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Political factors, Mongols and a philosopher that affected the history of China

Aim

While searching for specific events,

try to understand what affected the history of China

Outline

Political decisions of the Emperor Heifung’s and Yung Ching’s time,

The Mongols,

Ideas of Confucius,

Information about China,

Chineseare

nation

unquestionablyoldest

world

in the

& history

their

goes back toperiodto whichhistorian

no prudent

will attempt to give date.

precise ....

.

feature

Another striking & peculiar

about

China is

amount

small

ofinfluencethat

world

restof the

has exercised upon it

They

speak language & observe customs

same social, political

that theydid years

several thousand

erabeforeChristian

they

&

arerepresentatives

only living

to-day

of

people & government

which were

contemporarywith

Egyptians,

Assyrians

& the Jews.

........

Limits

of the empire

have varied from

timeto time

under

circumstances

of triumph or disunion

but

Middle Kingdom or

China Proper

of

provinces

eighteen

hasalwayspossessed

more orless

of its

proportions.

existing

18

China Proper

is used broadly to mean

China

within Great Wall

& with provinces

eighteen

historic

While

suppression

Taeping Rebellionprogress

of

was in

Pekin,.......

in

great

time

Emperor Heifung

at the

events

interest

importance

city

of

great

and

happened at

this

example

for

plans

emperor of the

After

signature

convention

Pekin

Treaty

Tientsin,...

of

in

ratifying

of

1)...2)...3)...

consequences

important

which has

Emperor Hienfung

capital

he

he

capital

Pekin

Jehol

refused to return to

his

and

might transfer

even seems to have hoped that

from

to

NO!

P j

While

Yung Ching

steps

prompt

took

throne,...to secure himself on

because of

his brothers

some

ofbrothers

his

attitude

assumed

of menacinghostility

him. toward

Sournima

sent

three

of sons,

his

laden withchains

palace

toto protest

innocencehis

devotion,...and

but

they

were refused audience and

Sournima

sank intowretchedness

on

outskirtsof

empire.

NO!

?Efamily

& his

oblivion&

It onlywhen

courses China

proximity

Mongol conquestsefforts

travelers

development

commerce

wars purpose positionforeigners

China

is

of

are brought into

by

&of&

of

&

carried on for

of obtaining for in

long

independent

medieval

secure

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Europeand

Mongols

is

empire

strongofcenturies

twelveth&thirteenth

when

Mongol conquests

enlarged

limits

of

empirein

Asia, Russia, Europe

& also

they entered

China

Mongols

engines catapults

stones

mortarsexplosives

war

Kins

employed

their most formidable

hurled

immense

ejected

during

with

and

combustibles and

but

months

before

wallscourage

defenders

Kin army

Kaifang.

twelve

elapsed

were shattered and

of

exhausted and finally

lost

12

K

provisionsand

AlthoughSubutai

whoMongol commanders

most daring of all

population

Kaifang

discretion,...

is

wished to massacre

whole

after

surrendered

at

fortunately Chinese

forOgotai

proposalrejected

cruel

Yeliu Chutsai’s

under

advice

who general.is

more human

!

more influential

in 1232 Mongols

armies

field

Kins

sides

generals

Tuli

increased

in

attacted

fromwith

named

two

K

calendar

1232

Ogotai

and

When

Kin Army

battletown

Yuchowit

loss

generals Ninkiassu

Kaifangplace

scenewar

main

accepted

before

ofwas signally defeated with

of

principal

andfled from

to more removed from

of

WWAR

three

Tuli

everything

line

marchmassacres

traditions ferocity

destroyed

along

of

and

revivedworst

of

Mongol

his

sacks

and

Mangu Khan

Although

last

rulers

authority

eastwest

was the of

the Mongol

whose

was recognized

in

boththe

andthe

W E

death Mangu

disease

disputes

strife

family

The of

threatened

fresh

and

among

the Mongolroyal

who himself died of

Confuciusis philosopher

China

of

important

whoadvices

peopleto be

knowledgeablevirtuous respectfulhumanistic honest sincere

and also be

soin

governing

References1. Boulger, Demetrius Charles. China

To:PRED

Assyriais empire

which

was set up

beforeera

Christian

inMesopotamia

and gained power

after 2000 BC& became

empiregreat

Although

history

China

devoid

interest

last

world,...

early

of

is

of

forof

CHINA

conquests

Mongols,

efforts

travelers,

development

commerce,

wars

proximity

last

world.

of

of

of

medieval

and brought into

with

of

- $ -