Introduction and Building Material

Kaustubh J. SaneHJD Institute of Technical Education & Research

Part 1

• History of Civil Engineering

• Branches of Civil Engineering

• Role of Civil Engineering

• Building Materials: uses

History of Civil Engineering

• In the beginning, Civil Engineering included allengineers that did not practice militaryengineering; said to have begun in 18th centuryFrance

• First “Civil Engineer” was an Englishman, JohnSmeaton in 1761

• At end of 1886, “State College” (UK) establishedcivil engineering degree

Civil Engineer Organizations

• Chi Epsilon – Civil Engineering honorary

• ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers)

• AGC (Association of General Contractors)

• ARTPA (American Road and Transportation Builders Association)

• ITE (Institute of Transportation Engineers)

• KSPE (Kentucky Society of Professional Engineers –section of the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE))

Branches of Civil Engineering

• Structural engineering

• Geotechnical engineering

• Transportation engineering

• Water resources engineering

• Environment engineering

• Construction engineering

• Earthquake engineering

Structural engineering

• Design and analyze all man-made objects whose primary function is load resistance: buildings, bridges, aircraft, transmission towers, radar domes and antennas, drilling platforms, etc.

• Must also consider the economics, esthetics and social implications of their creations.

Structural engineering

• Structural engineers design steel, concrete, or timber framed structures such as:– Tall buildings & towers,

– Bridges,

– Dams,

– Retaining walls, & foundations, &.

– Stadiums.

Geotechnical engineering

• Analyze soil and rock that affect the behavior of structures, pavements, underground facilities, and containment structures for solid and liquid wastes.

• Design foundations, retaining walls, roadway cuts, etc.

• Field and laboratory work along with design.

Transportation engineering• Transportation Engineers design

and analyze

• Analyze movement of persons and goods.

• Plan, design, construct, maintain and operate various transportation modes.– Highways,

– Railways,

– Airports,

– Urban and Suburban Road Networks,

– Parking Lots, and

– Traffic Control Signal Systems.

– Harbors

Water resources engineering

• Develop, use and manage world’s water resources.

• Design water distribution systems, wells, reservoirs, canals, locks and dams, port facilities and flood control systems.

• Analyze the impact of other engineering projects on the natural hydrologic system.

Environment engineering• Apply fluid mechanics, biology and

chemistry to the design and operation of environmental control systems, e.g., municipal and industrial wastewater systems.

• Model and monitor the movement and behavior of water pollutants in natural waters.

• Wastewater treatment engineers are civil or environmental engineers trained to design or analyze water treatment plants.

• Water treatment plants are categorized as follows:– Sanitary waste treatment facilities,– Industrial waste treatment facilities,– Potable (drinking) water treatment

facility.

Largest treatment basins in the USA

Construction engineering• Design formwork, scaffolding,

lifting apparatus, etc.

• Management of construction resources: labor, materials, equipment, money and time.

• Construction managers:– Review contracts,

– Order materials,

– Hire and schedule sub-contractors.

• The job of a construction manager is to:– Provide quality control and insure

project is completed on time and.

– Within budget.

Earthquake engineering

• To study the nature of earthquakes in the area.

• To study past destruction of structures by earthquakes.

• Planning and constructing the earthquake resistance structure.

• As technology is advancing new and new advanced techniques are being implemented for safe earthquake proof structure.

Role of Civil Engineer• Civil engineer is the one who designs or maintains work of public

utilities.• Its main role is in surveying, planning, designing, estimating and

executing structures like buildings, roads, bridges, railways, ports, airports, dams, canals etc.

• By using scientific and engineering principles build artistic, economical and technically advanced structure.

• To solve different engineering problems with field experience, lab exposure, mathematical model and method using computer and information technology.

• To improve management techniques for better management of man, power, money and raw material.

• Carry out building planning as per need.• To carry out soil investigation for design of foundation structure.• To design structure according to structural design.• To carry out valuation of land and building.

Role of Civil Engineer in society

• To develop infrastructure as road, railways, airports, ports.• To construct dams and canals; for irrigation and

transportation, helping in prosperity of society.• To construct proper sewage system for better disposal of

liquid waste.• To construct sewage network and collection tank to collect

sewages from cities, industries.• To plan and construct proper waste water treatment plant.• To plan, design and construct proper earthquake resistant

structure.• To plan a city; according to use as residential, industrial,

education, government.

Construction Material• Cement

• Bricks

• Aggregate

• Concrete

• Stone

• Timber

• Metals

Naturally available materials

• Timber

• Clay/ soil/ earth

• Sand/ fine aggregates

• Gravels

Artificial materials

• Cement

• Lime

• Bricks

• Steel

• Ceramics

• Stones

• Glass

• Paints and varnishes

• Plastic

• tiles., marble, granite

Construction Materials:

• Density: It is defined as a mass per unit volume of materials.

• Specific weight: weight per unit volume.

• Sp. Gravity: It is a ratio of unit wt. or density of material to unit wt/density of standard fluid.

• Porosity: It is the volume of voids to the total volume of material.

• Water absorption: It is the ability of a material to absorb water from the surroundings.

• Permeability: which allows water to pass through its void spaces like soil and sand.

Physical properties:

• Strength: The ability of a material to resist stress(caused by loads) without failure is called strength.

• Compressive strength: - to resist compressive loads without failure.

• Toughness: - ability of a material to absorb amount of energy by undergoing plastic deformation.

• Hardness: - to resist wear, scratching, cutting by abrasive action.

• Elasticity: - to regain its original shape and dimensions after the removal of the load.

• Plasticity: It is the property of a material by virtue of which it retains a change in shape or size after removal of load.

• Ductility: - to bear large plastic deformation before failure.( a thin wire from a metal piece)

Mechanical properties:

• Durability: ability of a material to resist wear and tear due to atmospheric agents(rain, heat, etc).

• Brittleness: It is the property of a material by virtue of which it fails without deformation.

• Stiffness : - to resist elastic deformation or deflection due to external loads.

• Building stones are obtained from rock by blasting or quarrying it.

Requirement or characteristics of a good stone:

• Strength: should be strong enough

• Structure: uniform texture, cavities, cracks.

• Appearance: light colour are preferable to dark

• Weight: light weight,

• Durability: should be able to withstand destructive action,

• Hardness: should be able to resist abrasive forces,

• Toughness: tough enough to bear the stresses,

• Workability: It should be easy to dress the stones to the required size and shape.

Stones:-

• Granite,

• Basalt,

• Sand stone

• Laterite

• Lime stone

• Quartzite

• Marble.

Uses of common building stones:

Stone

Requirements

Structure

Color

Weight

Fineness of grains

Durability

Strength

Hardness

Types

Igneous

Sedimentary

Metamorphic

Uses

As foundation, walls, columns

As ornamental features and gives smooth face for walls

In hydraulic structures like dams bridges

In retaining walls to retain soil

For construction of roads

In between the slippers of railway tracks

Make concrete coarse aggregate.

• It is a mixture of cement, water and aggregate and any admixture.

• Admixtures are also sometimes added to improve some properties of concrete.

• Freshly mixed concrete before setting is known as fresh or green concrete.

• The concrete after setting and hardening is known as hardened concrete.

Preparation of concrete:-

Concrete is prepared by mixing the ingredients in required proportion with water.

For example, 1:3:6 cement concrete indicates 1 part of cement, 3 parts of fine aggregates and 6 parts of coarse aggregates.

Mixing can be achieved by two ways:

Hand mixing,

Machine mixing.

CONCRETE:-

Hand mixing.

Machine mixing

• Strength: resistance against bearing the external load.

• Durability: its resistance to deterioration against weathering, chemical action.

• Impermeability,

• Dimensional stability.

Properties of hardend concrete:

• Workability,

• Segregation: separation of coarse particles and fine particles in a mix.

• Bleeding: refer to the coming out of water on the surface of freshly placed concrete on compaction Stability.

Properties of fresh concrete:-

• Plain cement concrete(PCC):-

– It is a mixture of cement, sand and aggregate.

– Used in foundations, floors, and construction of road pavements, etc.

• Reinforced cement concrete(RCC):-

– Concrete is strong compression but weak in tension.

– To increase the strength of concrete in tension, steel bars are provided as reinforcement thereby making reinforced cement concrete.

– Used in beams, columns, water tanks, roof slab, retaining walls, etc.

• Prestressed concrete:-

– Modern type of concrete.

– In this, compressive stress are induced in concrete by high tension steel bars before the external loads are applied.

Types of concrete

• In construction of slab, beam and columns.

• In construction of bridges, dams and water tanks.

• In construction of roads and runways.

• In mass concreting works in retaining walls etc.

Uses of cement concrete:

• Advantages:

• Very strong in compression and can bear heavy compressive loads,

• It is having resistance against attack of chemical action, weathering etc.

• It has water tightness,

• The speed of construction is very fast in case of pre-cast concrete,

• Disadvantages:

• It has weak tensile strength therefore it is used with steel bars in most of the construction works.

• Skilled supervision is needed during construction work.

• It takes long time in development of strength.

• The portion of constituents of concrete should be properly maintained in order to make proper mix of concrete.

Concrete= cement + sand+ coarse aggregate+ water

Requirements

Fine to coarse aggregate

Water should be clean

Mix should be prepare as per requirement

Should be dropped vertically from height

Should be deposited horizontally in 15cm layer

Types

Plain cement concrete (PCC)

Reinforced cement concrete (RCC)

Precast Concrete

Presterssed concrete

Importance

*it’s a major building material in construction field.

*They are strong and durable

*It covers 30% of total cost.

The size of a modular brick should be 19cm*9cm*9cm.With mortar joints its size becomes 20 cm* 10 cm * 10 cm.

• Composition of brick earth:• Silica-50-60%• Alumina-20-30%• Lime-10%• Magnesia-<1%• Iron oxide-<5-6%• Alalis-<10%

BRICKS: it is the oldest building material used in construction. They are

regular in shape. Most of the bricks are made of clay.

• Two bricks should make a metallic sound when struck each other,

• Should have uniform size and shape,

• Should have uniform deep red colour,

• Should not absorb water more than 20% of its dry weight when submerged in water for 24 hours,

• Should be hard enough,

• Should be well-burnt, free from organic matter, alkalise salt, etc

• Should have minimum crushing strength of 10N/mm2

• should have sufficient strength.

• Should not break when dropped to soft ground from a height of about 1.0m.

Characteristics of good Brick:

• Well-burnt,

• Uniform in colour,

• Plain rectangular faces with parallel sides and sharp straight edges.

• Best for high quality construction work.

Class I bricks

• Slightly over burnt ,

• Uniform in colour,

• Slightly irregular shape

• Best for ordinary construction work.

Class-II bricks

• Slightly under burnt or over burnt,

• Have irregular shape.

• Dark in colour,

• Used as ballast in railway and concrete work.

Class III bricks

Classification of a bricks:-

• Heavy duty bricks:

• High durability, low water absorption, and high compressive strength.

• Used for masonry for heavy duty works such as bridge structure, industrial foundation, multi-storeyed building.

Special bricks:-

• Perforated bricks:• They have perforations on their faces through out its thickness

• They are light in weight and can give batter thermal insulation.

• They are manufactured in two sizes 19*9*9 cm and 29*9*9 cm.

• made of fire clay,

• Can resist very high temperature up to 1700 degree without melting of softening,

Refractory lime:-

• Used in the construction of load bearing walls of building, footing in foundation, boundary wall, water tanks.

• Brick bats are used as ballast in railway construction,

• Used in construction of pavements and footpaths.

Uses of bricks:

Bricks

Requirements

*Color-red pr copper

*Well burnt

*Surface should be even and crack free .

*Sharp edges.

*Should not absorb water more than 20%.

Types

Conventional-23*11.4*7.6

(cm)

Standard-19*9*9 (cm)

Properties

*Light as compared to stone.

*durable.

*low cost material.

*possess good strength.

Easily available.

Uses

*used in wall masonry

construction

*brick lintel construction

*used in concrete in foundation

work.

• These are naturally occurring materials.

• Two types of aggregates are used.

• Fine aggregate : particle size < 2mm(sand)

• Coarse aggregate: particle size > 2mm.(gravel, crushed stone)

Characteristics of good concrete:

Should be hard, strong and durable.

Should be angular in shape.

Should be less porous.

Should be low moisture content

Should be rough and free from cracks.

Should be clean and free from clay, organic matter, etc.

AGGREGATE:-

Fine aggregates

Coarse aggregates

• Fine aggregates are used to prepare Cement Mortar, Lime Mortar and cement concrete.

• Fine aggregates are used extensively in various construction like masonry works, plastering etc.

• Coarse aggregate are used in preparing PCC, RCC.

Uses of aggregate:-

Aggregate

Requirements

Should be strong, hard, tough and durable

Angular shape is preferred

Good soundness

Good adhering with binding material.

Specific gravity of aggregate – 2.6 to 2.9

Types

Fine- 4.75mm or less

Coarse- 80mm to 4.75mm

Uses

Use for prepare cement mortar

Coarse aggregate used to prepare pcc, rcc

Fine aggregate is used for plastering flooring

Properties

Insoluble in water

Resistant to corrosion

Moderate weight

Resistance of rainwater

Strong and durable

• Cement is a binding material which is capable of bonding together various particles in to a solid mass.

Chemical composition or ingredients of cement:• Lime,• Silica,• Alumina• Iron oxide• Magnesia,• Calcium sulphate, • Sulphur,• Alkalis.

CEMENT:-

• When water is mixed to cement the ingredients of cement chemically reacts with water.

• This chemical reaction between cement and water is known as hydration of cement.

Properties of cement:-

• It is a fine material and considered to be the best binding material,

• Attains strength and stiffness early,

• Possesses good resistance against moisture, temperature and weathering agents,

• Easy to mix with water, sand and aggregate,

• Has good plasticity.

Hydration of cement:-

• Ordinary Portland cement(OPC):-

• most widely used cement,

• Medium hardening rate and heat generation, which makes it suitable for most of the construction work.

• Has sufficient resistance to shrinkage and cracking,

• Low resistance to chemical attack.

• Rapid hardening cement:-

• It develops much higher strength compared to OPC,

• Large amount of heat generated during the hydration of this cement makes it unsuitable for mass concreting.

• Used for repairs of roads and bridge or airfield required to open to traffic in shorter duration.

Types of cements:-

• Low heat cement:-

– Rate of hydration is slow resulting in much slower rate of setting; increase in strength than OPC.

– Larger resistance to chemical attack.

– Suitable for the construction of very large structures such as concrete dams.

• Quick setting cement:-

– Special type of cement which start setting within five minutes of water addition

– Becomes hard with in 30 minutes.

– Used when concreting is to be done under water or running water.

• Portland pozzolana cement:- widely used in the case of the structure where mass concreting is done like dam, weirs, bridges, etc.

• Blast furnace slag cement:-

– Slag is a waste product generated during manufacture of pig iron.

– It is similar to OPC since it is obtained from waste product it is cheaper than OPC.

– Used in mass concreting structure like dams, bridges, retaining walls etc.

• Fineness: is a measure of particle size of cement.

• Setting time: water is mixed to cement, the resulting paste starts to solidify and workability of cement paste begins to stop.

• Consistency: gives an estimation of the amount of water required to form cement paste of workable consistency.

• Soundness: there should not be large change in volume of cement mortar after its setting.

• Strength: most important property, indicator of quality of cement.

• Heat of hydration.

Physical properties of cement:-

• In masonry work, plastering etc.

• In various construction like beams, slabs, columns, flooring, and foundations.

• Enormously used in civil engineering construction like dams, bridges, water tanks, concrete pavements, docks, airport pavement, foundations for telephone pole and electric pole.

Uses of cement:-

Cement= proportioned mixture of siliceous argillaceous calcareous material and crushing into grey color fine

powder

Requirements

Should not have excess alumina which reduces strength .

Alkali oxides (K2O, Na2O) should be less than1%

Magnesium oxide (MgO) must be less than 5%. Should be cool when touch by hand

Types

Normal cement

Rapid hardening cement

Pozzuolana Portland cement

Low heat cement

White cement

Properties

*give strength to masonry

*excellent binding material

*easily workable.

*good plasticity

*hardens easily

*good resistant to fire

Uses

*to prepare cement mixture (mortar)

*to prepare cement concrete

*use in making joints for drains, pipes

• Wood suitable for engineering use is known as timber.

• Wood is hard and fibrous material.

• These product have wide application for making doors, windows, furniture, partitions, interior decoration.

Timber:

• Uses of timber:– Used for making railway sleepers, and railway coaches.

– Used for making various furniture like cup boards, door, door frames etc.

– It is used as flooring and roofing material in buildings.

– Used for making scaffolding, formworks in concrete works.

• Properties of timber:– Has quite low heat conductivity,

– Has high sound conductivity,

– High compressive strength parallel to the axis of growth.

– Has resistance against weak alkali solution,

– it is liable to shrink or swell with the trapping of moisture in it.

• Advantages:

• It is light in weight and makes construction economical,

• Durability of properly seasoned timber is very high,

• It can be easily cut and framed in to required size and shape,

• The wastage of timber is minimum in any construction,

• It has batter insulating properties,

• Provides batter aesthetic and decorative appearance with reasonable cost,

• Disadvantages:

• It cannot bear heavy load as structural member,

• Volume changes with moisture content which develops odd appearance,

• It has to be preserved carefully for its longer life,

• It may have defects like knots, cracks, split,

• It has least resistance against fire as compared to other construction materials.

• Metals are usually employed in various construction purposes like beam, column, roof truss, water tanks, etc.

• Ferrous metals: contain iron as their main constituent.

• Nonferrous metal: do not contain iron.

• Uses of ceramics:

• Bricks, cements are used enormously in building construction.

• Glass is used for several purposes like making laboratory equipments, window glass etc.

• Making sanitary fitting.

• Making various tiles.

METALS: