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ECE334 – Digital Electronics

David Johns

Spring 2009

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ENIAC

First Electronic Computer (1946)Tube based

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ENIAC

If transistors never invented and tubes used to build computers …A 1995 Pentium computer (200MHz clock speed, 0.5um technology, 10 million transistors)

POWER: 10,000 MegawattsAREA: Skydome 1 meter thickRELIABILITY: Replace 200 tubes/second

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Invention of the Transistor

Bell Labs (1948)

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Today’s Transistors

Bipolar – NPN and PNP (used mainly for analog)GaAs – very high speed analog CMOS – NMOS and PMOS – By far, most dominant transistors used today– Used for both digital and analog– Digital - low power consumption, high speed, low cost– Analog – low cost and can be integrated with digital

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Early Digital Integrated Circuit

Bipolar Logic3 Input Gate1966

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Early Microprocessor

Intel 400419711000 transistors1 MHz clock

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Modern Microprocessor

Intel Core 2 Duo2008300M transistors3GHz clock65nm technology70W power150mm2 die size

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Circuit Scaling

0.8um CMOS

1.2k gates/mm2

0.6um CMOS

3k gates/mm2

0.35um CMOS

18k gates/mm2

0.18um CMOS

80k gates/mm2

0.25um CMOS

25k gates/mm2

0.12um CMOS

180k gates/mm2

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Chip Manufacturing

Single dieWafer

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Design Abstraction

n+n+S

GD

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DEVICE

CIRCUIT

GATE

MODULE

SYSTEM

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ECE334 - Course Outline

This course focuses on the transistor, circuit and gate levelsTopics to be covered ….- Processing of an Integrated Circuit- Transistor operation and modelling- Basic gate operation and speed estimates- Combinational logic- Sequential Logic- Memory- Dynamic Logic