Ecclesiology Lecture Notes

I. Jesus Christ has founded his Church a. Matthew 16:181

i. Programmatic function 1. This is the task at hand—not just for Jesus, but for Apostles

as well—it is this task that Jesus is training them for 2. Note the enemy is reflected here as well (Hades) the power

of death a. Gates are defensive, designed to keep people out b. Church militant, the enemy cannot withstand our

march c. Gates were also the part of a city where the elders

and the rulers stayed i. Ephesians 6:122

ii. Romans 8:37-393 ii. ejkklhsi/a

1. 114 times in the New Testament, only 2 times in the Gospels

a. Matthew 16:18 (build my church) b. Matthew 18:174 (dealing with those who offend—

go to the church) 2. 100 times in the LXX

a. lhq -- verb: “to gather” noun: “assembly” b. some argue that this is related to lAq, but hard to

substantiate c. note: not all uses of lAq are translated as

ejkklhsi/a, only those that contextually refer to the Gathering of God’s people—point being is that this is a Jewish concept being applied to the NT church—referring to the gathered assembly, not to the sunagwgh/, the place of gathering

1 Matt. 16:18 And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock* I will build my church, and the gates of hell* shall not prevail against it. 2 Eph. 6:12 For we do not wrestle against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the cosmic powers over this present darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places. 3 Rom. 8:37 ¶ No, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him who loved us. Rom. 8:38 For I am sure that neither death nor life, nor angels nor rulers, nor things present nor things to come, nor powers, Rom. 8:39 nor height nor depth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord. 4 Matt. 18:17 If he refuses to listen to them, tell it to the church. And if he refuses to listen even to the church, let him be to you as a Gentile and a tax collector.

3. Derived from ejk and kale/w: called out from the world, but also called together into the presence of Yahweh—Exodus 33:15-165

4. New Testament Use a. Plural refers to different churches of believers b. Singular refers to church in the broadest sense c. Used not only to reflect assembly on earth, but

assembly in heaven as well—Hebrews 12:236 (Assembly of the Firstborn)

b. Matthew 16:197—Peter and the Keys to the Kingdom i. Revelation 3:78

ii. Isaiah 22:15-259 5 Ex. 33:15 And he said to him, “If your presence will not go with me, do not bring us up from here. Ex. 33:16 For how shall it be known that I have found favor in your sight, I and your people? Is it not in your going with us, so that we are distinct, I and your people, from every other people on the face of the earth?” 6 Heb. 12:23 and to the assembly* of the firstborn who are enrolled in heaven, and to God, the judge of all, and to the spirits of the righteous made perfect, 7 Matt. 16:19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed* in heaven.” 8 Rev. 3:7 ¶ “And to the angel of the church in Philadelphia write: ‘The words of the holy one, the true one, who has the key of David, who opens and no one will shut, who shuts and no one opens. 9 Is. 22:15 ¶ Thus says the Lord God of hosts, “Come, go to this steward, to Shebna, who is over the household, and say to him: Is. 22:16 What have you to do here, and whom have you here, that you have cut out here a tomb for yourself, you who cut out a tomb on the height and carve a dwelling for yourself in the rock? Is. 22:17 Behold, the Lord will hurl you away violently, O you strong man. He will seize firm hold on you Is. 22:18 and whirl you around and around, and throw you like a ball into a wide land. There you shall die, and there shall be your glorious chariots, you shame of your master’s house. Is. 22:19 I will thrust you from your office, and you will be pulled down from your station. Is. 22:20 In that day I will call my servant Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, Is. 22:21 and I will clothe him with your robe, and will bind your sash on him, and will commit your authority to his hand. And he shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem and to the house of Judah. Is. 22:22 And I will place on his shoulder the key of the house of David. He shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open. Is. 22:23 And I will fasten him like a peg in a secure place, and he will become a throne of honor to his father’s house. Is. 22:24 And they will hang on him the whole honor of his father’s house, the offspring and issue, every small vessel, from the cups to all the flagons.

1. Shebna, the steward of house, feathering his own nest 2. Eliakim (God has raised up) raised up as Shebna’s

replacement 3. Eliakim given Key to the House of David—a door that can

be open and shut only by Eliakim (Isaiah 22:2210) iii. John 14:611—Jesus is the door to God iv. Peter, as the representative (mouthpiece) of the Church,

commissioned with the task of opening said door—but note the context is Peter’s faith and confession, this entry to heaven not through Petrine Episcopacy,but through faith and confession.

v. Note, Roman Catholic view holds this passage to establish Preeminence of Peter/Pope in the church and that the church is given the keys, thus salvation must be mediated through the church

1. Note that this is a later development, Irenaeus, argues against the passing down of secret tradition of Apostles12

2. Peter argues that he is a “fellow elder” – 1 Peter 5:1-313 c. Church founded on Pentecost (Acts 2ff)

i. Difference between Old and New Covenant Churches (Israel and the NT Church)

1. Sacramental laws fulfilled in Christ—now worship is not bound to a location, but is in Spirit and Truth

2. Political Laws brought to an end—no longer in a land 3. No longer anticipatory, but engaging in battle

a. Old Testament church relegated to a fortified territory—defensive, not offensive

b. No Testament church on the march, going outward with further equipping of the Spirit

4. New Testament church given greater dispensation of power by the Spirit.

5. God’s presence no longer found in single temples, but in believers

ii. Similarities

Is. 22:25 In that day, declares the Lord of hosts, the peg that was fastened in a secure place will give way, and it will be cut down and fall, and the load that was on it will be cut off, for the Lord has spoken.” 10Is. 22:22 And I will place on his shoulder the key of the house of David. He shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open. 11 John 14:6 Jesus said to him, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me. 12 Adversus Haerasies 3.3.3 13 1Pet. 5:1 ¶ So I exhort the elders among you, as a fellow elder and a witness of the sufferings of Christ, as well as a partaker in the glory that is going to be revealed: 1Pet. 5:2 shepherd the flock of God that is among you, exercising oversight,* not under compulsion, but willingly, as God would have you;* not for shameful gain, but eagerly; 1Pet. 5:3 not domineering over those in your charge, but being examples to the flock.

1. Salvation by faith in Jesus Christ alone (in a promise or in a promise fulfilled)

2. Salvation by God’s grace alone 3. Moral law binding 4. Regeneration still worked by Spirit & Spirit yet guides

God’s people 5. Mediation through a High Priest (Aaronic then, Christ now) 6. Atonement worked through a blood sacrifice (ongoing

sacrifice of animals then, Christ’s perfect sacrifice now) 7. Signs of the Covenant remain, though the form has changed

II. The nature of the Church a. The Language applied to the Church

i. Kingdom of God/Heaven—not epexegetical, but related (the Church is part of the Kingdom, but the kingdom is not encompassed by the Church)14

1. Church is the current manifestation of the Kingdom 2. The church is the sphere in which the newness of the

kingdom becomes visible 3. The church is the instrument of the kingdom in this world

(salt and light) ii. Bride of Christ

1. 1 Corinthians 11:215 (Spiritual Father has betrothed the Church to Christ)

2. Mark 2:1916 (Jesus is the bridegroom) 3. Jeremiah 2:217 (Bridal metaphor to Exodus) 4. Hosea (theme of whole book) 5. Revelation 19:6-1018 (Marriage Feast of the Lamb)

14 Ridderbos: “The kingdom is the great divine work of salvation, its fulfillment, and consummation in Christ. The Church is the people who are collected and called by God to share in that Kingdom. 15 2Cor. 11:2 I feel a divine jealousy for you, for I betrothed you to one husband, to present you as a pure virgin to Christ. 16 Mark 2:19 And Jesus said to them, “Can the wedding guests fast while the bridegroom is with them? As long as they have the bridegroom with them, they cannot fast. 17 Jer. 2:2 “Go and proclaim in the hearing of Jerusalem, Thus says the Lord, “I remember the devotion of your youth, your love as a bride, how you followed me in the wilderness, in a land not sown. 18 Rev. 19:6 ¶ Then I heard what seemed to be the voice of a great multitude, like the roar of many waters and like the sound of mighty peals of thunder, crying out, “Hallelujah! For the Lord our God the Almighty reigns. Rev. 19:7 Let us rejoice and exult and give him the glory, for the marriage of the Lamb has come, and his Bride has made herself ready; Rev. 19:8 it was granted her to clothe herself with fine linen, bright and pure”—

6. Revelation 21:219 (New Jerusalem as the Bride of Christ) 7. Revelation 22:1720 (Spirit and Bride say, “come.”) 8. Ephesians 5:22-3321 (Genesis 2:23-2522 and Marriage an

illustration of Christ and his church—note it is in this

for the fine linen is the righteous deeds of the saints. Rev. 19:9 ¶ And the angel said* to me, “Write this: Blessed are those who are invited to the marriage supper of the Lamb.” And he said to me, “These are the true words of God.” Rev. 19:10 Then I fell down at his feet to worship him, but he said to me, “You must not do that! I am a fellow servant* with you and your brothers who hold to the testimony of Jesus. Worship God.” For the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy. 19 Rev. 21:2 And I saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. 20 Rev. 22:17 ¶ The Spirit and the Bride say, “Come.” And let the one who hears say, “Come.” And let the one who is thirsty come; let the one who desires take the water of life without price. 21 Eph. 5:22 Wives, submit to your own husbands, as to the Lord. Eph. 5:23 For the husband is the head of the wife even as Christ is the head of the church, his body, and is himself its Savior. Eph. 5:24 Now as the church submits to Christ, so also wives should submit in everything to their husbands. Eph. 5:25 Husbands, love your wives, as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her, Eph. 5:26 that he might sanctify her, having cleansed her by the washing of water with the word, Eph. 5:27 so that he might present the church to himself in splendor, without spot or wrinkle or any such thing, that she might be holy and without blemish.* Eph. 5:28 In the same way husbands should love their wives as their own bodies. He who loves his wife loves himself. Eph. 5:29 For no one ever hated his own flesh, but nourishes and cherishes it, just as Christ does the church, Eph. 5:30 because we are members of his body. Eph. 5:31 “Therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and hold fast to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh.” Eph. 5:32 This mystery is profound, and I am saying that it refers to Christ and the church. Eph. 5:33 However, let each one of you love his wife as himself, and let the wife see that she respects her husband. 22 Gen. 2:23 Then the man said, “This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.”* Gen. 2:24 ¶ Therefore a man shall leave his father and his mother and hold fast to his wife, and they shall become one flesh. Gen. 2:25 And the man and his wife were both naked and were not ashamed.

context that the importance of abstaining from sexual immorality & idolatry is understood)

a. Note that when we marry, the woman will grow older and over time will develop spots and wrinkles more and more

b. The imagery of Christ and the church is that he takes us with all of our spots and wrinkles and restores us to perfection

c. The key to this imagery is that it portrays the love of Christ for his church

iii. Building 1. Matthew 16:1823 (Jesus will build the church) 2. 1 Corinthians 3:924 (church as a building with Jesus Christ

as her only foundation—the building also must pass through the fire and only what is precious and of value will survive

3. 1 Corinthians 6:1925—individuals in the church as a temple 4. Ephesians 2:19-2226—we are no longer aliens, but dwell in

the building built on the cornerstone of Christ—with gentiles as well as Jews

5. 1 Peter 2:4-527—Christians as stones in a spiritual house of God with Christ as the cornerstone

6. Acts 4:1128 (Christ rejected by men but made cornerstone) iv. People

1. Characteristic OT language—the people of God—God calls his people, “my people” repeatedly

2. Exodus 3:729

23 Matt. 16:18 And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock* I will build my church, and the gates of hell* shall not prevail against it. 24 1Cor. 3:9 For we are God’s fellow workers. You are God’s field, God’s building. 25 1Cor. 6:19 Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, 26 Eph. 2:19 So then you are no longer strangers and aliens,* but you are fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of God, Eph. 2:20 built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the cornerstone, Eph. 2:21 in whom the whole structure, being joined together, grows into a holy temple in the Lord. Eph. 2:22 In him you also are being built together into a dwelling place for God by* the Spirit. 27 1Pet. 2:4 ¶ As you come to him, a living stone rejected by men but in the sight of God chosen and precious, 1Pet. 2:5 you yourselves like living stones are being built up as a spiritual house, to be a holy priesthood, to offer spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ. 28 Acts 4:11 This Jesus* is the stone that was rejected by you, the builders, which has become the cornerstone.*

3. Exodus 3:1030 4. Exodus 5:131 5. Deuteronomy 4:3732 6. Deuteronomy 7:6-733 7. Ruth 1:16-1734 & Ruth 2:1235 (God’s responsibility to his

own people—notice that Boaz recognizes that Ruth has come for refuge under God’s wings—remember also that Boaz’s mother was Rahab the prostitute who also came under God’s wings)

8. 1 Peter 2:9-1036 9. Christ leads us to Eternal Promised land (1 Peter 1:3-537)

just as Christ led Israel through the wilderness to the Promised Land (Jude 538)

29 Ex. 3:7 ¶ Then the Lord said, “I have surely seen the affliction of my people who are in Egypt and have heard their cry because of their taskmasters. I know their sufferings, 30 Ex. 3:10 Come, I will send you to Pharaoh that you may bring my people, the children of Israel, out of Egypt.” 31 Ex. 5:1 ¶ Afterward Moses and Aaron went and said to Pharaoh, “Thus says the Lord, the God of Israel, ‘Let my people go, that they may hold a feast to me in the wilderness.’ ” 32 Deut. 4:37 And because he loved your fathers and chose their offspring after them* and brought you out of Egypt with his own presence, by his great power, 33 Deut. 7:6 ¶ “For you are a people holy to the Lord your God. The Lord your God has chosen you to be a people for his treasured possession, out of all the peoples who are on the face of the earth. Deut. 7:7 It was not because you were more in number than any other people that the Lord set his love on you and chose you, for you were the fewest of all peoples, 34 Ruth 1:16 But Ruth said, “Do not urge me to leave you or to return from following you. For where you go I will go, and where you lodge I will lodge. Your people shall be my people, and your God my God. Ruth 1:17 Where you die I will die, and there will I be buried. May the Lord do so to me and more also if anything but death parts me from you.” 35 Ruth 2:12 The Lord repay you for what you have done, and a full reward be given you by the Lord, the God of Israel, under whose wings you have come to take refuge!” 36 1Pet. 2:9 ¶ But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession, that you may proclaim the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light. 1Pet. 2:10 Once you were not a people, but now you are God’s people; once you had not received mercy, but now you have received mercy. 37 1Pet. 1:3 ¶ Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ! According to his great mercy, he has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, 1Pet. 1:4 to an inheritance that is imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven for you, 1Pet. 1:5 who by God’s power are being guarded through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time.

v. Body of Christ 1. Romans 12:539 (in Christ we who are many are one body) 2. 1 Corinthians 10:1740 (because there is one loaf, we are one

body) 3. 1 Corinthians 12:2741 4. Ephesians 1:2342 (the church, which is Christ’s body) 5. Ephesians 2:1643 (Jews and Gentiles together in one body) 6. Ephesians 4:444 (One body, one Spirit) 7. Ephesians 4:1245 8. Ephesians 4:1646 9. Ephesians 5:2347 (the church, of which Christ is head of the

body) 10. Ephesians 5:3048 11. Colossians 1:1849 (He is head of the body) 12. Colossians 1:2450 13. Colossians 2:1951 14. Colossians 3:1552

38 Jude 5 ¶ Now I want to remind you, although you once fully knew it, that Jesus, who saved* a people out of the land of Egypt, afterward destroyed those who did not believe. 39 Rom. 12:5 so we, though many, are one body in Christ, and individually members one of another. 40 1Cor. 10:17 Because there is one bread, we who are many are one body, for we all partake of the one bread. 41 1Cor. 12:27 ¶ Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. 42 Eph. 1:23 which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all in all. 43 Eph. 2:16 and might reconcile us both to God in one body through the cross, thereby killing the hostility. 44 Eph. 4:4 There is one body and one Spirit—just as you were called to the one hope that belongs to your call— 45 Eph. 4:12 to equip the saints for the work of ministry, for building up the body of Christ, 46 Eph. 4:16 from whom the whole body, joined and held together by every joint with which it is equipped, when each part is working properly, makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love. 47 Eph. 5:23 For the husband is the head of the wife even as Christ is the head of the church, his body, and is himself its Savior. 48 Eph. 5:30 because we are members of his body. 49 Col. 1:18 And he is the head of the body, the church. He is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead, that in everything he might be preeminent. 50 Col. 1:24 ¶ Now I rejoice in my sufferings for your sake, and in my flesh I am filling up what is lacking in Christ’s afflictions for the sake of his body, that is, the church, 51 Col. 2:19 and not holding fast to the Head, from whom the whole body, nourished and knit together through its joints and ligaments, grows with a growth that is from God. 52 Col. 3:15 And let the peace of Christ rule in your hearts, to which indeed you were called in one body. And be thankful.

15. Note: Since Christ is the Messianic King, the principles of the body are the principles of the Kingdom

16. As Christ’s physical body is Glorified, so we as the church are being sanctified for glory

17. 1 Corinthians 14:2653—all things are for the building up of the body

b. The Visible and the Invisible Church c. The Church Militant and the Church Triumphant d. The Church as Organism and the Church as an Organization

i. Mutually dependent concepts—organization comes with organized groups, where there is life, there must be a central nervous system

ii. Because the church is organism, there is progressive growth and maturity, not forced growth from organizational structure

e. The Marks of the True Church i. Historically understood in four-fold manner (These are what the

church is, not what it does. These are attributes, Marks of true church are her works that yield fruit

1. One 2. Holy 3. Apostolic 4. Catholic

ii. True preaching of the Word 1. Deuteronomy 8:354 & Matthew 4:455 (spiritual food) 2. Psalm 119:10556 (our guidance) 3. John 8:31-3257 4. John 8:4758 5. John 14:2359 6. Romans 10:14-1760

53 1Cor. 14:26 ¶ What then, brothers? When you come together, each one has a hymn, a lesson, a revelation, a tongue, or an interpretation. Let all things be done for building up. 54 Deut. 8:3 And he humbled you and let you hunger and fed you with manna, which you did not know, nor did your fathers know, that he might make you know that man does not live by bread alone, but man lives by every word* that comes from the mouth of the Lord. 55 Matt. 4:4 But he answered, “It is written, “ ‘Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of God.’ ” 56 Psa. 119:105 ¶ Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path. 57 John 8:31 ¶ So Jesus said to the Jews who had believed in him, “If you abide in my word, you are truly my disciples, John 8:32 and you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free.” 58 John 8:47 Whoever is of God hears the words of God. The reason why you do not hear them is that you are not of God.” 59 John 14:23 Jesus answered him, “If anyone loves me, he will keep my word, and my Father will love him, and we will come to him and make our home with him.

7. Ephesians 5:2661 (renewing the church & cleansing it) 8. 1 Thessalonians 2:1362 9. 1 Timothy 6:3-563 (all who depart from scripture forsake

godliness and Truth 10. James 1:1864 11. 1 Peter 1:23-2565 12. 1 John 4:1-366 13. 2 John 967

iii. Right administration of the Sacraments 1. Matthew 28:1968 2. Mark 16:1669

60 Rom. 10:14 ¶ But how are they to call on him in whom they have not believed? And how are they to believe in him of whom they have never heard?* And how are they to hear without someone preaching? Rom. 10:15 And how are they to preach unless they are sent? As it is written, “How beautiful are the feet of those who preach the good news!” Rom. 10:16 But they have not all obeyed the gospel. For Isaiah says, “Lord, who has believed what he has heard from us?” Rom. 10:17 So faith comes from hearing, and hearing through the word of Christ. 61 Eph. 5:26 that he might sanctify her, having cleansed her by the washing of water with the word, 62 1Th. 2:13 ¶ And we also thank God constantly* for this, that when you received the word of God, which you heard from us, you accepted it not as the word of men but as what it really is, the word of God, which is at work in you believers. 10 64 James 1:18 Of his own will he brought us forth by the word of truth, that we should be a kind of firstfruits of his creatures. 65 1Pet. 1:23 since you have been born again, not of perishable seed but of imperishable, through the living and abiding word of God; 1Pet. 1:24 for “All flesh is like grass and all its glory like the flower of grass. The grass withers, and the flower falls, 1Pet. 1:25 but the word of the Lord remains forever.” And this word is the good news that was preached to you. 66 1John 4:1 ¶ Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, for many false prophets have gone out into the world. 1John 4:2 By this you know the Spirit of God: every spirit that confesses that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is from God, 1John 4:3 and every spirit that does not confess Jesus is not from God. This is the spirit of the antichrist, which you heard was coming and now is in the world already. 67 2John 9 Everyone who goes on ahead and does not abide in the teaching of Christ, does not have God. Whoever abides in the teaching has both the Father and the Son. 68 Matt. 28:19 Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in* the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,

3. Acts 2:4270 4. 1 Corinthians 11:23-3071

iv. Faithful exercise of discipline 1. Matthew 18:1872 2. 1 Corinthians 5:1-573 3. 1 Corinthians 5:1374 4. 1 Corinthians 14:3375 5. 1 Corinthians 14:4076 6. Revelation 2:14-1577

Mark 16:16 Whoever believes and is baptized will be saved, but whoever does not believe will be condemned. 70 Acts 2:42 ¶ And they devoted themselves to the apostles’ teaching and fellowship, to the breaking of bread and the prayers. 71 1Cor. 11:23 ¶ For I received from the Lord what I also delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus on the night when he was betrayed took bread, 1Cor. 11:24 and when he had given thanks, he broke it, and said, “This is my body which is for* you. Do this in remembrance of me.”* 1Cor. 11:25 In the same way also he took the cup, after supper, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me.” 1Cor. 11:26 For as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. 1Cor. 11:27 ¶ Whoever, therefore, eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of profaning the body and blood of the Lord. 1Cor. 11:28 Let a person examine himself, then, and so eat of the bread and drink of the cup. 1Cor. 11:29 For anyone who eats and drinks without discerning the body eats and drinks judgment on himself. 1Cor. 11:30 That is why many of you are weak and ill, and some have died.* 72 Matt. 18:18 Truly, I say to you, whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed* in heaven. 73 1Cor. 5:1 ¶ It is actually reported that there is sexual immorality among you, and of a kind that is not tolerated even among pagans, for a man has his father’s wife. 1Cor. 5:2 And you are arrogant! Ought you not rather to mourn? Let him who has done this be removed from among you. 1Cor. 5:3 ¶ For though absent in body, I am present in spirit; and as if present, I have already pronounced judgment on the one who did such a thing. 1Cor. 5:4 When you are assembled in the name of the Lord Jesus and my spirit is present, with the power of our Lord Jesus, 1Cor. 5:5 you are to deliver this man to Satan for the destruction of the flesh, so that his spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord.* 74 1Cor. 5:13 God judges* those outside. “Purge the evil person from among you.” 75 1Cor. 14:33 For God is not a God of confusion but of peace. ¶ As in all the churches of the saints, 76 1Cor. 14:40 But all things should be done decently and in order. 77 Rev. 2:14 But I have a few things against you: you have some there who hold the teaching of Balaam, who taught Balak to put a stumbling block before the sons of Israel, so that they might eat food sacrificed to idols and practice sexual immorality.

7. Revelation 2:2078 8. Revelation 3:1979 9. Job 5:1780 10. Hebrews 12:5-1181

f. The Attributes that the church should strive for i. Love

1. John 15:16-1782—love motivates obedience 2. John 14:1583 3. John 14:23-2484 4. Ephesians 4:1685—the body builds itself up in love 5. Love as the uniting element in the body

a. 1 Corinthians 12:3186 (a better way)

Rev. 2:15 So also you have some who hold the teaching of the Nicolaitans. 78 Rev. 2:20 But I have this against you, that you tolerate that woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophetess and is teaching and seducing my servants* to practice sexual immorality and to eat food sacrificed to idols. 79 Rev. 3:19 Those whom I love, I reprove and discipline, so be zealous and repent. 80 Job 5:17 ¶ “Behold, blessed is the one whom God reproves; therefore despise not the discipline of the Almighty. 81 Heb. 12:5 And have you forgotten the exhortation that addresses you as sons? “My son, do not regard lightly the discipline of the Lord, nor be weary when reproved by him. Heb. 12:6 For the Lord disciplines the one he loves, and chastises every son whom he receives.” Heb. 12:7 ¶ It is for discipline that you have to endure. God is treating you as sons. For what son is there whom his father does not discipline? Heb. 12:8 If you are left without discipline, in which all have participated, then you are illegitimate children and not sons. Heb. 12:9 Besides this, we have had earthly fathers who disciplined us and we respected them. Shall we not much more be subject to the Father of spirits and live? Heb. 12:10 For they disciplined us for a short time as it seemed best to them, but he disciplines us for our good, that we may share his holiness. Heb. 12:11 For the moment all discipline seems painful rather than pleasant, but later it yields the peaceful fruit of righteousness to those who have been trained by it. 82 John 15:16 You did not choose me, but I chose you and appointed you that you should go and bear fruit and that your fruit should abide, so that whatever you ask the Father in my name, he may give it to you. John 15:17 These things I command you, so that you will love one another. 83 John 14:15 ¶ “If you love me, you will keep my commandments. 84 John 14:23 Jesus answered him, “If anyone loves me, he will keep my word, and my Father will love him, and we will come to him and make our home with him. John 14:24 Whoever does not love me does not keep my words. And the word that you hear is not mine but the Father’s who sent me. 85 Eph. 4:16 from whom the whole body, joined and held together by every joint with which it is equipped, when each part is working properly, makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love.

b. 1 Corinthians 14:187 (pursue love…) ii. Unity

1. John 17:20-2388 2. Ephesians 4:1-689 3. Unity in the midst of church division

a. Peaceful separation based on locale b. Peaceful separation based on preference c. Peaceful separation based on ideological differences d. Disunion for all of the wrong reasons e. Rupertus Meldenius

i. In necessariis unitas, in non-necessariis libertas, in utrisque caritas

ii. “In essentials unity, in non-essentials liberty, in all things charity”

4. Regardless of church divisions, we need each other (denominational groups within the pale of orthodoxy) –the eye cannot say to the foot, I don’t need you… (we keep each other intellectually honest)

iii. Holiness 1. John 17:16-1990 (Jesus sanctified himself that we may be

sanctified within this world)

86 1Cor. 12:31 But earnestly desire the higher gifts. ¶ And I will show you a still more excellent way. 87 1Cor. 14:1 ¶ Pursue love, and earnestly desire the spiritual gifts, especially that you may prophesy. 88 John 17:20 ¶ “I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word, John 17:21 that they may all be one, just as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they also may be in us, so that the world may believe that you have sent me. John 17:22 The glory that you have given me I have given to them, that they may be one even as we are one, John 17:23 I in them and you in me, that they may become perfectly one, so that the world may know that you sent me and loved them even as you loved me. 89 Eph. 4:1 ¶ I therefore, a prisoner for the Lord, urge you to walk in a manner worthy of the calling to which you have been called, Eph. 4:2 with all humility and gentleness, with patience, bearing with one another in love, Eph. 4:3 eager to maintain the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace. Eph. 4:4 There is one body and one Spirit—just as you were called to the one hope that belongs to your call— Eph. 4:5 one Lord, one faith, one baptism, Eph. 4:6 one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all. 90 John 17:16 They are not of the world, just as I am not of the world. John 17:17 Sanctify them* in the truth; your word is truth. John 17:18 As you sent me into the world, so I have sent them into the world. John 17:19 And for their sake I consecrate myself,* that they also may be sanctified* in truth.

2. 1 Peter 1:14-1691 3. 1 Peter 2:992 4. language of the building is that of a Holy Temple

iv. Catholicity 1. Psalm 2:893 2. Matthew 24:1494 3. Matthew 28:1995 4. Mark 16:1596 5. Luke 24:4797 6. John 20:2198 7. Acts 1:899 8. Acts 13:47100 9. Hebrews 12:22-24101 (Believer part of great congregation

of witnesses) v. Apostolicity

1. Ephesians 2:20102 91 1Pet. 1:14 As obedient children, do not be conformed to the passions of your former ignorance, 1Pet. 1:15 but as he who called you is holy, you also be holy in all your conduct, 1Pet. 1:16 since it is written, “You shall be holy, for I am holy.” 92 1Pet. 2:9 ¶ But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession, that you may proclaim the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light. 93 Psa. 2:8 Ask of me, and I will make the nations your heritage, and the ends of the earth your possession. 94 Matt. 24:14 And this gospel of the kingdom will be proclaimed throughout the whole world as a testimony to all nations, and then the end will come. 95 Matt. 28:19 Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in* the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 96 Mark 16:15 And he said to them, “Go into all the world and proclaim the gospel to the whole creation. 97 Luke 24:47 and that repentance and forgiveness of sins should be proclaimed in his name to all nations, beginning from Jerusalem. 98 John 20:21 Jesus said to them again, “Peace be with you. As the Father has sent me, even so I am sending you.” 99 Acts 1:8 But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you, and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.” 100 Acts 13:47 For so the Lord has commanded us, saying, “ ‘I have made you a light for the Gentiles, that you may bring salvation to the ends of the earth.’ ” 101 Heb. 12:22 But you have come to Mount Zion and to the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to innumerable angels in festal gathering, Heb. 12:23 and to the assembly* of the firstborn who are enrolled in heaven, and to God, the judge of all, and to the spirits of the righteous made perfect, Heb. 12:24 and to Jesus, the mediator of a new covenant, and to the sprinkled blood that speaks a better word than the blood of Abel.

2. Ephesians 3:5103 3. Not referring to Apostolic Succession, but to consistency to

the teaching of the Apostles a. Galatians 1:9

III. The Government of the Church a. Church Offices Given (Ephesians 4:11 & 1 Corinthians 12:28)

i. 1 Corinthians 12:28104 1. First Apostles 2. Second Prophets 3. Third Teachers 4. Miracles 5. Gifts of healing 6. Gifts of helping 7. Gifts of administrating 8. Gifts of various kinds of tongues

ii. Ephesians 4:11105 1. Apostles 2. Prophets 3. Evangelists 4. Pastors 5. Teachers

b. Purpose of those Church Offices (Ephesians 4:12-16106) i. To equip the saints for ministry

ii. To build up the body of Christ 1. Until we obtain a unity of faith and knowledge of Christ

102 Eph. 2:20 built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the cornerstone, 103 Eph. 3:5 which was not made known to the sons of men in other generations as it has now been revealed to his holy apostles and prophets by the Spirit. 104 1Cor. 12:28 And God has appointed in the church first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then miracles, then gifts of healing, helping, administrating, and various kinds of tongues. 105 Eph. 4:11 And he gave the apostles, the prophets, the evangelists, the pastors and teachers,* 106 Eph. 4:12 to equip the saints for the work of ministry, for building up the body of Christ, Eph. 4:13 until we all attain to the unity of the faith and of the knowledge of the Son of God, to mature manhood,* to the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ, Eph. 4:14 so that we may no longer be children, tossed to and fro by the waves and carried about by every wind of doctrine, by human cunning, by craftiness in deceitful schemes. Eph. 4:15 Rather, speaking the truth in love, we are to grow up in every way into him who is the head, into Christ, Eph. 4:16 from whom the whole body, joined and held together by every joint with which it is equipped, when each part is working properly, makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love.

2. To mature manhood 3. To measure up to the stature of Christ 4. So we may be doctrinally stable adults 5. Equip us to speak truth in love 6. Grow into Christ who is head of the body 7. Make the body grow in love

c. Offices in the church as gifts to the church d. The Head of the Church is Christ e. Continuing and Non-Continuing Offices

i. Extraordinary offices 1. Purpose of Apostles

a. That they might be with Christ b. That they might be sent out to preach c. That they might be given authority over demons

2. Purpose of Prophets as mouthpieces for God ii. Ordinary offices

1. Apostles and Presbyters at Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15) 2. Peter as a “fellow elder”-- 1 Peter 5:1107 3. John as “the Elder” – 2 John 1108 & 3 John 1109 4. Paul & Barnabus appointing elders in the churches that

were founded—Acts 14:23110 5. Elders as an OT Concept

a. Exodus 4:29111 i. LXX renders this: “The Council of the Sons

of Israel” b. Exodus 18:12112 c. Joshua 7:6113 d. Joel 1:14114

107 1Pet. 5:1 ¶ So I exhort the elders among you, as a fellow elder and a witness of the sufferings of Christ, as well as a partaker in the glory that is going to be revealed: 108 2John 1 The elder to the elect lady and her children, whom I love in truth, and not only I, but also all who know the truth, 109 3John 1 The elder to the beloved Gaius, whom I love in truth. 110 Acts 14:23 And when they had appointed elders for them in every church, with prayer and fasting they committed them to the Lord in whom they had believed. 111 Ex. 4:29 Then Moses and Aaron went and gathered together all the elders of the people of Israel. 112 Ex. 18:12 And Jethro, Moses’ father-in-law, brought a burnt offering and sacrifices to God; and Aaron came with all the elders of Israel to eat bread with Moses’ father-in-law before God. 113 Josh. 7:6 ¶ Then Joshua tore his clothes and fell to the earth on his face before the ark of the Lord until the evening, he and the elders of Israel. And they put dust on their heads. 114 Joel 1:14 ¶ Consecrate a fast; call a solemn assembly. Gather the elders

6. Deacons as an OT Concept a. Dia/konoß and tr:v'

i. Retired Levitical priests were still called to trEve to assist the priests in guarding the tabernacle and ministering to the people

1. Numbers 8:23-26115 f. The Institution and Requirements of the Deacon

i. Acts 6:3116 ii. 1 Timothy 3:8-13117

g. The Institution and Requirements of the elder i. 1 Timothy 3:1-7118

and all the inhabitants of the land to the house of the Lord your God, and cry out to the Lord. 115 Num. 8:23 ¶ And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, Num. 8:24 “This applies to the Levites: from twenty-five years old and upward they* shall come to do duty in the service of the tent of meeting. Num. 8:25 And from the age of fifty years they shall withdraw from the duty of the service and serve no more. Num. 8:26 They minister* to their brothers in the tent of meeting by keeping guard, but they shall do no service. Thus shall you do to the Levites in assigning their duties.” 116 Acts 6:3 Therefore, brothers,* pick out from among you seven men of good repute, full of the Spirit and of wisdom, whom we will appoint to this duty. 117 1Tim. 3:8 ¶ Deacons likewise must be dignified, not double-tongued,* not addicted to much wine, not greedy for dishonest gain. 1Tim. 3:9 They must hold the mystery of the faith with a clear conscience. 1Tim. 3:10 And let them also be tested first; then let them serve as deacons if they prove themselves blameless. 1Tim. 3:11 Their wives* likewise must be dignified, not slanderers, but sober-minded, faithful in all things. 1Tim. 3:12 Let deacons each be the husband of one wife, managing their children and their own households well. 1Tim. 3:13 For those who serve well as deacons gain a good standing for themselves and also great confidence in the faith that is in Christ Jesus. 118 1Tim. 3:1 ¶ The saying is trustworthy: If anyone aspires to the office of overseer, he desires a noble task. 1Tim. 3:2 Therefore an overseer* must be above reproach, the husband of one wife,* sober-minded, self-controlled, respectable, hospitable, able to teach, 1Tim. 3:3 not a drunkard, not violent but gentle, not quarrelsome, not a lover of money. 1Tim. 3:4 He must manage his own household well, with all dignity keeping his children submissive, 1Tim. 3:5 for if someone does not know how to manage his own household, how will he care for God’s church? 1Tim. 3:6 He must not be a recent convert, or he may become puffed up with conceit and fall into the condemnation of the devil.

ii. Titus 1:5-9119 iii. Acts 19:9-10120 (Paul training Ephesian leaders for 2 years in the

lecture halls, reasoning daily with them) iv. Acts 20:28121 (care for the flock bought with blood of Christ) v. 1 Peter 5:2-3122 (exercise oversight and not compulsion)

vi. James 5:14123 (pray and anoint the sick) h. Ordination of Church Officers

i. 2 Timothy 1:6124 ii. 1 Timothy 5:22125

i. Development of the Bishopric (& Divergence from Scripture) i. The distinction between elder and “bishop” (overseer)

1. ejpi/skopoß ii. presbu/teroß

iii. The Church Fathers 1. Clement of Rome (AD 91-101)—writings treat elders and

bishops alike—does give instructions in his letter to Corinth about a succession of Bishops and Deacons

1Tim. 3:7 Moreover, he must be well thought of by outsiders, so that he may not fall into disgrace, into a snare of the devil. 119 Titus 1:5 ¶ This is why I left you in Crete, so that you might put what remained into order, and appoint elders in every town as I directed you— Titus 1:6 if anyone is above reproach, the husband of one wife,* and his children are believers and not open to the charge of debauchery or insubordination. Titus 1:7 For an overseer,* as God’s steward, must be above reproach. He must not be arrogant or quick-tempered or a drunkard or violent or greedy for gain, Titus 1:8 but hospitable, a lover of good, self-controlled, upright, holy, and disciplined. Titus 1:9 He must hold firm to the trustworthy word as taught, so that he may be able to give instruction in sound* doctrine and also to rebuke those who contradict it. 120 Acts 19:9 But when some became stubborn and continued in unbelief, speaking evil of the Way before the congregation, he withdrew from them and took the disciples with him, reasoning daily in the hall of Tyrannus.* Acts 19:10 This continued for two years, so that all the residents of Asia heard the word of the Lord, both Jews and Greeks. 121 Acts 20:28 Pay careful attention to yourselves and to all the flock, in which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to care for the church of God,* which he obtained with his own blood.* 122 1Pet. 5:2 shepherd the flock of God that is among you, exercising oversight,* not under compulsion, but willingly, as God would have you;* not for shameful gain, but eagerly; 1Pet. 5:3 not domineering over those in your charge, but being examples to the flock. 123 James 5:14 Is anyone among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. 124 2Tim. 1:6 For this reason I remind you to fan into flame the gift of God, which is in you through the laying on of my hands, 125 1Tim. 5:22 Do not be hasty in the laying on of hands, nor take part in the sins of others; keep yourself pure.

2. While Ignatius stresses hierarchy in church, does not speak of a “supreme bishop”

iv. The rise of Regional Bishops and Patriarchs v. The Rise of Popes (“Vicar of Christ”)

1. From 313-450 AD, rise in preeminence of the Bishop of Rome

a. “primer inter pares” b. “First among equals”

2. Innocent I (402-417) was the first to claim Papal Authority 3. Leo I (440-460) first of 2 Popes to refer to himself as “The

Great”—Gregory I (590-604) was the other 4. Pope Galasius (492-496) further asserted Papal Authority

over secular state 5. Stephen II, in 750 was 1st Pope to consecrate a western

King (Pippin) 6. Pope Leo III’s Coronation of Charlemagne in AD 800 on

Christmas day j. Various approaches to Church government

i. Reformed 1. Presbyterian 2 office view

a. Radical 2 office view b. Practical 2 office view

2. Dutch Reformed 3 office view a. Pastor reflecting prophetic office of Christ b. Elder reflecting the kingly office of Christ c. Deacon reflecting the priestly office of Christ

ii. Congregationalists 1. Baptists 2. Lutherans (with a Synodical President) 3. Non-Denominational

iii. Methodist 1. Deacons as ordained to service 2. Elders 3. Bishops (considered fellow elders, not new ordination)

iv. Episcopalian/Anglican 1. Leadership by Bishops in regions 2. Priests on lower levels 3. Deacons in service ministry

v. Roman Catholic 1. Deacons 2. Vicars 3. Pastors 4. Deans 5. Priests 6. Bishops 7. ArchBishops

8. Metropolitans 9. Primates 10. Cardinals 11. Pope

vi. National Churches 1. Most historical churches were of this ilk

vii. Quakers and Darbyites 1. Reject formal church government

viii. Erastians 1. Believes itself to be a society owing its existence to the

state 2. Pastors are merely teachers of the Word with no power to

rule k. Ecclesiastical Assemblies

i. Presbyteries & General Assemblies ii. Synods

iii. Conferences and Conventions iv. Purpose of such assemblies

1. Refute heresy 2. Maintain church government 3. Ordain officers

IV. The Means of Grace a. Word b. Sacraments

i. Meaning of the word 1. Sacramentum (Latin)

a. Original meaning was a sum of money deposited by two parties in a lawsuit. After the court’s decision, the money went to the winner

b. Military used it to refer to an oath pledged to commander (a pledge of allegiance)

c. Also used to reflect a sacred or honored rite d. Vulgate used to translate musth/rion

i. Yet the idea of a Sacrament is not contained in the NT use of this term— musth/rion refers to the mystery of God’s redemptive plan revealed in the Gospel

e. “A Sacrament is a Holy Ordinance instituted by Christ, in which by sensible signs the Grace of God in Christ is represented, sealed, and applied to believers, and they, in turn, express their faith and obedience to God.” Berkhof, Manual pg311

ii. Relationship of Word and Sacraments iii. Sacraments vs. Ordinances

1. Sacraments as a sign and seal 2. Sacraments as a remembrance

iv. Baptism 1. Immersion vs. Sprinkling or Pouring 2. Adult Believers vs. Children of believers 3. Scripture uses of ba/ptisma, ba/ptisma, and bapti/zw

a. Matthew 3:11126 b. Matthew 28:19127 c. Mark 1:8128 d. Mark 7:4129 e. Mark 10:38-39130 f. Luke 11:38131 g. Luke 12:50132 h. Acts 1:5133 i. Acts 2:38-39134 j. Acts 2:41135 k. Acts 16:33136 l. Romans 6:3-4137

126 Matt. 3:11 ¶ “I baptize you with water for repentance, but he who is coming after me is mightier than I, whose sandals I am not worthy to carry. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire. 127 Matt. 28:19 Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in* the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 128 Mark 1:8 I have baptized you with water, but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit.” 129 Mark 7:4 and when they come from the marketplace, they do not eat unless they wash.* And there are many other traditions that they observe, such as the washing of cups and pots and copper vessels and dining couches.*) 130 Mark 10:38 Jesus said to them, “You do not know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I drink, or to be baptized with the baptism with which I am baptized?” Mark 10:39 And they said to him, “We are able.” And Jesus said to them, “The cup that I drink you will drink, and with the baptism with which I am baptized, you will be baptized, 131 Luke 11:38 The Pharisee was astonished to see that he did not first wash before dinner. 132 Luke 12:50 I have a baptism to be baptized with, and how great is my distress until it is accomplished! 133 Acts 1:5 for John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with* the Holy Spirit not many days from now.” 134 Acts 2:38 And Peter said to them, “Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. Acts 2:39 For the promise is for you and for your children and for all who are far off, everyone whom the Lord our God calls to himself.” 135 Acts 2:41 So those who received his word were baptized, and there were added that day about three thousand souls. 136 Acts 16:33 And he took them the same hour of the night and washed their wounds; and he was baptized at once, he and all his family.

m. 1 Corinthians 10:2138 n. Galatians 3:27139 o. Colossians 2:11-12140 p. Hebrews 9:10141 q. 1 Peter 3:21142

4. Baptizo and Immersio 5. Dipping (ba/ptw) finger in the blood in OT age and

sprinkling on the people was a sign that they had entered into the death of the animal (Genesis 15)

a. Leviticus 4:17143 b. Numbers 19:12-13144 (Cleansing after touching a

dead body) c. Numbers 19:18-19145 (Hyssop in water to cleanse) d. Leviticus 8:6146 (Priests washing themselves with

water as part of their consecration to the Lord) 137 Rom. 6:3 Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? Rom. 6:4 We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk in newness of life. 138 1Cor. 10:2 and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea, 139 Gal. 3:27 For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ. 140 Col. 2:11 In him also you were circumcised with a circumcision made without hands, by putting off the body of the flesh, by the circumcision of Christ, Col. 2:12 having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the powerful working of God, who raised him from the dead. 141 Heb. 9:10 but deal only with food and drink and various washings, regulations for the body imposed until the time of reformation. 142 1Pet. 3:21 Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you, not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ, 143 Lev. 4:17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood and sprinkle it seven times before the Lord in front of the veil. 144 Num. 19:12 He shall cleanse himself with the water on the third day and on the seventh day, and so be clean. But if he does not cleanse himself on the third day and on the seventh day, he will not become clean. Num. 19:13 Whoever touches a dead person, the body of anyone who has died, and does not cleanse himself, defiles the tabernacle of the Lord, and that person shall be cut off from Israel; because the water for impurity was not thrown on him, he shall be unclean. His uncleanness is still on him. 145 Num. 19:18 Then a clean person shall take hyssop and dip it in the water and sprinkle it on the tent and on all the furnishings and on the persons who were there and on whoever touched the bone, or the slain or the dead or the grave. Num. 19:19 And the clean person shall sprinkle it on the unclean on the third day and on the seventh day. Thus on the seventh day he shall cleanse him, and he shall wash his clothes and bathe himself in water, and at evening he shall be clean. 146 Lev. 8:6 And Moses brought Aaron and his sons and washed them with water.

e. Numbers 8:7147 (Priests sprinkled with water of purification)

v. The Lord’s Supper 1. 1 Corinthians 11:17-34148 2. The Lord’s Supper as a Passover Meal 3. Views on the Symbolism

a. Transubstantiation b. Consubstantiation

i. Impanation c. Christ is spiritually present in the service

147 Num. 8:7 Thus you shall do to them to cleanse them: sprinkle the water of purification upon them, and let them go with a razor over all their body, and wash their clothes and cleanse themselves. 148 1Cor. 11:17 ¶ But in the following instructions I do not commend you, because when you come together it is not for the better but for the worse. 1Cor. 11:18 For, in the first place, when you come together as a church, I hear that there are divisions among you. And I believe it in part,* 1Cor. 11:19 for there must be factions among you in order that those who are genuine among you may be recognized. 1Cor. 11:20 When you come together, it is not the Lord’s supper that you eat. 1Cor. 11:21 For in eating, each one goes ahead with his own meal. One goes hungry, another gets drunk. 1Cor. 11:22 What! Do you not have houses to eat and drink in? Or do you despise the church of God and humiliate those who have nothing? What shall I say to you? Shall I commend you in this? No, I will not. 1Cor. 11:23 ¶ For I received from the Lord what I also delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus on the night when he was betrayed took bread, 1Cor. 11:24 and when he had given thanks, he broke it, and said, “This is my body which is for* you. Do this in remembrance of me.”* 1Cor. 11:25 In the same way also he took the cup, after supper, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me.” 1Cor. 11:26 For as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. 1Cor. 11:27 ¶ Whoever, therefore, eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of profaning the body and blood of the Lord. 1Cor. 11:28 Let a person examine himself, then, and so eat of the bread and drink of the cup. 1Cor. 11:29 For anyone who eats and drinks without discerning the body eats and drinks judgment on himself. 1Cor. 11:30 That is why many of you are weak and ill, and some have died.* 1Cor. 11:31 But if we judged* ourselves truly, we would not be judged. 1Cor. 11:32 But when we are judged by the Lord, we are disciplined* so that we may not be condemned along with the world. 1Cor. 11:33 ¶ So then, my brothers,* when you come together to eat, wait for* one another— 1Cor. 11:34 if anyone is hungry, let him eat at home—so that when you come together it will not be for judgment. About the other things I will give directions when I come.

d. Remembrance only vi. The Number of Sacraments

1. The General protestant views a. Baptism & The Lord’s Supper b. Luther held to baptism, Lord’s Supper, & penance c. Key is are they ordained by Christ himself and

followed by Apostles (note, this is why footwashing is not normally considered a sacrament)

2. The Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox Views a. Baptism b. Confirmation c. Eucharist d. Penance e. Anointing Sick f. Holy Orders g. Matrimony

c. Prayer d. Worship e. Fellowship (debated)

i. 1 John 1:4149 f. Suffering (James 1:2-5150)

149 1John 1:4 And we are writing these things so that our* joy may be complete. 150 James 1:2 ¶ Count it all joy, my brothers,* when you meet trials of various kinds, James 1:3 for you know that the testing of your faith produces steadfastness. James 1:4 And let steadfastness have its full effect, that you may be perfect and complete, lacking in nothing. James 1:5 ¶ If any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask God, who gives generously to all without reproach, and it will be given him.