EC Sustainable development – May 2009 Compact Green Cities: From an Oxymoron to a Target Dr. Kjell...

EC Sustainable development – May 2009

Compact Green Cities: Compact Green Cities: From an Oxymoron to a TargetFrom an Oxymoron to a Target

Dr. Kjell NilssonDr. Kjell NilssonDanish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning University of CopenhagenUniversity of Copenhagen


”A spectre is haunting Europe . . .”


The American Dream The American Dream

– – A nightmare for EuropeA nightmare for Europe


Urban Sprawl in EuropeUrban Sprawl in Europe

Artificial surfacesLand taken from nature and agriculture

Land returned to nature and agriculture

16 Billion ha

1 Mill. ha 0,1 Mill. ha

+5 %

Developments in land cover in EU25 between 1990 and 2000EEA Report No 10/2006


Urban Growth & ShrinkageUrban Growth & Shrinkage

Since the mid 1950s European cities have expanded on average by 78 %, whereas the population has grown only by 33 %


Urbanization on the edges of Urbanization on the edges of existing agglomerationsexisting agglomerations

Randstad, NL Leipzig - Halle, DE


SRES variant scenariosSRES variant scenarios

B1 – Smart growth

(peak oil)

Shock – peak oil & energy price

A1 – High growth (hyper-tech)

Shock – rapid ICT development

B2 – Fragmentation

(green enclaves)

Shock – pandemic & social exclusion

A2 – Self-reliance

(extreme water)

Shock – climate change & water

crises

Economic

Regional

Environ-mental Economic

GlobalGlobal

EconomicEconomic


European Built-up area

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

0.65%

0.70%

0.75%

An

nu

al g

row

th r

ate

(%

)

A1 - "Hyper tech" A2 - "Extreme water" B1 - "Peak oil" B2 - "Fragmentation"Source: NEMESIS


Urban sprawlUrban sprawl

- negative consequences- negative consequences

• Consumption of land, loss of agricultural land and open space

• Destruction of biotopes and fragmentation of ecosystems

• Higher cost of public services, especially transport

• Increase of the use of private car, traffic congestion

• Increase in fuel consumption and air pollution

• Decay of downtown areas

• Social segregation and reduction of social interaction

• Poor access to to services for those with limited mobility

(SCATTER project)


Urban Density and Energy ConsumptionUrban Density and Energy Consumption


Vulnerable CityVulnerable CityCompact CityCompact City


The potential conflict between The potential conflict between mitigation and adaptationmitigation and adaptation

Mitigation Adaptation

Urban density


Oxymoron: Compact Green City

Stockholm Copenhagen Helsinki

1. Better coordination between transport, 1. Better coordination between transport, land use and open space planningland use and open space planning

2. Preservation of the green 2. Preservation of the green infrastructure for walking and cyclinginfrastructure for walking and cycling

Stockholm Hämeenlinna

Copenhagen

3. 3. CreatCreate new urban landscapes of a e new urban landscapes of a Compact Garden CityCompact Garden City

Oslo Malmo

Malmo


4. Urban containment and integrated 4. Urban containment and integrated territorial policy approachesterritorial policy approaches


5. Promotion of the Urban-Rural 5. Promotion of the Urban-Rural InterfaceInterface

GuangzhouTampere


Ecosystem & QoL Services Ecosystem & QoL Services in the peri-urban Landscapein the peri-urban Landscape

10 EUR/kg (game) 80-320 EUR/ha

Health Recreation Social inclusion

0.145 EUR/m3

Biodiversity Air quality Ground water

100 EUR/saved absence day 0.5-1.0 EUR/visit 755 EUR/prevented theft


EU grants (CAP)EU grants (CAP)

Pasture 110-250 EUR/hectare

Solitary tree 6 EUR

Old building 18 EUR Open ditches 6 EUR/100 metres

Stone walls 25 EUR/100 metres


Urban Forestry, Peri-Urban Agriculture Urban Forestry, Peri-Urban Agriculture Community Activity & Learning CentresCommunity Activity & Learning Centres

Edinburgh den Haag Malmo


Peri-urban Land Use Relationships Peri-urban Land Use Relationships (PLUREL) 2007-2010(PLUREL) 2007-2010• Models and strategies to enhance the

understanding and handling of relationships between rural, peri-urban and urban land uses

• Study and model the demands and competition for resources in Rural-Urban regions

• Land-use scenarios for Rural-Urban regions in Europe

• To explore case study regions in order to analyse the implications of planning policies and governance structures, and identify strategies for sustainable development

• To assess environmental, social and economis impacts of land use changes

• Enhance learning, cooperation and communication between policy makers, stakeholders, planners and researchers


Case study regionsCase study regions

Haaglanden

Leipzig

Manchester

Warsaw

Montpellier

KoperHangzhou


PLUREL NewsletterPLUREL Newsletter


WWW.PLUREL.NETWWW.PLUREL.NET

EC Sustainable development – May 2009 Compact Green Cities: From an Oxymoron to a Target Dr. Kjell...

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