厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库 - COnnecting REpositories · 2016. 7. 5. · Syntheses and...

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学校编码:10384 分类号______密级______ 学号:19320051301968 UDC_______ 铁磷酸盐和锂硼磷酸盐的合成与表征 Syntheses and Characterization of Iron Phosphates and Lithium Borophosphates 林金如 指导教师姓名:宓锦校 教授 业 名 称:材 论文提交日期:2008 年 7 月 论文答辩时间:2008 年 7 月 学位授予日期:2008 年 答辩委员会主席: 人: 2008 7 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

Transcript of 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库 - COnnecting REpositories · 2016. 7. 5. · Syntheses and...

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学校编码:10384 分类号______密级______

学号:19320051301968 UDC_______

硕 士 学 位 论 文

铁磷酸盐和锂硼磷酸盐的合成与表征

Syntheses and Characterization of

Iron Phosphates and Lithium Borophosphates

林金如

指导教师姓名:宓锦校 教授

专 业 名 称:材 料 学

论文提交日期:2008 年 7 月

论文答辩时间:2008 年 7 月

学位授予日期:2008 年 月

答辩委员会主席:

评 阅 人:

2008 年 7 月

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林金如硕士论文 摘要

I

摘要

铁磷酸盐在分子筛、催化剂和离子交换剂等领域中有着广泛的应用。变价铁

磷酸盐作为铁磷酸的一个重要分支,其合成与表征也取得了较大的发展,而对于

具有相同亚晶胞四方复铁天蓝石-重铁天蓝石-水磷铁矿系列化合物(简称 LBG 化

合物)的研究仍显不足。目前已有研究主要集中在 LBG 化合物粉末的合成和结构

的表征上,鲜有关于 LBG 系列化合物单晶的合成报道。此外硼酸盐和磷酸盐是

两类具有优良非线性光学性能的材料,因此对硼磷酸盐非线性光学性能的研究人

们给予了更多的期待。

在变价铁磷酸盐体系中,本文采用水热法成功合成一系列不同颜色的含铁

LBG 晶体,并对其结构进行深入研究。结果表明浅粉红色、绿色和深绿色的含

铁 LBG 晶体均属于四方晶系,空间群为 I41/amd,且晶胞差别不明显。其晶体结

构特点为:FeO6 八面体分别沿[010]和[100]方向共面连接,铁原子部分占据八面

体中心的位置,呈完全无序的排列。黑色晶体具有三种不同的空间群,分别为

B2212、P21/n 和 P21,FeO6 八面体分别沿[110]和[1-10]方向共面连接。

LBG 化合物中的二价、三价铁易被其它二价离子固溶取代,故本文将钴、

锰和镍引入 LBG 晶体结构中。水热合成了一系列不同颜色的含钴、锰和镍 LBG

晶体。成份分析表明结构中存在钴、锰和镍类质同像取代部分铁的现象。X 射线

单晶结构分析表明:该系列 LBG 晶体均具有相同的结构类型,空间群为 I41/amd,

且不同颜色的含钴、锰和镍 LBG 晶体的晶胞参数没有明显变化。

本文合成的 LBG 单晶首次发现其具有罕见的特殊晶体形貌—树叶外形。多

晶以不同的模式生长成各式各样的晶体外形。

在硼磷酸盐体系中,采用水热法成功合成四种锂硼磷酸盐新化合物

LiM(H2O)2[BP2O8]·H2O(M=Mn,Co,Mg,Ni),并对所合成的单晶进行 X 射线粉

末衍射、单晶衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜和紫外可见光谱等表征。研究结果表明

该系列化合物均属于六方晶系,具有相同的结构类型,均含有沿 61 或 65轴的无

限延长的阴离子螺旋链 [ ]{ }−∞

382

1OBP 。该结构中 Li 具有两种不同的原子位置:Li1

和 Li2,二者分别填充在螺旋链的外侧和靠近螺旋轴隧道的位置。MO4(H2O)2 八

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林金如硕士论文 摘要

II

面体通过桥氧将相邻的两条螺旋链连接起来形成三维网络结构。

关键字:变价铁磷酸盐;水热合成;晶体结构;手性硼磷酸盐

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林金如硕士论文 Abstract

III

Abstract

In the past decade, much attention has been paid on the applications of iron

phosphates, as molecular sieves, catalyst and ion exchangers. Although a considerable

literature available reported on the compounds of Lipscombite–Barbosalite–Giniite

(LBG for short), a series of basic ferrous and ferric phosphates, most of them was

mainly limited for the syntheses and characterizations of LBG compounds via powder

samples. To date, few articles were devoted to the completed structural investigation

by X-ray single crystal diffraction. Here we present the characterization of the LBG

compounds by XRD, SEM, IR, Ultra-vis etc. on single crystal samples. Our work also

extended to lithium borophosphates due to phosphates and borates are two kinds of

important Non-linear optical (NLO) candidate materials and more expectation has

been focused on the potential application of borophosphates.

In the ferrous and ferric iron systems of basic phosphates, a series of LBG crystals

with different colors were successfully hydrothermally synthesized and characterized.

This study showed that the crystals with colors changed from pink to dark green are

all in the same space group I41/amd and there are no regular, significant changes

found in the unit cell sizes. Their structures are formed by infinite columns of

ferrous-ferric octahedra via face-sharing with a variable number of Fe along [010] and

[100]. While the crystals with black color were detected with three different space

group, B2212, P21/n and P21, respectively. Each FeO6 octahedron shares face along

[110] and [1-10].

The ferrous-ferric iron of the LBG crystals can be easily replaced by other divalent

ions. So Mn2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ were introduced into the structure. A series of crystals

with different colors were successfully hydrothermally synthesized. Composition

analyses showed that the ferrous-ferric iron of the crystals with different colors is

partially substituted by Mn2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ ions. The X-ray single crystal diffraction

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林金如硕士论文 Abstract

IV

analyses indicated that all the crystals have the same structure in the tetragonal space

group I41/amd. However, no regular, significant changes in the unit cell sizes were

detected yet in the crystals with different colors.

In this paper, particular crystal morphology, leaf-like shape was reported firstly in the

crystals of LBG compounds. Aggregated crystal morphology exhibited beautiful,

attractive, various performs.

In the lithium catena-borodiphosphate system, four new compounds namely

LiM(H2O)2[BP2O8]·H2O(M=Mn, Co, Mg, Ni) were hydrothermally synthesized and

characterized by XRD, X-ray single crystal diffraction, IR, SEM and Ultra-vis etc. It

showed that the crystal structure of above four new compounds crystallized in the

hexagonal system is built up of an open framework of helical borophosphate ribbons

[ ]{ }−∞

382

1OBP along 61 or 65 screw axes interconnected by MO4(H2O)2 octahedra,

forming one-dimensional channels along [001] occupied by Li+ cations and

disordered H2O molecules (site occupancy 0.5). The Li cations reside in two partially

occupied sites near the helices.

Keywords: The basic ferric and ferrous phosphates; Hydrothermally synthesis;

Crystal structure; Helical borophosphate.

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林金如硕士论文 目录

V

目录

摘要 .............................................................................................................................. I

Abstract ................................................................................................................... III

第一章 变价铁磷酸盐的研究进展 .................................................................1

1.1 引言 .................................................................................................................1 1.2 变价铁磷酸的结构特点 .................................................................................2 1.3 本文选题和意义 .............................................................................................9

第二章 实验和分析测试方法 ...........................................................................10

2.1 合成方法 .......................................................................................................10 2.2 物相和结构分析方法 ................................................................................... 11

2.2.1 X射线粉末衍射法............................................................................. 11 2.2.2 单晶X射线衍射法............................................................................. 11

2.3 化学成分分析方法 .......................................................................................12 2.4 振动光谱分析方法 .......................................................................................12

2.4.1 红外光谱分析....................................................................................12 2.4.2 拉曼光谱分析....................................................................................13 2.4.3 紫外可见光谱分析............................................................................13

2.5 形貌分析方法 ...............................................................................................14

第三章 铁磷酸盐及LBG化合物的合成与表征 .......................................15

3.1 铁磷酸盐实验设计和探索 ...........................................................................15 3.1.1 合成....................................................................................................15 3.1.2 实验结果分析....................................................................................16

3.2 LBG化合物的合成与表征 .........................................................................20 3.2.1 合成....................................................................................................20 3.2.2 EDX能谱分析 ...................................................................................23 3.2.3 结构测定............................................................................................23 3.2.4 结构描述及相互关系........................................................................26 3.2.5 振动光谱分析....................................................................................32 3.2.6 紫外可见光谱分析............................................................................37

3.3 本章小结 .......................................................................................................38

第四章 含钴、锰和镍LBG化合物的合成与表征 .....................................39

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林金如硕士论文 目录

VI

4.1 含钴LBG化合物的合成与表征 ...................................................................39 4.1.1 合成....................................................................................................39 4.1.2 EDX能谱分析及WDX波谱分析......................................................43 4.1.3 结构测定............................................................................................44 4.1.4 结构描述............................................................................................46 4.1.5 红外光谱分析....................................................................................47 4.1.6 紫外可见光谱分析............................................................................47

4.2 含锰LBG化合物的合成与表征 ...................................................................48 4.2.1 合成....................................................................................................48 4.2.2 EDX能谱分析及WDX波谱分析......................................................50 4.2.3 结构测定............................................................................................52 4.2.4 结构描述............................................................................................54 4.2.5 红外光谱分析....................................................................................54 4.2.6 紫外可见光谱分析............................................................................55

4.3 含镍LBG化合物的合成与表征 ...................................................................56 4.3.1 合成....................................................................................................56 4.3.2 EDX能谱分析及WDX波谱分析......................................................57 4.3.3 结构测定............................................................................................59 4.3.4 结构描述............................................................................................60 4.3.5 红外光谱分析....................................................................................61 4.3.6 紫外可见光谱分析............................................................................62

4.4 本章小结 .......................................................................................................62

第五章 LBG化合物晶体形貌分析...............................................................64

5.1 LBG晶体形貌及其生长模式 .....................................................................64 5.2 四方双锥形单晶和树叶形单晶的关系 .......................................................75 5.3 本章小结 .......................................................................................................75

第六章 锂硼磷酸盐新化合物的合成与表征 ...............................................77

6.1 新化合物LiM(H2O)2[BP2O8]·H2O(M=Mn,Co,Mg,Ni)的合成 .........77 6.2 物相分析 .......................................................................................................78 6.3 结构测定 .......................................................................................................81 6.4 结构描述 .......................................................................................................82 6.5 红外光谱分析 ...............................................................................................84 6.6 紫外可见光谱分析 .......................................................................................85 6.7 讨论 ...............................................................................................................88 6.8 本章小结 .......................................................................................................90

第七章 结论 .........................................................................................................92

7.1 本文主要工作总结 .......................................................................................92 7.2 本文存在的问题及今后努力的方向 ...........................................................93

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林金如硕士论文 目录

VII

附录一 .......................................................................................................................94

附录二 .....................................................................................................................106

参考文献.................................................................................................................107

致谢 .......................................................................................................................... 111

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林金如硕士论文 Contents

VIII

Contents

Abstract in Chinese ................................................................................................ I

Abstract in English.............................................................................................. III

Chapter 1 The research development of the basic ferric and ferrous

phosphates ..........................................................................................1

1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................1 1.2 The structure characteristic of the basic ferric and ferrous phosphates ..2 1.3 Aim of the thesis .............................................................................................9

Chapter 2 Experimental and analysis methods .......................................10

2.1 Synthesis methods .........................................................................................10 2.2 Phase and structure analysis methods ........................................................ 11

2.1.1 X-ray powder diffraction ...................................................................... 11 2.1.2 X-ray single crystal diffraction ............................................................. 11

2.3 Composition analysis methods.....................................................................12 2.4 Vibration spectrum analysis methods .........................................................12

2.4.1 FT-IR spectrum analysis .......................................................................12 2.4.2 Raman spectrum analysis......................................................................13 2.4.3 UV-vis spectrum analysis......................................................................13

2.5 Morphologies (SEM).....................................................................................14

Chapter 3 Syntheses and characterization of iron phosphates and

LBG compounds.............................................................................15

3.1 Exploration and design of synthesis experiment ......................................15 3.1.1 Syntheses of iron phosphates ................................................................15 3.1.2 Results and discussion ........................................................................16

3.2 Syntheses and characterization of LBG compounds .................................20 3.2.1 Synthesis ...............................................................................................20 3.2.2 EDX analysis ........................................................................................23 3.2.3 Structure determination.........................................................................23 3.2.4 Descriptions and relations of the structures ..........................................26

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林金如硕士论文 Contents

IX

3.2.5 Vibration spectrum analysis ..................................................................32 3.2.6 UV-vis spectrum analysis......................................................................37

3.3 Summary........................................................................................................38

Chapter 4 Syntheses and characterization of LBG compounds

containing Co, Mn and Ni ........................................................39

4.1 Syntheses and characterization of Co-containing LBG compounds ........39 4.1.1 Synthesis ...............................................................................................39 4.1.2 EDX and WDX analysis .......................................................................43 4.1.3 Structure determination.........................................................................44 4.1.4 Structure description .............................................................................46 4.1.5 IR spectrum analysis .............................................................................47 4.1.6 UV-vis spectrum analysis......................................................................47

4.2 Syntheses and characterization of Mn-containing LBG compounds.......48 4.2.1 Synthesis ...............................................................................................48 4.2.2 EDX and WDX analysis .......................................................................50 4.2.3 Structure determination.........................................................................52 4.2.4 Structure description .............................................................................54 4.2.5 IR spectrum analysis .............................................................................54 4.2.6 UV-vis spectrum analysis......................................................................55

4.3 Syntheses and characterization of Ni-containing LBG compounds.........56 4.3.1 Synthesis ...............................................................................................56 4.3.2 EDX and WDX analysis .......................................................................57 4.3.3 Structure determination.........................................................................59 4.3.4 Structure description .............................................................................60 4.3.5 IR spectrum analysis .............................................................................61 4.3.6 UV-vis spectrum analysis......................................................................62

4.4 Summary........................................................................................................62

Chapter 5 Morphologies analysis of the LBG crystals.........................64

5.1 Morphologies and growth model of the LBG crystals...............................64 5.2 The relationship of the tetragonal bi-pyramid and “leaf-like” crystals...75 5.3 Summary........................................................................................................75

Chapter 6 The syntheses and characterization of the lithium

catena-borodiphosphates ..........................................................77

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林金如硕士论文 Contents

X

6.1 The syntheses of the LiM(H2O)2[BP2O8]·H2O(M=Mn,Co,Mg,Ni) ...77 6.2 Phase analysis ................................................................................................78 6.3 Structure determination...............................................................................81 6.4 Structure description ....................................................................................82 6.5 IR spectrum analysis.....................................................................................84 6.6 UV-vis spectrum analysis .............................................................................85 6.7 Discussion.......................................................................................................88 6.8 Summary........................................................................................................90

Chapter 7 Conclusions .................................................................................92

7.1 Conclusion .....................................................................................................92 7.2 Expectation ....................................................................................................93

Appendix 1...............................................................................................................94

Appendix 2.............................................................................................................106

Reference................................................................................................................107

Acknowledgement............................................................................................... 111

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林金如硕士论文 第一章 变价铁磷酸盐的研究进展

1

第一章 变价铁磷酸盐的研究进展

1.1 引言

众所周知,铁在地壳中的含量约为 4.75wt%,仅次于氧、硅和铝,居第四位。

一般认为地球的地幔和地核主要由铁组成,因此铁是在整个地球中丰度最高的元

素。地壳中的铁通常以化合物的形式存在,含铁的矿物有几百种,主要有赤铁矿、

褐铁矿、磁铁矿等,生物体中也含有铁。含铁磷酸盐是一类重要的矿物,种类繁

多。据不完全统计,仅 FeO—Fe2O3—P2O5—H2O 四元系已知的含铁磷酸盐矿物

就有 20 余种,这还不包括人工合成的含水磷酸铁化合物。铁磷酸盐作为含铁的

矿物,是一类既含有铁氧基团,又含有磷氧基团的化合物。由于铁磷酸盐含有复

杂可变的网络结构,因此被广泛地应用于分子筛、催化剂和离子交换剂。1983 年

美国矿物学家 Moore, P. B.教授和中国地质大学沈今川教授在 Nature 上发表含水

磷酸铁矿物—黄磷铁矿(Cacoxenite)的晶体结构,发现其具有与沸石结构类似的

大孔道结构[1]。这一发现使得铁磷酸盐备受化学家、材料学家等的高度重视。近

年来变价铁磷酸盐作为充电电池负极材料[2,3]以及作为催化剂在甲基丙烯酸甲酯

合成中[4]的成功应用,引起了人们对变价铁磷酸盐的研究兴趣。虽然目前已有大

量有关变价铁磷酸盐的研究报道,但仍有一些问题值得进一步研究。如 1980 年

Keller, P.[5]发现天然矿物—水磷铁矿(Giniite),作为变价铁磷酸盐中一种典型的化

合物,自第一次报道到现在,其结构还未被完全确定。

近年来,本课题组对水磷铁矿(Giniite)及其相关体系进行了大量的研究,发

现水磷铁矿(Giniite)、四方复铁天蓝石(Lipscombite)和重铁天蓝石(Barbosalite)具

有相同的亚晶胞。基于此,本文的研究重点集中在具有相同亚晶胞晶体的合成和

表征上。本章将对变价铁磷酸盐以及水磷铁矿 (Giniite)、四方复铁天蓝石

(Lipscombite)和重铁天蓝石(Barbosalite)等具有相同亚晶胞结构的研究现状作简

要阐述。

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林金如硕士论文 第一章 变价铁磷酸盐的研究进展

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1.2 变价铁磷酸的结构特点

变价铁磷酸盐的特殊性是因铁具有+2 和+3 两种不同的氧化价态,且在同一

系列化合物中铁的价态和含量是可变的。

在变价铁磷酸盐中含有一些特殊的结构现象,这类结构中铁氧八面体常以共

面方式连接成链。根据鲍林规则,对于高电价、低配位数的阳离子来说,当配位

多面体共棱、特别是共面时,会降低结构的稳定性[6]。而铁氧八面体在铁磷酸盐

中常表现为共面方式连接成链,为了保持其结构的稳定性,通常采用缺位、无序

或有序来实现。四方复铁天蓝石(Lipscombite)、重铁天蓝石(Barbosalite)和水磷铁

矿(Giniite)均属于该类的变价铁磷酸盐。

(a) (b)

(c)

图 1.1 变价铁磷酸盐的晶体结构图

(a)四方复铁天蓝石(Lipscombite);(b)重铁天蓝石(Barbosalite);(c)水磷铁矿

(Giniite)亚晶胞。图中八面体表示铁氧八面体,P 表示部分占据,C 表示完全占

据,U 表示缺位。

P P P P P C C C U C C C

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林金如硕士论文 第一章 变价铁磷酸盐的研究进展

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图 1.1(a)、 (b)和 (c)分别为四方复铁天蓝石 (Lipscombite)、重铁天蓝石

(Barbosalite)和水磷铁矿(Giniite)亚晶胞的晶体结构图。该图表明四方复铁天蓝石

(Lipscombite)中铁氧八面体共面连接,铁原子部分占据铁氧八面体中心的位置。

重铁天蓝石(Barbosalite)的结构图显示出铁原子在八面体中处于完全有序的排

列,所有的八面体中心均被铁原子占据,为了保持其结构的稳定型,每三个共面

的铁氧八面体通过一个缺位隔开。从水磷铁矿(Giniite)亚晶胞结构也可以看出铁

只是部分占据铁氧八面体中心的位置。

图 1.2 各个晶胞之间矩阵转换关系

这三种矿物均具有共同的四方亚晶胞 a=5.2(1)Å,c=13.0(1)Å[7-16]。已知的其

它具有该类亚晶胞的化合物还有:(1)、四方晶胞:a=7.3(1)Å,c=13.0(3)Å[17-19];

(2)、四方晶胞:a=14.961(3)Å,c=12.740(3)Å[20];(3)、单斜晶胞:a=14.776(3)Å,

a=5.2Å c=13.0Å

a=7.3Å c=13.0Å

a=14.961Å c=12.740Å

a=14.776Å b=14.959Å c=7.394Å β= 119.188°

a=7.0Å

b=7.7Å c=7.3Å β=118°

a=10.365Å b=26.582Å c=5.162Å

2 0 00 2 00 0 1

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

2 2 02 2 00 0 1

−⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

2 0 00 0 20 1 0

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟−⎝ ⎠

1 1 01 1 00 0 1

−⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

1 1 12 2 00.5 0.5 0.5

−⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟− −⎝ ⎠

0.5 0.5 0.51 1 00.5 0.5 0.5

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟− −⎝ ⎠

0.5 0 0.50 1 00.5 0 0.5

−⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟− −⎝ ⎠

2 0 00 2 00 0 1

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

a=14.253Å b=5.152Å c=10.353Å β= 111.30°

0 1 11 0 00 2 0

−⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

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Degree papers are in the “Xiamen University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Database”. Fulltexts are available in the following ways: 1. If your library is a CALIS member libraries, please log on http://etd.calis.edu.cn/ and submitrequests online, or consult the interlibrary loan department in your library. 2. For users of non-CALIS member libraries, please mail to [email protected] for delivery details.

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