin Consulting, Melbourne, Australia
Abstract: This exploratory research examines the link between entrepreneurship and homelessness. The purpose of the paper is to explore homelessness as a trig‐ger to entrepreneurship, and provide insights into ‘survivalist entrepreneurs’ who have been at the margins of society. When homeless, they are at a disadvantage, having little control over their lives and their future. Yet some homeless people are able to break out of their disadvantage, become entrepreneurs, and create a new business and a new life. The authors of this paper will present a small num‐ber of case studies of entrepreneurs whose state of homelessness was no barrier to ‘thinking differently’ and establishing sustainable, and in some cases highly prosperous enterprises. The issues explored are: what has motivated them? How did they identify opportunities? How did they employ their limited resources to achieve their entrepreneurial goals? Using extracts from interviews, the authors shed light on the individual skills, qualities, and strengths that have enabled them to seize new opportunities, and examine how they made use of their personal and other resources in order to create a new life and future for themselves. This paper takes an initial step in extending entrepreneurship research into the field of homelessness.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, homelessness, think differently, survivalist entre‐preneurs, minority entrepreneurship
Early‐Stage Financing of University Spin‐Offs: The Impact of Entrepreneurial Capabilities and Social Networks of Founding Teams During Start‐ups
Thanh Huynh and Dean Patton Faculty of Management, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
Abstract: University spin‐offs have increasingly received attention from academia, governments, and policymakers in studying the financing policies, venture capital investment decision making, the roles of venture capitalist in the development of new ventures, and the contributions of entrepreneur’s social capital to the fund‐
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raising activities. However, the limited number of studies in understanding of the contribution made by the entrepreneurial capabilities and social networks of a founding team to its fundraising ability remains, especially within university spin‐off context. Employing resource‐based view theory and social networks approach, this paper enriches the knowledge by exploring university spin‐offs in Spain. The results of this study empirically demonstrate that by exploiting social networks a founding team can improve its entrepreneurial capabilities, which in turn enhance its fundraising ability.
Keywords: university spin‐offs, early‐stage finance, social networks, resource‐based view, investment readiness, information symmetry
Spin‐Offs as the Business Model for Innovation
Tatiana Iakovleva1 and Kjersti Vikse Meland2 1Stavanger Business School, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway, 2Polytec Research Institute, Haugesund, Norway
Abstract: Firm growth can happen in different forms, including the formation of the business groups through spin‐off process (Iacobucci and Rosa, 2010). While traditionally business groups were associated with large firm, recent studies con‐firm that owning more than one business is also common in small business sector (Birly and Westhead, 1993; Loiseau, 2001). Research on this phenomenon is quite limited, suggesting two lines of the explanation for the reasons for this particular type of business growth – the ability to recognize opportunities by portfolio en‐trepreneur due to his/ her experience, and the need to exploit opportunities by involving partners while remaining the controllable way of growth the business (Lechner and Leyronas, 2009). However, we argue that there is another reason for that type of growth, which is innovation, that fallen outside attention of the en‐trepreneurship filed of research so far. In the current paper we will take a focus on role of innovation as the important factor contributing to the formation of business groups, or more narrowly leading to the spin‐off decision by the found‐ers. Innovation in this study is seen as innovative, entrepreneurial strategy and culture of the firm (Covin, Geene and Slevin, 2006). By spinoff we understand here the formation of the new firm while the mother company remains highly involved either by owning shares in the company or by providing resources, mar‐keting channels or other means of support for the daughter company (Klepper og Sleeper 2005). The question we want to address in the present paper is “What role does innovation plays in spin‐off business model?”
Keywords: spin‐off, entrepreneurial orientation, innovation, business growth
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Practical Steps Towards Innovative Co‐Teaching
Anna‐Liisa Immonen and Kristiina Kinnunen Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences, Mikkeli, Finland
Abstract: The change from the traditional economy to the digital economy im‐pacts the competence required in the field of accounting. Further, due to limited resources, time management has become one of the most crucial factors when planning and implementing courses. One solution to the above‐mentioned chal‐lenges is sharing professional knowledge, good practices, and work, by applying innovative teaching methods in order to find the synergies in teaching, also in higher education. The starting point for implementing co‐teaching is administra‐tive encouragement, which requires a willingness to take risks and an acceptance of experimental quality. However, the key to successful planning and implemen‐tation of collaborative teaching is the genuine individual commitment of teachers to involve co‐teaching.As a result,the co‐teaching approach can help reach the ultimate goal: to improve the educational outcomes of students. There are differ‐ent ways to apply the co‐teaching methods. This paper deals with the co‐teaching methods used particularly in accounting courses, but also in other entrepreneur‐ship education in the Department of Business Management in Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences, Finland. In addition, this paper aims to present the benefits and requirements of applying these methods in practice, taking into account the aspects of both teaching and educational institution.
Keywords: co‐teaching, entrepreneurship education, accounting, higher educa‐tion
How Managers and Entrepreneurs use the Innovative Social Technologies
Alexandra Ioanid, Cezar Scarlat and Gheorghe Militaru University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania
Abstract: Social media technologies provide opportunities for innovation man‐agement and entrepreneurship and have a big impact on how businesses develop nowadays. By studying these technologies and by finding the best way to benefit from them, managers and entrepreneurs can develop successful strategies to grow their businesses. The main objective of this paper is to determine how man‐agers and entrepreneurs use social technologies, by exploring correlations be‐tween the decision to use certain social media technologies (on one hand) and the industry, the position of the manager in the organization, the previous experi‐
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ence of the manager or of the entrepreneur (on the other). A structured ques‐tionnaire was used as main survey tool in this pilot study. The exploratory re‐search aims at answering the following questions: (i) if there is a preference for a certain social technology, depending on the education and on the previous work experience of the manager or of the entrepreneur; and (ii) if the choice of a social technology is related to the industry. Also, the paper presents the purposes for which a certain technology is chosen and if benefits were obtained for the stated purpose, discussing several social media technologies (as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn). Understanding the success rate of social networks technologies for var‐ious industries provides valuable information for the company strategy makers that intend to use such innovative technologies.
Keywords: innovation, social technologies, managers, entrepreneurs
The Role of Interdepartmental Collaboration in the Development of the Innovation Ecosystem of the Lomonosov Moscow State University
Nataliya Ivashchenko, Petr Kiryushin and Alexandra Engovatova Department of Economics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Abstract: Interdepartmental collaboration is generally viewed as an important factor for development of the cross‐disciplinary innovation in universities. This work studies the existing innovation ecosystem of the Lomonosov Moscow State University (LMSU) in Russia. Within the framework of this study, more than 30 interviews were conducted with the stakeholders of the University innovation ecosystem such as researchers, entrepreneurs, students, representatives from administration and business crowd. Additionally, participatory research method was applied in order to gain first‐hand information about personal experience of interviewees in organization of interdepartmental innovation cooperation at the LMSU. Firstly, the research shows that collaboration between different depart‐ments at the University can be considered as one of the pillars for the develop‐ment of its innovation ecosystem. Secondly, interdepartmental interaction be‐came an important factor for the innovation development in this field not only for establishment of knowledge‐intensive research, but also to be applied as a tool for the implementation of new educational solutions. Thirdly, the establishment of interdepartmental cooperation allows us to identify three stages of the LMSU innovation ecosystem. Finally, several recommendations regarding the interde‐partmental collaboration were proposed for the development of the LMSU inno‐
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vation ecosystem. These recommendations explore new dimensions for the Uni‐versity ecosystem development in the area of university‐government‐industry cooperation, a target‐oriented design proposed for the new interdepartmental courses and programs, which could provide for enhanced process of creation and commercialization of innovations, preparation of professionals for the needs of specific companies, as well as attraction of new talents and stakeholders into the field of innovations.
Keywords: interdepartmental collaboration, interdisciplinary research, university infrastructure, university innovation ecosystem
Morphogenetic Model to Explain Entrepreneurial Behaviour: The Case of Germany
Paul Jackson1, Philip Dobson1 and Nancy Richter2 1Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia 2Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society, Berlin, Germany
Abstract: Entrepreneurship is a key driver of economic activity, but the factors which influence the emergence of entrepreneurs at the national level are not well understood. Subsequently, policy initiatives to encourage entrepreneurial behav‐iour are often developed with limited knowledge of the relevant constraints and causal factors. In order to identify such factors we seek first to describe and un‐derstand the problem of low entrepreneurial behaviour, and then to identify its possible causes. We adopt a causal realist approach, generally associated with critical realism (Bhaskar, 1978; Lawson, 1997), to guide our investigation. With this approach to analysis, things like human practices, structural conditions and policy interventions, are seen as causal factors that combine to form real, often interacting, causal mechanisms. We take as our case study the surprisingly low levels of entrepreneurial behaviour in Germany, a country that otherwise per‐forms very well in international innovation comparisons (INSEAD, 2014; OECD, 2013).Using critical realism, and its focus on ontology, we apply the morphoge‐netic framework of Margaret Archer (1995) to the anomaly of German entrepre‐neurship. In this way we hope to provide a possible basis for policy development. We examine cultural, structural and personal ontologies, their reciprocal interac‐tions and the role of agential reflexivity. Whilst our findings about entrepreneur‐ship in Germany can only be provisional, we argue that a social realist stance combined with the morphogenetic model can provide a practical grounding for research and analysis of entrepreneurship located within a national context. We consider how particular situational logics provide high‐level strategic guidance for
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entrepreneurial action. These so‐called situational logics, emanating from emer‐gent cultural and socio‐cultural factors, provide a basis for proposing different national and institutional mechanisms that impact entrepreneurial strategic choices. Incorporating the way that “people” selectively and non‐deterministically respond to these social “parts” provides important insights into entrepreneurial behaviour.
Keywords: critical realism, entrepreneurship, morphogenetic model, situational logic
Challenges and Opportunities of Infusing Entrepreneurial Methods in Fundamental Science Education: Action Learning at École Polytechnique
Karen Johnson1 and Akil Amiraly2 1Department of Urban Studies & Planning, MCP ’14, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 2Center for Management Research, École Polytechnique, Palasieau, France
Abstract: While action learning has been associated with a variety of disciplines, fewer scholars have explored the popular learning technique within the context of fundamental science education. This research presents a qualitative study of ac‐tion learning at École Polytechnique (Polytechnique), a top engineering school in France. Existing literature has theorized on overall definitions, politics, methods and applications of action learning mostly within business schools, but as action learning techniques continue to gain in popularity—spreading beyond the walls of management programs to other disciplines—it is necessary to explore the bene‐fits and challenges of “learning by doing” in a diverse array of situations. Polytechnique’s “Le Projet Scientifique Collectif” (PSC) provides an ideal vehicle for understanding how a school traditionally renowned for rigorous, exam‐based science education is applying action‐based curriculum. In‐depth interviews with a variety of key actors involved in PSC research and advising provides a set of per‐spectives for analyzing the processes at play in the institution’s action learning curriculum. Initial analyses of the data examined include (1) how second‐year students navigate their projects, even stepping outside of the campus’ borders to use corporate and private resources; (2) how the distant mentorship of faculty advisors shapes students’ learning and project inventiveness; and (3) how admin‐istrative initiatives and programs can foster a culture of entrepreneurial problem‐solving. The result is an exploratory survey of the role of resources in shaping out‐
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comes of collaborative scientific research projects. Three main forms of resource constraint are explored in detail including physical accessibility, networks of prac‐tice and gatekeepers. In conclusion, a series of preliminary discussion points on the barriers and opportunities of successful collaborative student projects is pro‐posed. This work offers an entry point for future investigation of entrepreneur‐ship teaching methods for students within fundamental scientific education set‐tings.
Keywords: action learning, resources, scientific research, engineering school, en‐trepreneurship methods
Technology Entrepreneurship Competence as a Result of Experiential Learning: Relationship Between Knowledge, Skills and Abilities
Rita Juceviciene1, Agne Kazakeviciute2 and Monika Petraite3 1,3 Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania 2 Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico City, Mexico
Abstract: University based entrepreneurial education is facing a paradigm shift between the classical “business school” and the contemporary cross disciplinary “technology venturing” approach, mainly advocated by engineering schools and other than business school based communities. The conflict stands in between of structured “business planning and executing“ following a tradition of manage‐ment education, and “opportunity search and exploitation”, following the tradi‐tion of Schumpeterian entrepreneurial thought, and general tradition of “search” and "method” common to cross disciplinary discoveries in science, and thus also very close to the nature of entrepreneurship. The latter seems to be a result of the cross disciplinary nature of entrepreneurship where the entrepreneurship curriculum is built as a platform for interaction of variety of disciplines enhancing cross disciplinary thinking. Based on the original experiential Technology Entre‐preneurship education method, developed at Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania), the paper aims to explore the relationship between sets of skills, knowledge and abilities targeted by the didactics of the course in order to provide meaningful implications for technology entrepreneurship curriculum design and implementation. The proposed method relies on sequential development of indi‐vidual, team based and business related technology entrepreneurship compe‐tence, while applying lean business model canvas as a unique methodology. The entire three levels of competence development build the framework for curricu‐lum design, and course didactics, which aims to ensure cross disciplinary and
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cross‐cultural approach via mixed group works, international curriculum design and teaching. The impact of the method was tested via student survey (at the beginning and at the end of the course).
Keywords: technology entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial competence, curricu‐lum design, knowledge, skills, abilities
Interorganizational Networks and Firm Performance: The Mediating Role of Organizational Learning and Innovation
Lolita Jurksiene and Jurgita Giniuniene Department of Strategic Management, School of Economics and Business, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
Abstract: Over the past decade, the concept of networks has been of increasing academic interest. Researchers narrowly analyze the nature of networks, their relevancy, and their associations with other fields, including organizational chang‐es, innovation, organizational learning, and strategic management. The emerging interest in interorganizational collaboration proposes new insights into the rela‐tionship between an organization’s networking and its performance. This interest can be explained by the growing awareness of a number of related factors affect‐ing this relationship.This paper aims to contribute to this field of research by ad‐dressing the way in which organizational learning and innovation mediate the relationship between networks and firm performance. Firstly, this paper seeks to conceptualize the relationship between networks and performance while includ‐ing the proposed mediators. This theoretical conceptualization is grounded in a review of the literature. Secondly, this paper tests empirically the respective rela‐tions. The aim of this paper is achieved through the empirical testing of formulat‐ed hypotheses using survey data. The survey was conducted in 2014, the data collected from 410 Lithuanian organizations selected from innovative and non‐innovative sectors, and the survey respondents were managers of these organisa‐tions or members of management teams. To ensure the reliability of the results, secondary data was collected from the Statistics Lithuania. In order to test the relationship between interorganizational networks and firm performance, with organizational learning and innovations as mediators, different statistical meth‐ods were used. Spearman correlation was used to determine if there was a corre‐lation between the proposed variables. Strong correlation was found between the selected variables and non‐financial performance, with further empirical testing focusing on non‐financial performance results only. Regression analysis was also carried out in order to test the proposed theoretical research model. The results go some way to validate the proposed relations between interorganizational net‐
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works, performance, organizational learning, and innovation. The implications of the research for academics and practitioners are discussed, along with limitations and possible directions for future research.
Keywords: innovation, interorganizational networks, organizational learning, per‐formance
From Spheres Towards Spaces in Design and Creative Technology
Sangeeta Karmokar, Andy Connor and Ricardo Sosa Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand Abstract: Knowledge and creativity have always played a key role in the economy and New Zealand is rapidly moving towards a knowledge‐based strategy for growth. Increasing prominence has been given to the role of New Zealand’s uni‐versities in stimulating economic growth through industry related research, tech‐nology commercialisation, high‐tech spin‐offs, and nurturing entrepreneurial mindsets. Universities are notoriously difficult to change; however the society and culture in which they operate are adapting and accommodate change at a faster pace. Universities in New Zealand have made efforts to see social, government and corporate relationships evolve, however, there are still issues to be addressed and difficulties to be overcome with respect to orthodox disciplines and proce‐dures that need to evolve within the university to facilitate the transition. This paper draws on existing literature related to tri‐lateral networks and hybrid or‐ganisations to inform the development of a new initiative focused on developing a research system that cuts across both organisational and disciplinary bounda‐ries. The new initiative brings together business, government, researchers, stu‐dents, and the wider community from the South Auckland region. The initiative is intentionally adaptive, fluid and transient in order to accommodate multiple models of co‐evolution of knowledge. The paper sheds new light on the evolving role of university and outlines a future direction for the initiative and a range of measures that can be used to evaluate its successes by presented the initial stag‐es of a longitudinal case study of an emerging initiative. It frames a computational agent‐based simulation where alternative architectures can be benchmarked in their capacity to promote entrepreneurial activity.
Keywords: mode 1, mode 2, mode 3, knowledge production, triple helix model, innovation and entrepreneurship, university industry partnership
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A Risk‐Taking Model of Entrepreneurial University Internationalization: The Case of CITY College
Panayiotis Ketikidis and Yannis Ververidis The University of Sheffield International Faculty, CITY College ‐ Thessaloniki, Greece
Abstract: Entrepreneurialism and internationalisation are two of the main drivers for change in the higher education sector. Expanding and diversifying activities abroad can be seen as a sign of entrepreneurial behaviour, but also as a driver for internationalisation. There is a wide discussion on these themes; however, there is a lack of specification and presentation of a strong business model for perform‐ing these kinds of endeavours in a very uncertain and vulnerable economic envi‐ronment where challenges and risks may hinder the process of internationaliza‐tion. Specifically, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) must adapt to shape the fuzzy market and to be able to achieve certain flexibility that will enable rapid adjustment to new demands and changes while overcoming the risk. Such risks might be related to competition, reputation, quality assurance, financial losses, student recruitment numbers, etc. Even more, economically constrained regions such as South East Europe bear to a greater extent the impact of such risks. In this context, the aim of this paper is to present the case of The University of Sheffield International Faculty, CITY College and its entrepreneurial model for internation‐alisation through risk taking in the challenging economic context of South East Europe over the past years. The core pillars of CITY College’s model reside in em‐ploying a context‐aware mindset, proactive and constant adaptation and restruc‐turing, entrepreneurial decision‐making and staff empowerment, ensuring same quality in all internationalized locations, targeted and focused costing strategies, partnering with compatible institutions in terms of entrepreneurial capacities and internationalization, as well as building a strong network of collaborating institu‐tions and alumni where all the entities co‐create towards building and maintain‐ing CITY College’s reputation. This model could be adopted by other institutions in context‐compatible environments and markets.
Keywords: entrepreneurial university, internationalization, risk taking, CITY Col‐lege, South East Europe, University of Sheffield
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Product and Process Innovation from Reverse Supply Chain and Network Management
Alena Klapalová Faculty of Economics and Administration, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Abstract: Reverse flows, which emerge and move within supply chains as well as between supply chains and supply network partners, may represent a significant source of knowledge. They could also act as a very important source of inspiration and ideas for both product and process innovation. Despite the rapidly increasing volume of reverse flows, the existing theory of innovation management and re‐verse supply chain management reflects neither the indicated situations, nor the potential of feedback from reverse flows at all. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the current knowledge of reverse supply chain management within the framework of innovation management while answering the following re‐search questions: 1. Do firms use reverse flows as feedback for product and pro‐cess innovation?; 2. What is the position of individual sources of feedback for in‐novation when managing reverse flows?; 3. Which factors of reverse supply chain or network management (or reverse flows management) and innovation and knowledge management can differentiate between firms that do and firms that do not use reverse flows ‐ as feedback for product and process innovation, if any? Results of the empirical survey were analysed to get answers to the introduced questions, using several methods of statistical analysis, namely univariate analysis and bivariate statistics: the Mann‐Whitney U test and chi‐square test. The results show that there are differences between firms that use reverse flows as inspira‐tion for product and process innovation and those that do not; some of the dif‐ferences were even verified with statistical significance. The most influencing fac‐tors are: the level of the internal and external integration and coordination, the level of knowledge of reverse supply chain management, level of perception of necessity to manage reverse flows, the level of quality of reverse supply chain management planning, the level of knowledge management (KM) as part of a corporate strategy, the level of knowledge sharing with partners and the level of internal sharing of knowledge for the purpose of obtaining new ideas.
Keywords: innovation management, ideas and inspiration, reverse supply chain and network management
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The Innovation Network Scoreboard: Towards key Performance Indicators for the Assessment of Innovation Networks
Holger Kohl1, Jan‐Patrick Cap2, Erik Blaich2 and Ariane von Raesfeld3 1Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany 2Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technol‐ogy, Berlin, Germany 3University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
Abstract: This work operationalizes a framework for the assessment of innovation networks. While a theoretical framework provides value to scholars, practitioners require concrete methods and indicators that they can apply to their projects. Scholars face the same demand when conducting empirical research. This paper seeks to meet this demand, while also contributing to the theoretical perspective by uniting different research streams in the field of network research in one framework, the Innovation Network Scoreboard. The concept of innovation net‐works has gained popularity during recent years and much research has been dedicated to the relation between networks and innovation outcome. Still, schol‐ars have criticized the field of network research for lacking academic consensus and generalizable empirical findings. These circumstances make it difficult for practitioners to apply network theories and to draw conclusions for real world networks. We suggest key performance indicators that provide practitioners with some guidance in this difficult task. The suggested measures are based on an ex‐tensive literature review. We have chosen concepts, for which to our interpreta‐tion some academic consensus has been reached. According to the previously introduced model we developed key performance indicators for the dimensions input factors of innovation networks, network characteristics in terms of network content, network structure and network atmosphere and finally innovation out‐put. Combined, these dimensions provide a holistic overview over an innovation network and allow for a root cause analysis that provides hints on the cause of a change in innovation output. We provide quantitative measures for each dimen‐sion and summarize those in the Innovation Network Scoreboard. This tool pro‐vides a concise overview over the most important indicators of innovation net‐works. Furthermore, we describe concrete approaches to the measurement of each indicator. In sum a concrete method is provided to practitioners for the evaluation of innovation networks from different perspectives.
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Keywords: innovation networks, inter‐organizational network and innovation output, measures for inter‐organizational networks, network structure, innova‐tion network KPIs, assessment of inter‐organizational innovation networks
Do Competencies of Entrepreneurs and Managers Influence Internationalization Processes? Investigation of Lithuanian SMEs
Renata Korsakiene1 and Danuta Diskiene2 1Department of Economics and Management of Enterprises, Vil‐nius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania 2Department of Management, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Abstract: Small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) play an important role throughout all the European Union countries and contribute to economies by revenue generation and employment. International markets provide vital oppor‐tunities for small firms and are considered to be the priority of some entrepre‐neurs. These priorities arise due to higher performance, enhanced competitive‐ness and long‐term sustainability of small firms. The smallness of SMEs is seen as disadvantage in internationalization processes, as the firms often lack capital re‐sources and capabilities that restrict possibility to capture business opportunities in foreign markets. Hence SMEs, aiming to expand internationally, have to rely on human resources, in particular on competencies of entrepreneurs and managers. Developing and leveraging entrepreneurial and management competencies con‐tribute to the successes of small firms. While the entrepreneurial role of manag‐ers is related to the observation of the environment, selection of promising op‐portunities and formulation of appropriate strategies, managerial role is related to acquisition of necessary resources and coordination of all organization’s activi‐ties. Thus entrepreneurial and management competencies are seen as the abili‐ties to function effectively in these roles. The paper aims to investigate perceived competencies of founders and managers by comparing internationalized and non‐internationalized Lithuanian SMEs. The quantitative research is based on respons‐es to a questionnaire embracing entrepreneurial and management competencies. The sample comprises SMEs representing production, trade and service sectors. The study let us reveal that entrepreneurial competencies such as ethical compe‐tence and abilities to recognize and exploit opportunities are perceived as the strongest. Meanwhile, ability to plan and organize work, ability to coordinate im‐plementation of various tasks and supervise own and other work and ability to convince and motivate people are perceived as the most important by respond‐ents representing internationalized SMEs. The data demonstrate stronger per‐
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ceived managerial competencies of respondents from internationalized SMEs. The research data let us gain insights into competencies developed by founders and managers and elaborate proposals for decision makers and future investigations.
Keywords: entrepreneurial competence, management competence, internation‐alization, owners, managers, SMEs, Lithuania
The Role of Entrepreneurial Learning in Industrial Marketing Success: A Longitudinal Study
Stefan Lagrosen
Department of Marketing, School of Business and Economics, Lin‐naeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
Abstract: In their development over time, industrial companies go through re‐peated cycles of expansion and decline. Previous research into knowledge man‐agement and organisational learning has suggested that successful companies use the declining phases as learning processes in order to discard ineffective struc‐tures and processes so as to gain more competitiveness, enabling revitalised ex‐pansion. Failure to utilise the downturns for learning and development may lead to the demise of companies. Nevertheless, many companies have shown a re‐markable ability to sustain their operations over long periods of time. The role of entrepreneurs in the inception and further development of companies has been shown. Nevertheless, the long‐range role of individual entrepreneurs in the learn‐ing process of companies is largely unknown. Studying the impact of entrepre‐neurs on the long‐term learning process of companies requires longitudinal stud‐ies. This paper reports a longitudinal study of three Sweden‐based multinational companies, Atlas Copco, SKF and Volvo, over their life span which extends over periods of around or over hundred years of history. The purpose has been to ex‐plore the learning process of entrepreneurs in industrial companies. In order to capture the roles of individual entrepreneurs, the lives and deeds of three leading managers in the companies are studied, André Oscar Wallenberg at Atlas Copco, Sven Wingquist at SKF, and Pehr G. Gyllenhammar at Volvo. These managers have all made an important impact on their companies’ development. The methodolo‐gy has been based on document stories. The results highlight the role of the indi‐viduals as entrepreneurs and they are related to theories of entrepreneurial learning as well as organisational learning and knowledge management. On this basis, a framework depicting the role of entrepreneurial learning in the long‐term development of manufacturing companies is proposed.
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Keywords: entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurship, industrial marketing, knowledge management, longitudinal studies
Entrepreneurial Learning for Quality and Competitiveness: A Study in the Spa‐Industry
Yvonne Lagrosen1 and Stefan Lagrosen2 1Department of Engineering Science, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden 2Department of Marketing, School of Business and Economics, Lin‐naeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
Abstract: The connection between well‐functioning quality management and competitiveness has been established. Moreover, research has found that the success of quality management efforts is dependent on the values held by man‐agement and employees in the organisations. Consequently, there is a connection to organisational culture and organisational learning. Quality management is sometimes accused of only promoting incremental improvements while entre‐preneurial learning is seen as a way of promoting truly innovative improvements in organisations. Combining entrepreneurial learning and quality management is, however, not obvious since they have aspects that may be contradictory. Never‐theless, organisational learning theories are often addressed in recent quality management literature and such attempts have often been found to be fruitful. Consequently, introducing entrepreneurial learning aspects in the quality man‐agement field might further its development. Exploring ways of combining these fields and perhaps finding a common ground should thus be valuable. The study reported in this paper has been carried out in the Swedish spa‐industry. The pur‐pose has been to explore if and how entrepreneurial learning can contribute to the management of quality in the companies. Case studies have been carried out at seven leading spa‐hotels which have formed a learning network. Qualitative methods of data collection have been used including in‐depth interviews, partici‐pant observation, seminars and a novel method called the quality café. The re‐sults are presented and a framework for entrepreneurial learning driven quality management is proposed.
Keywords: entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurship, quality management, or‐ganisational learning, spa‐industry
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An Exploratory Study of Service Delivery Innovation Among Government Employees
Ophillia Ledimo and Nico Martins University of South Africa, South Africa
Abstract: Innovation has become prominent within the leadership literature as an underlying and important aspect of service delivery. This study set out to deter‐mine the nature of service delivery innovation among employees of a South Afri‐can government department, using a sample of 289 participants. Statistical analy‐sis was conducted to analyse the data which indicate that innovation is an im‐portant aspect of service delivery. This study suggests that to enhance service delivery employees should be encouraged to be innovative. The implications of the findings are discussed and recommendations for future research are made.
Keywords: service delivery, government, innovation
How Students Are Taught Entrepreneurship in Universi‐ties
Kiefer Lee Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK Abstract: Rapid changes in an increasingly complex world require future gradu‐ates to acquire more than academic attainment in order to transform such chal‐lenges into opportunities for change, and make a difference in their communities. There is a valid political imperative in the UK for the development of a strong en‐terprise culture as a response to the challenges and opportunities presented by continuing globalisation. Universities, through graduate enterprise and entrepre‐neurship education, play a vital role in preparing and equipping students with the entrepreneurial mindsets, knowledge and capabilities needed to bring about transformation in the organisations that they will lead and manage in future. This paper presents a conceptual review of the different types of pedagogical ap‐proaches which are used for the promotion of entrepreneurial learning in higher education. It begins with a review of the political pressure on universities to re‐spond to the concept of the enterprise culture in the UK and Europe. This starting point addresses the question as to ‘why’ entrepreneurship education is seen to be of growing importance. This paper then proceeds to examine the different types of pedagogical approaches which have been used in teaching and learning entre‐preneurship. Whilst the use of business plans remain a popular approach, there is
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a growing recognition of its limitations and a noticeable shift towards experiential approaches. There is an emerging consensus in the literature to suggest that the development of entrepreneurial graduates requires a more experiential approach to learning, which is preferably action‐based and student‐centred, focusing on the development of entrepreneurial skills and competencies associated with entre‐preneurship. It is argued that learning for entrepreneurship cannot be abstracted from the situation in which is it acquired and used. Within an entrepreneurial cur‐riculum, students learn from and through experience within learning environ‐ments that simulate ‘real‐world’ situations.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education, enterprise education, entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurship pedagogy, graduate entrepreneurship
Cooperation Networks for Entrepreneurship Education in Heis: Strategies for Skills Development in Mozambique
Dambusse Libombo1 and Anabela Dinis2 1University of Beira Interior, Management and Economics Department, Covilhã, Portugal / Escola Superior de Negócios e Empreendedorismo de Chibuto (ESNEC) (MOZAMBIQUE) 2 University of Beira Interior, Management and Economics De‐partment/NECE Research Unit, Covilhã, Portugal
Abstract: Entrepreneurship education is a growing concern within political and academic fields. A large number of initiatives has been developed worldwide to promote a broad range of entrepreneurial activities within academic institutions. In developing countries, such as those in sub‐Saharan Africa, in the last decade, entrepreneurship education is emerging as a mean to achieve economic growth and social development. This is also the case of Mozambique, where one of the vectors of the National Agenda to Combat Poverty is the promotion of entrepre‐neurship through the education system with an emphasis on entrepreneurship support at the level of higher education institutions (HEI). Based on the Mozambi‐can case, this study discusses the issue of cooperation networks as a learning in‐strument and how they can be used for the development of the entrepreneurial skills in higher education. More specifically, it seeks to identify how university networks can be decisive for the development of teachers’ skills and for the pro‐motion of entrepreneurship in particular within the context of developing coun‐tries. With an exploratory and descriptive nature, the empirical study includes a sample of 9 establishments of the existing 5 HEI with entrepreneurship education
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before 2014. Data collection was made through an exploratory interview with the directors of the HEI and consultation of documental sources. From a theoretical point of view, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the theme of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education in two ways: i) focusing in the specific contexts of developing countries and ii) exploring the intersection of en‐trepreneurship education with networks and cooperation approaches. In practical terms, this study represents a first assessment about the processes and results of entrepreneurship education in Mozambican HEI and contributes to the under‐standing by the leaders of HEI about the importance of cooperation between in‐stitutions/organizations for the development of entrepreneurial skills of both teachers and students, especially in the context of developing countries.
Keywords: entrepreneurship education, university networks, skills development, developing countries, Mozambique
Highlighting Triple Helix in the Innovation Process: Spanish Crisis, 2010‐2013
María Jesús Luengo1, Teresa Areitio2 and María Obeso3 1University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
2University of Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain 3Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
Abstract: In original research, the authors apply the Triple Helix model of innova‐tion (Industry, Education and Government) to an analysis of data from surveys of Spanish businesses conducted by the Spanish Ministry of Industry during the years 2010‐2013, the heart of the economic crisis. The model is found to be a good fit to the data and a statistically significant positive relationship is found between information stemming from the institutions of the Triple Helix and the results of innovation obtained by Spanish businesses. However, the study finds that, for the period examined, despite the positive relationships, there was rela‐tively little utilization by Spanish businesses in their innovative processes of in‐formation made available by the institutions described by the Triple Helix. None‐theless, the study did find a meaningful increase in the influence on innovation by Spanish businesses arising from Industrial, Educational and Government institu‐tions (the Triple Helix) which merit further investigation.
Keywords: triple helix, innovation process, traceability, Spanish crisis, SEM
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Are Couple‐run Companies Financially Different From Family‐run Firms? Empirical Evidence From the Czech Republic
Ondřej Machek, Tomáš Pokorný and Jiří Hnilica Faculty of Business Administration, University of Economics, Pra‐gue, Czech Republic
Abstract: Copreneurial companies led or owned by married couples represent an important subset of family businesses. However, they are often excluded from comparative analyses on family and non‐family companies since they are sup‐posed to lack one of the major properties of family firms ‐ the intent to transfer a company to next generations. However, the validity of such approach can be questionable. In this article, we investigate whether couple‐run firms and other family firms differ in financial characteristics using the Student's t‐test and Mann‐Whitney U test. The two populations consist of a large sample of Czech couple‐run firms and purely family‐run firms. The findings suggest that the differences in profitability, liquidity, asset management, and leverage were not significant in the period 2008‐2013. According to the study, the omission of couple‐run firms from the class of family firms does not seem justifiable.
Keywords: copreneurship, family business, financial performance, Czech Republic
Barriers to Technology Transfer at R&D Organisations
Adam Mazurkiewicz and Beata Poteralska Institute for Sustainable Technologies – National Research Insti‐tute, Radom, Poland
Abstract: The creation or absorption of new technologies has become an im‐portant element for enterprises in the process of improving or maintaining their competitive position on the market. Furthermore, it provides a source of the competitive advantage of R&D organisations involved in the development and implementation of innovations. However, in the process of implementing tech‐nologies into industrial practice, numerous barriers are encountered. The paper is focused on the barriers of key importance for R&D organisations involved in the process of innovation development and implementation. The paper presents dif‐ferent classifications of barriers found in literature. Next, the authors propose their own classification of barriers comprising the following: (1) barriers of a tech‐nical nature, (2) barriers of an organisational and legal nature, and (3) system bar‐
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riers to technology transfer. While taking into account the three groups of barri‐ers, the authors of the paper indicate and analyse barriers mentioned in litera‐ture. Among them, the most often analysed are barriers of an organisational and legal nature as well as system barriers. Next, taking into account the barriers ana‐lysed in literature and the authors’ own experience in executing research projects and co‐operating with industry, the barriers are presented that have been met in practice in the period of several years of conducting research and implementation activity. From the practical point of view, barriers of a technical nature are of key importance. In this group, the authors of the paper emphasise the barriers ob‐served on the supplier side. Moreover, barriers of an organisational and legal na‐ture must be faced: firstly, on the supplier side and, secondly, concerning other entities present on the market involved in the development of innovative tech‐nologies, and, last but not least, intermediary organisations facilitating technology transfer. Among the system barriers to technology transfer, the most important for R&D organisations seem to be those stemming from the imperfect system for the financing of implementation processes. Against this background, examples of the successful transfer of innovations developed within the Strategic Programme entitled “Innovative Systems of Technical Support for Sustainable Development of Economy,” 2010‐2015, and barriers accompanying this process are presented.
Keywords: technology transfer barriers, innovative technologies, R&D organisa‐tion, strategic programme
Universal Methodology for the Innovative Technologies Assessment
Adam Mazurkiewicz, Beata Belina, Beata Poteralska, Tomasz Giesko and Wojciech Karsznia Institute for Sustainable Technologies – National Research Insti‐tute, Radom, Poland
Abstract: Development and application of advanced methods for monitoring and evaluation of research programmes is a topic of significant importance in the field of knowledge transformation and technology transfer. Firstly, its importance stems from the necessity to develop products, technologies, and conduct projects that are innovative and comply with market expectations. Secondly, it is connect‐ed with the need to evaluate research projects and assess their results. An im‐portant group of methods is applied for technology assessment (TA), which is one of the key challenges in innovation management concerning support for the deci‐sion‐making processes with regard to the development and implementation of technologies. The dominant actors in the field of technology assessment have
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been policy‐making bodies; however, the subject was later directed to research and industry. In the traditional understanding of technology assessment, two as‐pects are stressed: the usefulness of TA in the decision‐making process and the impact on the society of the introduction of a new technology or the expansion of an already existing technology. The non‐mainstream methods of TA research emerged in business, industry, and non‐governmental circles, and these methods of research are currently being developed and will probably expand in the future. It is connected mainly with economic evaluation, decision‐making, and technology measurement methods. The authors of the paper present the origins and devel‐opment of technology assessment approaches and the methods employed. In this field, single methods as well as simple and complex models for technology as‐sessment are applied. There are models that focus on one homogenous group of assessment factors and complex models that simultaneously take into account various aspects of technology development. Against the background of existing approaches, methods, and systems in technology assessment, a universal meth‐odology for innovative technologies assessment with respect to the implementa‐tion maturity, commercial potential, and innovativeness level, is presented. The methodology is embedded in the non‐mainstream research of TA, corresponding with the needs of business and industry. It has been developed by the authors of the paper, verified, and experimentally implemented at the Institute for Sustaina‐ble Technologies – National Research Institute in Radom, Poland. The main ad‐vantage of the methodology comprises the possibility to assess innovative prod‐ucts at any stage of a project execution, including ex‐ante, ongoing, ex‐post, and follow‐up, and to compare the assessments results at different stages of product development (from the concept stage, through the development stage, to the final technology stage). The practical value of the methodology has been proven by its use for the assessment of several hundred technological solutions for the needs of research organisations, technological parks, and enterprises in Poland. Using the methodology, approximately 170 innovative technological solutions developed within a strategic research programme “Innovative Systems of Tech‐nical Support for Sustainable Development of Economy,” 2010‐2015, co‐financed from EU structural funds are assessed every half a year at consecutive stages of their development.
Keywords: technology assessment, implementation maturity level, commercial potential, innovativeness level, technical innovations, assessment algorithms
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Green Universities and Eco‐Friendly Learning: From League Tables to Eco‐Entrepreneurship Education.
Christopher Moon Middlesex University, UK
Abstract: The United Nations World Summit, 2005, advocated equipping students with the knowledge and understanding, skills and attributes needed to work and live in a way that safeguards environmental, social and economic wellbeing. 2014 marked the 10th and final year of the UN Decade for Education for Sustainable Development; with over two thirds of students surveyed believing that sustaina‐ble development should be covered in their degree courses (surveyed in 2010, 2011 and 2012, People & Planet, 2015). This paper outlines recent developments in incorporating green business, sustainable products and eco‐entrepreneurship into HEI business school curricula. The focus is survey research of n=150students at one HEI in the UK, and interviews with the Head of Estates and the Director of Student Engagement, to ascertain student attitudes towards the introduction of ‘green business’ modules; and the views of senior staff on student engagement in environmental improvements. The results are mapped onto two dimensions (in‐terest in the environment and interest in a green module) and four conceptual domains (colour coded ‐ red, yellow, light green, dark green) to exemplify the differentiation in student attitudes; and the concomitant need to develop differ‐ent strategies for implementing curriculum development. Results indicate the majority of students in the sample displayed negative attitudes towards curricu‐lum development in this regard. In general, red classified students (‘cynical’) tended to see curriculum development in this area as irrelevant; yellow (‘instru‐mentalist’) and dark green (‘advocate’) were more positive. Light green (‘compla‐cent’) tended to feel they had enough environmental awareness without further curriculum development. Implications for curriculum development, student en‐gagement, and plans for improving the green rating of the target HEI are provided by reviewing current KPI data against the top performing HEI in the UK (Green Planet index, 2015). The results are applicable to other HEIs across Europe.
Keywords: education for sustainable development, ESD, environmental educa‐tion, EE, eco‐entrepreneurship education, green business education, CSR educa‐tion
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The Structural Model of Organizational Climate Based on Managers’ Entrepreneurship in Universities
Fattah Nazem1 and Monirehalsadat Naghavi Benvid2 1Department of Education,College of Education and Counselling, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran 2Rahshayestegan High School, Tehran, Iran Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to provide a structural model of organizational climate in universities based on managers’ entrepreneurship. The population of the research included all employees of Islamic Azad University (IAU). 530 managers and three employees under their supervision (totally 1590 employees) were selected using stratified and cluster random sampling method. The research instruments were two questionnaires which were administered in 78 IAU branches and education centers: A researcher‐made questionnaire for managers’ entrepreneurship which was comprised of 58 items with dimensions of need for progress, need for independence, risk taking, creativity, time manage‐ment, having steadiness, tendency to aim, tendency to challenge, self confidence, internal control center, accepting criticism, realism and being energetic with the Cronbach Alpha of 0.90; and the Litwin & Stringer’s (1968) Organizational Climate Questionnaire with 50 items and consisted of structure, responsibility, reward, support, risk taking, warmth, standard, conflict, and identity (α = 0.83)). The re‐sults of path analysis using LISREL software indicated that dimensions of manag‐ers’ entrepreneurship had a direct effect on organizational climate with the indi‐ces of 0.74. The model also showed that the factor of time management in man‐agers’ entrepreneurship had the highest direct effect on the support in organiza‐tional climate.
Keywords: structural model, managers’ entrepreneurship, organizational climate, university
Community Groups and Female Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries: A Study of a Senegalese Case
Mamour Ndour and Laurice Alexandre‐Leclair Cedag Ea1516 Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
Abstract: In this article, we study the role of women community groups in the sectors of local cereals and juices in Senegal. Our research question is “what mo‐tivate women to choose traditional associations to engage in entrepreneurship?
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How their entrepreneurial process is influenced by institutions? A qualitative study case analysis based on semi‐structured interviews was used to obtain an‐swers to our research questions. So, we deeply studied four cases of women community groups in the city of Saint Louis in Senegal. Our Results show that the collective entrepreneurship is the strategy adopted by the women community groups to improve collectively and individually the women living conditions facing the constraints and opportunities resulting from formal institutions (government, regulatory authorities, development partners, NGOs, etc.) and informal institu‐tions (e.g., social norms, conventions, self‐imposed codes of conduct, etc.).
Keywords: female entrepreneurship, motivations, community groups, developing countries, Senegal
Towards Women Empowerment: A Social Entrepreneurship Approach in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Florabel Nieva Department of Entrepreneurship Effat University, Jeddah, King‐dom of Saudi Arabia
Abstract: This paper highlights the status of social entrepreneurship in Saudi Ara‐bia. It focuses on the social entrepreneurship issues prioritized, characteristics of implementer‐groups’ venture practices and activities, challenges faced, and stra‐tegic measures recommended towards sustainable social entrepreneurship in the Kingdom. The study utilized a survey‐questionnaire in gathering primary data. Sixty randomly sampled women social entrepreneurs and academics turned social entrepreneurs were surveyed. Likewise, 11 social enterprise‐implementers were case analysed. The study found out that the basic issue prioritized by the social entrepreneurs was training and development; the characteristic of approaches in dealing with their ventures, practices and activities was a mix of social service provisions, social activism, and social entrepreneurship; the areas of challenge were financing, regulatory frameworks and technical support; the strategic measures recommended towards fostering social entrepreneurship in the King‐dom of Saudi Arabia were focused on access to funding, entrepreneurship culture, tax and regulation, education and training and coordinated support.
Keywords: social entrepreneurship, access to funding, entrepreneurship culture, tax and regulation, education and training and coordinated support, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Microfinancing and the Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Ghana
Franklin Odoom and Smile Dzisi Koforidua Polytechnic, Koforidua, Ghana
Abstract: Microfinance institutions play a very important role in the creation and development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) worldwide. In recent years, many microfinance institutions have sprung up in Ghana but little empirical evi‐dence exist on the relevant impact. This study investigates the nature of the ser‐vices that microfinance institutions provide to SMEs in Ghana. Specifically, the study examines the effect of microfinancing on the income level of the SMEs, the effect on managerial competencies; and development of innovative products and services. Hypotheses were tested using multiple regression analysis to examine the impact of microfinancing on the performance of the SMEs. The study contrib‐utes to the discussion on the significant role microfinance institutions play in the development and productivity of SMEs, particularly in developing economies. 435 SMEs were randomly selected from 923 SMEs in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Questionnaires were combined with face‐to‐face interviews to collect and analyse data for the study. It was found out that some (45%) of the microfinance institu‐tions in Ghana provide business management and development training to their clients in addition to the innovative loan packages. The results indicate that microfinancing of SMEs in Ghana does not only help to increase the income levels of the SMEs, but also helps in the improvement of the managerial competencies of the SMEs owners as well as the development of innovative products and ser‐vices. However, most (55%) of the microfinance institutions only focus on giving out loans and do not provide any business development training to their clients. It is recommended that in addition to the provision of loan packages to the SMEs, microfinance institutions should effectively educate and equip their clients with the relevant entrepreneurial knowledge and skills.
Keywords: microfinancing, SMEs, innovation, business development, productivity, entrepreneurship, Ghana
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Entrepreneurship and Innovativeness in an eLearning Training Project in Romania
Andrei Ogrezeanu1 2, Andreea Ogrezeanu1 2 and Andrei Niculescu1 3 1University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania 2Pythia International, Bucharest, Romania 3Editura Niculescu Bucharest, Romania
Abstract: This paper reports on an eLearning training project from the perspec‐tives of entrepreneurship and innovativeness. We present the project/case at hand and report on it as it is relevant for both project entrepreneurship, and in‐novativeness in projects and training. The project took place between 2010 and 2013 (with extra activities in 2014) and had as (now fulfilled) objective training 2000 secondary education teachers in Romania in using eLearning tools in their activity. On the issue of entrepreneurship in project development we report on the entrepreneurial experience of initiating the project and putting together an international project partnership. The project idea was innovative in that eLearn‐ing was rather new in Romania and the capability to use ICT in education also ra‐ther recently acquired. The project was innovative and entrepreneurial in that it provided a unique and ambitious solution to satisfying at the same time: the needs of trainees, the requirements of the financing authority and the capabilities and objectives of partnering organizations. We show how developing a project was not just a matter of a good idea, but one of its successive refinements while simultaneously finding and defining the right partnership for project implementa‐tion. We also report on the multidimensional innovative aspects of project im‐plementation in terms of: training needs assessment (an extensive effort to study the training needs of project’s target group led to the first representative survey of ICT use, access, skills, and attitudes in Romania), course offering and training methods (including innovative methods such as: blended learning; using some of the same tools that are taught and therefore learning by doing, defining course offering based on needs assessment), technology infrastructure and tools (a unique challenge of integrating multiple open source technologies such as portal, eLearning and forum tools into one single seamless experience, as well as using games for learning), and outcomes assessment (a constant concern with monitor‐ing feedback and outcomes through feedback and follow up questionnaires).
Keywords: eLearning, entrepreneurship, innovativeness, project management, training, ICT
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Open Service Innovation Platform in a Smart City
Jukka Ojasalo Laurea University of Applied Sciences, Espoo, Finland
Abstract: The knowledge of how a city can drive innovation of companies and third sector organizations for its own needs is scarce so far. The present article addresses this knowledge gap. The purpose is to develop and propose a concep‐tual model for open service innovation platform in a Smart City. This is a prelimi‐nary model and it functions as a starting point for a following empirical study of this area in the future. Cities are increasingly adopting the ideas of the Smart City concept in their visions and development efforts. A handful of characteristics is usually associated to the concept of smart City. They include innovation and knowledge, high‐tech and creative industries, utilization of networked infrastruc‐tures, business‐led urban development, social and relational capital in urban de‐velopment, and environmental sustainability. This article argues that a true Smart Cities takes the initiative and actively facilitates and guides the innovation of companies and third sector organizations in order to reach new services which on the one hand solve the city’s problems, and on the other hand enable profitable business to companies. However, the knowledge of this area is still in its infancy. Both scientific knowledge and management practices are needed. Pre‐commercial procurement is an example of recent approaches to steer the development of solutions of private companies towards concrete public sector needs, and this article sees its potential in the context innovation platforms in public sector. As a result, this article contributes by proposing a preliminary model for open service innovation platform in a Smart City. The model illustrates the evolution and trans‐formation of city’s problem through innovation platform into a service providing a solution to the city’s problem and revenues to the company. It also illustrates the portfolio of innovation projects in the platform and their synergies, as well as connections and synergies to other innovation platforms in home country and abroad. Moreover, it proposes four different options how an innovation platform may be positioned in the city’s administration.
Keywords: Smart City, innovation platform, service innovation, open innovation, public procurement, pre‐commercial procurement
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Which Policies can Encourage the Diffusion of new Technologies? A Literature Review
Adele Parmentola, Michele Simoni and Ilaria Tutore Department of Managerial Studies and Quantitative Methods, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
Abstract: The literature on technological innovation and technical change usually distinguishes between invention, innovation, diffusion and adoption. Diffusion is defined as “the process by which innovations spread within and across econo‐mies”. According to some authors, in order to ensure successful technological diffusion, it is also necessary to have a range of systemic factors. In the political economy perspective, influences on technology adoption and diffusion can devel‐op from government policies and incentives. Diffusion of innovation policies, in particular, aim at spreading technological capabilities throughout the industrial structure, facilitating the ongoing and the incremental adaptation to change. Eco‐nomic literature on technology policies has focused predominantly on generation policies, underestimating the effects of policy interventions in the diffusion pro‐cess. Nevertheless, it is also important to understand which policies need to be implemented to favour the diffusion of innovation because the adoption of a new technology creates positive economical and social effects. According to these con‐siderations, the purpose of this paper is to carry out a review of the studies that have analyzed the policies able to support the diffusion of an innovation and to provide a framework that classifies these policies according to their effect on the diffusion of a new technology. We adopted an approach similar to the systematic reviews used in many studies, in which methodical searches and formal summar‐ies of the literature are used to identify and classify results of all major studies on a particular topic. We searched the Scopus database for articles that had the word “policy” and the words “diffusion/adoption of innovation/technology” in the topic field‐ title, key words and abstract. We therefore read through all the abstracts, or the full publication when we were unsure, to assess whether they dealt with the topic. This screening resulted in a short list of papers, then studied and assessed considering the conceptual framework. Considering the different variables that affect the diffusion process, theoretical contributions were classified in four re‐search streams: country‐focused, technology‐ focused, coherent adopter‐focused and model‐focused. The review reveals that only few papers are specifically fo‐cused on the role of policy to diffuse new technology, highlighting that the studies on the diffusion oriented policies are still few and fragmented. On the contrary, the most of the research in that field considers diffusion policies only in terms of practical implications. In order to overcome these gaps, the literature review pro‐vides a theoretical framework that links the policies to support the dissemination
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of an innovation to the barriers that hinders the diffusion of a new technology among a community of adopters. This framework it also useful to define a possi‐ble research agenda for future studies on the topic. For policy makers, the theo‐retical framework provides a conceptual tool to guide their choices in supporting the diffusion of relevant technologies, since policy intervention would depend on the nature of the barrier to diffusion of innovation.
Keywords: diffusion of innovation, technology policies, literature review, barrier to innovation diffusion
Social Outsourcing as a Development Tool for Social Enterprises
Ruslan Pavlov Central Economics and Mathematics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Abstract: Social outsourcing has become a well‐known phenomenon for the re‐cent years not only because of its extraordinary nature, but also because of the growing trend of its using as a method of decreasing public expenditures despite numerous examples of problematic situations, which this strategy faces when it is applied in unrestricted way. It usually implies the transfer of management func‐tions related to public entities to the private sector companies or to the third sec‐tor organisations. There are some examples of harmful impact on the public ser‐vices resulted from such contracting out to the private sector in the United King‐dom, which suggest that this practice needs to be reformed. At the same time, some examples concerning the contracting out of IT services to social enterprises suggest that it can be successful when it is used, engaging social enterprises in this process. Such phenomenon is not clear still, though it seems to be the case. So, the reason for that should be found, and the present paper should contribute in some way to seeking the way of explaining it. Also an attempt to formulate the criteria to assess the effectiveness of social outsourcing, allowing for current trends of designing the criteria for measuring the social effectiveness of non‐profits worldwide, is made in the present paper. The limits of effective applicabil‐ity of social outsourcing are formulated based on the case studies of the United Kingdom, the United States, India, Cambodia and Kenia..
Keywords: social enterprise, innovation, social outsourcing, development strate‐gy, public expenditures
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Which Professors are Helping Universities to Transfer Technology by Creating Spin off?
Aura Pedraza, Johana León and Carolina Betancur Escuela de Estudios Industriales y Empresariales. Universidad In‐dustrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
Abstract: Increasingly creation of Spin Off has been promoted as a convenient mechanism of technology transfer since it is perceived as a source of develop‐ment and competitiveness. When starting a business, the university creates, de‐velops and disseminates knowledge to find a suitable environment to transfer the research results while taking advantage of intellectual property and contacts. In this context, professors represent the most important human resource of the uni‐versity to create Spin Off. They are potential entrepreneurs who intrinsically have in common some attitudinal, ethical and behavioral characteristics, which are decisive, when it comes to start a new business. They promote creation of Spin off through their individual actions, which are largely due to personal factors such as personality, skills, careers and availability to enter the business world. The inten‐tion to create Spin Off also depends on professors knowledge and research expe‐rience. The objective of this research is to identify the entrepreneurial profile of those professors pursuing to create Spin Off as a form of technology transfer at Universidad Industrial de Santander, a public institution of approximately 18,000 students, located in the north‐eastern of Colombia. With this purpose, a survey of 244 professors is used as data set to perform a descriptive statistical analysis and design a probit econometric model to relate the entrepreneurial characteristics of the professors with their intention to create Spin Offs. Among significant charac‐teristics, we found that professors prompt to create Spin Off, belong to a research group, have previously created a company and hold a PhD degree. Most of them are married men, between 56 and 66 years old, with a teaching experience of 10 to 30 years. Moreover, 44% of professors in the Science Faculty and 33% of pro‐fessors in the Physic‐mechanics engineering faculty have had intention to create a Spin Off and had created a company by their own. According to this profile of the professors, the Universidad Industrial de Santander has established needs to en‐courage professors to lead this form of technology transfer and also has based its policy of entrepreneurial professors training.
Keywords: academic entrepreneurialism, university spin‐off, academic spin‐off, knowledge transfer, technology transfer, entrepreneurial profile
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Customer Value Placed Under Scrutiny: New Perspectives for an Integrative Co‐Creation Approach
Sabina Potra and Monica Izvercian Politehnica University Timisoara, Romania
Abstract: In the current competitive environment, companies are forced to con‐sider the voice of the customer in their marketing management efforts. There‐fore, customer satisfaction measurements became the first tool for assessing cus‐tomers’ appreciation for the quality of organizational actions. Unfortunately due to pour measurements, customer continuous changing desires and a focus exclu‐sively on touch points and not the overall process, these tools have not provided enough insight for corporate performance. Even satisfied customers were seen buying elsewhere. Therefore, by offering a satisfying experience, success is not guaranteed. Customers expect to be delighted by the products and services they consume, and for that purpose they will move from supplier to supplier till they find that desired value. A decade ago, scholars have started talking about the concept of customer value delivery, which was considered to be a new source for competitive advantage. Several definitions of customer value have outlined a couple of largely debated research directions. After a thorough literature review, several main perspectives of customer value appear: desired value, created value, appropriated value and perceived value. By joining together these perspectives, all the facets of the voice of the customer are properly introduced for a thorough measurement and understanding of consumer delight. The present paper devel‐ops a co‐creation approach based on these customer value perspectives. By co‐creating alongside customers, companies and entrepreneurs are able to maintain a competitive advantage even in a versatile environment. The research is a start‐ing point in further exploration of the voice of the customer and in the develop‐ment of new co‐creation strategies and measurement criteria based on all cus‐tomer value perspectives.
Keywords: CSMs, value co‐creation, voice of the customer, corporate perfor‐mance, customer delight
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Entrepreneurship: A Contemporary Challenge to Sustainable Competitiveness of Thai Rubber Farmers
Suteera Puangpronpitag Mahasarakham Business School, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
Abstract: Rubber farming has increased its importance toregional economy of the Northeast of Thailand. This development is in accordance with the government policy which aims to promote rubber as the new economic product of the region. At present, most of rubber production in the region is supplied at the upstream industry. That is, Northeaster farmers supplied their products as raw material rather than in the form of processed and valued added products. To develop a sustainable competitiveness is therefore the key challenge to these farmers, bear‐ing in mind the fluctuation of the world rubber price hence the rubber price in Thailand. In order to be more competitive, previous studies have provided evi‐dences that the farmers should be more entrepreneurial and be able to move forward to compete in the downstream industries. This paper contributes to the knowledge as it discusses the development of the entrepreneurship of rubber farmers using the Triple Helix model of collaboration among the three parties of industry (rubber production), university and the government.
Keywords: triple helix, small community enterprise, rubber, competitiveness, en‐trepreneurship
Input and Output Additionality of R&D Programmes in European SMEs
Dragana Radicic1 and Geoffrey Pugh2 1Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Bournemouth University Faculty of Management, Bournemouth, UK 2Centre for Applied Business Research, Staffordshire University Business School, Faculty of Business, Education & Law, Stoke on Trent, UK
Abstract: This study investigates the impact of national and international R&D programmes on innovation in European small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Innovation is an integral part of the latest EU strategy for economic growth and employment. However, due to market and system failures, firms might underinvest in R&D and innovation and thus necessitate a public interven‐
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tion in this domain. Moreover, policy makers not only recognize the importance of innovation and its public support, but increasingly recognize the relevance of evaluating the impact of support measures. The central question within the eval‐uation debate is related to the effectiveness of public subsidies, i.e. whether firms indeed increase their innovative efforts as a result of public intervention (additionality hypothesis) or if firms substitute their private investment with pub‐lic funding (crowding out hypothesis). A growing body of empirical work assesses various additionality affects pertinent to the innovation process. Input and output additionality are the most frequently investigated types of additionality. Input additionality refers to whether public support measures induce larger investment in R&D and other innovation inputs relative to firms' private funding in the ab‐sence of public support programmes, while output additionality refers to whether public support results in innovation output, such as the introduction of technolog‐ical and non‐technological innovation. Regarding firm size categories, very few empirical studies examine additionality effects in SMEs. This study aims at filling this gap by investigating input and output additionality in European SMEs by dif‐ferentiating between the effectiveness of national and international R&D pro‐grammes. We apply several matching estimators to assess the impact of R&D programmes on innovation input and output. Empirical results from matching estimators indicate rather large treatment effects with respect to input additionality for both sources of R&D programme (national and international). In relation to output additionality, results vary conditional on the measure of inno‐vation output. While positive treatment effects are found for the propensity for patent application, there are no additionality effects on innovative sales, and the‐se results are consistent for both sources of R&D support. Therefore, the empiri‐cal evidence suggests that the public R&D programmes do not induce additionality effects in the commercialization phase of the innovation process. This finding provides policy implications associated with a need for a more promi‐nent role of demand‐oriented policy measures.
Keywords: SMEs, input additionality, output additionality, matching estimators, R&D policy
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Influence of Entrepreneurial Education and Technological Creativity on Entrepreneurial Intentions of Students in Zimbabwe: A Theoretical Perspective
Patient Rambe1, Takawira Munyaradzi Ndofirepi1 and Dennis Yao Dzansi2 1Department of Business Support Studies, Faculty of Management Sciences and Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa 2Department of Business Support Studies, Faculty of Management Sciences and Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa Abstract: While entrepreneurship education is often argued to equip business owners with entrepreneurial skills for self‐employment and self‐reliance, what remains vague in the entrepreneurial literature is whether a combination of en‐trepreneurial education and technological creativity can effectively predict uni‐versity students’ orientation towards entrepreneurial activity in their post‐university life. This is because of the paucity of robust research into the cumula‐tive effects of entrepreneurship education and technological creativity on entre‐preneurship intentions of university students in developing economies. This re‐search gap is paradoxical given the growing significance of entrepreneurial knowledge and novel technological strategies in successful venture creation. This theoretical study, therefore, develops a conceptual model for understanding the relationship between entrepreneurship education, technological creativity and the entrepreneurship intentions of polytechnic students at selected colleges in Zimbabwe. Consistent with the theory of planned behaviour, this theoretical pa‐per argues that student engagement in entrepreneurial activity (e.g. new venture creation) in their post university life is not a random, serendipitous occurrence but rather a consequence of deliberate entrepreneurship behaviour stemming from relevant entrepreneurial education and personal agility to experiment with new ideas. Entrepreneurial intentions ride on students’ predisposition towards entrepreneurship – essentially their beliefs in their capacity to act entrepreneuri‐ally, self‐efficacy as well as the endorsement of such behaviour by their reference group. The paper recommends universities to transcend making entrepreneurship study compulsory at polytechnics by providing dedicated entrepreneurial support through business and technological skills inventories that develop and actualise the entrepreneurial intentions of polytechnic students.
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Keywords: entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial intentions, technological creativity, theoretical, polytechnic students, Zimbabwe
The Dynamics Between Transformational Leadership, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Intrapreneurial Intention Among Employees
Seyed Hadi Razavi and Kamarulzaman Bin Ab Aziz Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to develop a conceptual model to examine intrapreneurial intention among employees. Intrapreneurship guarantees surviv‐ing of the business in today’s dynamic and competitive economy through innova‐tion and creating new products and services and also entering new markets. Since it is vital for companies to have employees with intrapreneurial behavior, recog‐nizing potential of employee as an intrapreneur and their attitude and attribute toward intrapreneurship and understanding how the employees intend and de‐cide to show the behavior is becoming more significant. We know that individuals’ intentions are fundamental for the implementation of any behavior especially entrepreneurship within organizations, so it is crucial to know intentions of our employees for intrapreneurship and understand who has a potential to show intrapreneurial behavior and how managers could facilitate the process. Accord‐ing review of the literature, there are several factors that effect on intrapreneurship; at personal level, Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO) could be defined as a person’s natural tendency or attitude towards entrepre‐neurship. Entrepreneurial Orientation usually known with three dimensions (In‐novativeness, Proactiveness and Risk Taking) in the firm level. While most of pre‐vious research has used entrepreneurial orientation at the firm level, in this study we use entrepreneurial orientation as an individual construct to investigate intrapreneurial intention among employees. Because the mode focus on employ‐ees for intrapreneurship, we added two other dimensions (need for achievement and networking) to the factor which seems it has missed for investigating entre‐preneurial orientation among employees. On the other hand, one of humanity factor which can influence relationship between IEO and intention in the organi‐zation could be a leadership style by managers like transformational leadership. We believe that managers with high transformational leadership could positively effect on employees’ intrapreneurial intention. Therefore, this paper going to develop a conceptual model to examine relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and intrapreneurial intention at individual level of organizations with considering moderating role of transformational leadership.
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Keywords: entrepreneurial orientation, intrapreneurship, transformational lead‐ership,intrapreneurial intention
A Study on the Performance of Technology Transfer Units
Fernando Romero and António Rocha University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
Abstract: Universities are increasingly institutionalizing activities related to tech‐nology transfer and one of the main institutional mechanisms that has emerged is the “technology transfer unit” (TTU). Many of them are focusing their activities on the management of the university intellectual property. Studies have investigated factors that seem to affect their performance, but few have looked in detail at internal procedures and techniques that are used in their processes related to technology evaluation and licensing. The aim of this paper is to provide a com‐prehensive overview of some of the several steps that comprises the processes regarding technology evaluation and licensing, providing an analysis of the critical issues that affect each step of the process. A review of the literature was made, complemented with interviews to seven university TTUs, which was used as a check and a complement to the literature review and as way of perceiving from an insider perspective, the problems and issues that this paper wants to empha‐size and to state clearly.
Keywords: technology evaluation and licensing, technology transfer, technology transfer units, universities
Entrepreneurial Learning in Context: An Exploration of Learning Models in Different Domains
Michele Rusk1 and Pauric McGowan2 1Newcastle Business School, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 2Ulster Business School, University of Ulster, Belfast, UK
Abstract: This paper investigates how innovation happens in practice. The authors argue that a one‐ size fits all approach to entrepreneurship learning is inappropri‐ate to the development of student learning. The paper describes new routes to entrepreneurship in different communities of practice. It draws on design and innovation methodology to look at entrepreneurial activity differently, combining
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entrepreneurial leadership with strategic design methodologies as a catalyst for transformative change. Finally it posits a model that contextualises entrepreneur‐ial leadership, (Rusk 2011). It may no longer be possible to think of entrepreneur‐ship as we once did given the critical role of innovation for sustainability in to‐day’s complex economic environment. The fundamental challenge is how to un‐lock the passion to create, make space to envision and foster resilience for sus‐tainability; leading to individuals and communities of practice that are adaptive, flexible and resourceful, irrespective of future economic shocks. This necessitates looking at entrepreneurship from first principles. Entrepreneurship is, in essence about more than just starting a business, or developing an existing one or launch‐ing a social enterprise; these define contexts for entrepreneurship in practice and approaches to learning that are inappropriately formulaic. We must first see en‐trepreneurship as a particular mindset; a way of thinking that has its out workings in any of the contexts mentioned. It is also insufficient to speak of the entrepre‐neur in such absolutist terms that suggests some are and some are not. We have to acknowledge that there are degrees of entrepreneurship and that one can learn to be more entrepreneurial through appropriate education programmes, (Rae et al 2014; Carson et al 1995). Igniting entrepreneurial spirit and arranging the circumstances by which it can flourish is not the same as management educa‐tion (Green, Patel 2013). Reinventing enterprise education involves taking a fresh approach to understanding how entrepreneurs learn and practice their skill. Con‐sequently, innovation and entrepreneurial research needs to investigate new or‐ganisational frameworks that rely on open source (Steinberg 2010) and connected collaborative processes (Mulgan 1997). New entrepreneurial leadership methods are the catalyst to create dynamic strategic models for innovative venturing through effectuation, (Read et al 2011). The first step is to identify the threshold concepts (Mayer and Land 2006) of entrepreneurship in order to inform new en‐terprise education approaches that are based on the real life practice of innova‐tion. Such research informed curriculum development would provide better tools and know how to enable future entrepreneurial leaders tackle hitherto unfore‐seen scenarios. Critically, central to the discussion is the notion that entrepre‐neurial activity is tailored to a given circumstance or discipline domain e.g. Allied Health, ICT or Design. And that the prevailing algorisms of such a domain interact with those within entrepreneurship to produce synthesised modes of behaviour – in effect metamorphosing entrepreneurship into a hybrid that specifically fits the given domain. The paper concludes by advocating cross ‐ domain activity for the transference of knowledge, with the objective of identifying higher order Entre‐preneurial Leadership threshold concepts that would have significant bearing on future de Keywords: entrepreneurial leadership, innovation, threshold concepts, meta‐design thinking, development of the discipline
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Entrepreneurship in the Development of an Agile Enterprise: Theoretical and Practical Aspects
Maja Sajdak Department of Strategic Management, Poznan University of Eco‐nomics, Poland
Abstract: To cope with growing strategic discontinuities and disruptions, scholars have suggested the creation of strategically agile companies, including new ways of managing business transformation and renewal, developing dynamic capabili‐ties, creating imitation abilities, maintaining a high level of organizational flexibil‐ity, developing learning and knowledge transfer skills, as well as having an adap‐tive corporate culture. In a chaotic environment in which markets emerge, collide, split, evolve, and die one of the primary determinant of a firm’s success is strate‐gic agility, the ability to remain flexible in facing new developments, to continu‐ously adjust the company’s strategic direction, and to develop innovative ways to create value (Vogel 2011). The ability to adapt quickly and act flexibly is largely related to entrepreneurship, which is one of the attributes of an agile enterprise. The aim of this article is to identify instances of entrepreneurial behaviour in an agile enterprise and their impact on the adaptation of business enterprises to new challenges. The research methods used in the study include an in‐depth analysis of the literature and a case study, which helps to illustrate the issue in question. Referring to the concept of agility, which is firmly embedded in the theory of stra‐tegic management and has been developed with the aim of adapting to the envi‐ronment and its changes, the paper first examines different types of entrepre‐neurial activities and delineates the attributes of an agile enterprise. Then the issue under discussion is illustrated through the example of the Polish company Hortimex. This company is an eminent representative of the world's leading man‐ufacturers of food additives and ingredients.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, agile enterprise, adaptation
Financing Constraints Faced by Small and Medium Tourist Businesses in India
Navjot Sandhu and Javed Hussain Birmingham City University, Birmingham City Business School, UK Abstract: This paper reports the preliminary results of an empirical investigation into access to finance for Small and Medium‐sized Enterprises (SMEs) in general and related to tourism specifically in the India. Methodology: This exploratory
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study examines data gathered through in‐depth, face to face interviews, using semi‐structured questionnaire amongst 100 matched businesses related to tour‐ism in various parts of India. The propensity to employ internal and external sources of finance was monitored at the start –up, after two years and over the next five years of the business activity. The survey requested quantitative and qualitative information on sources of finance, both preferred and actually used by owner/managers, during three stages in their firm’s business cycle: at start up, after two years and over the next five years. Findings: This paper reports that family and informal lenders were very important for the support of SMEs in India in general. In terms of initial (start‐up) funding, a large proportion of respondents relied exclusively on financial support from their immediate family and informal lenders. After two years in business, respondents exhibited a higher reliance on own savings and to a lesser extent on financial support of bank and other financial institutions. In contrast, at the end of five years of uninterrupted economic activi‐ty, the need of institutional borrowing increased considerably. Whilst the financial support from informal lenders, personal finance and family declined over the years. We also found that owners/ managers showed a preference for more user friendly financing options, which operated on the element of trust and allow them to remain in full control of their businesses. However with better networking ties generally SMEs owner/managers can access adequate external resources through informal channels. Research Limitations/implications: The research sample used in this study is small and selective. It is not meant to represent a statistically sig‐nificant selection of Indian SMEs from tourism sectors. The main limitation con‐cerns the extent to which these findings can be generalised to other contexts, outside the specific location within which it was undertaken. Originality/ Signifi‐cance: The financing preferences of owner/managers in the sample have been influenced by their perception of the relative strength and weaknesses of domes‐tic finance infrastructures. The results of this research study is indicative of SME owner/managers’ financing needs, attitudes and perceptions. The research shows the importance of user‐friendly financing options for SMEs owner/managers. Nevertheless this paper fulfils an identified need for studying how SMEs in emerg‐ing economies make the financing decisions necessary to expand and grow. Social implication: Economies which provide sufficient financing support to SMEs gener‐ally enjoy a higher standard of living than the societies which don’t. Thus the poli‐cymakers should be aware of how financing preferences and decisions made by SME owner/managers impact on the development of SMEs when developing mechanism to support them.
Keywords: finance, entrepreneurs, financing preferences, personal finance, SMEs, India, tourism
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Human Resource Management and Innovation: What Lessons From Italian Social Enterprises?
Daria Sarti and Teresina Torre Department of Economics and Management, University of Firenze, Italy Department of Economics and Management, University of Genova, Italy
Abstract: The purpose of this work is to investigate the impact of human resource management practices (HRMPs) on service innovation in the non‐profit sector. Indeed, non‐profit organizations rely on the dedicated work of their employees to achieve their social mission, which is strictly connected with their capacity in pro‐ducing innovations, both inwards and outwards. Our research is focused on social cooperatives (SCs), a particular kind of social enterprise (SEs), which are very im‐portant in the Italian context from the historical point of view as well as for the role they play at present. SCs were born in the 1980s as a specific form of cooper‐ative working in health and social welfare services and in the field of education, and offering opportunities of social and professional integration of disadvantaged workers. These enterprises are undergoing radical changes as result of the ration‐alization and disinvestments made by the welfare state in Italy (as in many other European countries), while there has been a significant growth in demand for the services they offer. The advancing competition among non‐profit organizations (especially SEs and SCs), public service providers and for‐profit organizations (Salamon and Dewees, 2002), is driving SCs to produce innovative services, while improving their efficiency and enhancing their standards of quality. The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationships between investments in HRMPs and organizational performance, with particular attention being paid to innova‐tions in provisions of services, based on the evidence that human capital may pos‐itively impact innovation. More precisely, the hypothesis that we stated is that investments in HRMPs–as a whole and as particular practices–are positively con‐nected with innovation in services offered by SCs. The hypothesis will be tested on data collected through an online questionnaire administered to representa‐tives of a population of SCs in north‐central Italy (N=58). This initial dataset was built on the basis of the Institutional File of Social Cooperatives, held by all Prov‐inces and Regions (current response rate=4%). From the methodological point of view, a regression analysis will be deployed in order to test the relationship be‐tween HRMPs and innovation in provision of services. Our preliminary results show that investments in HRMPs do not have any impact on the two variables used to measure innovation: exploitation of opportunities and percentage of turnover coming from the provisions of new services. Also, some of the 11 high‐
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performance HRMPs do explain, to a significant extent, the two dependent varia‐bles. These unexpected results have encouraged us to deepen the issue for its theoretical and managerial implications. From the first perspective, the paper applies the few pieces of literature on HRMPs and innovation, and asks for further analysis to understand what the real sources of innovation in SCs are. At the same time, this study can offer useful stimuli for managers and practitioners to focus their attention on what innovation is and where it can be produced.
Keywords: social cooperative, human resource management, human resource practices, service innovation
Crowdfunding in the Context of Traditional Financing for Innovative SMEs
Andreas Schenk Universidad Europea Madrid, Madrid, Spain Business and Information Technology School, Iserlohn, Germany
Abstract: The innovator’s choice to find the optimal financing is complex and in‐fluenced by his individual requirements as well as SME specific financial con‐straints in the market. The lack of experience and supply with external sources of finance is a serious inhibiting factor for innovation in SMEs. Data shows that most SMEs are familiar with bank loans but rarely have contact or access to mezzanine and equity capital. Debt capital is not always available, is more expensive for in‐novative ventures and further weakens the credit rating. Hence, mezzanine and equity capital are often seen as yet underestimated forms of financing. But due to an equity gap in the market, innovative SMEs also struggle to acquire fresh capital in form of equity. While still being negligible small in comparison, crowdfunding attempts to grow into several financial areas and has promising potential to open up new sources of capital for entrepreneurs and innovative SMEs. This paper pre‐sents a comparative theoretical study of current financial alternatives with special regard to innovative ventures. It identifies the relevant properties on profound academic literature and the empirical evidence on its fit to innovation financing is reviewed. The paper aims to contribute to the discussion of financial constraints for innovative SMEs and will give indications for further research. Results show that crowdfunding has distinct advantages in its value creation by the funding community, but is still exceptional in larger innovative projects and may then have high requirements regarding human and capital resources. While traditional forms of financing still have distinct advantages for their own, synergies and com‐binations with crowdfunding will be discussed based on their individual character‐istics. It may be promising to combine traditional and new innovative forms of
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financing to gain synergy effects and to mitigate information asymmetries for traditional investors.
Keywords: innovation financing, crowdfunding, venture capital, mezzanine capi‐tal, bank loans
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Entrepreneurial Marketing in the Last Decade: A Literature Review
Oliver Schuster1, Christine Falkenreck1 and Ralf Wagner2 1Business to Business Marketing and Sales, Hof University, Ger‐many 2SVI Endowed Chair for International Direct Marketing, University of Kassel, Germany
Abstract: Marketing and Entrepreneurship research streams have flourished in the last decade. Their intersection ‘entrepreneurial marketing’ however, is still in its infancy and the link between these two disciplines has not been adequately researched. By reviewing the literature from this dynamic research domain over last 10 years, this paper seeks to systematize the different approaches and the underlying theories and constructs used. This study outlines the theoretical foun‐dations of entrepreneurial marketing as well as the constructs considered in en‐trepreneurial marketing research. In doing this, we have challenged the subdo‐mains where results might be susceptible to the common method bias. We con‐ducted a keyword search in the most commonly used online databases and per‐formed forward and backward chaining on the articles that were revealed to find additional publications that are necessary for this field of research. Finally, we compiled a total of 79 articles that were relevant to this study. By restricting our analysis to contributions in the field of entrepreneurship that have a genuine ref‐erence to entrepreneurial marketing or to the marketing perspective in general, we sorted out all the articles that were mistakenly classified in the entrepreneuri‐al marketing domain. Evaluating the remaining articles confirmed earlier assess‐ments of the insufficient use of theory, but considered more precise dimensions in the studies and constructs used to quantify the latent variables. We identified a substantial heterogeneity of approaches, which indicates that the intersection of the entrepreneurship and marketing domains is undoubtedly challenging. We identified a lack of theory comparisons in the explanation and prediction of ob‐served phenomena in entrepreneurial marketing. We revealed a similar outcome for the combination of theoretical explanations and the current landscape of knowledge in entrepreneurial marketing. Additionally we discovered gaps in con‐tent, instruments, processes, research‐design and data quality.
Keywords: entrepreneurial marketing, entrepreneurship, marketing, latent con‐structs, literature review, theory in use
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When Risk‐Neutral and Risk‐Averse Entrepreneurs Work Together: A Different Kind of Support
Niousha Shahidi EDC Paris Business School, Paris, France
Abstract: Businesses that receive entrepreneurial support are likely to have a more sustainable future than businesses that are not supported. In certain situa‐tions this support may develop into a longer‐term working relationship. For ex‐ample, a risk‐averse entrepreneur may decide to work together with a risk‐neutral entrepreneur to reduce his or her risk. This situation can be compared to an in‐sured‐insurer relationship in a moral hazard context, in other words where the effort made by the risk‐averse individual is unobservable by the risk‐neutral indi‐vidual. Perroni and Proto (2010) address this scenario, examining two possible efforts and two states of nature. We generalise the Perroni and Proto (2010) model by considering infinite production states and efforts. In particular, we study the implications of moral hazard when individuals with different risk profiles work together. We assume that the riskier the business, the higher the probability of zero production. If a risk‐neutral entrepreneur and a risk‐averse entrepreneur enter into a contract to work together, the risk‐neutral entrepreneur will make a positive or a zero payment to the risk‐averse entrepreneur. In a moral hazard sce‐nario, the contract represents the solution to an optimisation problem between the two entrepreneurs. The risk‐neutral entrepreneur maximizes his or her profit under several constraints, the first one being the entrepreneurs' individual partic‐ipation constraints. This means that the risk‐averse entrepreneur’s utility level under the optimal contract must be greater than his or her utility when there is no contract. The second constraint is the incentive constraint which, as its name indicates, encourages the risk‐averse entrepreneur to make the optimal effort. We show that when there is no moral hazard, the optimal contract includes an excess payable by the insured, which encourages the risk‐averse entrepreneur to avoid small losses for which he or she would be responsible. Conversely, in a mor‐al hazard scenario, the optimal contract offered by the risk‐neutral entrepreneur to the risk‐averse entrepreneur is a type of co‐insurance contract that induces the risk‐averse entrepreneur to make an effort to avoid major losses.
Keywords: moral hazard, risk‐averse entrepreneur, risk‐neutral entrepreneur, optimal contract, effort
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Entrepreneurship in the Gymnasiums Business: Mantras for Success
Krishna Shetty and Bramha Duggal Sangha’s Uma Krishna Shetty Institute of Management Studies and Research, Mumbai, India
Abstract: There has been longstanding and visible entrepreneurial activity in some sectors of the fitness industry. In recent times there is all round realization of the potential in this area, especially in the metropolitan cities. Organized fit‐ness services account for merely 25% of the overall fitness industry. Organized players in the industry are expecting to grow in the coming years despite the eco‐nomic slowdown. The organized sector expects to double its share from the cur‐rent level in three years’ time. The main players in the Organized sector are, Talwalkar's, Gold's Gym, Solaris Fitness World, Fitness First, Ozone Fitness and Spa, Fluid Active Fitness, Snap Fitness, Fitness One, Curves For Women and Viva Fit. The Indian Fitness & Slimming Industry is set to ride high with all levers in place. Increasing disposable income of the people coupled with rising awareness of a healthy body augur well for the Industry. Significant changes in lifestyle relat‐ed to lack of physical activity and increased consumption of fast food among both affluent and working class population has led to a greater need for a healthy life‐style. The main objective of the paper is to find out the parameters for competi‐tive advantage for entrepreneurship in gymnasiums. The paper also seeks to study the effect and correlation of the various factors for success and the de‐mographics of the consumers.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, fitness industry, gymnasium, competitive advantage
Cooperation and Innovation Activity: Study of the Relationship at the Regional Level
Viacheslav Sirotin and Marina Arkhipova The department of Statistics and Data Analysis, faculty of Econom‐ics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
Abstract: Cooperation and partnership are in the focus of the research along with their impact on regional innovation activity. We consider collaboration as a means for the efficiency improvement. Partnership and cooperation create additional possibilities to cope with the various problems of the innovative development.
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Support to the competitiveness is the other way of fostering innovations. While the former seems to be more important under restrictions concerning lack of the sources for research programs, the latter may be more efficient under the favora‐ble conditions. The contradiction between these points of view is an important issue for many researchers. We try to find is there any significant impact of the collaboration between firms and organizations on the innovation activity of the regions. The methodology of the research is based on using multivariate statistics and econometric modeling. The data set includes a lot of indicators for the Rus‐sian regions through the decade. Along with analysis of the reasons that hamper the progress of innovation activity we propose the system of indexes for measur‐ing the level of cooperation and partnership development. The system is based on such variables as the number of joint research and development projects and the number of organizations involved, they are given separately for various types of partners, economic activities and types of cooperation. The regression models for panel data have been considered and compared. They allow estimating the quan‐titative effect of the cooperation impact on the innovation activity of regions and eliminating the regions peculiarities and the endogeneity bias. The results can be used as information support for the decision makers, government, industry and university in practice of managing the innovative development. The system of integral indicators for various aspects of innovative processes in regions may be used for measuring and fostering the innovative development of the regions. The results of the analysis can also help to raise the competitiveness of the country as a whole.
Keywords: innovative development, cooperation and partnership, panel data, regional innovation activity, integral indicators
Business Coaching and the Development of Agric‐Businesses in Africa
Dzisi Smile, Dza Mawuko and Odoom Franklin Koforidua Polytechnic, Koforidua, Ghana
Abstract: The significant role business coaching plays in the development of busi‐ness ventures has been touted in the literature. However, little empirical research exists on business coaching, especially in Africa. This paper addresses this gap by exploring the concept of business coaching in agribusinesses from the Ghanaian context. The primary objective is to establish the extent to which, business coach‐ing acts as an enabler to agribusiness performance. A hypothesis were tested to ascertain the effect of business coaching on the development of the agribusiness‐es. A mixed‐methods approach was used to collect and analyse data from sixty‐
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eight agribusiness owners who participated in a business coaching in Ghana. The approach is justified because it ensures data triangulation, and increases the cred‐ibility of research findings. The findings revealed that business coaching is new to agribusiness owners in Ghana. Few agribusinesses exposed to business coaching have acquired entrepreneurial skills and knowledge which resulted in positive transformation of their businesses. The findings have implications on growth and development of agribusinesses on the continent. With such huge potentials, the study recommends increased participation of the private sector in harnessing the great potentials that abound in this agricultural sub‐sector. Additionally, African government must increase budgetary allocation for coaching agribusinesses en‐trepreneurs if they are to be self‐sufficient in food production. These recommen‐dations could be addressed by the creation of enabling environments for the pri‐vate sector to thrive. There should be a strong governments’ commitment to as‐sist entrepreneurs in agribusinesses through the formulation and implementation of favourable policies for the sub‐sector. Agriculture would be a vibrant venture, contributing significantly to nations GDP if steps are taken to train and coach farmers on best practices in the industry, not just on agricultural practices but more especially in business dynamics. This paper should rekindle the debate about the lack of governmental support for agriculture and agric related busi‐nesses across Africa.
Keywords: business coaching, agribusiness, entrepreneurship, development of business enterprises
International Knowledge Networks in Sustainable Energy Technologies: Evidence From European Projects
Cristina Sousa and Isabel Salavisa DINÂMIA’CET‐IUL and ISCTE ‐ Instituto Universitário de Lisboa
Abstract: The aim of the current paper is to analyse international research collab‐orations in order to define patterns of international knowledge sharing. Research collaborations have become the norm in scientific and technological research. These collaborations often materialise in formal research projects. In this paper we will focus on research projects funded by the European Commission with Por‐tuguese participation, mainly within the context of the Framework Programmes (FPs). We adopt the Triple Helix framework to investigate the way Portuguese universities, companies and other organisations are inserted in these collabora‐tions and the role they play within them, in a dynamic form. This framework stresses the complex dynamics between academia, industry and government in the processes of knowledge production and innovation. We use Social Network
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Analysis to capture the composition and configuration of these international col‐laborations, considering them as knowledge networks. The empirical analysis of this research draws on data from the CORDIS database. We consider only projects that involve at least one Portuguese partner and address the “Renewable Sources of Energy” subject. We have identified 427 different projects, involving 2530 or‐ganisations from 83 countries. The analysis covers the period between 1985 and 2014. The results uncover an evolution consistent with the propositions of the Triple Helix framework. First, we witness the importance of universities, which are becoming more and more central in the knowledge network. Second, we observe the increasing participation of companies in the research, raising their share in the network composition to values similar to those of universities. Finally, the results reveal the strengthening of the interaction between the three agents: pro‐jects that bring together academia, industry and universities are now the most frequent type, unlike what occurred at the beginning of the period under review. This study contributes to further the understanding of cross‐border knowledge sharing and creation, considering several types of actor and interaction and their dynamics.
Keywords: international knowledge networks, international research collabora‐tions, European Framework Programmes, social network analysis, sustainable energy technologies
Positive Stress and Reflective Practice Enhancing Innova‐tiveness Among Entrepreneurs
Kati Tikkamäki1, Päivi Heikkilä2 and Mari Ainasoja1 1School of Information Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland 2VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tampere, Finland
Abstract: The heavy stress load and the need for innovativeness seem to be una‐voidable aspects of entrepreneurship. Yet, the positive side of stress, often re‐ferred to as ‘eustress’, and its potential in boosting innovativeness have remained understudied areas. As a tool for analysing and developing thoughts and actions, reflective practice has the potential to play an important role both in interpreta‐tions essential to positive stress experiences and in innovations described as learning processes. Our aim is to contribute to entrepreneurship and innovative‐ness research by combining the research streams of eustress and reflective prac‐tice. First, we shed light on how entrepreneurs experience the role of positive stress and reflective practice in their work. Then, we provide a description of the reflective tools that entrepreneurs utilize in promoting eustress and innovative‐ness. The research process is designed to support reflective dialogue among the participants, which included 21 Finnish entrepreneurs from different fields. The
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results are mainly based on qualitative interviews. Nine of the interviewed entre‐preneurs recorded also a positive stress diary, including a three‐day physiological measurement analysing their heartbeat variability. The results were interpreted together with these entrepreneurs in additional interviews, which enrich the orig‐inal data. Our findings suggest that positive stress and reflective practice are in‐tertwined in the experiences of entrepreneurs. However, the capabilities for re‐flection vary, and the theory‐driven division of reflective practice into individual, social and contextual dimensions is useful for understanding differences between entrepreneurs. The results illustrate how reflective practice forms a crucial toolbox for promoting positive stress. This toolbox consists of the following six tools: studying oneself, changing one’s point of view, putting things into perspec‐tive, harnessing a feeling of trust, regulating the resources and engaging in dia‐logue. In sum, this research works as a starting point in exploring the connections of eustress and reflective practice to the innovativeness of entrepreneurs.
Keywords: eustress, reflective practice, innovativeness, entrepreneurship
Transitioning Towards Employee‐Driven Innovation: Lessons From Pioneers in the ICT Sector
Lia Tirabeni¹, Paola Pisano² and Klas Eric Soderquist³ ¹CPS Department, University ofTurin, Italy ²Computer Science Department, University of Turin, Italy ³DMST, School of Business, AUEB,Athens, Greece
Abstract: Although it could be profitable for innovation outcomes to engage a wide range ofhuman resources in innovation processes, most employees are usu‐ally not involved.Generating ideas, testing and developing innovations are nor‐mally executed by R&D professionals only. We have investigated how new ways of conceiving the relationship between employees and innovation management processes can increase the odds oforganizations in order to achieve successful innovations.In this new framework of engagement the employee can take onthe role traditionally played by customers, namely to become the first tester, user and customer of an innovative product/service. This newroleon behalf of the employ‐ee could create the basis of aninnovative business model more suitablefor identi‐fying, prototyping, testing and spreading innovation. Through a multiple‐case de‐sign, the paper relies on the data analysis of a secondary caseachieved byinnovation leaders in the ICT sector to address the research questions. Finally, implications for business model innovation are discussed.
Keywords: innovation, EDI, employee, engagement, ICT
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Product and Process Innovation to Exploit new Market Opportunities and Overcome the Crisis: An Italian Family Firm Case Study
Elisa Truant Department of Management, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Abstract: The innovation is a key driver for national and international economic development and growth nevertheless, especially during the period of crisis, companies and Governments stress the resource rationalization, limiting the in‐vestments in research and innovation. Literature has developed a series of studies on innovation, focusing on product and process innovations and the company’s attitude, influenced by the company size, the economic sector and company’s strategic approach to environmental changes. Existing literature has also dealt with the topic of innovation in family businesses. Some authors argue that family firms are more conservative, less inclined to risks and so less attracted by product and processes innovation. However, a part of international literature sees family firms as a source of growth, development and economic stability, as well as a dominant business model. The objective of this study is to verify whether a strat‐egy of innovation in terms of products and processes might offer a competitive advantage to family businesses operating in the automotive sector, that is highly representative of the Italian economic context. The research methodology, at first, focuses on a review of international literature dealing with the management of innovation in family businesses. Then, basing on the literature evidences, it was selected and examined a significant case study. It was decided to describe an ex‐planatory single case study, represented by an internationally successful Italian family firm, the Rolfo S.p.A., leader in the European vehicle‐transport sector. Over the last years, the crisis has strongly affected this sector, increasing the average life of commercial vehicles. In order to survive and thrive over this rough period and in contrast with other companies' behavior, the family owner has adopted a proactive approach, based on a strategy focused on innovation. In particular, the company has studied and developed product and process innovations, through a greater variety of new products, the introduction of lean production logics or the re‐engineering of the distribution processes. These innovations enabled the com‐pany to expand the business beyond Europe as in the Russian and in emerging markets, with a greater vitality and a lower saturation, and to survive over this rough period, characterized by the exit of many competitors. This paper adds some specific aspects related to the management of innovation in family firms, contributing to extend the literature on innovation in family businesses, also providing some useful insights. Future researches could involve a multiple case
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study method and, as regards the technique, the number of interviews might also involve employees working within the company, as opposed to family members.
Keywords: innovation, family firm, automotive sector, crisis, case study
Towards entrepreneurial spirit at JAMK University of Applied Sciences; First year students’ views towards entrepreneurship
Minna Tunkkari‐Eskelinen and Mikael Viitasaari University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
Abstract: In this paper, the research questions are formulated as follows: What kind of perception of entrepreneurship do the 1st year students at JAMK have? In addition to this research question, in this paper it has also been studied whether it is relevant to perception of entrepreneurship in case the student has experi‐enced entrepreneurship in the surrounding relatives. Research data is based on the survey that were conducted during the academic years 2008, 2010 and 2014. Altogether 738 students’ answers were analyzed. This covers over a quarter of the respondents. Quite amount of students are interested in entrepreneurship at JAMK University of Applied Sciences. However, there is not possible to argue for their interest as an intention to start a business. Vice versa, like previous research work has shown, there is a risk of University studies decreasing the interest of starting a business. In the survey here it is illustrated that JAMK students have mainly positive view toward entrepreneurship at the beginning of their academic studies. The students with entrepreneurial family background saw entrepreneur‐ship differently than other representatives. This fact should consider important when creating entrepreneurial University.JAMK has set a vision to be Finland’s best university of applied sciences what comes to the promotion of entrepreneur‐ship. Entrepreneurship should concern every student and his/her studies. The assessors of international audit of quality end up with a similar interpretation in their audit report. In order to support this principle, some choices has to be made; how (or what kind of measures should be taken in order) to promote entrepre‐neurship and accelerate regional employment. Nevertheless, the students may have positive perception of entrepreneurship but it may change during the stud‐ies over the years (Kakkonen 2010). Already conducted survey will be repeated on the students leaving the university, which enables to reveal how the organization has succeeded in the set target.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial family, students’ perception, survey
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Evaluation of Institutional Factors Shaping Entrepreneurial University: A Tale of two Universities and Regional Development in Russia
Dina Williams1, Alexander Bedny2 and Nadezhda Terlyga3 1EnACT: Enterprise Action Consulting & Training Ltd, Knaresbor‐ough, UK 2National Research University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia 3Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Abstract: This paper seeks to critically evaluate dynamic of entrepreneurial trans‐formation of two leading universities in Russia, which adopted different pathways towards entrepreneurial university. Conceptually the paper is grounded in an in‐stitutional path‐dependency approach; it examines the formation, interpretation and implementation of the entrepreneurship and innovation function of the uni‐versities. The empirical findings suggest that institutional factors such as historical and normative context, established social, professional and economic relations play an important role in shaping universities’ strategic orientation, their dynamic capabilities and ultimately define diversity in the entrepreneurial university out‐comes. Although the paper focuses on universities in Russia, it provides critical insights on the multiplicity of models of entrepreneurial universities that reflect the diversity of the universities (mid‐range vs top universities; teaching vs re‐search oriented universities).
Keywords: entrepreneurial university, institutional framework, emerging econo‐mies, Russia
Anticipated Emotions in Nascent Entrepreneurship: A La‐tent Profile Analysis
Leonidas Zampetakis1, Manolis Lerakis1 , Konstantinos Kafetsios2 and Vassilis Moustakis1* 1Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece, 2University of Crete, Department of Psychology, Rethymnon, Greece Abstract: Anticipated emotions are the products of affective forecasting and con‐stitute predictions about the affective consequences of decision outcomes. Affec‐tive forecasting integrates objective estimates about the future with emotions,
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foreseen and accordingly felt, with respect to future objective estimates. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of emotions in entrepreneurs’ cogni‐tion and behaviour. The present study was designed to offer initial insight into the early stages of firm creation as an anticipated emotional experience. We focused on affective forecasts of nascent entrepreneurship (or pre‐organization) that is, the process by which individuals engage in a wide variety gestation activities that vary in duration and in composition in on‐going but not yet operational business start‐up efforts. The paper reports results from a study that sampled responses from 1160 university students and focused on identifying (a) specific anticipated emotions that students predict will experience when they imagine themselves as nascent entrepreneurs, contemplating the starting their own business in the fu‐ture and (b) to model anticipated emotion variations with respect to perceived desirability and perceived feasibility of business start‐up. Results by means of La‐tent Profile Analysis (LPA) suggested the existence of a four‐class taxonomy of potential future, or of nascent, entrepreneurs. Taxonomy distinguishes nascent entrepreneurs as “natural” or “inevitable” and into two other classes, which en‐compass something like “in between” entrepreneurial characteristics. Steering LPA are six emotions, namely: interest, enjoyment, surprise, distress, anger and fear coupled with formal entrepreneurship research constructs, such as intention, perceived behavioural control, attitude toward entrepreneurship, anticipated positive and negative affect from business start‐up and selected exploratory vari‐ables that map into student demographics. The identified taxonomy maps emo‐tions and entrepreneurial dimensions of sample participants. We highlight salient class characteristics, discuss the implications of our results in the light of the in‐creasing interest to promote entrepreneurship as a carrier choice and offer in‐sight about entrepreneurial education in practice. The offered insight links exper‐imental results and entrepreneurial education and facilitation with earlier re‐search in bounded rationality and management skills.
Keywords: nascent entrepreneurship, emotions, entrepreneurial intention, en‐trepreneurial skills, entrepreneurial education, latent profile analysis
BoP and Entrepreneurship: The Intersection of two Research Paths
Katrin Zulauf, Dominik Brockhaus, Oliver Schuster, Katharina Raab, Taylan Urkmez, Mario Keul and Ralf Wagner University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
Abstract: Entrepreneurship and the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) have been pro‐ductive research streams over the last few years. This study provides a systematic
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review of publications at the intersection paths to outline the current state of both research paths to outline the current state of research as well as its gaps in literature. Based on a set of rigorously selected articles published in high impact journals we aim to identify and elaborate on conceptual frameworks used in con‐temporary research. Moreover, we challenge their empirical foundations and sys‐tematically identify the gaps by considering conceptual and empirical contribu‐tions. With our analysis, we reveal patterns in research designs in 8 entrepreneur‐ial categories, 18 BoP‐related business domain categories, 27 marketing and busi‐ness relations‐orientated categories, and 7 innovation‐related categories. We have restricted our analysis to contributions which adopted the opportunity defi‐nition, recognition and exploitation framework of Shane and Venkataraman (2000) and to the articles which have been published in journals indexed by the Web of Science. Subsequently, we defined a set of 12 articles evaluated by three independent raters. Supplementing the content analysis, we conducted a biblio‐graphic study of all references cited or quoted in studies under consideration in order to summarize common thoughts and concepts in this research. A citation graph enables the identification of path dependencies in the studies as well as an assessment of the relevance of the studies in our research domain and their theo‐retical foundations. Applying this method, we uncover results in promising areas for both conceptual and empirical research. Our results cast doubt on the current use of established concepts (e.g., marketing, communication, entrepreneurship) related to the validity of their assumptions in BoP‐markets. Additionally, the insti‐tutional environment needs to be included in future research. However, in large parts of the empirical work qualitative case studies are presented. Quantitative studies also need to complement these findings in order to understand the impact and consequences of entrepreneurial activities.Keywords: bottom of the pyramid, entrepreneurship, systematic literature review, citation network, opportunity existence, opportunity identification, opportunity exploitation
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Impact of Customer Networks on Customer Lifetime Value Models
Pavel Jašek University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic
Abstract: The Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is believed to be the 21st century marketing strategy approach. The concept of customers viewed as a long‐term asset of the company seems to attract proper company resources to the activities related to this asset. The focus on long‐term profitability of customers and the selection of the right customers for the future expansion is a key to valuable growth. CLV models alongside with Customer Equity (CE) models, both constitute the core and actionable basis for tactical and strategic marketing of customer‐centric companies. Innovations in both concepts of CLV and CE arise from new technological possibilities to empower customer data. Social network interactions and network structure information signify enormous opportunity for marketers to understand the real value of customer referrals and cooperation, especially in the business‐to‐consumer industry. Social network analysis techniques are effective to extract individual customer's importance for the company, what subsequently can be compared to the long term profitability and thus used for decisions in rep‐utation management or churn management. Not only customers form groups on established social networks, but also such groups appear via informal relations in terms of similar behaviour, attitudes, and interactions. Hence a clustering of user behaviour is an important technique for segmented approach to computing fu‐ture value of a customer base. More precise and subtle input data make CLV models rigorous with deep respect to the heterogeneity of a customer base. The main goal of this paper is to propose new innovative enhancements of traditional CLV models, with focus on business‐to‐consumer segment and non‐contractual settings of customer relations with a company. Partial goals of the paper include 1) a summarization and discussion of current technological possibilities in social network analysis and clustering for the use in customer retention models, moreo‐ver 2) an enhancement of statistical models used for CLV and CE computation and finally 3) an empirical application of these statistical methods on health & beauty e‐commerce dataset from the Czech Republic. The paper focuses on clustering of CLV by marketing channels that are attributed to customers. Clustering of CLV has brought important practical insights to the targeting of marketing campaign. Em‐pirical analysis proved that clusters emphasized actionable insights from CLV es‐timation in comparison with naïve grouping. Two clusters of customers originated from organic search traffic were found with significantly different CLV predictions and also with overall higher CE than other marketing channels. These clusters of identified customers should be targeted in a different manner.
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Keywords: customer lifetime value, customer equity, innovative marketing man‐agement, customer relationship management, social network analysis
Culture and Entrepreneurship: A Developing Country Perspective
Nomusa Benita Mazonde and Teresa Carmichael University of the Witwatersrand, Graduate School of Business Ad‐ministration WBS (Wits), Johannesburg, South Africa
Abstract: Purpose –This paper offers an initial perspective on the realities of fe‐male entrepreneurship in developing countries, focusing on Zimbabwe, based on research in progress. The research attempts to understand female entrepreneur‐ship from the perspective of the female entrepreneurs themselves. Methodology – Qualitative analysis used in this paper is based on empirical findings from field‐work undertaken in Harare (capital city of Zimbabwe) and Bulawayo (second larg‐est city of Zimbabwe). In‐depth face to face interviews were conducted by the researcher with forty‐three female entrepreneurs running their own businesses. The sample consists of female entrepreneurs who started their entrepreneurial activities in the formal sector and have since formalised their businesses or are in the process of formalising their businesses. Further interviews, and re‐interviews, are continuing. Results obtained – Preliminary findings indicate that context, in terms of culture and socioeconomic factors, shapes female entrepreneurial activi‐ties. All married women ran their businesses in partnership with spouses; this turned out to be a paper partnership, with little support, and often a lot of inter‐ference, coming from the husband. The paper offers some explanation as to why context and historical variables impact on the realities of female entrepreneurial activities. Conclusion – At a minimum, apparent or face‐value collaboration with men is a necessity of culture and custom. The women interviewed construe en‐trepreneurship as self‐fulfilling, allowing them the flexibility and freedom to bal‐ance work with family obligations whilst earning income to better their families and that of the community. Implications – To understand (female) entrepreneur‐ship, researchers need to factor in culture, context, history and custom. This has implications for policy‐making, training programmes and business support. Origi‐nality/ value– There are very few studies from a developing country perspective such as that of Zimbabwe, which take a positive stance towards culture. This pa‐per therefore adopts an open‐minded view of the role of culture as enabling, ra‐ther than disabling, in female entrepreneurship.
Keywords female, entrepreneurship, context, culture, developing country, Zim‐babwe
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MCDM Methods: Alternative for Evaluation of Regional Innovation Performance
Eva Minarčíková VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
Abstract: In a globalized world, innovation and entrepreneurship occupy an es‐sential role for competitiveness and regional economic growth. To boost the productivity and to strengthen the competitiveness, fostering creativity and inno‐vation of entrepreneurs is the principal challenge for regions. Regional innovation activities should create the conditions under which enterprises can stimulate and enhance their innovative performance. These activities include especially the en‐suring an access to knowledge and financial support. As the regional level is im‐portant for economic development and for the design and implementation of innovation policies, it is important to have indicators to compare and benchmark innovation performance at the regional level. The quantitative evaluation of dif‐ferences in the innovation performance and innovation environment is funda‐mental for policy makers to design and develop better policies especially innova‐tion policy, regional policy, scientific and research policy, education policy, indus‐trial policy etc. In the European Union, the discussion about the methods of evalua-tion and measurement of the innovation performance is topical issue. One possible method that provides statistical facts on regions' innovation performance is the European Regional Innovation Scoreboard. In this paper, multicriteria decision making (MCDM) methods are used as an alternative approach to the quantitative evaluation of regional innovation performance. The aim of the paper is to evalu‐ate the regional innovation performance in the Czech Republic in the years 2010 and 2012 by the selected MCDM methods (TOPSIS, VIKOR). The TOPSIS and VIKOR methods confirmed the significant differences in the innovation performance of NUTS 2 regions in the Czech Republic in the years 2010 and 2012. The highest differences existed between NUTS 2 regions CZ01 Praha and CZ04 Severozápad in both years. On the other hand, methods did not confirm the change in the strengthening of the innovation performance or the reducing of the regional dis‐parities in the innovation performance in monitored years.
Keywords: innovation performance, evaluation, MCDM methods, NUTS 2 region, TOPSIS, VIKOR
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Contextualizing Corporate Governance and Innovation Generation: On Managerial Risk Taking
Nicolette Prugsamatz College of Management, Mahidol University, Thailand
Abstract: Managerial risk taking has increasingly been highlighted as a prerequi‐site for innovation. Since innovation is viewed as a high‐risk, high‐cost endeavour, CEOs often are reluctant to become advocates for innovation. However, not much is understood in terms of managerial risk‐taking behaviour in relation to innova‐tion within strong vs. flexible governance settings at the level of the firm. In an attempt to fill this void, the current paper attempts to contextualize managerial risk taking behaviours within corporate governance environments and its interac‐tion with the innovation generation activities of the firm. In the context of innova‐tion, corporate governance would relate to exercising control over resource allo‐cation, as well as the nature of an innovative investment strategy while relying on the incentives and abilities of individuals who exercise that control. While both internal and external corporate governance mechanisms serve to enhance firm innovation activity, in environments where such mechanisms are mandated then one can expect greater managerial risk‐aversion towards innovation. In such a scenario there is in due course a trade‐off on the time and resources that could be allocated towards innovation generation. In order to arrive at a theory of the in‐novative enterprise given certain corporate governance environments, future studies should go beyond the counting of R&D and patent statistics. Undertaking a holistic approach in understanding the role that corporate governance would play on firm innovation generation activities would enable adoption of policies that promotes managerial risk taking and subsequently innovation generation.
Keywords: corporate governance, agency theory, innovation, investment deci‐sion, managerial risk taking
The ‘Model of Győr’: Triple Helix Interactions and Their Impact on Economic Development
János Rechnitzer and Petra Kecskés Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
Abstract: The authors will introduce Győr as a significant member and centre both of this region and the Central European automotive industrial concentration. The study gives an overview of the emergence of the special Triple Helix Model in the analysed Hungarian town. Based on the results of the research programme
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‘Győr Regional Vehicle Industrial District as a New Direction and Investment of Regional Development’ (TÁMOP‐4.2.2.A‐11/1/KONV‐2012‐0010) completed in 2014, the authors will present the “Model of Győr”. The paper outlines the most significant theoretical and empirical results of the research which serves further development prospects, paths and examples to other Hungarian towns or to towns with similar industrial background around the world. The model represents the urban network structure as a ‘living system’ of Győr that includes the universi‐ty, the automotive industry and related innovative companies like Audi and the town (local government) as a coordinating factor.
Keywords: industrial district, automotive industry, research programme, urban network, innovation
The Reverse Business‐Modelling Framework: A new Ap‐proach Towards Action‐Oriented Entrepreneurship
Radostina Ruseva and Petko Ruskov Sofia University, Bulgaria
Abstract: The growing adoption of information systems by big and small business on a global scale has lead to a constant acceleration of the innovation cycles in almost any industry. Companies are increasingly often required to innovate their existing products, services, and business models. The number of market entry opportunities for start‐ups has risen through the shorter innovation cycles. Fur‐thermore, the barriers to entry have dropped through low technology cost, e.g. of devices, cloud services bundles and globalization. The latter is especially im‐portant in this context because through the access to global markets it allows specialization, and this raises the number of opportunities, too. For this reasons business models have gained increasing attention, from both ‐ academia and in‐dustry, in the last 25 years. Primarily originated in corporate technology innova‐tion management business modelling is now a major discipline in entrepreneur‐ship, especially in tech startups. While business modelling was first related to strategic management, and to technology only, it soon became clear that it can also be viewed as an independent management practice on any commercializa‐tion and a number of business modelling tools were developed, one of the most popular of which without doubt is the Business Model Canvas. Those frameworks are designed to help entrepreneurs discover customers and create a business model, i.e. to make use of the window of opportunity and reduce the time to market. In this work we present a status quo literature overview of business modelling frameworks. Furthermore, we propose a new approach for action‐oriented entrepreneurship. The model is originally inspired by the discovery‐
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driven approach and is specifically designed for the needs of young technology start‐ups, but corporate accelerators can also use it in case when particular op‐portunities are identified for development. The reverse business‐modelling framework aims at minimizing resources and risk and optimizing the chance for the entrepreneur to profit from innovation. It is a completely new approach, which is action‐oriented and does not serve as a representation but rather as a sparing partner while business planning.
Keywords: action oriented entrepreneurship, business model framework, innova‐tion management, business model innovation, entrepreneurship
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Master’s
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When Growth is Critical: Indian Biotechnology Start‐ups’ Perspective
Aditi Yadav and Lata Dyaram Department of management studies, Indian Institute of Technol‐ogy, Chennai, India
Abstract: The goal of this paper is to understand the salient resource bundles and the environmental factors which impact the growth of biotechnology start‐ups in India, by adopting a comparative approach to investigate the differences in re‐sources preferred by research and market‐oriented biotechnology start‐ups. Both primary and secondary sources of information were used for data gathering and synthesis. The theoretical foundation of this study was built upon resource based view of firm growth. The data was obtained by using questionnaire survey re‐sponses from 79 biotechnology start‐up firms. Partial Least Squares path model‐ling approach has been used for data analysis. The results of the study distinguish between the two types of environmental factors (research and policy environ‐ment) and four types of resources (strategic, financial, physical and human re‐sources) whose systematic interrelation facilitates the uninterrupted growth of biotechnology start‐ups. Research oriented biotechnology start‐ups attributed their growth primarily to the resources and strategies which strengthened their research capabilities whereas market oriented biotechnology start‐ups had a hy‐brid focus. They attributed their growth to resources and strategies which helped them in entering into the new markets and gaining competitive advantage, while not ignoring the strength of strong R&D base to gain technological advancement. This paper mainly focuses on the essential growth factors which form the backbone for both research and market oriented biotechnology start‐ups’ growth. However, they might not be the lone conditions or requirements for sustained competitive advantage. This paper provides a thorough understanding of the growth essentials of research and market oriented biotechnology start‐ups. It also highlights the need for the collaboration between private and public sector partnership (PPP model) to ensure sustainability of this growing industry, with a clear focus on advancing technological developments and providing necessary mutual financial support. This paper provides meaningful insights to understand the growth process of biotechnology start‐ups. It might also serve as a ready‐reckoner for a new biotechnology start‐up to monitor these necessary elements for a sustained growth.
Keywords: biotechnology, start‐ups, growth, resource based view
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Non Academic
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Trends in the Modern Education System: International Experience (USA) and Kazakhstan (Intellectual School)
Arman Imansharipova Nazarbayev Intellectual School, Astana, Kazakhstan Abstract: The article is about the educational system in Kazakhstan, using the ex‐perience of Nazarbayev Intellectual School of Astana and challenges which teach‐ers face there in the educating process. The article describes how these changes are implemented at Nazarbayev Intellectual School of Astana and describes the global trends in education that should be used to develop Kazakhstan. The reason for choosing this work is to address the educational changes taking place in Ka‐zakhstan, using the experience of Nazarbayev Intellectual School of Astana. The aim of this work is to identify trends in the education system of Kazakhstan and foreign countries (using experience in an American school as an example). Due to changes in education, new requirements are being imposed on teachers. From experiences at Nazarbayev Intellectual School of Astana, it is evident how these changes are implemented at this school and how teachers are prepared to face new requirements. The article reflects the main stages of the study, which have been completed using methods of analysis of information and observation. The research was done in Kazakhstan and the United States of America. Teaching dif‐ferent age group classes offers teachers some solutions problems in both the teaching and student learning of different age groups, which can successfully be used in classes where teachers and students are individuals and where the pro‐fessional thoughts of the teacher are centered not on the teaching process but on the students (Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools). After analysis of this international experience, and given the example of the United States, it was concluded that globalization shapes the leading trends of modern education in Kazakhstan.
Keywords: Nazarbayev Intellectual School; education in Kazakhstan; self‐development; student profiles, teaching strategy, approaches to learning
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Boundaryless Careers and Social Capital in Entrepreneurial Family Firms
Filippo Ferrari School of Management, Economics and Statistics, Bologna Univer‐sity, Bologna, Italy
Abstract: The here presented research investigated the educational career of the second generation of entrepreneurs, in order to highlight knowledge/skills devel‐opment and the fit between educational path and the job actually being carried out in their family firm. The kind of career can generate some positive outcomes for family SMEs, such as high innovation rate, high competitive advantage, and low obsolescence rate of organisational knowledge. The data is being collected using a questionnaire administered to the members of the Young Employers’ As‐sociation. This research is actually a work‐in‐progress, and it will be completed by the end of May 2015. A total of 87 completed questionnaires have been returned so far, out of an initial sample consisting of 336 manufacturing and non‐manufacturing enterprises. However, the available data permits some preliminary considerations.
Keyword: entrepreneurial family firm, boundaryless career, family social capital theory
Design and Innovation as Drivers of Modern Entrepreneurship
Charles Ikem, Aldo Salinas Aponte and Moreno Muffatto Department of Management and Engineering, University of Pa‐dova, Padova, Italy
Abstract: This conceptual paper investigates the relationship between design and innovation as a recurring factor in entrepreneurship practice. We define entre‐preneurial activity in terms of new ideas or new ventures. First, we explore key definitions of design, innovation and entrepreneurship to validate the link be‐tween them. We point out their approaches and methods to value creation and where they intersect. It then presents cases to illustrate the mix as a growing suc‐cess factor for entrepreneurs. The study proposes further empirical studies to understand the figurative impacts of design and innovation in entrepreneurship practice.
Keywords: innovation, entrepreneurship, design, design thinking, creativity, dis‐ruption
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Matching Experiential Learning Style With Entrepreneu‐rial Opportunities: A Framework
Alexandros Kakouris1,2, Heather Fulford3 and Panagiotis Liargovas2 1Faculty of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Ka‐podistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece 2University of Peloponnese, Greece 3Robert Gordon University, UK Abstract: In the present conceptual article, we draw upon the notions of entre‐preneurial opportunity and learning style to discuss a research question, and the corresponding theoretical framework, for an online experiment. The research question concerns how individuals seize different types of opportunities (e.g., Ardichvili, Cardozo & Ray), while the proposed experiment concerns either Kirznerian or Schumpeterian entrepreneurs or enterprising teams. The present approach is focused on technology entrepreneurship, innovation and creativity. Implications concern nascent or corporate entrepreneurship.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, learning, entrepreneurial opportunities, learning styles
The Role of Empathy in Social Enterprise
Anna Kopec, Richard Hazenberg and Fred Seddon University of Northampton, UK
Abstract: Empathy is emerging as an important area of study related to social cognition and offers potential contributions across disciplines including a more socially driven understanding of social enterprise (Carre, Stefaniak, D’Ambrosio, Bensalah and Besche‐Richard, 2013; Decety and Svetlova, 2012). Empathy is be‐coming established as an interconnected term not centrally located within a spe‐cific discipline and appears to link various experiences and activities (Jensen and Moran, 2012) including social life and social enterprise (Pavlovich and Krahnke, 2012). This paper will explore the under‐researched concept of empathy in social enterprise. Within Social Enterprise, the need to satisfy the ‘double’ or ‘triple‐bottom line’ (financial, social and/or environmental) is characteristic of the social enterprise sector, as social enterprises seek to direct contributions towards the beneficiary category as well as maintaining financial viability (Gui, 1991). It is ar‐gued empathy is related to social enterprise because it is perceived as motivation to action (Hourdequin, 2012). The social mission is the key motivation and pur‐pose of a social enterprise (Parkinson and Howorth, 2008); indeed, research
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demonstrates empathetic ability aids social cohesion (Gerdes and Segal, 2011). Schumpeter’s (1934) early account of economic sociology provides support for social enterprise motivation stemming from both individualistic and collective agendas.
Keywords: empathy, social enterprise, social life, motivation, social mission, col‐lective agendas
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Why Does Creative Destruction no Longer Work? Proposing Actions for Increasing Employment
Arvind Ashta Burgundy School of Business, Dijon, France
Abstract: Why does creative destruction no longer work? Over seven decades ago, Schumpeter (1994) [1942]) promoted the concept of creative destruction. Simply explained, the concept was that although new innovations destroy jobs, more jobs are created in the innovative industry. As a result, people may be un‐employed for some time, but if they get new skills they will get re‐employed and unemployment should reduce. So, why is unemployment so high and why is this high unemployment persistent in much of the developed world depite high tech‐nological change? This essay details possible reasons and outlines a vision of the world where entrepreneurship may involve production of new forms of social consumption. It broadly conforms to the four laws of future studies announced by Sardar (2010): wicked problems, mutually assured diversity, sceptical and future‐less. Certainly, the issues dealt here (of unemployment, increasing inequalities, growth of monopolies) are wicked problems but we have dealt with them simply and our proposed solution requires playful creation. It recognizes the diversity of the actors involved and suggests that the solutions sought by poor people may be sufficing to their needs and not necessarily those which would conform to what today's orthodoxy of leaders and entrepreneurs would like. The essay is sceptical of today's neo‐liberal as well as neo‐Keynesian solutions to the wicked problems, perhaps more by silence since there is so much noise already produced in this field. It offers possible social solutions of different forms of experiments or games that institutional entrepreneurs may seek to construct to fill up the void created by a ceiling of material individualistic consumption. Finally, they are futureless in the sense that our proposed enumerations of organizational forms is based on what can be found in the present. Certainly other organizational games can be conceived by imaginative social inventors and executed by innovative institutional entrepreneurs.
Keywords: political economy, effective demand, future, capitalism, zero‐growth, technological change
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Hotel Quality in the European Capital of Culture: Leeuwarden 2018
Sjoerd Gehrels, Stenden University, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands Thomas Landen, Revinate, The Netherlands
Abstract: This research looks into the experience as perceived in 2014 by hotel guests in 15 bigger Dutch cities. The hotel reviews of Leeuwarden (Capital of Cul‐ture 2018) are compared to those of hotels in the other cities to provide an initial benchmark of how Leeuwarden hotels are performing. Literature shows that guest reviews have a significant influence on hotel booking behaviour, which af‐fects hotel revenues and cities’ reputations. For this study, reviews were collected from 51 review sites and analysed for 15 of the bigger Dutch cities with 10 hotels or more. Results showed that Leeuwarden hotels generally perform in the middle category, only being in the top 3 where it concerns ‘service’. A concern is raised about the only 53% of positive guest reviews overall that were generated on Leeuwarden hotels compared to the 57% Dutch average. A quite positive out‐come relates to the fact that in all of the six specific categories within the hotel product offer, Leeuwarden performed higher than the Dutch average. This was next to Leeuwarden only the case for Rotterdam and The Hague. Recommenda‐tions include the suggestions to further investigate in detail how individual hotels perform, to stimulate Leeuwarden hotel guests to leave more positive guest re‐views on review sites, and for authorities to engage in stimulating the knowledge and skills of local hotel operators in order to be best prepared for the Leeuwarden Cultural Capital 2018 event.
Keywords: guest reviews, hotel performance, European Capital of Culture, service quality
Social Entrepreneurship: Perspective of Croatia
Marko Kolakovic, Boris Sisek and Mladen Turuk Faculty of Economics and Business, Zagreb, Croatia
Abstract: The purpose of the paper is to investigate the perspective of social en‐trepreneurship in the Republic of Croatia. Rather than maximizing profits, social enterprises try to serve community’s interest through fulfilling certain social, cul‐tural or environmental objectives. Moreover, such enterprises often tend to em‐ploy marginalized members of the society, usually socially excluded persons, and thus contribute to employment, reduction of inequalities and social cohesion. Although usually related to non‐governmental (non‐profit) organizations and citi‐
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zen groups, as well as public enterprises, there is a positive trend in the number of socially responsible private profit‐making corporations that combine traditional profit orientation with a desire to partly become social enterprises through their innovative social impacts on the community. Present economic situation and the financial capacity of the state and local levels fail to provide sufficient funds to meet all social needs, and hence, due to their resources, profit‐making private corporations could be considered drivers of change of economic and social activi‐ty. Increased focus on social entrepreneurship, especially from policy makers as a reaction to continuously growing social initiative, resulted in several strategic documents primarily aimed at creating a favourable climate for social enterprises and ensuring sustainable social entrepreneurship development. After an overview of the present social entrepreneurship situation in Croatia, authors tend to pro‐vide an insight into future perspectives through review of the key elements of Draft Strategy for the Development of social entrepreneurship in the Republic of Croatia for the period from 2014 to 2020. The aim of the Strategy is to provide not only financial support but also to design the instruments for the promotion of social entrepreneurship and education at all levels in order to recognize the im‐portance of social entrepreneurship as the essential component of economic de‐velopment. The main part of the Strategy relates to the measures and activities with defined performance indicators and explained activities planned for monitor‐ing its successful implementation. Finally, a case of contemporary socially respon‐sible corporation is provided.
Keywords: social entrepreneurship, social enterprise, CSR, social responsibility index, new perspectives
HEInnovate: Engaging with Entrepreneurship at Universi‐ties
Adam Krcal and Rebecca Allinson Technopolis Ltd. Brighton, UK
Abstract: Over the last 20 years, the European higher education landscape has undergone dramatic changes. Higher education has expanded in most of the European Member States; and many of them have witnessed the so‐called “mas‐sification” which moves from an elite system to one which provides wide access to education and diversifies the student population. Along with this quantitative shift, higher education is also changing qualitatively in terms of the nature and role it plays in attracting students in a competitive market and creating employ‐able and entrepreneurial graduates. This in turn has implications on the relation‐ships which higher education institutions have with internal and external stake‐
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holders, including businesses. These are not the only drivers of change. Higher education institutions play a central role in innovation systems in countries and regions, influencing growth and competitiveness as well as producing knowledge. Bringing all of these different factors together and trying to understand how a higher education institution might respond to these challenges can be encapsu‐lated by the notion of the “entrepreneurial university”. In this sense, “entrepre‐neurial” is a term much wider than the creation of business, extending to cover the way in which institutions responds to external pressures through its organisa‐tion as well as ensuring it delivers against is core missions and values. The theo‐retical concept of the “entrepreneurial university” has been developed and re‐searched by various scholars and taken up by European and national policy mak‐ers as an important area for action. Against this backdrop, the European Commis‐sion, together with the Organisation for the Economic Co‐operation and Devel‐opment, launched HEInnovate in 2013. HEInnovate is an online self‐assessment tool for higher education institutions to assess their innovative and entrepreneu‐rial potential. HEInnovate takes the wider definition of “innovation and entrepre‐neurial higher education institutions”, recognising there is no "unique" approach. There are a variety of ways in which higher education institutions can act entre‐preneurially; how they manage resources, build organisational capacity, approach leadership and governance, create and nurture synergies, promote research ex‐cellence, entrepreneurship, innovation and knowledge exchange. HEInnovate has been designed and developed to help any higher education institution to assess their strengths and weaknesses and address the challenges they are facing. The self‐assessment can be undertaken at all levels in a higher education institution, including input from external stakeholders. HEinnovate has a group function, which allows results from different types of users to be compared, and con‐trasted, providing an opportunity for dialogue and discussion, and the creation of action plans for the future. The website also provides a range of additional mate‐rial in the form of tailored case studies and guidance notes to read and/or download. So far, more 600 higher education institutions from 45 different coun‐tries across the world have used the HEInnovate online self‐assessment tool. In Europe, the European Commission has sponsored a number of workshops across Member States and other will follow in 2015.
Keywords: entrepreneurial University, entrepreneurship in higher education, self‐assessment tool, stakeholders in higher education, case studies
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Female Perspectives on Sustainopreneurship: From Beneficiary to Women of Action?
Frauke Lange Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany
Abstract: Female Perspectives on Sustainopreneurship – From Beneficiary to Women of Action? Insight into a Work in Progress Grounded Theory study in Germany Women are considered to be more likely the target group of sustainabil‐ity entrepreneurship rather than those founding such business models of com‐bined social and ecological entrepreneurship attempts. Studies discuss this pro‐vider/consumer gap to be true world‐wide (Metzger 2014; Kelly et al 2012; Terjesen et al. 2011). Indeed, the female rate of entrepreneurs still shorts back the male one in general but surveys on the start‐up community in Germany come up with the highest rate of female owned ventures in social sectors (HVB 2013; bga 2013), e.g. health, education, inclusion, and occupational reintegration. This gives the impression, those women carrying an entrepreneurial intention most likely start‐up a business they know best from the consumer side and become a sustainopreneur (sustainability entrepreneur). Focussing on the latter, our study aims to identify gender‐related particularities in sustainability entrepreneurship to work out concrete implications for the facilitation of female sustainopreneurs in particular and female founders in general. In detail, we focus on the recon‐struction of the founding process of female sustainopreneurs to get insights into issues like: (1) their intentions to found their business, (2) drivers and success fac‐tors they benefitted from, and (3) obstacles and threats they suffered from. Given that the debate on sustainability entrepreneurship in Germany lacks a distinct gender focus, the starting point of our study is based upon discussions on female entrepreneurship in general. Methodologically, our work in progress study rests upon the Grounded Theory approach (Strauss/Corbin). Herewith, we are able to reconstruct and re‐model our research focus while still surveying in respect of deeper insights we get on the topic, this is established by an iterative, systematic process, based on parallel collection and analysis of data. Our finding are ment to contribute to a better understanding of gender differences in the field of sustain‐ability entrepreneurship to supporting the alignment of more targeted funding instruments. Beside this, we aim to give implications for a gender sensitive re‐search agenda on sustainability entrepreneurship.
Keywords: female entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, sustainability en‐trepreneurship, sustainable entrepreneurship, grounded theory
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A Coevolutionary Approach to Understanding Success Factors in SME Internationalization
Angela Poulakidas Novancia Business School Paris, France
Abstract: Given the impact of the debt crisis, with its effect of slowing growth, enterprises in general are facing slowing if not contracting market growth. In this context of slowed growth, there is heightened uncertainty, and therefore fear and sense of risk‐taking in expanding and diversifying an existing business overseas amongst entrepreneurial leaders. A framework from which to understand the dynamics of this environment is the coevolutionary framework. This study uses a coevolutionary perspective to describe and explain how actual and prospective small businesses and international new ventures located in crisis afflicted areas such as France, Greece, Italy, and Spain are responding to and coping with the debt crisis. This research will specifically focus on the sources and types of knowledge which play a role in overcoming the fear of expanding an existing business overseas. This study has chosen to focus primarily actual and prospective entrepreneurs in the agricultural‐food sector as this is an emerging field of inter‐national entrepreneurship. Interviews with actual and prospective entrepreneuri‐al leaders in the agricultural‐food sector in the unique environments of a debt crisis such as France, Greece, Italy, and Spain will be conducted to see how their perceptions and processes fit into the co‐evolutionary framework. Using entre‐preneurs in the agricultural‐food sector, the study will identify sources of and types of knowledge that are used to empower the entrepreneur to overcome factors hindering SME internationalization in a slow growth macro‐environment. This study will also look at the implications for uncertainty acclimatization and its implications for firm performance.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, internationalization, debt crisis, European Union, uncertainty
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The Mechanisms Through Which Personality Traits Influence the Entrepreneurial Intentions Toward the Promotion of Cultural Heritage: An Empirical Contribution With Italian late Adolescents
Laura Di Giunta, Giacomo Pantanella, Arianna Prudenzi, and Silvia Rossi Psychology Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Abstract: The goal of the present study was to examine the relationships between specific personality traits such as emotional stability and conscientiousness (measured with Big Five Questionnaire, Caprara et al., 1993), beliefs about how much the participants, their friends, and their parents (a) were aware about the local heritage that characterizes the area in which they live, (b) enjoy the local heritage, and (c) were active in the promotion of local heritage, entrepreneurial intention toward the promotion of cultural heritage, and its determinants (i.e., attitude and subjective norm; Ajzen, 2006). The promotion of cultural heritage, according UNESCO’s definition of tangible and intangible heritage, is one of the most important future societal challenges (Horizon 2020). Participants were 265 students (57% were females; 18 year‐old on average, SD=1.2) attending the last two years of five high schools from Lepini mountains and the Tuscia area, two sites in the center of Italy that aims to develop an integrated tourism system, promoting initiatives of general interest to create the necessary conditions to enhance and safeguard tangible and intangible local cultural heritage (UNESCO, 2003). Aforementioned beliefs were assessed each with 4 items (1=not at all; 5=very much); the attitude toward becoming an entrepreneur that promote the local cultural heritage was assessed with three seven‐point semantic differential scales (pleasant/unpleasant, good/bad, favorable/unfavorable). Subjective norm were measures with two items “Most people who are important to me think I definitely should/definitely should not become an entrepreneur that promote the local cultural heritage” and “Most people who are important to me probably con‐sider my intention to become an entrepreneur that promote the local cultural heritage to be wise/foolish”. Both items were rated on seven‐point scales (1=absolutely no, 7=absolutely yes). Intentions were assessed by asking partici‐pants to express their intentions and plan to become an entrepreneur that pro‐mote the local cultural heritage (1=unlikely, 7=likely). It emerged that personality traits were positively associated between each other. Beliefs about how much the participants, their friends, and their parents were active in the promotion of local heritage were positively correlated with high subjective norm. Attitudes and sub‐jective norm were (Cohen, 1988) positively related with entrepreneurial intention
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toward the promotion of cultural heritage. The implications these findings have to foster entrepreneurial intention toward the promotion of cultural heritage are discussed. This study supports the role of personality traits and beliefs about how themselves and significant others feel and experience local heritage as personal resources that can contribute to foster youth entrepreneurship toward the pro‐motion of cultural heritage.
Keywords: Personality Traits, Entrepreneurial Intentions, Cultural Heritage, Late Adolescence
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The Innovation &
Entrepreneurship Teaching Excellence
Awards
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A Multidisciplinary Approach to Innovation
Mersha Aftab, Nick Spencer, Mark Bailey, Phil Sams, Chris Jeffs, Neil Smith and Brenda Stalker Northumbria University, UK
Abstract: Over seven years, 105 students from fifteen different specialized disci‐pline and twenty different nationalities, have been supported by seventeen aca‐demics. Student teams have innovated with 62 companies (regional, national and global), across multiple sectors; four spin‐out companies have been started, 2 PhDs registered, 5 research projects published, new systems, services and prod‐ucts have been developed and 3 new organizational functions have been created. All through ONE Multidisciplinary Innovation Masters degree.
Through generative practice‐based research we work with organisations that have challenges, great big meaty challenges. Using design and multidisciplinary think‐ing, our expert academic team channel the energy and creativity of our students to provide valuable assistance to our clients. We examine each organization’s strategic objectives by considering their potential and feasible strategic options, and the impact these might have on society, and the environment. Creating posi‐tive change in the world is the goal of the Responsible Innovation Research Group at Northumbria University.
Through authentic learning our students are embedded in a fast‐paced, team‐based, design‐led learning environment. Departments of Design, Business and Technology together have provided expertise of design innovation methods, stra‐tegic organisational development, technology exploitation, innovation leadership, high performance teams, and value creation through networks to create this learning environment.
We engage in social innovation and community interest projects each with unique challenges and social benefits. Over the years we have built long‐term industry partnerships, each generating a significant portfolio of work. Our proven ap‐proach demonstrates that our students become multidisciplinary professionals who understand the importance of decision consequences, and innovation to bring about holistic positive change.
This case history presents a suite of project examples describing the approach, methods, outcomes, and impact of the work. It also provides an understanding of the development of the professional multidisciplinary individual through student
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exemplars, and describes some of the current research being leveraged by the group.
The “Start‐o‐mat”
Dirk Brunnberg , Carl von Ossietzky and Alexander Nicolai University of Oldenburg, Germany
Abstract: Students of all disciplines at the University of Oldenburg in Germany are confronted with the topic of startups and entrepreneurship, as the university is supporting these topics for a long time. Beside practical activities, there are sev‐eral courses for entrepreneurship and strategic management of small and medi‐um enterprises. Moreover, the innovation and new business center of the Univer‐sity of Oldenburg helps both students and the university’s staff to establish suc‐cessful business models. Nonetheless, it is a huge educational‐didactical challenge to teach ‘practical entrepreneurship’. The project “Start‐o‐mat” (in German: ‘Gruendomat’) tries to take up this challenge and is breaking new grounds in in‐novative Entrepreneurship Education. Students of the seminar “Entrepreneurship with the Start‐o‐mat” are able to develop, market and sell own products through a vending machine, the ‘Start‐o‐mat’. These practical activities are being done in teamwork and embedded into a modern Entrepreneurship Education concept that is enriched with E‐Learning tools.The accompanying seminar theoretically illustrated the entire venture building process: it contains topics like idea genera‐tion, product development and sourcing and even marketing, pricing and sales. All work is done in teamwork and decisions are being made just by the students in order to underline entrepreneurs’ uncertainty. Even the financial parts are criti‐cally examined by break‐even analysis, price and overall cost calculations. These parts are trained with the program Excel. Because the each student team is re‐sponsible for some boxes of the vending machine, organizational skills and relia‐bility are trained. The seminar is interdisciplinary oriented and offers participation for students of all disciplines. The project was first introduced in 2013. Because of its success, it was awarded with the best teaching award 2014 of the University of Oldenburg. Moreover, other German universities showed great interest. As a re‐sult, the second ‘Start‐o‐mat’ was installed at the college HAWK in Hildesheim at the beginning of 2015. For the future, further expansion is planned and desired.
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Modularized Innovation and Entrepreneurship Eeducation: A Case History from the University Twente
Rainer Harms University Twente / NIKOS, The Netherlands
Abstract: INN&ENT is a 15‐EC module in the 2nd year Bachelor Business Admin‐istration programme at UTwente. The module is based on the TEM (Twente Edu‐cation Model) philosophy of modular education, project‐based work, personal responsibility, collaboration, and fast feedback. Each module is an integrated complex of learning forms, where various components are logically clustered around one central theme, and which is driven by a project. Students experience themselves in three professional roles: researcher, designer, and manager.The centerpiece of INN&ENT is an entrepreneurship or innovation management chal‐lenge where students develop a solution, product or service given by UT and re‐gional entrepreneurs. This year, 20 groups à 5 students took part. The module is very scalable. The project is based around the lean‐startup approach that contains problem identification, problem validation, solution identification, and solution validation. The project is either more inclined towards innovation or entrepre‐neurship (component 1). The four project steps are supported by lectures, paper discussions and case studies (component 2). These classes are given just‐in‐time to familiarize students with skills, theories and tools that they can use to perform better in the next project step. Here, innovation and entrepreneurship are given equal weight. Students learn additional content in the skills line (project man‐agement), the methods line (regression), the reflection line (technology assess‐ment), and the internationalization line (component 4). These lines are part of integrated lines that run throughout the bachelor. As a fifth component, students can chose elective skills that are matched to the INN&ENT module such as “be‐coming an entrepreneur” or “opportunity identification”.Projects cover subjects such as a music‐based learning, minimal‐invasive heart surgery, lab‐on‐a‐chip technology, orbital welding, and nanobubble cleaning, just to name a few exam‐ples. Entrepreneurs are generally very satisfied with the creativity and viability of the solutions. Students enjoy the integrated nature of the module.
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Turning Technology into Business Using University Patents in Entrepreneurship Education
Dap Hartmann Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Abstract: Researchers at a Technical University develop new technologies which could provide solutions to a wide range of practical problems. The results are usually published in scientific journals and occasionally, a new technology is pa‐tented. But what happens next? In most cases, the researcher starts a new pro‐ject and the Technology Transfer Office tries to interest companies into licensing the patented technology. This has proven to be very difficult because of the chasm that separates a patented proof of principle from a marketable application, and the patent often remains ‘a solutions looking for a problem’. To overcome this deadlock, we created the Turning Technology into Business (TTiB) program, an elective course aimed at Master‐level students, PhD students and researchers. TTiB brings together people with different backgrounds (complementary skills and competencies) to work in teams. Each multidisciplinary team investigates the commercial potential of a patented new technology developed at the university. The aim is to understand what the new technology enables you to do, why this is useful, who needs this solution, what they are willing to pay, and what alternative solutions already exists in the market. In this diverse ecosystem, solutions devel‐oped in one domain sometimes solve problems experienced in another domain. The course consists of lectures and interactive group work supported by intensive personal coaching. The teaching is augmented by industry experts with a back‐ground in technology‐based consulting, and by TTiB alumni who have started their own business. Since 2003, there have been 12 editions of TTiB in which 105 different patents were analyzed by 153 teams. Ten companies were founded as a direct spinoff from this course, meaning that the idea developed in TTiB was actu‐ally turned in to a viable business. The most successful TTiB spinoff to date has over 250 employees.
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Shake Away Weekend: Training to Behave in a More Creative Way
Asun Ibáñez Deusto Business School – University of Deusto, Spain
Abstract: The Shake Away Weekend is part of the three years programme of Spe‐cialization in Innovation and Entrepreneurship that the University of Deusto offers in San Sebastián (Spain) to all the students of any grade. The subject where this weekend is included has 3 ECTS and takes part in the first year of this programme with the objective to train students to behave in a more creative way. All the stu‐dents (25‐30 each academic year) are taken out of the campus for a weekend, 48 hours in a hostel working in real challenges of local companies in order to take them out of their comfort zone and face real contexts. These students are mixed up with students of other generations that are invited to join them in this week‐end to help them with their challenge. The methodology we work with is the De‐sign Thinking Process, which is a method to solve problems that focuses in empa‐thy, needs identification, visualization, prototyping, iteration and creativity. To keep it short, this methodology iterates through different phases that have to do with understanding, observing, defining, ideating, prototyping and testing. All the observation and analysis take place in the streets of the town where the hostel is and where the companies come from. During the weekend students go through three phases to, finally, present their proposals to the local companies through a prototype. It is an intensive creative immersion built to generate confusion, chaos and explosive reactions having to face uncertainty at every minute (there are sur‐prises all over). It tries to break down usual mental models and has nothing to do with typical creative workshop more focused on teaching tools and techniques.
Keywords: Creativity, entrepreneurship education, training, entrepreneurship programme
Team Tech‐Entrepreneur: Cross‐Disciplinary Education for High Growth Tech‐Startups
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Carol Jarvis and Jill Burnett University of the West of England, United Kingdom,
Abstract: Combining the innovative approach pioneered in UWE’s BA Business (Team Entrepreneurship) ‐ B(TE) ‐ programme, with the successful incubation work with tech start‐ups undertaken in Bristol Robotics Laboratory(BRL), we are bringing our expertise together to create the ‘team tech’ Masters programme, where students work in multi‐disciplinary teams and are supported to achieve academically, alongside their successful business start‐up. The B(TE)’s first intake was in September 2013. Based on ‘learning by doing’ in teams, students form team companies with up to 20 members, undertaking projects for real organisa‐tions. The students are coached, rather than taught, and keep office hours. Pro‐jects with long term potential include big data analytics; innovation in mineral water supply; support for crowdfunding; and events design and management. The BRL incubator was set‐up in September 2013 with 8 start‐up candidates, lim‐ited space and resources and much enthusiasm and goodwill. By January 2015 it had 2 products on the market, £1.5mn turnover, 25.5 FTE graduate jobs and a waiting list for space. Their success pays tribute to the hard work and creativity of the start‐up students and to the value of the diverse and supportive network the BRL and incubator members provide. The potential of our cross‐disciplinary ap‐proach is exemplified by a collaboration between OmniDynamics (innovators of ‘Strooder’, which extrudes the ‘ink’ for 3D printers) and ‘Crowdreach’ (a B(TE) student company). The Kickstarter campaign that resulted raised £65k against a target of £25k, allowing OmniDynamics to upscale product development. Our team tech initiative will combine business and technology education in a 4 year degree programme, allowing real tech businesses to emerge having achieved cru‐cial early stage milestones alongside a degree. Our target is 10 start‐ups, £2mn and 30 jobs after 2 years. And a cohort of highly‐skilled knowledge workers who make an immediate contribution to the regional economy.
Technology Entrepreneurship has Passed the First Round of Judging
Rita Juceviciene1, Agne Kazakeviciute2 and Monika Petraite3 1,3 Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
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2Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico
Abstract: University based entrepreneurial education is facing a paradigm shift between the classical “business school“ and the contemporary cross disciplinary “technology venturing“ approach, mainly advocated by engineering schools and other than business school based communities. The conflict stands in between of structured “business planning and executing“ following a tradition of manage‐ment education, and “opportunity search and exploitation“, following the tradi‐tion of Schumpeterian entrepreneurial thought, and general tradition of “search“ and “method“ common to cross disciplinary discoveries in science, and thus also very close to the nature of entrepreneurship. The latter seems to be a result of the cross disciplinary nature of entrepreneurship where the entrepreneurship curriculum is built as a platform for interaction of variety of disciplines enhancing cross disciplinary thinking. Based on the comparative analysis of the internation‐ally acknowledged Entrepreneurship Education Programmes the paper aims to present the unique approach to technology entrepreneurship curriculum devel‐opment, based on cross disciplinary and networked approach, executed at Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania). The proposed method relies on sequential development of individual, team based and business skills, while applying lean business model canvas as a unique methodology. The entire three levels of com‐petence development build the framework for curriculum design, and course di‐dactics, which aims to ensure cross disciplinary and cross‐cultural approach via mixed group works, international curriculum design and teaching, and participa‐tion in international innovation challenges. The efficiency of the method was tested via student entrepreneurial attitude testing (start, and end of the course), and international student achievement testing (achievements in international business idea contest). The paper offers a valuable insight for the development of technology based entrepreneurial curriculum within national universities of Europe and worldwide.
Enterprise Simulation & Experiential Learning (ESEL): Case study from Middlesex University
Christopher J Moon Middlesex University, London, UK
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Abstract: Interactive software was used to simulate all aspects of starting‐up and developing the business. Students were provided with six months trading figures and set targets to generate a profit. The software allows for informed decisions to be made and for the students to see the impact of their decisions on the per‐formance of the company. Teams of students competed against each other but were guided through the software by the tutor to ensure that key learning out‐comes were met. The software is available by license to users from other universi‐ties. However, this submission is to outline how one tutor has used the simulation with one group of budding entrepreneurs. Thus there is feedback on how the stu‐dents interacted with the software and the benefits of their participation vis a vis other forms of teaching entrepreneurial skills.
FACE – Future Authentic Creative Entrepreneurs 10 day Summer School on Entrepreneurship, Personal Leadership and Creativity
Sabine Mueller Burgundy School of Business ‐ ESC Dijon, France
Abstract: FACE is a European summer school programme that was jointly devel‐oped by entrepreneurial teachers from higher education institutions in Denmark, France, Germany, Lithuania, and the Netherlands. Since 2012, FACE brings to‐gether staff and students from diverse disciplines such as Business, Psychology, Engineering, Product design, Arts and Agriculture. The programme aims at stimu‐lating entrepreneurial learning by focusing on creative problem solving and per‐sonal leadership as two major learning areas. FACE seeks to stimulate an entre‐preneurial mindset within participants, involving several forms of experiential learning, guided reflections and the pro‐active application of this learning in real entrepreneurship challenges. Several cycles of creative work on real company challenges are accomplished in the first 10 days. The entrepreneurs or challenge owners are regularly involved in the process and students explore the task through field research outside classroom. The last 2 days are used for more inten‐sive introspection and connection to their individual aspirations, and ways how to transform those into value adding projects. The major learning objectives are:
• Managing uncertainty in complex situations • Enhancing problem solving and creativity skills • Developing self‐awareness and creative confidence • Engaging with action and experiential methods of learning for developing an entrepreneurial mindset
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• Learning to interact in a real multidisciplinary and cross cultural context with diverse roles
FACE is more than learning about or learning for entrepreneurship. It is often de‐scribed as a transformational learning experience by participants, since it deeply changes student's perception of their environment and themselves. Why does FACE allow for deep change? FACE is designed and realized by a group of like‐minded individuals – we decided to collaborate out of passion for what we do and based on a common vision. We would like to prepare the next generation for a world of uncertainty – to become creative actors of positive social change.This is reflected in the company missions we chose. All are of social and/or societal im‐portance and direct students' attention to multiple perspectives on a given sub‐ject. But most importantly, learning happens for everyone involved in the pro‐gramme – students and staff. FACE encourages peer exchange and individual de‐velopment on all levels. Each year we enlarge our team of coaches to make sure that we as lecturers keep learning and evolving. This serves as inspiring example to students. Those are accompanied in their development throughout the experi‐ence. We are hoping to further spread the spirit of our work to greater networks. We welcome entrepreneurial teachers from other universities to our summer school, so that different initiatives with a similar vision and learning philosophy may emerge. FACE benefited from European Union funding to lower participation fees. We now continue the programme without this funding ‐ benefiting from moral support of former participants and volunteer help with websites, market‐ing, and other resources. We would like FACE to remain an experience that is po‐tentially accessible for any interested student.
Case History: Alice Lab Experimentation
Noreen O’Shea and Caroline Verzat Novancia Business School, Paris, France
Abstract: It is a 13‐week training module, which brings together interdisciplinary students and executives in a team in order to work together on an innovative pro‐
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ject commissioned by the firms themselves. 5 firms participated in the program. Each team was counselled by entrepreneurial coaches, design experts and re‐searchers in educational studies. Using a participatory, action‐research approach, the teams had to get to know each other and then get to grips with the actual project. One of the challenges was to correctly formulate the specific problem they wanted to tackle together. Out of the box thinking and ethnographic explo‐ration in the field were encouraged. An assessment contract was negotiated with each team for which they had to develop their own specific evaluation grid. They had to specify the four educational objectives of the entrepreneurial mindset de‐velopment in each particular context. These educational objectives were identi‐fied following the post‐doctoral work of one of the founders of Alice‐Lab ‐ Caro‐line Verzat. These objectives are: identify an opportunity, design a realistic, inno‐vative project, marshal and manage resources and demonstrate value creation. In the end, each team evaluated itself and each student had to reflect individually on the experience by analyzing events and highlighting lessons that could be turned into skills for their future career.
Creating Innovative Youth in Macedonia
Radmil Polenakovikj National Centre for Development of Innovation and Entrepreneu‐rial Learning; and Business Start‐up Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Republic of Mace‐donia
Abstract: The Government of the Republic of Macedonia is strongly committed towards creating entrepreneurial literate youth with strong innovative potential and attitude. National centre for development of innovation and entrepreneurial learning (NCDIEL) is non‐governmental and not‐for‐profit organisation with vision to become a key national actor in the processes of creation of a competitive knowledge‐based and innovative economy. NCDIEL representatives supported Macedonian Government and Ministry of Education and Science (MoES) and Bu‐reau for Development of Education (BDE) in introduction of topics of “Innovation and Entrepreneurship” in formal education. Here is the retrospective of main ac‐tivities:
2007 – Introduction of the National competition for Business plan among secon‐dary schools (in the last 4 years ‐ under the auspice of the Prime minister of the Macedonian Government)
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2007 – Introduction of the course “Business and Entrepreneurship” in the 4th year of secondary schools (2 hours per week)
2007 – Training of the first 100 secondary school teachers
2008 – 2010 – every June two days training of secondary school teachers on dif‐ferent topics
2011 (Oct – Dec) – Development of a background study (on the request of Bureau for Development of Education in the Republic of Macedonia) as a basis for intro‐duction of course “Entrepreneurship and Innovation” in primary and secondary education (survey of 1800 students and interviews with 750 members of man‐agement, teachers/professors and support staff at primary and secondary schools /gymnasium and VET)
2012 (Feb – May) – Development of study program for courses “Innovation and Entrepreneurship” in 1st, 2nd and 3rd year of secondary schools (one hour per week) and update of the curriculum for the course “Business and Entrepreneur‐ship” in the 4th year of secondary schools (2 hours per week)
2012 (Jun – Aug) – 2 days training of more than 1300 secondary school teachers responsible for courses “Innovation and Entrepreneurship” in 1st, 2nd and 3rd year and “Business and Entrepreneurship” in the 4th year of secondary schools
2012 (Sep) – Introduction of new courses in secondary schools
2012 (Oct) – Textbook for courses “Innovation and Entrepreneurship” in 1st, 2nd and 3rd year in secondary schools published
2013 (Mar – Apr) – Introduction of contents/topics of “Innovation and Entrepre‐neurship” in regular courses in IX grade (in subjects: physics, chemistry, biology, informatics, art and mathematics)
2013 (Aug – Sep) – Two day training of 300 primary school professors (of physics, chemistry, biology, informatics, art and mathematics) on the topics of “Innova‐tions and entrepreneurship”
2014 (Feb – Apr) – Development of a study program Developed study program for course “Innovation” for IX grade of primary school (obligatory course with one hour per week)
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2014 (Sep) – Introduced course “Innovation” for IX grade of primary school
2014 (Aug – Oct) – Two days training of 600 teachers who are teaching the course “Innovation” in IX grade of primary school
2014 (Nov) –Textbook for course “Innovation” in IX grade of primary school pub‐lished
2012 (Dec) – 2014 (Jun) – Development of National Strategy for Entrepreneurial Learning 2014 – 2020 with Action Plan (with support of European Training Foun‐dation)
2014 (Nov) – Macedonian Government adopted National Strategy for Entrepre‐neurial Learning 2014 – 2020 with Action Plan
Use of Design Thinking: A Step Towards Fostering Creativity and Innovation in a Teaching Environment
Sojendra Pradhan University of Technology Sydney, Australia
Abstract: Students are the future leaders and workforce of successful business organisations. Emulating real work experience at an undergraduate level class environment helps students prepare and understand well in Management and Information Systems (IS) subjects. Adopting design thinking methods in a class‐room setting gives students an opportunity to design and emulate a work system resulting in better outcomes for them. As students work on the project created by themselves, it acts as a catalyst for their continuous development to achieve ex‐emplary goals. With proper guidance, a learning platform and facilitation, stu‐dents use their meta‐cognitive skills to accomplish optimum results. We have used an ideation tool to facilitate and foster their potential in designing the learn‐ing and collaborative system. Additionally, giving exposure to and fostering a ‘start‐up culture’ and establishing equivalent ‘innovation day’ strategies adopted by big organisations also pushes students learning boundaries, thus motivating them to attain monumental milestone. This case study discusses the methodology adopted, tool used and environment fostered in the class. It also evaluates the results from the adoption of this learning platform during previous semesters. Students with entrepreneurship aptitude and vision have appreciated these new learning methods as a positive re‐enforcement of learning.
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Keywords: design thinking, innovation, creativity, meta‐cognitive skills, entrepre‐neurship
X‐Factor in Entrepreneurship
Firuz Zare Lead Engineer, R&D centre, Danfoss Drives, Denmark
Abstract: Innovation is an outcome of a new idea as a product or a methodology and has different meanings in engineering, science, business and management. Entrepreneurship is a process of starting a business which acquires a leader to plan, organize, and employ re‐sources, often by innovating new or improving existing products or services. Therefore a multidisciplinary activity is required to address both issues. A main objective of this teach‐ing initiative is to create a competitive culture at undergraduate level to support new ideas and to encourage students to practice innovation and entrepreneurship issues in a multi‐disciplinary team and an interactive way. It is very important to emphasis that students need to practice different challenging issues such as:
1: Making a clear and a successful strategy
2: Team building with a good culture to communication well and move forward
3: Fostering new ideas toward a promising outcome
4: Understanding marketing, social and business factors
Teaching Methodology: The teaching method is based on a competition similar to X‐Factor but with different mentoring supports and processes. Some students may have brilliant ideas but most of the time their ideas are not seriously identified and supported in acade‐mia. This teaching initiative has the following stages: Stage one: Black Box Stage two: Lego‐based Knowledge Stage three: Team Building (Focus on Innovation) Stage four: Outcome (Focus on entrepreneurship) The three best projects will receive a prize from the university and also should be funded by the university to proof the concept. Each group together with their mentor needs to work on the idea and upgrade the idea to another level. This will encourage both students and academic staff to consider the competition seriously at the beginning of the program as both groups will benefit from this competition.
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The importance of paper citations and Google Scholar
As an academic researcher you will know the importance of having access to the work of other researchers in your field as well as making your own work availa‐ble to others. In the area of academic publishing this is achieved through cita‐tion indexing. There are a number of bodies that undertake this task includ‐ing Thompson ISI, Elsevier Scopus and Google Scholar – to name just a few.
At ACPI we do all we can to ensure that the conference proceedings and the journals that we publish are made available to the major citation bodies and you can see a list relevant to this conference on the home page of the con‐ference website.
However, it is also important for you, the author, to make sure that you have made your work available for citation – particularly with organizations such as Google Scholar. We are providing you here with the simple steps you need to take to do this and we would ask you to take the time to upload your paper as soon as you can.
Step one: Extract your paper from the full proceedings that you have download‐ed from the Dropbox link provided to you.
Step two: Upload your paper to your own website, e.g.,
www.university.edu/~professor/jpdr2009.pdf ; and add a link to it on your publications page, such as www.university.edu/~professor/publications.html.
Make sure that the full text of your paper is in a PDF file that ends with ".pdf",
The Google Scholar search robots should normally find your paper and in‐clude it in Google Scholar within several weeks. If this doesn't work, you could check if your local institutional repository is already configured for indexing in Google Scholar, and upload your papers there.
More information is available from http://scholar.google.com.au/intl/en/scholar/inclusion.html
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We will separately upload the proceedings to Google Books which is also searched – but evidence has shown that individual upload results in quicker in‐dexing by Google Scholar.
Your own institution may also subscribe to an in‐stitutional repository such as http://digitalcommons.bepress.com/ or http://dspace.org/
Providing the original reference of your paper is included you have our permission as publishers to have your paper uploaded to these repositories.
Sue Nugus ACPIL
Research Jotter Research ideas can happen at any time –
catch them in writing when they first occur