Ebooksclub.org Plutarch 039 s Lives X Agis and Cleomenes Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Philopoemen and...

THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARYFOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D.

EDITED BY

p fT. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D.

fE. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. fW. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d.

L. A. POST, L.H.D. E. H. WARMINGTON, m.a., f.b.hist.soc.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

X

PLUTARCH'SLIVES

WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY

BERNADOTTE PERRIN

IN ELEVEN VOLUMES

X

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, TIBERIUSAND CAIUS GRACCHUS

PHILOPOEMEN AND FLAMININUS

LONDON

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTDCAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESSMCMLIX

FirstPrinted 1921

Reprinted 1950, 1959

Printed in Great Britain

PREFATORY NOTEAs in the preceding volumes of this series, agree-

ment between the Sintenis (Teubner, 1873-1875)and Bekker (Tauchnitz, 1855-1857) editions of the

Parallel Lives has been taken as a basis for the text

Any preference of one to the other, and any im-

portant deviation from both, have been indicated.

An abridged account of the manuscripts of Plutarch

may be found in the Introduction to the first volume.

No attempt has been made to furnish either a

diplomatic text or a full critical apparatus. For

these, the reader must be referred to the major edition

of Sintenis (Leipzig, 1839-1846) or to the new text

of the Lives by Lindskog and Ziegler (Teubner). In

the present edition, the reading which follows the

colon in the brief critical notes is that of the Teubner

Sintenis, and also, unless stated in the note, that of

the Tauchnitz Bekker.

In May, 1920, Professor Perrin put the finishing

touches upon the eleventh and last volume of this

series of the Lives of Plutarch for the " Loeb Clas-

sical Library," a task which he had undertaken nine

years before. On August 31, 1920, he died after a

brief illness, having nearly completed his seventy-third year. During the nine years, of which he

PREFATORY NOTE

devoted the leisure hours to the translation of his

favourite author, the very magnitude of the task^

and the inspiration of the hope that he might leave

behind him a version of the Lives that would make

the famous men of ancient Greece and Rome, so

wonderfully depicted by the great biographer, as

familiar to the next generation as they were to the

youth in his own boyhood, seemed to sustain and

strengthen his powers. The wide and discriminating

experience with modern men of action which the

translator possessed, combined with the classical

historian's special knowledge of the times which he

was called upon to interpret after Plutarch, an

author whom he had studied with sympathetic in-

terest for many year'^, gave Professor Perrin peculiar

qualifications for the task ;and the English-speaking

world already knows with what eminent success he

achieved it.

The American Editor, who had been called in

constant consultation by Professor Perrin during the

progress of the work, has by the wish of his family

undertaken to see the present and final volume

through the press. Volume XI, which will contain

an extensive General Index, will, it is hoped, be

published in 1922.

THE EDITORS.

;

:

;

CONTENTSPAQK

PREFATORY NOTE V

ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION . . . viii

TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES ix

AGIS AND CLEOMKNES 1

TIBERIUS AND CAIUS GRACCHUS 143

COMPAiaSON OF AGIS AND CLE0MENE3 AND THE

GRACCHI 241

PHILOPOEMEN 255

TITUS FLAMININUS 321

COMPARISON OF PHILOPOEMEN AND TITUS 387

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES 395

vu

ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THISEDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE

OF THE GREEK LIVES.

Volume I.

(1) Theseus and Romulus.

Comparison.(2) Lycurgus and Numa.

Comparison.(3) Solon and Publicola.

Comparison.

(4)

Volume II.

Themistocles andCamillus.

(9) Aristides and Cato the

Elder.

Comparison.(13) Cimon and Lucullus.

Comparison.

Volume III.

(6) Pericles and Fabius Max-imus.

Comparison.(14) Nicias and Crassus.

Comparison.

Volume IV.

(6) Alcibiades and Coriola-

nus.

Comparison.(12) LySander and Sulla.

Comparison.

Volume V.

(16) Agesilaiis and Pompey.Comparison.

(8) Pelopidas and Marcellus.

Comparison.

Volume VI.

(22) Dion and Brutus.

Comparison.(7) Timoleon and Aemilius

Paulus.

Comparison.

Volume VII.

(20) Demosthenes and Cicero.

Comparison.(17) Alexander and Julius

Caesar.

Volume VIII.

(15) Sertorius and Eumenes.

Comparison.(18) Phocion and Cato the

Younger.

Volume IX.

(21) Demetrius and Antony.

Comparison.(11) PyrrhusandCaiusMarius.

Volume X.

(19) Agis and Cleomenes, and

Tiberius and Caius

Gracchus.

Comparison.(10) Philopoemen and Flam-

ininus.

Comparison.

Volume XI.

(24) Aratus.

(23) Artaxerxes.

(25) Galba.

(26) Otho.

viii

THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THEPARALLEL LIVES.

(1) Theseus and Romulus.

(2) Lycurgus and Numa.

(3) Solon and Publicola.

(4) Themistocles and Camillus.

(5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus.

(6) Alcibiades and Ck>riQlanus.

(7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulas.

(8) Pelopidas and Marcellus,

(9) Aristides and Cato the Elder.

(10) Philopoemen and Flamininus,

(11) Pyrrhus and Caius Mariua.

(12) Lysander and Sulla.

(13) Cimon and Lucullua.

(14) Nicias and Crassus.

(15) Sertorius and Eumenes.

(16) Agesilaiis and Pompey.

(17) Alexander and Julius Caesar.

(18) Phocion and Cato the Younger.

(19) Agis and Cleonienes, and Tiberius and Caius

Gracchus.

(20) Demosthenes and Cicero.

(21) Demetrius and Antony.

(22) Dion and Brutus.

(23) Artaxerxea.

(24) Aratus.

(25) Galba.

(26) Otho.

AGIS AND CLEOMENES

Ari2: KAI KAE0MENH2

I. OvK aroTTco^; rivh ovBe (j)av\co<; avyKeiaOat ^^?-^^^

7r/)09 Tou? (piXoS6ôv<; virovoovai top eVl tw ^lîovi»• 1624,

IxvOoVy ft)? ^^ XafiovTi Tr}VV€(f)€kr}v avrl Tr]^''Rpa<;

Kal Tcov Kevravpcov out6)9 jevofievoDV. koX yapOVTOL tt}? ap6Trj tlvI rjj So^rj

avv6vT€<;, ovBev elXiKpivh ovh^ a)/iio\ojr)/jLevov,

aWa v66a koI /jliktol iroWa irpdrrovaLV, aWore

aWa'; <ôpa<; (f>ep6/jL6VOL, f>;X,oi9 koI irddeGLv iira-

Ko\ovOovvTe<;, oirep ol Xo(f)OK\€Ov<i l3oTrjpe<; inl

TMV TTOLfiviwv Xijovaiv

T0vT0t<i yap 6Vt€9 SeaTrorai BovXevofjuev,

Kal TWINS' dvdyKTj Kal aicoTrcovrcov kXv€iv,

2 OTrep dXrj06j<; ol Trpos €7rtû/i.ta9 o'xXcou Kal oppua^

iroXLTevopLevoL Trdaôvcri, Sov\€vovt€<; Kal clko-

\ovdovPT€<i iva Brjjiiaycoyol Kal dpôvre^ ovopbd-

^(ovrai. KaOdirep yap ol Trpcopelf; rd epLTTpoaOev

irpoopdypuevoL TOiV KvfiepvTjToyv dôpoiac irpo^ eKei-

vov<i Kal TO irpocTTaaaopLevov vir* eKeivcDV irotovaiv,

ovTa)<; ol TToXtrevopievoL Kal 7rpo<; Soâv opcoure^

vTnjperat ptev r&v ttoWcjv elaiv, ovopba Se dpôV'T(ov exovaiv.

AGIS AND CLEOMENES

AGIS

I. Not without rhyme or reason is the suppositionof some writers that the tale about Ixion—how it

was the cloud that he embraced instead of Heraand begat from thence the Centaurs—has an appli-

cation to lovers of glory. For such men, consortingwith glory, which we may call an image of virtue,

produce nothing that is genuine and of true lineage,

but much that is bastard and monstrous, being sweptnow along one course and now along another in

their attempts to satisfy desire and passion. Theherdsmen of Sophocles say,^ in speaking of their

flocks :—

" Of these, indeed, though masters, we are yet the

slaves.

And to them we must listen even though they'redumb."

And this, in truth, is the experience of public menwho act in conformity with the desires and impulsesof multitudes, making themselves attendants and

slaves in order that they may be called popularleaders and rulers. For just as a ship's lookout,who sees what lies ahead before the ship's captain

does, nevertheless turns to him for orders and does

what he ordains, so the public man whose eyes are

fixed on glory is a servant of the multitude, althoughhe has the name of ruler.

1Probably in the lost "Poimenes," or Shepherds (Nauck,

Trag. Graec. Frag.\ p. 249).

3

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

II. 'O fiev yap a7rr}KpipwfjLevo<; koX reXeto)?

aya6o<i ovS* av 6\w<; So^r]^ Bioiro, ttXtjv oar)

irdpoBov eVl ra? TT/aafei? Bia rod iTLareveadaL^

BiScoar pea) Be en ovtl kuI (f)iXoTLfi(p Boreov airo

Twv KoXodv epyayv koI Bo^rj ri KaXKwiTiaaa-Oai

KoX KOjJbTrdcraL. (pvo/jbevac yap ev Tol<i TTjXiKovroi'i

al dperal /cal /SaXao-rvovo-aL to re Karopdov/jievov,w?

(f)r)(Ti, Seocppacrro^;, e/cfieâiovvrat rot? eiraivoif;,

Kal TO XoLTTOV avôvTat /xera (f)pov^/iiaro<; eiraL-

2 pofxevai. to Be ayav 7ravTa)(ov jiev eVicrâXe?,ev Be Tat9 TroXinical^; (j)LXoTt,/jLLat<; oXeOpiov ifccpe-

pei yap eh fiaviav /cal 7rapa(f)poavvr]v viraiOpov

eôvaia<; fieydXr}<; e7nXal3opievov<;, orav/jLtj

to

KaXov evBoôv elvai OeXcdcnv, dXX dyaOov rjyMvraiTO evBoôv elvai. oirep

^ ovv ^co/cicov tt/oo? *Avtl-

irarpov dîovvrd tl irap avrov rwv/jlt)

kuXcov" Ov Bvvacrai^^ elrrev,

"dfia Kal (pCXw ^(oklcovi

')(^pr}a6aL Kal KoXaKi/^ tovto XeKreuv rj ojiolov tl

3 TOUTft) 7rpo9 rov<; ttoXXou?*" Ov BvvaaOe tov

avTOV eyeiv Kal dpyovTa Kal aKoXovOov.'^ eirel

av/npaivet ye Kai ovtq)<; ro tov opaKovTO<;, ov

(^Tjaiv 6 fjbvOo^ TTjv ovpav ttj KecpaXfj aTaacdaaaav

d^Lovv TiyelaQai irapa fjuepo^; Kal p,r] Bid 7ravT0<; 796aKoXovOelv eKeivr], Xaôvaav Be Tr)v r/yefioviav

avTi)V Te KaKoy^ diraXXdTTeiv dvoia TropevopLevrjv

Kal Trjv Ke(haXr)v KaTaâiveiv, Tf0X,o?9 Kal kco4)oI<^

fjLepeaiv dvayKaôp,evr)v jrapd (^vcnv eireaOaL,

4 TOVTo TToXXov^; Tcov Trpo'i %a/)H^ diravTa TreiroXiTev

fievayv opM/xev TreTTOi^ÔTa?* iâpTijaavTe^; yap

1 Ota TOV IT., Coraes, Bekker, and Ziegler, after Bryan : Kal

Sih rov IT.

*iiTfp Blass and Ziegler (with Ss p.m.) : &ffTrep.

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, ii. 1-4

II. The man, indeed, whose goodness is completeand perfect will have no need at all of glory, except so

far as glory gives him access to achievement by reason

of the confidence men have in him;but a man who

is still young and is fond of honours may be allowed

to plume and exalt himself somewhat even uponglory, provided that glory is the outcome of nobledeeds. For the virtues, which are incipient and

budding in the young, are confirmed in their properdevelopment, as Theophrastus says, by the praises of

men, and complete their growth under the incentive

of pride. But excess is everyM^here harmful, and in

the case of men who cherish political ambitions, it is

deadly ;for it sweeps them away into manifest folly

and madness as they grasp after great power, when

they refuse to regard what is honourable as glorious,but consider that what is glorious is good. There-

fore, what Phocion said to Antipater, who demandedfrom him some dishonourable service,

" Thou canst

not have Phocion as thy friend and at the same time

tliy flatterer," this, or something akin to this, mustbe said to the multitude: "Ye cannot have thesame man as your ruler and your slave." Since in

this case also one certainly can apply the fable of the

serpent whose tail rebelled against its head anddemanded the right to lead in turn instead of alwaysfollowing ; so it took the lead, and by the folly of its

progress got itself into mischief and lacerated the

head, which was compelled, contrary to nature, to

follow a part that had neither eyes nor ears. This,as we see, has been the experience of many of the

men whose whole political activity is directed towardsthe winning of popular favour; they made them-selves dependent on the multitude, which is borne

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

avTOV<; o')(\(i)v elxr] (fyepofievcov ovr dvaXafiecv

varepov ovr iincrTrjaaL rrjv araîav ihwrjO-qcrav.

TavTa he r)[xlv eh rrjv irapa rcov ttoWmv Boâv

iirrjXOep elirelv evvor]aaaLV rfkiKrjv eêi Bvvafiiv

e/c TMP TifiepiM Koi Vai(p roU Tpdy^(ôL^ (TV/iiTre-

crovrcov, ov<; KaXkiara jxev <^vvTa<;, KoXXiara Be

Tpa<f>evTa^, KaXkL(TT7]v Be r^? iro\LTeia<^ vTroOeaiv

Xafi6vTa<;, dirooiXeaev ou% ovtw^ eiriOvfjiia B6^r)<^

dfJL€Tpo<;, CO? <^6ôvKco<;. fieydXrjp yap evvoiav TrpoeiXrj-

<^0T€? irapa tcov ttoXltmvrja-'^^^vvdrjaav iyfcaraXi-

irelv wcnrep ^/êo?* dfitWa^/jievoi 8' del TroXiTev/naa-L

')(prj(TTOL^ Td<; Tifjud^ virep^dXXeaQai, Kal Tifico/Jievoi

/jidXXov ef Mv eTToXirevovTO Kexaptap.evcjf;, Kal

rovTOV TOP rpoTTOP tcrr) (f)tXoTL/jLia 7rp6<i re top

BrjjjLOP eauTou? Kal top BP]/jlop tt/jo? eavrov^ cKKav-

(TaPTe<;, eXadop d^^rdfiepoL irpaypbdrwp ep oh ovKer

tfp TO eirLfMelpaL KaXop, ala^pop 6' 7]Br] rb irav-

(TaaOai.

6 TaOra fiep ovp eiriKpipeh avTO<^ ex rr)? Birjyrj-

o-eft)9* irapa^dXwfiep Be avroh KaKWPiKOP êvyo<i

By]/laymy(OP,'*AyLP Kal KXeo/jLeprjp tov<; âaiXeh.Kal yap ovtol top Btj/jlop auôpre^, odairep eKelpoi,

Kal iroXiTelap KaXrjp Kal BiKaiav eKXeXoiTrvlap

iroXvp 'x^popop dpaXa/jL^dpopT€<;, 6fi0L0)<; dirrj')(6d-

voPTO Toh BvpaToh firj ôuXofiepoi'; d(l)eLPai ttjp

(rvvijOrj TrXeopeîap. dBeXcpol /j,ep ovp ovk rjaap6

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, ii. 4-6

about at random, and then could neither recover

themselves nor put a stop to the progress of

disorder.

These remarks upon the glory which comes fromthe favour of the multitude I have been led to makebecause I was reminded of its great influence by the

fortunes of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. Theywere men of most generous natures, and had a most

generous rearing, and adopted most generous poHtical

principles ;and yet they were ruined, I will not say

by an immoderate desire for glory, but rather by a

fear of losing it. And this fear had no unworthyorigin. For after they had enjoyed great kindness

from their fellow citizens, they were ashamed to

leave it unpaid, like a debt of money ;and so they

were forever striving by the excellence of their

political services to surpass the honours conferred

upon them, and were honoured all the more in

consequence of their grateful political services. In

this way, after kindling an equal ardour in themselves

towards the people and in the people towards them-

selves, they engaged in enterprises wherein, thoughthey knew it not, it was no longer honourable for

them to persist, and already disgraceful for themto stop.As to this matter, however, my reader will judge

for himself from my narrative;and I shall compare

with the Gracchi a pair of popular leaders in Sparta,

Agis and Cleomenes the kings. For these also tried

to exalt the people, just as the Gracchi did, and tried

to restore an honourable and just civil polity whichhad lapsed for a long time ;

and like the Gracchi theyincurred the hatred of the nobles, who were unwillingto relax their wonted greed. It is true that the

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

aXXr]X(ov ol AdK(ov€<;, avyyevov^ Be /cal aB€X(pfj<;

rjyjravTO 7ro\LT6La<;, apXW TOtavTTjv XaffovTeî.

IIL 'Evrel irapetaeBu irpcorov eh ryv ttoXlv

apyvpov Kol'X^pvaov f?}Xo?, Kal avvrjKoXovdrjae rod

irXovTOv rfj p.ev KTrjcrei irXeoveîa /cal piKpoXoyiarrj Be

^(^prja-evkol airoXavaeu rpv<^r] koX /juaXaKia

Kal TToXvTeXeta, rcov TrXeiarcov eêireaev r) îrdpTTj

KaXcov, Kal rdireiva Trpdrrovaa Trap* dîav Bieri-

Xec P'ixpt' T(fiv XP^^^"^ eKeivoDv ev oh 'ÂyL<; Kal

2 AecoviBa^; epaaiXevov, 'A^t? pêv Y^vpyTrcovriBrj^;

Kal RvBap,iBa rrrah, e/cTO? diro ÂyrjaiXdov rod

Bia^dvToî eU rrjv Âaiav Kal pbeyicTTOV ^YXXrjvwv

BvvTjOevTO^' rjv yap *Ayr)aiXdov p.ev *Ap%tSa/>609

Tvepl MavBvpiov t^? 'IraXta? viro MeaaaiTLcov

diroOavayv,^

Apî'Bdpov Be irpeafivTepo^ pev vlo^

'Ay^?, l^vBapiBa^ Be ve(OTepo<;, 09, "AyiBo^; viro

*Avrnrdrpov irepl MeydXrjv ttoXlv dvaLpeOevro^dreKvov, rrjv âaCXeiav eor^G, tovtov Be *A/9%t-

Bapof;,*

Apî'Bdpov Be erepo^ EvBaplBa^;, YvBapLBa3 Be Â7t9, irepl ov rdBe yeypairrar AecovuBa^; Be

6 K.XecovvfMov T^9 pev eTepa<; olKia<; rjv ÂyidBrjî,

6yBoo<; Be diro Uavaavlov tov viKrjaavro^ ev

JlXaTaiah pd^D MapBoviov. TIavaavia<; yapvlov

e(T)(e HXeta-rdovaKTa, TLXeiarcova^ Be Uav-aaviaVy ov cfyvyovTo^} el<; Teyeav eK AaKeBaipovo^

re irpecrfivrepo^ vlb^^

AyrjaL7roXi,<i eâcTiXevae

Kal TOVTOV TeXevTi]aa^TO<^ aTCKVov KXeop^poTO^4 ved)T€po<;. eK Be KXeop^^poTOV TrdXiv dXXo^

^

AyrjcriiroXi^ rjv Kal K.Xeop€vr]<i, wv^

AyrjaLTToXt^

pev ovT€ rjpê iroXvv ypovov ovTe 7raiBa<i ecrxe,

K.Xeop,evr)<i Be âatXevaa^; pLSTa ÂyrjaiTToXtv tov

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, ii. 6.-111. 4

Spartans were not brothers ; still, they adoptedpolitical courses which were kindred and brother to

one another. The occasion was as follows.

III. When once the love of silver and gold had

crept into the city, closely followed by greed and par-

simony in the acquisition of wealth and by luxury,

effeminacy, and extravagance in the use and enjoy-ment of it, Sparta fell away from most of her noble

traits, and continued in a low estate that was unworthyof her down to the times when Agis and Leonidas

were kings. Agis was of the Eurypontid royal house,a son of Eudamidas, and the sixth in descent fromthe Agesilaiis who crossed into Asia and became the

most powerful Greek of his time. For Agesilaiis hada son Archidamus, who was slain by the Messapiansat Mandurium in Italy

^;Archidamus had an elder

son Agis, and a younger son Eudamidas, who, after

Agis was slain by Antipater at Megalopolis^leaving

no issue, became king ;Eudamidas was succeeded

by Archidamus, Archidamus by another Eudamidas,and Eudamidas by Agis,^ the subject of this Life.

Leonidas, on the other hand, the son of Cleonymus,was of the other royal house, the Agiad, and was

eighth in descent from the Pausanias who defeated

Mardonius at Plataea. For Pausanias had a son

Pleistoanax, and Pleistoanax a son Pausanias, uponwhose exile and flight from Sparta to Tegea* his

elder son Agesipolis became king ; Agesipolis, dyingwithout issue, was succeeded by a younger brother

Cleombrotus, and Cleombrotus, in turn, had two

sons, Agesipolis and Cleomenes, of whom Agesipolis

reigned only a short time and left no sons, while

Cleomenes, who became king after him, lived to

1 In 338 B.C. 2 Iji 330 3.0. » In 244 B.C.* In 395 B.C. See the Lyaander, xxx. 1.

9

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

fjL€P TTpea^vjepov tS)V vlmv Â/cpoTarov eVt ^cov

dire^dXe, veoirepov he KXecovvfiov KaTekiirev, 09

ovK iffaaiXevaev, a\V "Apev^; vla)vo<; a)V KXeo-

fjL€vov<i, ÂKpordrov 8' mo?* "Apeco^; Sk irecrovro^

irepX JôpLvdov vlo<; mv 'A/f/Joraro? rrjv âo-iXeiav

6 KaTe(T')(€V. direOave he kol ovto^ rJTT7)0el^ f^^XV 797

irepl M.€yd\r]V ttoKlv vtto *Api(TToB7]fjLov rov rvpdv-

vov, KaraXiTTODv iy/cvfiova rrjv yvpalfca. iraihiov

he dppevof; yevopbevov Aecopiha'i 6 KXecovvpLOV Tr)V

einrpotrriv ea'êv, elra irplv iv rjXiKla yeveaOai

TeXevTTjaavTO^;, ovrooî €t9 avrov 17 fiaa-iXeia irepi-

rjXdev ou irdvv toI<; 7roXiraL<; evdppoarov ovra,

6 Kaiirep yap iyKeKXi/coTcov rjhr} rfj hia^dopa rov

7roXiTevpaTO<; opLaXS)^ aTrdvTcov, rjv rt? ev to3

Aecjviha rSiv TrarpMCOv e'm(f)avr)<; iKhiauTrjai^;, are

hr) ^povov 'rfXLvhr)piev(p iroXvv ev avXal<^ aarpain-Kah fcal TeOepairevKOTL êXevKOVy elra rov e/celOev

oyKov €t9 ^^XXrjviKO, irpdypâra kol vopapuov dp)(r]V

OVK ip,p,6Xco<; pêracpepovTi.

IV. 'O 8* ÂyL<; ovrco ttoXv iraprjXXaTTev ev^vtaKol (^povrjixaTL "^vx^rj^ ov fiovov tovtov, dXXd

(T')(ehov diravra^ oaoi fieT ÂyrjaLXaov rov jjueyav

efiaaLXevcrav, axrre /jirjheTrco yeyovax; elKocTTOv €to<;,

ivredpafJLp,ivo^ he TrXovroc^ xal rpvâl^ yvvaiKoiv,

Trj<! re/JL7}rp6<; Âyrjaia-rpdraf; koI t^9 fidpLp,?]^

Âp')(tha/jLLa<;, at irXelara ')(^pi]para AaKehaipLovicov

€KeKTr]VTO, 7ryoo9 T€ Ttt? r)hovd<; evdv<; diriaxvp^-

aaadait fcaX rov eTmrpeyjraL fidXtara rrj ')(^dpLrt

10

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, iii. 4-iv

lose his elder son Acrotatus, but left behind hima younger son Cleonymus ; Cleonymus, however, did

not come to the throne, but Areus,^ who was a

grandson of Cleomenes and son of Acrotatus ; Areusfell in battle at Corinth/^ and his son Acrotatus cameto the throne ; Acrotatus also was defeated andslain at Megalopolis, by the tyrant Aristodemus,

leaving his wife with child ; and after she had givenbirth to a son, Leonidas the son of Cleonymus wasmade the child's guardian. But the young kingdied before reaching manhood, and the kingshiptherefore devolved upon Leonidas/ who was al-

together unacceptable to the people. For althoughthe destruction of the constitution had already led

to a general decline in manners, there was in Leoni-

das a very marked departure from the traditions of

his country, since for a long time he had frequentedoriental courts and had been a servile follower of

Seleucus, and now sought to transfer the pride and

pomp which prevailed abroad into Hellenic relations

and a constitutional government, where they wereout of place.

IV. Agis, on the contrary, far surpassed in native

excellence and in loftiness of s})irit not only Leonidas,but almost all the kings who had followed the great

Agesilaiis. Therefore, even before he had reached

his twentieth year, and although he had been reared

amid the wealth and luxury of women, namely, his

mother Agesistrata and his grandmother Archidamia

(who were the richest people in Sparta), he at once

set his face against pleasures. He put away from

his person the adornments which were thought to^ See the Pyrrhus, xxvi. 8ff.* In 265 B.C., in battle with Antigonus Gonatas.« About 256 B.C.

II

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

T^9 /jLop^r]<: (hpalfffibv Bofcovpra Trepiairdo'a'i rov

<Tcofj,aTo<i, Koi iraaav ifcBv^ /cat Siacpvycov TroXvri-

Xeiav, eyKaWayiTLêaOai too rpi^covio), koI hecTrva

KoX XovTpa Kol SiaLTa<; AaKwviKa^ ^Tjrecv, fcal

Xiyecv co? ovBev Bioiro r?}? â(TiXeia<^y el fir]Bl*

avTr)V avaXrj'ôno Toif<; vofxov^ Ka\ rr^v Trdrpiov

dycoj^v.Y. *Kp')(r)v /JL€V ovv Bia(l)Oopa<; koX tov voaelv

e<r%€ TCL wpdy/jLara t(ov KaKeBaifiovicov (T')(eBov

d(f)*ov Tr]v ÂOrjvaLoyv KaToXvaavTe^; rjye/xoviav

Xpvalov T6 Kol dpyvpLov KariTrXrjcyav eavrov^.

ov fjLTjv dWa Kot T(ov OLKcov ov 6 KvKovpyo^ wpiae

(f>v\aTr6vT(ov dpiOfjLov ev rat? BiaBoxaU, fcal

7rar/)09 "TraiBl tov Kkrjpov diroXei'KOVTO'^y d/jLM<; ye

TTO)? r) raff? avrrj koI laortj^; Btafxevovcra rrjv

TToXiv eK TMV aXXcov dv6(f)6p€V d/uLapTTj/xdrcov.

2 iôpevaa<i Be Ti9 dvr}p Bvvaro^, avOdBrj^ Be Kal

pâXCTTO? TOV TpOTTOV,^

EjTTiTdBeV<i OVOfia, TTyOO? TOV

vlov avTcp yevofi€vr](; Bia(j)Opd<; prjTpav eypa'^^rev

eêlvai tov oIkov avTov Kal tov /cXrjpov w rt?

iOeXoi Kal ^covTa Bovvai Kal KaTaXiirelv BiaTiOe-

3 fievov. 0UT09 fiev ovv avTOv Tiva Ovfxov diro-

TTifiTrXa^; iBcov elarjveyKe tov vofiov ol Be dXXoi

7rXeoveîa<; eveKa Be^dfxevov Kal KvpcoaavTe^ dirct)-

Xeaav ttjv dpCaTrjv KaTddTacnv. eKTwvTO yapaêiSw? 7]Brj 7rapcoOovvTe<; ol BvvaTol tov^s irpoa-rj-

KOVTa^ eK TO)v BiaBo-xôiv Kal Ta^v t^? ev7ropia<i

€t9 oXiyov<i crvppveiar}^ irevia ttjv ttoXlv KaTea')(ev,

aaôXiav tmv KaXcov Kal dveXevdepiav eincpepovaa

12

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, iv.-v. 3

befit the grace of his figure, laid aside and avoided

every extravagance, prided himself on his short

Spartan cloak, observed sedulously the Spartancustoms in his meals and baths and general waysof living, and declared that he did not want the

royal power at all unless by means of it he could

restore the ancient laws and discipline.V. And here I may say that the Lacedaemonian

state began to suffer distemper and corruption soonafter its subversion of the Athenian supremacy filled

it with gold and silver. However, since the numberof families instituted by Lycurgus

^ was still pre-served in the transmission of estates, and father left

to son his inheritance, to some extent the con-tinuance of this order and equality sustained thestate in spite of its errors in other respects. Butwhen a certain powerful man came to be ephor whowas headstrong and of a violent temper, Epitadeusby name, he had a quarrel with his son, and in-

troduced a law permitting a man during his lifetime

to give his estate and allotment to any one hewished, or in his will and testament so to leave it.

This man, then, satisfied a private grudge of his

own in introducing the law; but his fellow citizens

welcomed the law out of greed, made it valid, andso destroyed the most excellent of institutions. Forthe men of power and influence at once began to

acquire estates without scruple, ejecting the rightfulheirs from their inheritances ; and speedily thewealth of the state streamed into the hands of a fewmen, and poverty became the general rule, bringingin its train lack of leisure for noble pursuits and occu-

pations unworthy of freemen, along with envy and* See the Lycurgua^ viii. f.

13

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

fjueTCi cftdovov Kal ^vajieveia^ irpo^ tou? cxoptu^.4 a7r€\.€i(j)0'r]aav ovv ewraKocrLcov ov TrXetoiê? îrap-

Tiarai, /cat tovtcov iacof; eKarov rjaav oi yrjv

KeKTiffxevoL Kol Kkrjpov 6 S* aXXo^ 6')(Xo(; airopo*;

Kal dri/JLOf; iv Tjj iroXei irapeKadr^ro, tov<^ /jlcv

côoOep 7r6\e/jL0v<; Kal airpoOvfio)^ d/jLvvo-

fjLevo'i, del Be riva Katpov eTnrrjpojv fjberafioXrjf;

Kal /ji6TaaTd(T€0)<i rcov Trapovrccv.VI. Aid ravra Srf koKov 6 Âyi^;, âirep rjv,

TTOLOv/ievo^ iîacoaai Kal dpaTrXTjpcjaai, ttjv ttoXlv,

iiretpdro royv dvdpMirwv. ol jiev ovv veot, Ta')(y

Kal irap eKmiBa^ vTrrjKovaav avTco, Kal avvairehv-

aavTo irpo<i irjv dperrjv, (oairep €aOr)Ta ttjv Siairav

2 eV iXevOepia crv/jL/uLeTa^dWovre^. tmv Be irpe-

ajSvrepcov, are Br) iroppco Bia<^6opd<; yeyovorwv,

avveâive roh 7r\eL(TT0i<; coairep eirl BeaTrorrjv

d<yofievov<; €K BpaapLou BeBievai Kal Tpefieiv rbv

AvKovpyov, Kal KaO^wrovTO rov "Ay/So? oBvpo-

fievov rd irapovra irpdy/jLara Kal to iraXatov

dîwpa T?)9 XirdpTT]^ eTTLiroOovvTo^. Ava-avBpo<;Be 6 Ai,fivo<i Kal MavSpoKXeiBw; 6 *EK(j)dvovf{, enBe ÂytjcTiXao^; direBeâvTO Kal (TV/xirapoopprjo-av

3 avTov TTjV (piXori/jLLav. rjv Be AvaavBpo^ pev iv

Bo^rj pdXtara rcov ttoXltcov, M.avBpoKX€LBaf; Be

BeivoraToî 'RXX^vcov irpdypâra avcrKevdaacrOat

Kal TO (Twerov rovro Kal BoXepov roX/nrj p,epLiy-

fievov e'Xj^v'

^

AyrjaiXaov Be Oelov ovra tov âai-X€ft)9 Kal Bvvarov elirelv, aXXcof Be p,aXaKov Kal

(faXoy^prjfjLaTov, ep,(f>ava)^ fiev 6 vto? 'iTrirofMeBcop

14

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, v. 3-vi. 3

hatred towards the men of property. Thus there wereleft of the old Spartan families not more than seven

hundred, and of these there were perhaps a hundredwho possessed land and allotment ; while the ordin-

ary throng, without resources and without civic

rights, lived in enforced idleness, showing no zeal or

energy in warding off foreign wars, but ever watchingfor some opportunity to subvert and change affairs at

home.VI. Agis, therefore, thinking it a noble achieve-

ment, as it was, to equalize and restore to full

numbers the body of citizens, began to sound the

inclinations of people. The young men, as he found,

quickly and beyond his expectations gave ear to

him, and stripped themselves for the contest in

behalf of virtue, like him casting aside their old

ways of living as worn-out garments in order to

attain liberty. But most of the older men, since

they were now far gone in corruption, feared andshuddered at the name of Lycurgus as if they hadrun away from their master and were being led

back to him, and they upbraided Agis for bewail-

ing the present state of affairs and yearning after

the ancient dignity of Sparta. Lysander, how-

ever, the son of Libys, Mandrocleidas the son of

Ecphanes, as well as Agesilaiis, approved of the king's

aspirations and supported him in them. Lysanderwas in the highest repute among the citizens, andMandrocleidas was the ablest Greek of his time in

setting schemes on foot, and his sagacity and craft

were mingled with daring ; Agesilaiis, who was the

king's uncle on his mother's side, and a powerfulorator, though otherwise effeminate and avaricious,was openly urged on and encouraged by his son

1.5

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

€KLV€t KoX irapeOdppvvev, €vB6/afio<i ev TroXXot?

7ro\e/iot.<; avrjp xal fiija Be evvoiav TCdv vecov

4 Bvvd/jLevo<;' 77ê d\r]Oco<; dvaireiaao-a top Âyrjai-

Xaop alrla tcov itparrojxevcov /ii€ra(7')(^€LV 6(f)X7)fjLd-

rcov 7r\r]0o<; r]v, a)V rfXinêv aTraWayrjaeadai

fMera^dWcov rrjv iroXcrelav. 009 ovv rdxto'ra

TrpoarjydyeTO tovtov 6 Âyt^;, evdi)^ iinx^cpel jner

avTOV rrjv firjrepa Treideiv, dBe\<f>r)v ovaav rov

ÂyrjatXdov, ifkrjdei, he nrekarSiv koX ^LXwv kol

')(p€Q)ar6!)V jxeya Bvva/ievijv ev rfj iroXei kol TroWatS)V /coivcov BLairparro/jLevrjv.

VIL *H Be aKovaaaa to jiev irpcoTOv eêTrXdyrj

KoX KaTeirave to fieipdKiov <h<; ovtc Bwutcov ovt€

XvaiTeXwv icpiifievov eVel Be TavTa fiev 6 'A77;-

aCkao^ eBLBaaKev &)? /caXm eêi koI irpaxOrjaeTai

avfjiêpovTOiXii avTo<; Be 6 ySao-tXeu? eBelTO ri}?

fir]Tpo<; einBovvaL irpo^ Boâv uvtS kol (j)i\oTifiLav

Tov irXovTOV, &)9 %/)?7fta(rt fiev ov Bvvdfxevo'; irpo^

2 Tov^ aWov9 /SaaiXelf} e^LacoOrjvat (craTpairayv yapolKeTa<; Kal Bov\ov<; eTriTpoTrcov UToXe/naiov koI

XeXevKov KeKTrjcOai irXeiova GVfxirdvTwv 6/xov

T(OV ev XTrdpTT) âacXecov), edv Be acocppoavvr} Kal

Xit6t7]ti Kal /jieyaXoyjrvx^cL ra? €K€LV(ov virep-

l3aX6fievo<; Tpv(j)d<; la-oTrjTa Kal Koivcoviav KaTa-

a-Tijo-y TOt? 7roXiTaL<;, ovofia Kal Boâv 009 dXrjOoof;

fiaatXeax; fieydXov KTrja-o/ievo^, ovtco fjLeTeirecrov

Tah yvcofjLaL<; at yvvalKeî vtto t»)9 îXoTL/JLia^

eTrapdelaai tov veaviaKov, Kal TOcavTy KaTe-

3 <7%6^)7<7ai' olov eTTCTTVOia irpb^ to koXov, axxTe tov

16

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vi. 3-vii. 3

Hippomedon, who had won fair fame in many wars,and had great influence because he stood in favour

with the young men. But what really induced

Agesilaiis to take part in the king's enterprise wasthe multitude of his debts, of which he hoped to rid

himself by changing the constitution. As soon, then,as Agis had won over Agesilaiis, he straightway

sought with the aid of his uncle to persuade his

mother, who was a sister of Agesilaiis, and owing to

the multitude of her retainers, friends, and debtors,had great influence in the state and took a large

part in public affairs.

VII. When she heard her son's plea, she was at

first amazed, and tried to stop the young man from

attempting what she thought was neither possiblenor profitable ; but Agesilaiis tried to show her that

the king's project would be feasible and its accom-

plishment advantageous, and the king himself

besought his mother to contribute her wealth for the

advancement of his ambition and glory. For in the

matter of property, he said, he could not equal the

other kings (since the servants and slaves of the

satraps and overseers of Ptolemy and Seleucus had

larger possessions than all the kings of Sparta puttogether) ; but if in self-restraint, simplicity, and

magnanimity he should surpass their luxury, and

thereby establish equality and community of posses-sion among his citizens, he would win the name andfame of a really great king. The women, lifted up bythe young man's high ambition, were so changed in

their purposes, and possessed, as it were, by so greatan inspiration to take the noble course, that theyjoined in urging and hastening on the projects of

17

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

fiev*Ayiv (Tvveôpâv koi o-vveTrtraxvveiv, jjuera-

7r€fi7ro/jLeva<; Be rou? (ptXovf; irapaKoXelv kol rat?

aWai<i SiaXeyeaOai jvvaL^LV,aTe Stj rov^ Aa/ceâi-

fioviov^ eirto-Ta/xepaf; KarrjKoov; 6vTa<^ aei twv

f^vvavKoyv, koi irXetov eKelvai^; tmv Bij/jôalcov t)

T&v IBlwv avTol^ TToXvTTpayjJLOvelv Bi86vTa<i.

'Hi/ Be Tore tcov AaKoovcKcov ttXovtcov iv Tal<;

ryvvat^l TO irXelcFTOv, KaX tovto ttjv irpaîv rS"A 7*8* Bvaepyov koX ')(âX67rr]V iiroirjaev. avik-

tnnjaav yap at yvvalKe^; ov jjlovov Tpvcpr]^; eKiri-

TTTOvaai BC aireipoKaXiav €vBai/jLOVLôfiivr]<;f dXXaKol Tiprjv KoX Bvva/iiiv, tjv eK rod irXovrecv eKap-TTOvvro, 7r€pifco7rro/ui€VT]P avrcov opcoaac. kol irpo^

TOP KewvlBav rpaTrofievai TrapeKoXovv ovra irpe-

a^vrepov eiriXajiBdvecrOat rod "AyiBo<; koi rd

Trparrofjieva BiaKwXveLv. eôvXero fiev ovv 6

K€(DviBa<^ Toh TrXoucrtot? ôrjOelv, BeBioD^; Be rov

Brjfjbov einOv/JLOvvra Ti]<i /uLeTaôXrj^; ovBtv civre-

irparTe âvepS)<^, Xddpa Be Tt]V irpa^LV etrjTei

KaKovpyelv fcal Biaj)6eipeiv evrvy^dvwv toI^ dp-

')(pv(TiKal BiapdXXwv rov ^Kyiv co? TvâvviBo<;

fjbiaOov T0t9 7rev7]ai rd rCov TrXovaLMV Trporelvopra,Kol yr]<; fxeraBoaea-L koX %p6wi' dcpeaeai ttoXXol/?

wvovfievov eavT& Bopv^6pov<;, ov rfj XTrdpTrjTToXtra?.

VIII. Ov /jLi]v dXXd BiaTrpa^d/jLevof; 6 Âyi,<;

€(f>opov yeveaOai, rov AvaavBpov, evOv^ elae<êpe Bl

avTov pyjrpap etV rou? yepovTa<;, ^9 V^ KecpdXaia

XP^^v H'^^ d<l>edrjvaL tov<; (xêlXovra^, tt)? Be 77)9

dvaBaa6ei(7r}<; ryv fiev dirb rov Kard IleXXijvrjv

XapdBpov 7rpo9 to TavyeTOP Kal MaXeav Kal

18

I

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vii. 3-viii. i

Agis, sent for their friends among the men andinvited them to help, and held conference with the

women besides, since they were well aware that the

men of Sparta were always obedient to their wives,and allowed them to meddle in public affairs morethan they themselves were allowed to meddle in

domestic concerns.

Now, at this time the greater part of the wealth of

Sparta was in the hands of the women, and this madethe work of Agis a grievous and difficult one. Forthe women were opposed to it, not only because theywould be stripped of the luxury which, in the generallack of higher culture, made their lives seem happy,but also because they saw that the honour and in-

fluence which they enjoyed in consequence of their

wealth would be cut off. So they had recourse to

Leonidas, and besought him, since he was an older

man, to withstand Agis and hinder what he was tryingto accomplish. Leonidas, accordingly, was desirous of

aiding the rich, but he feared the people, who were

eager for a revolution. He therefore made no openopposition to Agis, but secretly sought to damage his

undertaking and bring it to nought by slanderinghim to the chief magistrates, declaring that he was

purchasing a tyranny by offering to the poor the

property of the rich, and by distribution of land andremission of debts was buying a large body-guard for

himself, not many citizens for Sparta.VIII. However, Agis procured Lysander's election

as ephor, and at once employed him to introduce abill into the senate,^ the chief provisions of whichwere that debtors should be relieved of their debts,and that the land should be divided up, that which

lay between the water-course at Pellene and Taygetus,1 About 243 B.a

19

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

XeXaaiav Kkripov^ yeveadat TeTpaKt(T')(î\Lov [jLvpiov<; irevraKia'X^Lkiovfi'2 Kol TavTrjv jxev toI<; oirXa êpetv Bwafiivoi^; 799

Twi/ TreptoLKcov fiepLaOrjvai, rrjp Se eWo? avTOL<;

X7rapTtdrac<;' avairXr^pwOrjvai Se TOVTov? rot? aoofxaauKOL KaGC rfKiKiav dKfjLdôvTe<; elev avvra^LV Be

TOVTCov 6t9 TTevTeKatBeKa fyeveaOai ^LBLna KaraT€TpaKocrLov<; kol 8iaKoaLOV<;, koX BiaLrav rjv elôvol 7rp6<yovoL SiairdaOai.

IX. rpa(f)€L(Tr]<; Be rr}? pijrpa'^, /cal T(bv yepov-T(ov eh ravTO ralî yvco/jLat^ ov crvficpepofievcov,

eKKkrjaiav avvayayoov 6 AiiaavBpo<i avro^ re

BieXeÔr] tol<; TroXtrai?, real MavBpoKXelBa^; koI

ÂyrjalXao<; eBiovro fir) Bi" 6XLyov<; €VTpV(pcovra<iavToh irepuBelv ippc/jL/jbevov to d^Lw/ia tt}^ Xirdp-

T7^9, dXXd rcov re irpoTepcov 'xprjcr/xayv /jlvt]-

fjLovevaat, ttjv (j)tXo)(^p7]iJLO(7vvr)v ob? oXWpiOv rfj

Xirdprr) (^yXdrreaOai BiaKeXevofxevcov, kol roiv

evay')(p<^ eic IlaaL<j>da<; KefcofiLa/jievayv avroh.2 'lepbv Be ITacTiâa? fcal fxavrelov rjv ev @aXd-

/jLaL<i Ti/xoofjLevov, Tjv Tive^; /juev laropovai rcov 'At-

XavrlBwv fiiav ovaav i/c Ato? rbv "A/jb/j.(Dva refcetv, ^Tivh Be KaadvBpav rrjv Ylptd/uLOV TeXevrrjaaaav MLivravda koX Bid to Trdai (âiveiv ra juavTela «IIaai(j>dav irpoaayopevOelaav. 6 Be *t>vXapxo<;

*AfjLV/cXa OvyaTepa, Ad<pvr]v Tovvofia, (jyrjalv vtto-

(f>evyov(7ap^

AiroXXwva ôvXafievov avTjj /jnyrjvat,

Koi fJueTaâXovaav eh to (pvTov, ev TC/nfj tov Oeov 1,

3 yeveaOai koi fiavTiKrjv Xapelv Bvva/juiv. eâcrav J|

20

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, viii. i-ix. 3

Malea, and Sellasia, into forty-five hundred lots, and

that which lay outside this into fifteen thousand;that this larger land should be apportioned amongthose of the provincials who were capable of bearing

arms, and the smaller among the genuine Spartans :

that the number of these Spartans should be filled

up from the provincials and foreigners who had

received the rearing of freemen and were, besides, of

vigorous bodies and in the prime of life;and that these

should be formed into fifteen public messes by four

hundreds and two hundreds, and should practise the

mode of life which the ancient Spartans had followed.

IX. The "rhetra" was introduced in the senate,and the senators were divided in opinion. Lysandertherefore called together a general assembly anddiscussed the matter himself with the citizens, andMandrocleidas and Agesilaiis begged them not to

suffer the insolent opposition of a few to blind themto the prostration of Sparta's dignity, but to call to

mind the earlier oracles which bade them beware of

the love of riches as a fatal thing for Sparta, as well

as the oracles which had lately been brought to themfrom Pasiphae.Now there was a temple of Pasiphae at Thalamae,

and her oracle there was held in honour. Some saythat Pasiphae was one of the daughters of Atlas, andthe mother of Ammon by Zeus, and some that Cas-

sandra the daughter of Priam died at Thalamae, andwas called Pasiphae because she declared her oracles

to all. Phylarchus, however, says that she was a

daughter of Amyclas, Daphne by name, and that,

fleeing the embraces of Apollo, she was changed into

the tree of like name, after which she was honoured

by the god with the gift of prophetic power. Be

VOL. X. ^21

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ol/v Kal Ta iraph ravrr}^ /xavreia irpoardTTeivToh XirapTidraL^ l(tov<; yeveadaL iravra^ Ka0* ov

KvKovp'yoV (TVfiô\d<; BiBovai, rfj TTokireia

/jL€'yL(TTa<; fjv KaOuaTrjaL' rrjv yap avrov irpcorov

ovaiav eU /jl€(tov riOevai, iroWrjv puev ovaav ev

Tol'i yewpyovfxevoi^ koi v€fjL0/Ji€V0L<;, dvev he tov-

T(t)v eâfcoaia rdXavra vofxiajxaro^ eôvaaw to

he avTO Kal ra? /iirjTepa<; iroielv koX tov^; (pL\ov<;

Kal OLKeiov^;, TrXovaccordTOv; ovTa^ XirapTLarcov.

X. 'O fiev ovv hrip,o<; eêirXdyr) rrjv fieya-

\o'>\rv')(iav Tov veavldKov, KalrrepL')(âpr]fi rjv co?

hC ercov 6/jlov rt BiaKoaicov^ ire^rjvoro^ dîov tt}?

XTrdpTTjf; â(Ti\eco<;' 6 Be AecovuBaf; rore Br) fxa-

Xiara tt/ô? rovvavrtov €(f)L\ov€iK7]a-e. Xoyiô-

/jLevo<; yap on ravrd fiev dvayKaaOi'jaeTaL irouelv,

ov TTjv avT7)V Be X^P'-^ ^'f^^ irapd tol^ TroXtVafc?,

dWd rrdvTCOP ofioicof; a KeKrrjvTaL KarariOefievcov

fjLovo)ra> dpâfxevcp Trpoo-Oyaovat rrjv ti/jltjv,

rjpcoTa TOV'*

Kyiv el BiKaiov dvBpa Kai (TirovBalov

2 rjyeLTac yeyovevai KvKOVpyov. ofxoXoyrjaavTO'i 8'

eKeivov, "Tiov tolvvv,'* €<l)r],

*'

AvKovpyo<; rj %/3eft)i/

diTOKOira^ eBcoKev y feiôu? KaTeTaêv ek rrjv

iroXiTeiav, o? ovBe oXo)? evofxiêv vytaivecv ttjv

iroXiv firj Xpf^P'^^V^ êvrfXaaiai'^;

'O Be 'A7fc9 dnreKpivaTo /jltj Oav/ndêiv tov

AecoviBav, el TeOpa/jL/iievo<;ev êvrj Kal ireTraiBo-

1bfiov Tt liaKofflwv Blass (Fuhr) : hfiov rpiaKoelav.

23

I

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, ix. 3-x. 2

this as it may, it was now said that the oracles

brought from this goddess ordained that all Spartansshould be on an equality according to the originallaw made by Lycurgus. And finally. King Agis cameforward and after a brief discourse said that he offered

very large contributions to the constitutions whichhe was trying to establish ;

for in the first place he

put into the common stock his own estate, whichincluded extensive tillage and pasture, and apart from

this six hundred talents in money ; and, besides, his

mother and his grandmother did likewise, togetherwith their relatives and friends, and they werethe wealthiest among the Spartans.

X. The people, accordingly, were filled with

amazement at the magnanimity of the young man,and were delighted, feeling that after a lapse of

nearly two hundred years a king had appeared who was

wortliy of Sparta ; but Leonidas, now more than ever,

strove in opposition. For he reasoned that he wouldbe compelled to do as Agis had done, and that hewould not get the same gratitude for it among the citi-

zens, but that if all the rich alike made their propertya part of the common fund, the honour for it wouldbe given to him alone who had led the way. Hetherefore asked Agis if he thought that Lycurgushad shown himself a just and worthy man, and when

Agis said that he did," When, then," said Leonidas,

"did Lycurgus either grant abolition of debts or

admit foreigners into citizenship—a man who held

that the state was in no healthy way at all if it did

not practise expulsion of foreigners }"

But Agis replied that he was not astonished to find

Leonidas, who had been reared in foreign lands and

23

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

woLrjfjievo<; ix ya/jL(ov aarpaTriKcov dyvoel rov

AvKovpyov, on ro fiev 6(f>€iX€iv Koi havdêiv afxa3 To> vo/jLL<T/j,aTi (Tvveêâkev eV t^? TroXeft)?, twv K

iv TaL<i TToXeai êvcov tou? rol'^ iinT'qheviiacn /cal

rat? hiairaL<; a(TVfi(pv\ov<; fiaWov ehvaj(êpaLve'Koi yap eKeivov<; riXavvev ov roi? (Toofiaai iroXe-

fjLMV, aXXa Tou? fiiov^ avrcjv fcal toix; t/oottou?

Se^to)?, firj avvava^pcovvvfievot roL<; TroXlraif;

Tpv^rjovvT€<i,

4 eV îrdprr) riiJbr}6rjvaL Sia(f>€p6vTco<i. ''Xv Se

ÊKirpeTrr) fiev,^^ €cj)7]a€v,*'

iiraLvel'^y o? i(f)op€va)v

^pvviho<; rod /iiovacKOv atceirapvco ra? hvo ro)v

evvea 'Xôphwv iêrefie, Kal tov<; iirl TifioOeq)irdXiv TO avTO rovro 7rpdâPTa<;, rjfid^; Be

p,efi(j)rj800

rpvcprjv Kal iroXyreXeiav Kal dXaôveiav eK rr)^

'Z'TrdpT7)<; dvacpovma<i, wa-irep ov-x). KaKeivwv

TO €v /jbovcTiKy (Toâpov Kal rrrepiTTOv ottoj?

evTavOa firj TrpoeXSr) (fivXaTTopuivaiv, ottov yevo-

fievoDV piwv Kal TpoTrwv dfieTpia Kal TrXrj/jLfieXeia.

Tr)v TToXiv davficj^covov Kal dvdppuodTov eavTrj

ireiT0ir}K6vr

XI. 'Ea: tovtou tw fxev "AyiBi to irXrjOof; iirr]-

KoXovOrjaev, ol Be irXovaioi tov T€ AecovlBav

irapeKdXovv p^y cr(f)d<; irpoeaOaL, Kal tov^ y€povTa<;,

0I9 TO KpdTO<; rjv iv tS> TrpoffpvXevetv, Beofievot,

Kal irelOovTeî tax^^^f^v, oaov evl irXeiova^ yeve-2 aOai T0U9 diro'^ri^Kjap.kvov^ ttjv prjTpav. 6 Be

AvcravBpo^ cti ttjv dp')(r]V €%a)i^ Mpprjae tov Aeco-

U

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, x. 2-xi. 2

had children by an oriental marriage, ignorant that

Lycurgus had banished from the state debts andloans along with coined money, and that foreignersin the cities were held by him in less displeasurethan men to whom the Spartan practices and waysof living were not congenial ; these, indeed, he

sought to drive away, not because he was hostile to

their persons, but because he feared lest their lives

and manners should contaminate the citizens, andbreed in them a love of luxury, effeminacy, and

greed ;for certainly Terpander and Thales and

Pherecydes were foreigners, and yet, because the

teachings of their songs and philosophy always ac-

corded with those of Lycurgus, they were held in

surpassing honour at Sparta."Thou praisest

Ecprepes," said Agis,"who, as ephor, cut out with

an adze two of the nine lute-strings of Phrynis the

musician, and Ukewise the magistrates in the time of

Timotheus, who did the same thing in their turn, butthou blamest me for trying to remove luxury, extra-

vagance, and ostentation from Sparta, as if those

magistrates also were not on the watch to preventthe pompous and superfluous in music from makingsuch advances as our lives and manners have come to,

whose excess and discord has made the city dissonantand out of tune with itself."

XI. After this, the common people took sides with

Agis, but the men of wealth entreated Leonidas notto abandon them. And by prayers and argumentswith the senators, whose power lay in their privilegeof presenting all measures to the people, they so far

prevailed that by a single vote the proposed rhetra was

rejected. Lysander, however, who was still ephor,set on foot an indictment of Leonidas by virtue of

^5

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

VbSav BicoK€LV Kara B^ riva vofjbov iraXaiov, 5?

ovK id Tov *HpaK\€iS7]v i/c yvvaiKb<; aXXoSctTrr)?

7€Kvova6at, rov he aTreXOovra r?}? ^Trdprr]^ eirl

/jL€roiKi(T/JLq> 7rpo<; €Tipov<; aiTo6vrj(TKeLV Kekevei.

ravra Kara rov AecovlSa Xeyeiv iripov; Si,Bdâ<;,

avTo<; irapeifivkaTTe pêra rcov (7Vvap')(^6vTcov to

a7]/jLetov.

"EcTTi Be ToiovBe' Bl^ ircop ivvia \afi6vT€<; ol

6<t)opoi vvKTa /caOapav kol daiXyvov, (tkotttj KaOe-

ôvrai irpo^ ovpavov diropXeirovre^. edv ovv

CK pApov^ Tivo<; eh erepov p,ipo<; da-rrjp BLa^rj,

KpLvov<7i Toi'9 ffa(TiXela)v rj 'OXu/xTrta? ')(pr]apo<i eXdy roU

rfkwKoai TO)v âcnXecav /3or]0a)v.

ToOto Bt} to arjpêLOV avrS) yeyoviiâi Xeycov 6

AvaavBpo^; KplcTLV rw AecovlBa irpovOrjKe, /cal

pdpjvpa^ irapelêv co? e/c yvvaiKO<;'

Aaiavri^t rjv

Tcov êXevKOv tlvo<; virdpxj^v avrw (TvvoL/cL(TavTo<i

ea^j^, T€KV(oaaLTO Bvo iraLBla, Bvor^€patv6p,6vo<; Be

/cal p,Laovpevo<^ vtto t^? yvvaiKo^ eiraveXOoi irapa

yv(t)p,r)v OLKaBe, Koi BiaBo^V^ epi]pbov dveXono to

âaiXecov. dpia Be ttj Blktj K.Xe6p,/3poTov eireiOe

Tri<s âaiXeia^; avTiiroieladaiy yap^pov ovTa tov

AewviBa, yevov<; Be tov fiaaiXtKOv. cpofirjOeU ovv

6 AewviBa^ iKeTr)(; yiveTai Trj<; XaXKioi/cov, kol

avvLKeTevev r) OvydTrjp Ta> TraTpi, tov KXeop-

PpOTOV diroXiTTovaa. KoXovpevov Be irpo^; Tr]v

Blfcrjv avTov Kal pr} KaTaâivovTo<it i/eelvov

26

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xi. 2-5

an ancient law which forbade any descendant of

Heracles to beget children by a foreign woman, andordained that anyone who left Sparta to settle amongforeigners should be put to death. ^ After instructingothers to spread these charges against Leonidas, he

himself, with his colleagues, proceeded to observe

the traditional sign from heaven.

This is observed as follows. Every ninth year the

ephors select a clear and moonless night, and in silent

session watch the face of the heavens. If, then, a

star shoots across the sky, they decide that their

kings have transgressed in their dealings with the

gods, and suspend them from their office, until an

oracle from Delphi or Olympia comes to the succour

of the kings thus found guilty.This sign Lysander now declared had been given

him, and indicted Leonidas, and produced witnesses

showing that he was the father of two children by a

woman of Asia who had been given him to wife byone of the lieutenants of Seleucus ; and that owingto the woman's dislike and hatred of him he hadcome back home against his own wishes, where hehad assumed the royal dignity, to which there wasthen no direct successor. Besides bringing this

indictment, Lysander tried to persuade Cleombrotusto lay claim to the royal dignity. Cleombrotus wasa son-in-law of Leonidas, and one of the royal line.

Leonidas, accordingly, took fright, and fled as a sup-

pliant to the temple of Athena of the Brazen House.His daughter also forsook Cleombrotus and becamea suppliant with her father. When Leonidas wassummoned to his trial and did not appear, he was

* Plutarch here merges two separate laws. Cf. the Lycur-gusy xxvii. 3.

2^

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

a7royfn](f)L(7dfjL6voi rijv âaiXeCav r^ Kkeofi^poro)

irapeBco/cav.

XII. 'Ev TOVTO) Be Trj<; ap^rj^; 6 Avaavhpo^

a7rr)Wdyr) rov ')(p6vov BiekOovTO^. ol Be Kara-

aTa6evT€<; eôpot tov fxev KemviBav dvecrrrjaav

iKerevovTa, ra> Be AvadvBpo) koI ra> âvBpo-KXeiBa Blktjv eirrjyov cw9 irapa tov vofjuov XpeSiv

diroKOTTa^ koI fyrjv dpaBdaaaOai'\jrrj(j)Lcra/jLevoL<;.

2 KLvBvvevovTe^ ovv eKeivoi ireidovat tov^ âaiXeU

ofjLOv y€VOfievov<; ')(aip€iv eav ra rayv icfiopcov ôv-

Xev/jLara' tovto yap to dpêlov la-'^veLP i/c Bia-

(j>opd<;Tcjp âaikecoVf roS rd fieXriova Xeyovn

TTpoaTiOefJLevov rrjv '\jr7]<j)ov,otup are/jo? epi^r)

7r/)09 TO avfjL(f>epop' dfupoLP Be ravrd ffovXevo-

fievcov dXvTOV elpat ttjp iôvauap, xal 7rapav6fici>p. ovt(o Bt)

ireiaOevTe^ d/KporepoL kol fierd tcjv (piXwv et9

dyopdv Karal^dpre^ dvea-TTjaav fiev ex rayv Bi(j)pa)p

T0V9 e<^6pov^, dXXov<; 8' dpT* avrcov direBetâp,

odv eh rfv Âyr]aiXao<;. oirXicyaPTe^ Be r&v veayp

iroXXovfi Kol XvaavTe<; tov<; BeBe/jbevovi eyevovro

(l)offepol T0fc9 virepaPTioL^; a)9 iroXXov^ diroKre-

4 vovpre^. diredape Be ovBeU vtt avrcop, dXXd kol

AecopiBav €69 Teyeav vireîopra fiovXr)0evTO<;

Biacfidelpai, rov ÂyrjcrtXdov, koI irefi'âvTo^ eir'

avrov el<! rrjv oBov dvBpa^f irvOo/jievo^ 6 Âyiq

38

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xi. 5-xii. 4

deposed, and Cleombrotus was made king in hia

piace.^

XII. At this point, Lysander's term expired andhe went out of office. The new board of ephorsencouraged Leonidas to leave his suppliant's asylum,and brought an indictment against Lysander andMandrocleidas for violating the law in proposing anabolition of debts and a distribution of land. Thus putin legal peril, Lysander and Mandrocleidas persuadedthe two kings to act together and disregard theedicts of the ephors ; for that board of magistrates,

they said, derived its power from dissension betweenthe two kings, by giving their vote to the king whooffered the better advice, whenever the other was at

variance with the public good ; but when the two kingswere in accord, their power was indissoluble, and it

would be unlawful for the ephors to contend against

them, although when the kings were in contention

with one another it was the privilege of the ephorsto act as arbiters between them, but not to interfere

when they were of one mind. Persuaded by these

arguments, both the kings went with their friends

into the market place, removed the ephors from their

seats, and appointed others in their stead, one of

whom was Agesilaiis.^ Then they armed a large

body of young men and set free all who were in

prison, thus striking fear into their opponents, who

thouglit they would put many of them to death. Noone, however, lost his life at their hands ;

on the

contrary, when Agis learned that Agesilaiis had

plotted to make away with Leonidas as he was tryingto withdraw to Tegea, and had sent men to assault

him on the road, he sent out another company of

* About 242 B.C. « See chapter vi. 3 f.

39

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

kjepovs direareiXe 7n(7T0v<i, ot rov AecovlSav

'Trepi(T')(pvTe^ aa<âk(xi<; eh Teyiav KarecTTrjorav.

XIII. OvT(o Be T?}? irpdêo)^ avroh oSo) fiaht-

ôvcrri^ Kol /jLr}B€vb<; iviarafiipov /jurjBe BiaKW-

XvovToî, eh dvrjp, ^Kyi-jaiXao^, dveTpeyjre iravra

Kol Bie\vfjL7}vaT0, KoXKiaTOv BLav6r)p.a koI Aukco-

vtKQ)TaTOV al(T')(iaT(a vocrrjfjiaTi Ty (j)L\o7r\ovTLa

BLa^deipa<^. errret-BT) yap eKeKTiiTo [xev ev rohfxaXiara irdXkrjV koI dyaOr^v ')(^Ci)pav, coêCke Be

ird/niroWa, /jLi]re BiaXvaai Bvvd/ievo^ rd XP^^firjTe rrjp p^copai^ irpoeaOac pov\6[ievo<i eireLcre rov

ÂyLv 0)9 dfjL(j)OTep(ov fiev dfia irparTOiievwv jjieyaî

eaoiTO irepl Tr]v ttoXlv 6 veo)Tepia/i6<;, el Be rfj

Twv %/060)i/ d<ê(TeL depairevOelev ol KTrj/jLariKol

iTporepov, evKoXco^; dv avrcov /cal kuO' rjav^lav^

varepov evBeôfievwv lov dpaBaafiov. ravra Be

Kal Toh irepl AvaavBpov eBoKec, crvveâiraTco-

fievot^; VTTO tov ÂyrjaiXdov, kol id irapd tcov

Xpecearcjv ypafxârela avveveyKavreî eh dyopdv,d KkdpLa KoXovaL, Koi irdvra (ivpOipre^ eh ep

(TVPeTrprjcrav. dp9eL(T7](; Be (pXoyof; ol /jlcp ttXov-

aiOi KOL BaveiaTLKol irepiTraOovpTe^ diTrjXdop, 6

Be Âyrja-lXao^ uxTirep e(f)v/3pL^cop ov/cecfuj Xa/M-

Trporepop ewpaKepai ^w? ovBe irvp e/celpov KaOa-

pcorepop.

'AîovpTcop Be T(x)P TToXXayp Kal rrjp yfjp €vdv<;

pifieaOai koI rSiP âatXecop ovrco iroielp Ke-

XevoPTcop, dcrxoXla^ ripd<; ejJb^dXXcop 6 ÂyrjcrC-

Xaof; ael Kal 7Tpo(j)d(rei<i Xeycop rrrapTjye top

Xpopop, dxpf' ov o-rpareCa crvpe^rj tw "AyiBt,

fieTaire/JLTTo/jiepcov rcop 'A^âiwi^ av/n^dxcop optcop

^/col Ka0* r]<rvx(av Coraes and Ziegler : Kaf i)<rvxioiv.

30

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xii. 4-xiii. 4

trusted followers who took Leonidas under their

protection and brought him safely to Tegea.XIII. Thus the enterprise of the kings was making

good progress and no one tried to oppose or hinder

thenij when one man, Agesilaiis, upset and ruined

everything. He allowed a most shameful disease of

avarice to wreck a most noble and most truly Spartanplan. For since he was an exceedingly large ownerof valuable land, but owed huge sums of money, beingunable to pay his debts and unwilling to give up his

lands, he persuaded Agis that if both his projectsshould be carried through at the same time the

resulting convulsion in the state would be great ; butthat if the men of property should first be won over

by a remission of their debts, they would afterwards

accept the distribution of land contentedly and

quietly. This was also the opinion of Lysander,who was deceived in like manner by Agesilaiis. So

they caused the mortgages (the Spartans call them"klaria," or alloiment pledges) to be brought into the

market-place, heaped them altogether, and set fire to

them. As the flames rose, the men of wealth andthe lenders of money went away with heavy hearts;but Agesilaiis, as if in mockery of them, declaredthat his eyes had never seen a brighter or purerflame than that.

And now the multitude demanded also that theland should at once be divided, and the kingsgave orders that this should be done ; but

Agesilaiis would always interpose some obstacle or

make some excuse, and so consumed time until it

became the duty of Agis to head a military expedi-tion, when the Achaeans, who were their allies, sent

3»

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ôrjOeiav €k AaKedaLfiovo<;. AlrcoXol yap rjcrav

eTTiSoôt Sia Tt)? MeyapLKrjf; efxâXovvTe^ €t9 He-

Xo7r6pvr)(Tov' koX tovto /ccoXvacov "Aparo^s 6 tmv

ÂyaiSiv CTpaTriyo^ i)6poi^€ BvvapLtv koX rot?

€(j)6poi<i €ypa(f)ev.

XIV. 01 Se rov Âyiv ev6v<; iêTrefiTrov iTrrjp-

pLcvov rfi (îXoTLpbla /col irpodv/jLia tcov avarpa-T€vopi€VO)p. veoi yap oz^re? ol TrXelaroi kuI

irevrjres, /cal rrjv fiev dvo rodv XP^^^ aSeiav

€)(OVTe "±\yL8i irapelxov kavTov<;'

2 Kal 6iap,a rat? iroXeaiv rjaav d0Xa^(o<; /cal

TTyOttOj? Kal povov ovK d'yô<^rjr\ SiaTTOpevopêvoi, ttjv

TieXonrovvrâov, axrre davp^dêcv Kal BiaXoyl-t,e(j6aL TOv<; "EXXriva<; olof; rjv apa Koap.o's

AaKcovLKov aTpaTevp,aTO<i *Ayi]aLXaov 6Xovro<i i)

AvaavBpov eKelvov rj AecovlBav top rraXaiov

ifyovpievoVy oirov 7rpo<; pueipaKLOV oXiyov helv

veooTaTov dirdvrwv alBot)<; TOcravTTj Kal <^6ô^ icrl

3 Twi^ o-varparevopLevcov.^ Kal pbivroi Kal avro^6 veaviaKO'^ evreXeia Kal îXoirovia Kal rw pirjBep

IBlcotov \ap,'jrporepop yp,(j)t,6(T6aL Kal QiTrXlaOai

aepLPVp6pLepo<; dîo6eaTO<i yp Kal fT/Xwro? vtto

TOiP ttoXXmp' iirel toU ye irXovaioL^ ovk TjpeaKev6 pecorepicrpLO^ avrov, SeBLoai pur] Kiprjpa Kal

irapdBeiypa rol<; iraPTayoae Bi]poi<i yeprjrac.XV. XvpLpLâ<; Be rw Âpdrw irepl KopLpOop 6

*AyL(; en /SovXevopepo) irepl pd^V^ "^^^ irapard-

feo)? TT/Do? Tou? TToXepLiov;, eireBeiârt) Kal irpo-

dvpLiap TToXXrjp Kal roXpuap ov papiKrjp ovBe*

ffvffTpoTivofjiivwv Blass : arparfvofifvuv.

32

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xiii. 4-xv. i

for aid from Sparta. For the Aetolians were expectedto invade Peloponnesus by way of Megara; and

Aratus, the general of the Achaeans, in an effort to

prevent this, was assembling a force and wrote a

letter to the ephors.XIV. These at once sent out Agis, who was exalted

in spirit by the ambition and ardour of the soldiers

under him. For being young men for the most partand poor, and having now immunity from their debts

and absolution, and expecting that they would receive

allotments of land if they returned from the expedi-

tion, their devotion to Agis was astonishing. And

they were a spectacle to the cities as they marched

through the Peloponnesus without doing any injury,without rudeness, and almost without noise, so that

the other Greeks were amazed and asked themselves

what must have been the discipline of a Spartan armyunder the command of the great Agesilaiis, or the

famous Lysander, or Leonidas of old, since towards a

stripling who was almost the youngest of the whole

army so great reverence and fear were felt by his

soldiers. And indeed the young man himself, owingto his simplicity, his love of hardships, and the pridehe took in clothing and arming himself witii nomore splendour than a common soldier, won the

admiration and devotion of the multitudes ;for to

the rich, certainly, his innovating ways were not

pleasing, owing to a fear that they might prove a

disturbing force and set a bad example among the

common people everywhere.XV. Aratus, when Agis joined him near Corinth,

was still deliberating whether or not to meet the

enemy in open battle. Here Agis displayed great

ardour, and courage which was sane and calculating.

33

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

^CKoyuTTOV, eijiT) (yap avrS) fiev Sofcetv hiaixd-

')(€a9aL KcufJLT) irapievai top irokejiov etaw, raq

7rv\a<; t^9 HeXoTTOvvrja-ov irpoeiievov;, Trotrjaeiv

Se TO BoKOvv 'AyoaTft)' Kal fyhp irpea^vrepov re

elvac Kal (TTpaTrjyetv Â^ctiMv, oh ov^l Trpoa-

Ta^cov ovSe rjyrjaofievofi, dWa a-varpaTevcrofievo';

rfKOi Kol /3or)67]acov»

2 'O Be XtvcoTrev^ Bdrayv avrov ovk eOekeiv /iid-

')(^€a6ai ^r]ai rbv Âyiv Âpdrov Ke\evovTO<;, ovk

ivTeTV')(r]K(io<s 0*9 "ApaTQf; yijpaê irepl rovrcoVf

diroXojiôfJiei'o^ on îkriov rjjelTO, rovf; Kap-iTOv<i cr^êBov diravja^ avyK€KO/jLia/ievo)v tjBt] tcov

yecopycov, irapekOelv tov<; TroXefilov; rj fidxjj ^*a-

KLvBvvevcrai irepl tmv oXcdv.

3 'ETret 3* ovv"

Aparo^ direyvto fJid')(eadai Kal

Tou? crv/jLfid'xôv'; eiraiveaa^ BiacjyrjKc, 6avp,aa6eU6 ÂyL^ dveêvyvvevt i]Br} tcov evBov iv 'Zirdprrj 802

Oopvôv TToXvv exovTCdv Kal fieraôXyv,XVI. *0 yap

^

Ayrj(TL\ao<; eôpevoovy dirifSXay-

fievo^ ol<; Taireivofi rjv Trporepov, ovB6vo<i i(j)€LBeTO

<f)ipovTO<; dpyvpiov dBLK7]fjLaT0<;, dWd fjbrjva rpta^

KacBeKarov, ovk diraiTOvar)^ rore t^9 irepioBov,

irapd TTjv V€V0/JLiajjL6Pr]v rdîv tmv xpofcov eveâXe

T0fc9 riXeai Kal TrapeTrparre. BcBlod^; Be T0v<i

dBLKovfievovî Kal p^LaovpLevo^; iiiro Trdvrcov erpecfye

fia)(aipo(j)6pov(i, Kal (pyXarropêvo^ vtto tovtwv

2 KarepaLvev eh rodp'^^êlov. Kal tcov âaiXecov

Tov piev oXco^ KaTa^povelVy tov Be ''Ayiv ifiovXcTO

34

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xv. i-xvi. a

For he declared that in his opinion it was best to

fight a decisive battle and not to abandon the gate of

the Peloponnesus and suffer the enemy to pass inside :

"However," he said,"

1 will do as seems best to Aratus,for Aratus is an older man, and is general of the

Achaeans ; I did not come hither to be their leader or

to give them orders, but to give them aid and share

their expedition."Baton of Sinop6, however, says that Agis himself

was unwilling to give battle although Aratus urgedit ; but Baton has not read what Aratus wrote about

this matter,! urging in self-defence that he thought it

better, now that the husbandmen had gathered in

almost all their crops, to suffer the enemy to pass by,instead of risking everything in battle.

When, therefore, Aratus decided not to give battle,

and dismissed his allies with praises for their proffered

aid, Agis, who had won universal admiration, led his

forces back to Sparta, where there was already muchcommotion and a revolution.

XVI. For Agesilaiis, who was one of the ephors,

being now freed from what had kept him in restraint

before, shrank from no injustice that brought him

money, nay, contrary to the customary arrangementof the calendar, and when the time for it had not yetcome, he inserted a thirteenth month ^ and exacted

the taxes for it. Moreover, in fear of the victims of

his injustice and hated by all men, he kept an armed

bodyguard, and would go down to his magistracyunder their protection. And as for the kings, hewished men to think that he utterly despised the one,

* In his "Commentaries." See the Aratus, iii. 2.' This was regularly done thrice during a period of nine

years, but in distinctly specified years. The object was to

equalize the lunar and solar years.

35

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

BoK€LV Bih, TTjv (Tvyyiveiav fxaXkov rj Sia rrjv

/SaaiXeiav ev rivi tl/jl§ TiOeaOai. BiiScoKC Se

Xoyov ft)? KOi avOi<; icjiopeuacov.

Aco Kol Odaaov aTTOKLvhvvev(TavT€r]6eia-rif;. rov puev ovv^

A.yrjaikaov

6 vlo<; îTTTTOfiiBcov, Be6/i6vo<; rwv iroXirayv kol

irdcn irpod^CKr]^ o)V hi avBpayaOiav, VTre^rjyaye

Koi Biiarcoae' rwv Be âaiXecov 6 fiev ''Ayt,<; iirl

Tr)V yiaXKLOi/cov KaTe<^vyev, 6 he KXe6p,/3pOTO<; €t9

TO rod Tloa-eLBcjvof; lepov eXOoov iKereve' kol yapiBo/cei rovTG) fxaXkov 6 AecoviBa^ %a\e7ro9 elvat,

KOL irapeh rov *Aytv eirl rovrov ave/Srj (TTparKi}-

ra<; e^wy Kal Karrjyopei fier 6pyrj<; on yafi/3po<^

(ov iirepovXevcrev avro) Kal rrjv /SaaiXeiav a<êi-

Xero Kal avveêffaXe tt)? iraTpiBo^;,

XVII. 'O fxev ovv K.Xe6pi^poro<; ovBev el'xev

eliretv, aXV rj'7rop'rj/j,evo<; iKadrjTo Kal (tlcottcov' yBe XlX(ovl<;, rj

rov AecovLBov Ovydrrjp, irporepov

fiev dBiKOV/xevo) tw irarpl avvrjBiKeLro, Kal rod

K-Xeo/jL^porov rrjv PaatXeiav jrapaXajSovros airo-

ardaa ryv rov irarpo^ <TV/ii(f)0pav eOepdireve, Kal

irapovri fiev cvviKereve, (êvyovro<; Be irevOovaa

Kal âXeTTw? e)(ôvaa 7Tpo<; rov KXeofi^porov

BiereXei, rore Be av irdXiv ral<; rvyai^ avfifiera-

36

i

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvi. a-xvii. i

and held Agis in some slight honour more because of

his near relationship than because he was king. Healso spread reports that he was going to be ephoragain.

For this reason his enemies lost no time in takingthe great hazard, and banding together, openlybrought home Leonidas from Tegea to exercise the

royal power. Even the common people were glad to

see this done, for they were incensed at their decep-tion in the promised division of the land. Agesilaiis,

accordingly, was taken out of the country and saved

by his son Hi})pomedon, who entreated his fellow-

citizens, and was beloved of all because of his valour;and as for the kings, Agis fled for refuge to the templeof Athena of the Brazen House, while Cleombrotuswent as a suppliant to the sanctuary of Poseidon ;

^ for

Leonidas was thought to be more bitter against Inm,and in fact he left Agis unmolested and went upagainst Cleombrotus with soldiers. And when hearrived he denounced Cleombrotus angrily because,

though a son-in-law, he had plotted against him,robbed him of the royal power, and helped in drivinghim from the country.XVH. Cleombrotus, on his part, had naught to say

for himself, but sat perplexed and speechless; Chilonis,

however, the daughter of Leonidas, who before this

had felt herself wronged in the wrongs done to her

father, and when Cleombrotus was made king had left

him and ministered to her father in his misfortunes,—sharing his suppliant life while he was in the city,

and in his exile continually grieving for him and

cherishing bitter thoughts of Cleombrotus—at this

^ On the promontory of Taenarum. See the Cleomtnts,xxii. 5.

37

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

pdXkovaa fierh rod avSpo<; Ik6ti<; oj(j)Or} Kade-

ôfievr), 7rept^6^7)KVLa ra*; ')(elpa<î/c eivo) teal rcov

iraihicov ro fiev evOev, rb 5' evdevv(j>^ auTtjv

2 exovaa. dav/jiaôvTcou Be Trdvrcov kuI BaKpvovrcoviirl T7J '^(^prjaTOTrjTi koI (piXoaropyia t^9 yvvaLKO^t

dyfrafiivT] tmv ireirXwv Kal ttj^ KOjMr]^ dTr]/jL6X(o<;

€)(^6vTcov,"TovTO," ecTrev,

"co irdrep, ifioX to

a^TJ/ia /cal rrjv oyjnv ov^ o KXeofiffporov Treptri'

SecKev eXeo9, dX)C diro tmv aSiv KaKwv kolI tt}?

0-7)9 (l>vyrj(i fi€p,evrjKe /jlol avuTpo<pov koX gvvolkov

TO TrevOo^. TTOTepov ovv hel fie aov fiacn\evovTO<;

iv îrdpTTj Kol vlkS)vto<; iyKaTa^cwvai TavTaif;

Tat9 (TV/jL(f)opaL<i, rj \apelv iadrjTa XajjuTTpav Kal

pacrtXiKTjv, eTTihova-av vtto aov tov irapdeviov3 dvBpa (f)Oi'€v6/ji€Vov; 09 el

/jlt) TrapaiTelTai ae /ii7]8k

TreiOei t6kvwv koI yvvaiKo^ Bdfcpvai, âXeTTO)-

Tepav rj av fSovkei BUtjv v(l)e^€i t7}9 /caKoôvXiaîinBodv ifie ttjv <j)iXTdT7]v avTw irpoaTrodavovaav,tLvl yap e'yu-e

Bel ^rjv irapprjaia Trpb^ Ta9 a\Xa9

yvvalica^y ?; p.rjT6 Trap' dvBpo<; Beo/iievTj fxrjTe Trapd

iraTpo^ eA.eo9 iaTiv; dXkd Kal yvvrj kol Ovydrrjp

avvaTVêlv xal avvaTLfidêaOaL T0t9 eyuauT^94 iyevofjLTjv. tovtw fxev ovv el Kal Ti9 ^v X0709

evirpeirri'^y eycn tovtov dc})€i\6jjLr]v Tore aol aw-eêraaOelaa Kal KaTa/maprvpijaaaa toov vtto

tovtov yevofxevwv' av Be avTW to dBiKTj/jLa TroLel<^

€va7ro\6yr)ToVi ovtco jxeya Kal 7r€pt/jLd)(^r]Tov diro-

cfyaivoyv to jSaaiXevetv MaTe Bl avTo Kal ya/jLffpov<i

(l)0vev6Lv Kal TeKvwv dpeXelv elvai BiKaLov"

XVIII. 'H fiev Hi\.ci)vl<; ToiavTa TroTVLco/jievrj

TO T€ TTpoacdTTov eVt TTjV Keâ\r]v eTriOrjKe tov

KXeofiffpoTov, Kal to fiXepifia BiecÔapfievov Kal

38

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvii. i-xviii. i

time changed back again with the changed fortunes

of the men, and was seen sitting as a suppliant withher husband, her arms thrown about him, and a h'ttle

child clinging to her on either side. All beholders

were moved to wonder and tears at the fidelity anddevotion of the woman, who, touching her robes andher hair, alike unkempt, said: "This garb, my father,and this appearance, are not- due to my pity for

Cleombrotus; nay, ever since thy sorrows and thine

exile grief has been my steadfast mate and companion.Must I, then, now that thou art king in Sparta andvictorious over thine enemies, continue to live in this

sad state, or put on the splendid attire of royalty,after seeing the husband of my youth slain at thyhands ? That husband, unless he persuades and wins

thee over by the tears of his wife and children, will

pay a more grievous penalty for his evil designs thanthou desirest, for he shall see me, his most beloved

one, dead before he is. For with what assurance could

I live and face the other women, I, whose prayersawakened no pity in either husband or father ? Nay,both as wife and as daughter I was born to share onlythe misfortune and dishonour of the men nearest anddearest to me. As for my husband, even if he hadsome plausible excuse for his course, I robbed him of

it at that time by taking thy part and testifying to

what he had done ; but thou makest his crime an easyone to defend by showing men that royal power is a

thing so great and so worth fighting for that for its

sake it is right to slay a son-in-law and ignore a

child."

XVIII. Uttering such supplications Chilonis rested

her face upon the head of Cleombrotus and turned

39

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

avvrerrjKo^ viro Av7rr]<; Trepi^veyKcv eh tov9

irapovra^. 6 he Ae(oviBa<; SiaXexêU roL<; (J)l\oi<; 803

Tov fiev KXeofJL^poTOV ixeXevaev avaa-ravra (pev-

yeiVt T^9 he TraiBof; fievecv iSelro koX firj Kara-

Xiireiv eavTov ovto) (f)iXovvTa koX BeBcoKOTa xdpLv2 TYjV TOV avBpo<; avrfj (Tayrrjpiav. ov pr)v eTTeiaev,

dW* dvLdrapevw rw dvBpl Odrepov to3v TraiBlcov

iyXet-pi(ra(Tay Odrepov 3' dvaXa.Sovaa koX irpocrKV-

vrjdaxra tov ficopov tov ^ Oeov avve^rjXOeVy (oaTe

el pi] irdvv BLe^dappbevo<; rjv vtto Kevrj<; B6^r]<; o

K.\e6p,fipoTO<;, evTV^VH'^ ^^ i)'yrj<jaTO ttjv (j)vyrjv

avTM tt}? paa-Lkela^ pelôv elvai Bia ttjv yvvaiKa,

M-eTaa-TTjcrdpevof; Be tov KXeopfipoTOV 6 Aecovi-

Ba<; KOL T0V<; irpooTov^ eôpov; eKJBaXwv t?)?

dpx^"^* ^'^^povî Be 7roL7](Tdpevo<;, evOvî eireôuXeve

3 ToG "AyiBi, Kol TTpcoTov puev eireiOev avrov dva-

(TTrjvat Kol avpbjSaaiXevetv, co? BeBw/coTcov avyyvco-

p,r)v Tcov ttoXltcov' avve^rjiraTrja 6ai yap viro tov

ÂyrjatXdov veov ovTa koX îKoTipov, ifceivov

Be vôpcopevov KaX kutcl x^P^^ p>evovTO BiaXeyeaOar Kai

TTOTe KoX irapaXafiovTe^ eVl XovTpov aTTo tov

lepov KaTTjyayov koX Xovadpevov irdXiv eh lO

4 lepov KaTeaTTjaav, koX rjcrav irdvTe^ p,€v avTw

cvvrideviy 6 Be Âp(f)dp7)<; kol /cexpVP'^ô^êvayxo^

* TOV eeov Coraes, Bekker, and Ziegler, after Bryan ; ttjs

0«ov. ' Kol KtxpvH'^f'of Coraes and Bekker delete Kof.

40

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xviii. 1-4

her eyes, all melted and marred with grief, upon the

bystanders. Then Leonidas, after conference withhis friends, bade Cleombrotus leave his asylum and

go into exile, but begged his daughter to remain,and not to abandon him, since he loved her so much,and had made her a free gift of her husband's life.

He could not persuade her, however, but when herhusband rose to go she put one of her children in his

arms, took up the other one herself, and went forth

in his company after an obeisance to the altar of the

god; so that if Cleombrotus had not been whollycorrupted by vain ambition, he would have con-

sidered that exile was a greater blessing for him thanthe kingdom, because it restored to him his wife.

After removing Cleombrotus from his asylum,Leonidas expelled the officiating ephors from their

office, appointed others in their place, and at once

began to lay plots against the life of Agis. To beginwith, he tried to persuade Agis to leave his asylumand share the royal power with him, assuring Agisthat the citizens had pardoned him, because, beinga young man and ambitious, he had been one of

those whom Agesilaiis had completely deceived.But Agis continued to be suspicious and would notleave his asylum. So Leonidas himself stoppedtrying to cheat and play tricks upon him, but

Amphares, Damochares, and Arcesilaus did not.

They were wont to go up to the temple and con-verse with Agis ; and once they actually took himin charge and brought him down from the templefor a bath, and after he had bathed, restored himagain to the temple. They were all comrades of

his, but Amphares had also borrowed recently some

41

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ificLTia Kot irorrjpLa tS)v TroXvreX&v TrapA t^9

ÂyrfcnaTpdraî eireôvkeve Sia ravra tw âaiketKoX ral^ yvpai^lv «? dTroarepyjacov. koI fidXLaTa

rye avTO AecovlBa Xeyerai, koI

irapo^vvaL tov<; icpopov^;, a)v Kal avro<i el? ^z^.

XIX. 'EttcI Be 6 'Ay^? top jxev dWov iv rto

lepw Bierpifie ypovov, elooOet Be KaraâiveLv ore

Tuôi TTyoo? TO \ovTp6v, i/ceX (TvWafielv avrov

e<yv(ti(Tav, orav e^co tov lepov yevrjTai, koI irapa-

(j)v\dâvTe<; XeXovfievov dTrrjvTrjaav kol rjaird-

aavro, /cal avfnrporjyov d/ia SLoXeyo/Jievoc koI

2 iraifyvrefi a)9 tt/oo? a-vvÔrj Kal veov. eKrpoiTTjvBe TLva T^9 oBov irXayiav irpo^; to BeaiJiWTrjpLov

€X0V(Tr)<;, ft)? eyevovTO KaT avrrjv âBlôvTe^, 6

fiev Â/jL(pdp7]<; Blu to dpxîv d'^d[xevo<; Tof)''A'y«6'o?,

""A7ft) ere," elirev,

"iirl tov<; icpopovf;, & ÂyL,

Xoyov v(j)eôvTa tcov ireTroXLTeu/xivcov^* 6 8k

Aa/jLO')(dpr]<;, eupa)aT0<; cov kol /xeya?, to IfiaTiov3 TrepifiaXoDv irepl tov Tpd^rjXov elXxev. dXXwv Be

eiTwOovvTwv OTTLaOev e/c irapao-KevT)^, ovBevo^;

fioi]0ouvTO^, dXX* ipTj/jLia^ ovarj^;, epLâXXovatvavTOV eh to Bea-fKorrjpLOV. evOv^ Be iraprjv 6 fiev

AeodvlBa<; fii,a6o(t)6pov<; e^f^v ttoXXov^, Kal to

otKTjfjLa Trepiiaêv e^coOep, ol Be e(f)opoL 7rpo<i tov

ÂyLV elarjXdoVi Kal rcov yepovTcov eh to OLKy/na

fieTa7refjb'\jrd/iievoi rou? Tavrd ôvXofiivovî, ft)? Brj

Kpiaew^ avTw yivo/jL6vr]<;, eKeXevov virep TOdv ire-

4 TTpay/jiivcov diroXoyelaOai. yeXdaavTO^; Be tov

veavicTKov 7rpo<; ttjv elpcovecav avTCJVyO fju6V*Afi(f)d'

pr)(; olfjiwôjievov eKoXei Kal Blktjv vîôvra rrj?

tTa/xoT7;TO?* dXXo^ Be Tcav iipopcov, olov ivBcBovî

42

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xviii. 4-xix. 4

costly vestures and beakers from Agesistrata, andtherefore plotted to destroy the king and the

women, that he might not have to return what hehad borrowed. And he, certainly, more than any-one else, as we are told, followed the counsels of

Leonidas and embittered the ephors, of whom hewas one, against Agis.XIX. Now Agis spent most of his time in the

sanctuary, but was wont to go down from time to

time to his bath. There, then, they determined to

seize him, when he was outside the sanctuary. So

they waited till he had finished his bath, and thencame to meet him with friendly greetings, andwalked along with him, conversing and jesting with

him after the manner of youthful comrades. But at

a certain point the road branched off towards the

prison, and when they were come to that place,

Amphares, by virtue of his office, laid hands on Agisand said ;

" I shall lead thee, Agis, to the ephors, to

answer for thy measures of state"

; and Damochares,who was tall and robust, threw his cloak about the

king's neck and dragged him along. Others pushedhim along from behind, as had been agreed, andsince he had no helper but was without a friend,

they thrust him into the prison. At once Leonidas

was at hand with a large band of mercenaries andsurrounded the prison, while the ephors went in to

Agis. After sending for those of the senators whowere of the same mind as themselves, as though the

king were to have a trial, the ephors ordered Agisto defend his conduct of affairs. The young kinglaughed at their dissimulation, whereupon Ampharesthreatened that he would rue the day and be

punished for his temerity; but another ephor, as

43

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Tft) "Ayihc Kal BeiKvvodv a7ro4>vy7)p t»}? alria<;t

r)p(t)Tr](T€V el ravra eirpaêv vtto AvadvBpov koI

5 'Ay7](TiXdov fiiaaOeL^. dirotcpivafjievov he rov

"AyiBo'i ot)9 ^LaaOelî jJ'ev vtt ovhev6<;, ^r]\(ov Be

Kal fiifjiovfjbevo^ rbv AvKovpyov eVl rrjv avrrjv

eXOot, irokLTeiaVy irdXiv 6 avro^ ^pcorrjcrev el

fieravoel rot? 7r67rpay/jLevoi,<;, (j)')]aavTo<; Be tov

veavlaKov pbrj fxeravoelv iirl tol<; KdWicrra jSeôv-

XevfievoL^, tcav to, ea-'Xâra Treiaofievov avTov tBrj,

ddvarov avrov Kare-^r^cfiiaavTO , /cal tou? vTrrjpera^

6 eKeXevov dyeiv eh tyjv KaXov/jbivrjv Ae^dBa. tovto

Be eanv otK7]/bia t?}? eipKT7]<; iv o5 Oavarovat tou?

KaraBiKOv; diroirviyovTefi. opcov Be tou? vTrrjpeTaî

6 Aa/j.oxdpr)<; ov roXfi(avTa<; d'yâaOat rov "AîSo?,

6/jLolcl><;Be Kal tmv /jbia9o(f>opcov tou? 7rapeaT0)Ta<i

dTTOO-Tpeô/jiivovf; /cal (f)evyovTa<; rb epyop, oo? ov

Oe/jiLTOv ovBe vevofjua/xepov /SaaiXeco^ crdyiiaTt, Td<; 804

'X^€Lpa<i 7rpoa(f)epetVy BLaiTeLXr}adiJbevo<i avroh teal

XoiBoprjOeU elXKev avrh^ eh to otxtj/Jba rovÂyiu.

7 ^]Br] yap fjaOrjvTO iroXXol rrjv o-vXXrjyJnv, koI

d6pvffo<; rjv iirl rah 6vpaL<i Kal (j)(aTa iroXXd, Kal

iraprjaav /; re /JLt]T7]p tov "Ayi,Bo<; /cal rj /idfi^r]

fiowaai Kal Beojuevat tov jâaCkea rcovXTrapTiaroyp

Xoyov Kal Kpiaefo<; Tvyeiv ev rot? iroXiTai'^. Bib

Kal fidXt(TTa KaTTjireiâv Tr]V dvaipea-iv, co? efayD-

irayqcFoixevov vvkto^ av irXeiove^ iireXOcoartv.

XX. 'O fiev ovv *Ayi<; iirl rrjv aTpayydXrjv

iropevojuevoîy co? elBi riva Tcav virr^perSiv BaKpv-

44

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xix. 4-xx. i

though plainly offering Agis a way ot escape from

the charges against him^ asked him if he had done

what he did under compulsion from Lysander and

Agesilaiis. And when Agis answered that he had

suffered compulsion from no one, hut that in admira-

tion and imitation of Lycurgus he had adopted the

same puhlic policy as his, the same ephor asked againif he repented of what he had done. But the youngking declared that he had no repentance for what hehad most excellently planned, and would not have,

even if he saw that he was to suffer the extremest

penalty. So they condemned him to death, and

ordered the officers to lead him into the "Dechas,"

as it was called. This is a chamher of the prison in

which they strangle those who are under sentence of

death. But Damochares, when he saw that the

officers did not dare to lay hands on Agis, and like-

wise that even the mercenaries who were there

shrank from the deed and were loth to do it, feelingas tliey did that it was contrary to the laws of Godand man to lay hands upon the person of a king,

heaped threats and abuse upon them and himself

dragged Agis into the chamber of death. For

already many people were aware of the arrest, and

there was a noisy throng at the door and manytorches, and the mother and grandmother of Agiswere there, with cries and prayers that the king of

the Spartans should have a hearing and a trial before

the citizens. For this reason especially the ephorshastened on the king's execution, believing that he

would be taken out of their hands in the night if

the concourse should increase.

XX. Agis, then, on his way to the halter, saw one

of the officers shedding tears of sympathy for him.

45

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ovra /cal TrepnraOovvra,** llavaai fieT elirev,

*' w

dvdpcoTre, KXaiwv real yap oi/ro)? Trapavo/juax; koI

aBifcco^ a7roX\,vfi€Vo<; /cpeiTTcov elpX tcov avaipovv-Tcov

**

Kal ravT eliroDV irapeBco/ce ro) ^po^^ tov

2 Tpd')(r)\ov 6/covai(o<;. 6 Be Âp.(f)dprj<; irpoekOooviirl ra? Ovpa<;, koI rrjv

*

AyrjaLO-rpdrav irpocr-

irea-oucrav avTw Bia crvvrfOeiav fcall (piXiav dva-

(nricra'^, ovSev6(prj irepl tov

^

A^lv eaeaOai ^LaiovouBe dvrjKecnov ixeXeve Be KaKetvrjv, el ôvXolto,

TTyOo? Tovvlov elaeXdelv. i/c€Lvr]<; Be Kalrrjv pjtjrepa

fjuer avTr)<i irapelvai Beofievr]'^ ovBeu e^rj /ccoXveiv

3 Â/jL(f)dpr](;'koX Be^djjuevoî dp.(ôrepa<;^ fcal irdXiv

fcXelaai Tai Be €KeLvr}<; e/ceXevae rrjv^

Ayrjat-cTTpdrav eaw4 âBiêLv. co? Be elaeXOovaa tov re vlov iOedaaTO

Xcificil Keifievov icaX Trjv jjirjTepa veKpav i/c tov

$p6ôv /€pe/jiap,evrjv, ifceivy^v p.ev avTrj T0L<i VTrrjpe-

Tafc9 crvyKadelXe koX irapeKTeLvaaa tm ''AycBt to

aco/jLa TrepieaTetXe Kal KaTexaXvyfre' tw Be vim

TTpoaTTeaovaa Kal (îXqaaaa to TrpoacoTTOv,** *H

TToXXr] ere," elnev,"

o) irac, euXdêia Kal to irpaop5 Kal <îXdv9pwTTOV dirctiXeae p.ed' tj/jLcop" 6 Be

^

\p,(j)dprj<; aTTO T^? dupa<; opcov to. yivofieva Ka\

ra? (l>cDva<; aKOvcov eireKrrjXOe, Kal 7r/)09 Tr)v Âyrj-

aiCTTpaTav yaer' 6pyrj<; elirev** Et ToivvVy^ ^^V*

** TavTO. eBoKifJLa^€<; T(p vla>, TavTO, Kal Tretcr?;."

fcal T)

*

AyTjcriarTpdTa irpo^ tov ^poôv dviGTa-

46

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xx. 1-5

"My man/' said he, ''cease weeping; for even

though I am put to death in this lawless and unjust

manner, I have the better of my murderers." And

saying these words, he offered his neck to the noose

witliout hesitation. But Amphares went to the door

of the prison, where Agesistrata fell at his feet in an

appeal to his friendship and intimacy. Amphareslifted her up and assured her that Agis was not to

suffer violence or death ; and he bade her, if she

wished, go in to her son. And when Agesistrata

begged that her mother might go in with her,

Amphares said there was nothing to prevent. Sohe admitted both the women, and after orderingthe door of the prison to be locked again, delivered

Archidamia first to the executioners. She was nowa very aged woman, and had lived all her days in

very high repute among her countrywomen. After

she had been put to death, Amphares ordered

Agesistrata to enter the chamber of execution. Soshe went in, and when she saw her son lying dead

upon the ground, and her mother's dead body still

hanging in the noose, with her own hands she helpedthe officers to take her down, laid her body out bythe side of Agis, and composed and covered it.

Then, embracing her son and kissing his face, she

said :" My son, it was thy too great regard for

others, and thy gentleness and humanity, which has

brought thee to ruin, and us as well." Then

Amphares, who stood at the door and saw and heard

what she did and said, came in and said angrily to

her :"

If, then, thou hast been of the same mind as

thy son, thou shalt also suffer the same fate." And

Agesistrata, as she rose to present her neck to the

47

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

fi€vr)f**

Moz/o^'/' e<^r;,"avveveyKat ravTa rfj

îrdprrjyXXI. ToO S^ irdOovî eU ttjv ttoXlv eâyyeX-

OevTOf; KoX tS)V rpiwv o-cDfiaToyv iKKOfiiôfievcov ovk

rjv 6 <j)60o<; ovTco fieya<;, ware fir] KaTa(f)av6h elvat

T0U9 iTokiTm aXyovvTa<; fiev iirl Tot? yeyovoai,

fiiaovvraf; Be rov AecoviBav koX top ÂfjLCJxipjjv,

/jurjSev Seivorepov /JirjSe dvocncorepov ef ov Acopiel^

ITeXoirovvrja-ov oIkovctlv oIo/jL€VOU<; iv ^TrdpTrj ire-

2 '7rpa')(6ai,. âaiXel yap, (b? eot/ce, AaKeSat/jLOVLcov

ovBe 01 iroXe/jLioL paBio)^ ivral^ fjid')(âL<;aTravrcovre^

irpoaeêpov ra? pêi/oa?,aX\! direTpeirovTO BeBioTe^

Kol aeôfiepoL to dîcofxa. Sio koX ttoXXcjv yeyo-

vorcop AaK6BaL/jL0PL0i<; dycovcop 7rpo9 ''EXXr)pa<i eh

p6po<i dprjpeOr) TTpo toop ^lXittttlkcop Zoparv ttXtj-

7669 Trepl AevKTpa K.Xeofi^pOTO'i. M.ecrar]PLcop Be

KoX ©eoTTO/jLTrop VTT^

ApiaTOfjLepov<; Trecrelp Xeyoprcop

3 oij (âav AaKeBai/noPLOi, TrXrjyrjpai Be jjlopop. dXXd

Tavra fiep eêt tlpcl^ d/jL(j)iXoyLa<i. ep Be AaxeBat-

fiopi 7r/?a)T09 *AyL<; âaiXevcop viro tcjp e(p6po)v

airedape, KaXa [xev epya /cal TrpeiropTa rfj ^Trdpi-^

TrpoeXojiepo^, rjXiKia^ Be yeyopoDî ep rj dfiaprd-

voPTe<; dpOpcoTTOi avyypcD/jL7j<; Tvy^dpovai, iJLe[i^6e\<i

Be viro rcop <îX(i)P Bifcaiorepov rj rSiP e')(j9pS)P, onKal AewpiBap irepieo-coae Kal Tot9 dXXoL<; eiri-

aievaev, r)fiepetituto^ koI irpaoTaTO^^ yepofiepo^;.

48

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xx. 5-xxi. 3

noose, said :" My only prayer is that this may bring

good to Sparta."XXI. When tidings of the sad event had been

carried to the city and the three bodies were carried

forth for burial, the fear felt by the citizens was not

so strong as to prevent them from manifesting sorrow

over what had been done, and hatred for Leonidas

and Amphares. It was thought that nothing moredreadful or heinous had been done in Sparta since

the Dorians had dwelt in Peloponnesus. For againsta king of the Lacedaemonians, as it seems, not

even their enemies would willingly raise their hands

if they met him in battle, but they would spare

him, out of fear and reverence for his dignity.And for this reason, although there had been

many conflicts between Lacedaemonians and other

Greeks, only one Spartan king had been slain upto the time of Philip of Macedon, namely, Cleom-

brotus, who was smitten by a spear at Leuctra.^

The Messenians, however, say that Theopompus also

fell in battle, at the hands of Aristomenes ; but the

Lacedaemonians deny this, and say that their kingwas only wounded. This matter may be disputed ;

but Agis was certainly the first king of Sparta to be

put to death by the ephors. And yet he had chosen

a line of conduct that was noble and worthy of Sparta,and was of an age in which men are usually pardonedfor their errors, and his friends could with more

justice blame him than his enemies, because he

spared the life of Leonidas, and, most mild and

gentle man that he was, put faith in his other foes.

* See the Pelopidas, xxiii.

49

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

KAE0MENH2

I. ^KiroOavovTo^ he avrov tov fxev aSeXcpov 805

*Apxi'hcifiov ovK 6(^07] (TvXXaj3elv 6 Aewviha<; €v6v<^

eK^vyovra, ttjv Be yviacKa Traihiov eôvaavveoyvov etc rrj^ oiKia^; airayayoov fiia K.\eo/jLev6i,

Tft) via) awMKicrev ov Trdvv ydficov wpav exovrt,,

rr)V Be avOpcoirov dW(p BoOrjvai firj ôvkofievo^*

Tjv yap oixTia^ re pieyakr)<i €7rLK\r)po<; rj Âytdrtf;VvXlTTTTOV TOV TTaTyOO?, MpO, Te KOl KoKkei TTOkv

TMV ÊWrjviScov Sia<p€povaa Kal tov Tpoirop2 eineiKrj^. Bio iroWa fxev €7roii]aev, co? âau, firj

pLaaOrjvat Beofievrj, avveXdovaa Be ti9 tuvto tcS

KXeofMevei tov fiev AecovlBav e/Ato-et, irepl Be avTovTOV veavicTKov rjv dyadrj yvvrj /cat ^LkoaTOpyo<i,

epcoTLKOj^; dfjua tw \aj3elv tt/ô? avTrjv BiaTeOevTa

Kai Ttva TpoTTov avpLiraOovvTa tj} tt/oo? tov 'ÂyivevvoLo. /cat P'Vyfirj Trj<i yvvaiKo^y waTe Kal irvv-

Odveadat 7roWdKi<; irepl tmv yeyovoTwv /cal

'jrpoae)(eLV eiTLixeXoiî BL7]yovjjiev7]<; eKeivr]^ rjv 6

ÂyL<i ea)(ê Bidvoiav Kal irpoaipecnv.3 ^)Av Be Kal (pi\6Ti/Jio<; fxev Kal fxeyaXocfypcov 6

KXeofJuevrjf; Kal Trpb^ eyKpdTeiav Kal d(peXeiav ov)(^

rjTTOV TOV "AytBci €v 7re0u/c6O9, to Be euXa/Se?

dyav eKelvo Kal irpaov ovkel')(ev,

dXXd Kevrpov tl

Ov/jLov TTJ ^vaei irpoaeKevTO Kal /xera acpoBpoTyi-To? opfjLT} 7rp6<; TO (j)aiv6fjL€vov del KaXov. ecpaiveroBe KaXXiaTov p.ev avTW Kparecv €k6vt(ov, KaXovBe Kal

/JLT) ireidojjbevwv irepietvai 7r/309 to fieXTtov

iKîaôfievov,

SO

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, i. 1-3

CLEOMENES

I. Upon the death of Agis^ his brother Archidamus

at once took to flight, and thus escaped arrest at the

hands of Leonidas ; but his wife, who had an infant

son, was taken from her home by Leonidas and com-

pelled to marry his son Cleomenes. Cleomenes wastoo young for marriage, but Leonidas was unwillingto have Agiatis marry anyone else. For she was heir

to the great estate of her father Gylippus, in youthful

beauty she far surpassed the other women of Greece,and she had an excellent disposition. Therefore she

begged most earnestly, we are told, that she should

not be forced into this marriage, but after she

was united to Cleomenes, though she hated Leonidas,to the young man himself she was a good and affec-

tionate wife. And he, as soon as Agiatis was his,

became passionately fond of her, and in a way sym-pathized with her devotion to the memory of Agis,so that he would often ask her about the career of

Agis, and listen attentively as she told of the plansand purposes which Agis had formed.

And, besides, Cleomenes was aspiring and magna-nimous, and no less prone by nature than Agis to

self-restraint and simplicity. He had not, however,the scrupulous and gentle nature for which Agis was

remarkable, and his natural courage was always

goading liim on, as it were, and fiercely impelling himtowards that which in any case appeared to be the

honourable course. He thought it a most excellent

thing to rule over willing subjects, but a good thingalso to subdue such subjects as were disobedient, andforce them towards the better goal,

' About 241 B.a

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TI. OvK 7]p€(TK€ fjuev ovv avT(p TO, Kara rr)v

TToXiV, airpayfioavvr) koI r)8ov^ KaTafceKrjXrjfjiivcov

Tcov ttoXltcov Kol Tov â(Ti\ew^ iravra ra irpdy-

fiara 'Xâipeiv icovro^t el /jurjBelf; avrov ivo')(\oL7]

(T)(ô\dêiv €V d^66voc<; kol rpvâv ôvXofievov,

djiekovfievayv he tcov Koivcav, Kar ol/ciav eKacTTov

TTpo<; avTov €Xf€OVTO<i TO KepBaXiov d(rKT]aeco<;

Be /cat acocppoavvT}^ vecov koX Kaprepia^ Koi iao-

rrfTO'^ ovSe da(pa\e(i tjv tovtwv Toliv irepX^

KyivdTToXcoXoTcov fifij/ioveveLV.

2 Aeyerat Se kol Xoycov (f)iXo(70(f)cov tov KXeo-

fxevrj fieTaa')(êLV en jxeipdKLov ovra, X(j)aipov rod

BopvaOeviTov irapaâXovrof; el^ ttjv AaKeSaifiovaKoX irepX T0U9 veov<i kol tou? e^rjôv<; ovk a/xeXw?

BiarpLôvTo^. 6 Be ^(palpo^ ev toI<^ 7rpd)T0i<; eye-

yovei tS)v Z'^vcovo<; tov K.LTLeQ)<; /jbaOrjTwv, kol tov

K.X€0/j,evov<; eoi/ce t?}? (f)V(T6co<; to dvBpojBef; dya-irrjaaL re KaX irpoaeKKavaaL TrjV (juXoTi/jLiav,

3 AecDViBav jiev yap tov iraXaiov Xeyovcriv, eTrepco-

TTjOevTa TTOLo^ Ti9 ttVTM (âiveTai 7roi7)Tr}<:; ye-

yovevai TvpTaLO<;, elTrelv "Âya6o<; vecov yjrv^d';

Ka/c/cavrjvJ* ifiTriTrXd/jLevoc yap viro tcov Troitj-

fidTcov evOovacao-fjiov irapd Ta<i P'd')(â<; r]<êiBovv

eavTcov 6 Be Srcoi/co? X0709 e%et tc Trpo^ tcl^

fjLeydXa<^ (f)V(7ei<;koI 6êia<^ i7ncr(f)aXe<; Kal irapd-

fioXov, âOel Be Kal nrpaw Kepavvv/Mevo<; ijOei

fidXtaTa eh to olxeiov dyaOov iTTiBlBcoatv.

III. 'EttcI Be TeXevTr)a-avT0<^ tov AecovlBov ttjv

PacriXeiav irapeXaê /cal tov^; rroXbTa^ TOTe Br)

TTavTairacTLV e/cXeXvfjLevov<i eojpa, tcov fiev ttXov-

(Tiwv Ka0* riBova<; IBla^ /cal irXeoveîas irapo-

53

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, ii. i-iii. i

II. Of course, then, the condition of the city wasnot pleasing to him. The citizens had been lulled to

sleep by idleness and pleasure ; the king was willingto let all public business go, provided that no onethwarted his desire for luxurious living in the midst

of his wealth ; the public interests were neglected,while every man was eagerly intent upon his own

private gain; and as for practice in arms, self-restraint

in the young, hardiness, and equality, it was even

dangerous to speak of these now that Agis was deadand gone.

It is said also that Cleomenes studied philosophywhen he was still a stripling, after Sphaerus of

Borysthenis had made a voyage to Sparta and busied

himself sedulously there with the youth and youngmen. Sphaerus had become one of the leading

disciples of Zeno of Citium, and it would appear that

he admired the manly nature of Cleomenes and in-

creased the fires of his high ambition. For Leonidasof old, as we are told, when asked what manner of

poet he thought Tyrtaeus to be, replied; "A goodone to inflame the souls of young men." And indeed

they were filled with divine inspiration by his poems,and in battle were prodigal of their lives. However,for great and impetuous natures the Stoic doctrines

are somewhat misleading and dangerous, althoughwhen they permeate a deep and gentle character,

they redound most to its proper good.III. But at the death of Leonidas^ Cleomenes

came to the throne, and saw that the citizens

were by that time altogether degenerate. The rich

neglected the common interests for their own private

* In 235 B.C. Cleomenes was then about twenty-four yearsof nge.

VOL. T. -,53

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

pcovTcov ra Koivd, rSiv he ttoXKmv Sta to irpdrreLvKaK(t}<; irepl ra oiKsla koI TTyoo? top iroXe/jLOv

dirpo6 Vixwv Kol 7r/309 Tr)V dycojrjv d^Ckoripiwv

yeyovoTcovy avrov Be ovopa âaLkevovTO^ tjv

2 fjiovov, 7]he dpxv "J^cLaa rcov iipopcov, evOv<; p.ev

€t9 vovv eOero rd irapovra /jLedtcrrdvai kol Kivelv,

6W09 he avTW (J)l\ov aevdpov^, epaarov yeyov6TO<;

(tovto he ifiTTvelcrOai, AaKehatpôvcoi KokovaLv),

aTreTreLpdro tovtov hia7rvv0av6p€vo<; top 'Âyiv,

oiroloî yevoLTo jSao-LXev*; kol tLvl rpoiTW kol fierdTLVCov eVt lavrrjv eXOot, rrjv ohov. 6 he B,epdpr]<;

TO jJLev irpcoTOV ovk drjhco^ epe/nvijTO tcov irpay-

fidrcov eKeivwVy a)9 eirpdxOrj KaO^ eKacrra /jlvOoXo- 806

3 ycov Koi hir)yovp€vo<;' 0)9 he yv KaTa<f)avrj<; 6

KXeo/jievT)^ efiTraOeaTepov Trpocreâyv koX kivov-

fievo<; V7rep(j)V(o<; 7rpo<; ttjv KaivoTOfilav tov"

AyLho<;

Koi Tavrd 7roXXdKi<; UKOveiv ôvXofievo^, eVeVX?/-

êv avTti) 7r/309 opyrjv 6 "Sevdprjf; 0)9 ov)(^ vyiaCvovTi,KoX TeXo<^ direaTrj tov hiaXeyeadai real ôirdvwpo^ avTOv, ovhevl fievrot, ttjv alrlav ecppaae T779

hia(ôpd<;, dXX! avrov ecprj yivdyaKeiv eKelvov.

4 OuTft) he TOV Sevdpov^ dvri/cpovaavro<; 6 KX,eo-

fievrj^; Kal tou9 dXXovi 6poici)<i e')(êLV rjyoviievo^;^

avro^ ev eavrw avverlOei rr}v irpd^tv. OL6fiepo<i

8* dp ev TroXefxw fiaXXov 7) Kar elprjvrjv fjLeraarr}-

aai rd jrapovra, avveKpovae irpo^ rov<; Ââtov^rr]v iroXiv, avrovî hihovra^ eyKXrjixdrwv irpo-

<jid(r€i<i.6 yap

"

Aparoev ef dpxv'i e^'? fiiav avvraîv

dyayelv Yie\o7rovvr]aiov<i, Kal rovro tmv ttoXXcjv

<TrpaTt]yL(ov avr(p Kal t^9 fiaKpd^; TToXirew ^v

54

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, iii. 1-4

pleasure and aggrandizement ; the common people,because of their wretched state at home, had lost all

readiness for war and all ambition to maintain the

ancient Spartan discipline; and he himself,Cleomenes,was king only in name, while the whole power was

in the hands of the ephors. He therefore at once

determined to stir up and change the existing order

of things, and as he had a friend, Xenares, who hadbeen his lover (or inspirer, as the Spartans say), he

would make trial of his sentiments by inquiring in

detail what sort of a king Agis had been, and in what

way and with what assistants he had entered uponthe course of action so fatal to him. At first Xenares

was quite glad to recall those matters, and rehearsed

the events at length and in detail ; but when it was

apparent that Cleomenes took an unusual interest in

the story, and was profoundly stirred by the innova-

tions of Agis, and wished to hear about him over andover again, Xenares rebuked him angrily, calling himunsound in mind, and finally stopped visiting and

conversing with him. To no one, however, did he

tell the reason of their variance, but merely said that

Cleomenes understood it.

And so Cleomenes, finding Xenares averse, and

thinking that everybody else was of like mind with

him, began to arrange his project all by himself.

And because he thought that he could better bringabout his reforms in time of war than in the midst of

peace, he embroiled the state with the Achaeans,who were themselves giving grounds for complaint.For Aratus, the most powerful man among the

Achaeans, was from the outset desirous of bringingall the Peloponnesians into one confederation, and

this was the end pursued by him during his many

55

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

T6\o9, rjyovfjLii'O) ijlovco^ av ovt(o<; dveirtxetpyjrov'i5 eaeaOai rot? eKTo^ 7ro\€/jLLOL<;. eVet ê twj/ dW(ov

a-êhov airavroiv avrcp irpoa-yeyovoTcov aTreXet-

TTovTo Aa/ceSaLfJiovioi, koI 'HXetot /cat oaot AaK€-

haifjLovLOL^; Wp/cdScov 'JTpoa6l')(pv, dfia rw top

AecoUSav dTToOaveiv TrapTjvco^XeL roi? ÂpKacri koI

wepieKOTTTev avrayv fidXiara rov<i to?? 'A;jâiot?

oixopovvra^j d7ro7r€ipco/JLevo<; tmv Aa/ceSatfiovLcov,Kol rod KX€Ofj,€Vov<i eo? veov koX direipov Kara^

(^pOVMV.IV. 'Ea: tovtov KXeofievr] irpcorov ol ecpopot

TrefjLirouat, KaraXijyfro/jievov rb irepl rrjv BiXîvav*A6t]vaiop. ifjLôXr) Be ttj^ AaKO)viKrj<; to %ct)/)toi/

eari, kol rore irpo'; tou? MêyaXo7roXLTa<i rjv eVt-

Blkop, KaTaXa06vro<; Be rovro koX T€t;^tcraz^TO?rov KXeofievov^ 6 "Aparo? ovOev eyKaXeaa<;, dXXdvvKTO<i €KaTpar€V(Ta<; eiTe')(êipr](Te Teyedratî /cal

2Ôp'xô/jL€ViOi<;. Tcou Be irpoBorcbu diroBeLXiaaavrcov

6 fiev "Aparo*; dve')(^ci)pt)<je XeXrjOevat vo/jll^cov, 6

Be KXeopbevTj^ elpcdveia ^pco/iezô? eypayjre 7rpo<;

avTov, ft)? Br) irapd <f>i\ov irvvOavofjievo'^ ttov t?)?

vv/CT6<i eêXdot. rov Be dvriypdyfravTO<; to? eKelvov

BeX^Lvav /MeXXeiv rei'xjiêiv dKovaa<^ Kara/Saiy]TOVTO KcoXvaayv, irdXiv 6 KXeo/jLep7]<; dTToareiXa^rovTo fiev ovt(o<; eêtv ec^rf

meireladar "tou? Be

(j)avov<; KoX ra? KXLfiaKa<?," elirev,"

el firj tl aov

Biaêpei, ypd'ôv rjixlv, iirl tl aoi iraprjKoXov-3 dovv.

'

Tov Be^

Apdrov irpo'; to cTKCofi/jia yeXd-aavTQfi fcal irvvdavofievov ttolo'^ t^? o veaviaKo<^

eXrj, AajbbOKpdTTjs: 6 AaKehaipôviO'^ (pvyd^," Et

Tl 7r/jaTT€49,** €^»7,"

7r/)09 Aa/ceBai/jLOVLOV}, a>pa

S6

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, iii. 4-iv. 3

generalships and his long political activity, since hewas of the opinion that in this way alone would theybe safe from the attacks of their enemies without.

Nearly all the other Peloponnesians adopted his views,but the Lacedaemonians, the Eleians, and the Arca-dians who sided with the Lacedaemonians, held aloof.

Therefore, as soon as Leonidas was dead, Aratus be-

gan to harass the Arcadians, and ravaged the terri-

tories of those especially who were adjacent to Achaea.His object was to put the Lacedaemonians to the

test, and he despised Cleomenes as a young and in-

experienced man.IV. Upon this, the ephors began operations by

sending Cleomenes to occupy the precinct of Athenaat Belbina. This commands an entrance into Laconia,and was at that time a subject of litigation with the

Megalopolitans. After Cleomenes had occupied andfortified this place, Aratus made no public protest,but led out his forces one night and tried to surprise

Tegea and Orchomenus. Those who were to betraythe places to him, however, played the coward, andAratus withdrew, thinking that his attempt had

escaped notice. But Cleomenes wrote him an ironical

letter, inquiring, as from a friend, whither he hadmarched out in the night. Aratus wrote back that

hearing of Cleomenes* intention to fortify Belbina hehad gone down there to prevent it. WhereuponCleomenes sent back word again that he believedthis story to be true; "but those torches and ladders,"said he, 'Mf it is all one to thee, tell me for what

purpose thou hadst them with thee." Aratus burstout laughing at the jest, and inquired what mannerof youth this was. Whereupon Damocrates, theLacedaemonian exile, replied :

" If thou hast designs

57

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

(TOL Ta')(vveLV irpo tov icevrpa (pvcrac tovtov rov

*Ea: tovtov KXeofievec ficTa iTTTrecov oXljcov koI

Tre^wv TpiaKoaicov iv ÂpKahia GTpaT07rehevop,ev(p

irpoaeTaâv avaytapelv ol €(f)opoL, (f>offov/iL€VOL tov

4 TToXeixov, €7ret ê ava')((i)prj(TavT0<; avTOv Ka^va?eXaêv 6 "Aparo?, av6L<; iêTre/jLirov top KXeo-

fievT]. XaôvTO^ Se avTOv MeOvBpiov kuI tt^v

*Apyo\t/cr}v KaTahpafiovTOî, iêaTpaTCvaav ol

Â/xâiol Si(T/jLvpLOt<i vreôfc? /cal')(l\lol<;

iTTirevaiv

*Api(TTop,d')(ôv aTpaTr)<yovvTO<;. airavTrjcravTO^ he

irepl YiaXkdvTiov KXeofiivovf; koI ôvXopêvov5 fid')(e(T6aL, (f)ofirjO€l<i Tr)V ToXpav 6 ÂpaTO<; ovk

etaae SiaKLvSwevaat tov crTpaTTjjov, aXX' dirrjXOe

Xoi8opovjji€vo<; piev viro tcov Ââicov, ^Xei/afo-

p,evo<; Be fcal KaTa^povovpuevo^ viro tcov AaKeSac-

povLcov, ovhe TrevTaKia'X^LXicov to 7r\7]6o (^povr}paTL y€'yovoi)<; 6 KXeoixevrjî

iOpaavveTO tt/jo? tou? TroXtra?, /cal tcov rraXaicov

TWO'!; avTOv<; dvepLtpivrjaKe fiacriXecov elirovTOf; ov

pLaTTiv oTi^ AaKehaipovLOL irvvOdvovTai irepl tcov

TToXepbicov, ov TTOcroL elaiv, d\Xa irov elcriv.

V. 'ETret he tol<; ^H.XeLOt<; TToXepLoupevoi^; viro

T&v *A)(aLcov ^07jdijo-a<;, /cal irepl to Av/caiov

dinovcTLV Tjhr} rot? Â')(aiOL<; emfiaXcov, dirav pev

iTpe-yjraTO /cal SteTrTorjaev avTcov to cTpaTevpa,

av)(vov<; Be dvelXe /cal fwz^ra? eXafiev, wcrre xal

irepl^

ApdTov ^rjpriv eKireaelv eU tou? "JLXX7]va<;

Q)<; Tedvr^KOTO^, o pev "ApaT0<; apicTTa tco /caipa)

XPV^dpevo<; e/c tt}? Tpoirrj^ i/ceLV7]<; evOv<; eirl

^ (IttSptos oil ixdT'i]v on Sintenis (com.) and Blass, after

Stephanus ; ilir6vT05 cIt* ttAriiv (MSS. ).

58

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, iv. 3-v. i

upon the Lacedaemonians, see that thou hastenest,before tliis young cock grows his spurs."

After this, when Cleomenes with a few horsemenand three hundred foot-soldiers was making an expe-dition in Arcadia, the ephors, fearing tlie issue of the

war, ordered him to come back home. After he had

returned, however, Aratus seized Caphyae, and the

ephors sent Cleomenes forth again. He seized Me-

tliydrium and overran the territory of Argolis, where-

upon the Achaeans marched out with twenty thousandfoot-soldiers and a thousand horsemen under Aristo-

machus as general. Cleomenes met them at Pallan-

tium and offered battle, but Aratus, in fear of this

boldness, would not suffer his general to hazard the

issue, and retired. For this he was reproached bythe Achaeans, and jeered at and despised by the

Lacedaemonians, who were less than five thousand

stnDng. Cleomenes was therefore greatly lifted upin spirit and began to show a bold front to the citizens ;

and he would often remind them of one of their

ancient kings1 who said, and not idly either, *'The

Lacedaemonians are wont to ask, not how many, but

where, their enemies are."

V. After this, he went to the aid of the Eleians,

upon whom the Achaeans were making war, and

falling upon the Achaeans near Mt. Lycaeum, as theywere withdrawing, he put their entire army to panic

flight, slew great numbers of them, and took manyprisoners, so that even Aratus was widely reportedamong the Greeks to be dead. But Aratus, makingthe best use of his opportunity, immediately after

^Agis II. (427-398 b.o.) ; cf. the Morals, pp. 190 c;

215 d.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Muvrtvetav ^XOe koI firjEevoî av TrpoaSoKija-avToî

2 elXe TTjv iroXiv koI AraTecTê, tcov Be AaKeSai/jLoi'iayi

TravTaTraai rat? fyvciifiai^s avaireo-ovrcov koI tw

KXeofjuevei nrpo^ ra<; arpareiaf; iviarajLiivcov, wp'

pii-jae peTaTTepireo-Oai, top ''AyiSo<; dheXôv 'A/3^t-

Sa/iov Ik êaarjvrj^, m paaiXeveuv airo Trj<^ erepa<;

olKia<; Tjv irpocTTjKov, oi6p.evo<; afi^Xvrepav rrjv rcov

i(f)6pa)v dpXV^ eaeadai t^9 jSaaiXeLa^; laopponrov

3 Kol oXoKXrjpov <yevop.ivrj<;, ol Be aVTjpi-jKOTe^ irpo-

repov TOP *AjLu alcrdo/ievot tovto, kol ô^rjOevre^

fJLTJ BtK7}V B(0(TL TOV *Ap)(LBdp,OV KaT€X66vTO<;, cBi-

âvTO /lev axjTOV eh Tr]v iroXiv Trapayevofievov

Kpv<f)a fcal crvyKarrjyov, ei)6v<; Be aTreKreivav, etre

UKOVTO^ TOV KXeofievov^, a)9 oLerac ^vXap')(ô^,

etre ireLaOemo^; viro tmv <f)iXwv koX Trpoe/nevov rov

av6payiTOv avTol<^, Trj<; yap alria^ to irXelaTov iir

eKeivov^ rjXOe êffidaOai top KXeofievr] BoKovvTa^.

YL Ov firjv dXXa Kivelv evOv<i iyvci)K(o<; ra Kara

rrjv ttoXlv, eirecae tou? i<f)6pov^ y^pt^paaiv oirax;

avTO) '\lr7j(pL(TcovTai. arpareiav. eOepdirevae Be Ka\

rcov dXXcov av^^vov^ Bca t?}? /at/t/jo? Kparrjac-

KXeia<; d(f)eiBct)<^ avy')(ôpr]yovar}<;Koi avpcpiXori/jLOV-

fievrjf;, rj ye kol ydfiov p^rj BeopevT] XeyeTav Bid

rov vlov dvBpa Xaffelv TrpcoTevovTa Bo^rj koX

2 Bvvdpet Tcov ttoXltcjv. eâyayaov Be ttjv GTpa-reiav KaraXap^^dvet r^? MeyaXo7roXiTLBo<; x^piov

AevKTpa' KoX y€Vopevr)<; irpo^ avrov oêia^ TOiv

6o

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, v. i-vi. 2

this defeat marched to Mantineia, and to everybody's

surprise captured and held the city. At this the

Lacedaemonians were altogether disheartened and

opposed any further expedition on the part of Cleo-

menes. He therefore determined to summon from

Messene the brother of Agis, Archidamus/ who was

the rightful king from the other royal house, thinkingthat the power of the ephors would be diminished

if the royal power were restored to its full strength so

as to counterbalance it. But those who had formerlymurdered Agis comprehended this design, and fear-

ing that they would pay the penalty for their crime

if Archidamus was restored, they did indeed receive

him when he came secretly into the city, andassisted in his restoration, but immediately puthim to death. Cleomenes may have been opposedto this, as Phylarchus thinks, or perhaps he was

persuaded by his friends to abandon the ha})less manto his murderers. For the greater part of the blameattached itself to them, since they were thought to

have constrained Cleomenes.VI. However, having determined to attempt at

once his reforms in the state, Cleomenes bribed the

ephors to send him on an expedition. He also wonthe favour of large numbers of the citizens with the

help of his mother Cratesicleia, who assisted him

liberally in providing ways and means, and shared

his ambitions. It is even said that although she hadno desire to marry again, for the sake of her son she

took a husband who was foremost among the citizens

in reputation and influence. So Cleomenes led forth

his forces and occupied Leuctra, a stronghold of

Megalopolis. The Achaeans, under the command of

^ See chapter i. I.

61

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

'Aâtwv l3or)06ia<; Âpdrov arparityovvto<;, vtto

T7JV TToXiv avTr)V 'JTapaTa^d/jLevo<; rjTTrjOT] fiepei

Tivl rov arparev/iaro^;. iirel Be x^pdBpav rtva

âOelav ovk eiacre Bta^rjvai tou?^

A')(âiov<; 6

3 "A/jaro?, dX>C eirearrjae rr)V Biwîv, d^yavaKTcovBe AvBidBa<; 6 Meya\o7ro\iT')]<; avve^dyppbrjae rov^

Trepl avrov tTTTret? koX Bccokcov eh ywpiov dfiireXcov

Kol rdcppcop KoX T6i%<wy fxearov ivaei(Ta<; koI

BiaairacrOel^ Trepl ravra KaKO)^ dTrrjWaTTe, Kari'

Bol>v 6 KXfo/jL6vr)<; dvrjKe TOv<;TapavTiVov<; koX tou?

K/3^}Ta9 eV avTov, vcf)ôjv 6 AvBidBa^; d/jLvv6/jiei>o<;

evpcoaro)^ eireae. 7r/)09 tovto Oappijcravre^; ol

AaKeBaipiovLOi /juera 0orj<; evejBakov rot?^

A'xâioUyKOi Tpoirrju oXov rov arparev/jLaro^; e7T0ir]aav,

4 drroOavovToov Be (jv')(yot)V rov<; fxev dXkov^ viro-

(TTTovBov^^ 6 K.\€o/jLevr}<; aTreBcoKe, rov Be AvBidBav

ve/cpbv d")(6rjvai irpo^ avrov rceXevaaf;, /coa-fiyjaaf;

TTopcpvplBi KOi areâvov eTridei^, Trpo? ra? irvXa'?

Twz/ MeyaXoiroXcrcov dTreareiXev. ovto<; rjv AvBid-

Ba<; 6 KaraOefjievo^ rrjv rvpavviBa /cal toI<; TToXtra^?

diroBov'; rrjv eXevOepiav Kal rrjv iroXiv irpoa/co-

filaaf; 'A%atoi9.VII. 'Efc TovTov KXeo/jievrjf; /juiya <ppovcbv y]Br),

fcal TreireL(Tjjievo<; av a>9 ôvXerat toc<^ Trpdyfjuaac

Xpu)P'evo<; TToXefi^ tt/jo? tou? 'Aâiou?, paBico^;

eTTiKparrjaeLV, eBiBacrfce rov rrj^ /jb7)Tpo<; avBpa^leyLarovovv ft)9 XPV '^^^ icpopcov diraXXayevra's€69 jxeaov Oelvai rd Krijuara T0t9 iToXiTaL<i Kai

rrjv XTrdpTTjv carjv yevofJLevrjv eyeipeiv kol TpodyeLViirl rrjv t?}9 'EWaSo9 riyepLoviav. iTeiaOevTO'^ S'

€K6ivov Bvo rcov dXXayp (puXcov rj rpeU irpocre-

XajSe.

62

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vi. 2-vii. i

Aratus, came swiftly to the aid of their allies against

him, and Cleomenes, after drawing up his forces under

the very walls of the city, was worsted at one point.But Aratus would not permit the Achaeans to cross

a certain deep ravine, and brought his pursuit to a

stop. Lydiadas tlie Megalopolitan, however, chafingat this, dashed on with the horsemen under his com-

mand, and pursuing the enemy into a place full of

vines, ditches, and walls, had his ranks broken and

thrown into disorder thereby, and began to fall into

difficulties. Cleomenes, observing this, sent againsthim his Tarentines and Cretans, at whose hands

Lydiadas, defending himself sturdily, fell. At this

the Lacedaemonians took courage and with a shout

fell upon the Achaeans and routed their entire army.Great numbers of them were slain, and their bodies

Cleomenes restored at the enemy's request; but the

body of Lydiadas he asked to have brought to him,

arrayed it in a purple robe and put a crown uponthe head, and then sent it back to the gates of

Megalopolis. This was the Lydiadas who renounced

the tyranny, gave back to the citizens their freedom,and attached the city to the Achaean league.Vn. After this, Cleomenes, being now greatly

elated, and persuaded that if he could keep the

control of things entirely in his own hands duringthe war with the Achaeans, he would easily obtain

the mastery, began to instruct his mother's husband,

Megistonoiis, that they must needs get rid of the

ephors, put the property of the citizens into a

common stock, and rouse and incite the Spartans,thus put upon their old footing of equality, to

assume the supremacy in Greece. Megistonoiis was

convinced, and enlisted in the cause two or three of

his friends besides.

63

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

2 Xwefirj he irepX ra^ r}/jLepa<; iK€Lva<; koI rtov

e<f)6pcov eva KoifiMfievov iv TlaaKpaa^; ovap Ihelv

davfiaarov iSo/cet yap ev w tottw TOi<; i(^6poi<^

€do<; icrrl Ka9eô/jiivoi<; ')(pr]/jbaTi^€iv eva hi(f)pov

Keladai, tov<; he riTrapa^; dvrjprjadaL, koX Oavfici-

ôvro<; avTov (pcovrjv €K tov lepov yeveaOat, <ppd-

3 ôvcrav cb? tovto rfi XTrdpry Xmov eart. ravrrju

Tr)v o^jriv BLTjyovfjLevov tov icpopov 7rpo<; tov KXeo- 808.

fievr],TO fiev wpMTOv hieTapaxOr] KaO* vttoîov M

Tiva ireLpdêadac Bokojv, cb? Be eTreiaOif] ixrj '\jrev-

BecrOaL tov Biiqyovfjuevov, iOdpprjae. koI Xafioov

oaovf; virdoTTTEve fidXiaTa twv ttoXltwv evavTKo-

creadai 7rpo<; ttjv irpaîv, 'Hpalav koX ÂXaaiav

ra? 7roXet9 TaTTO/iieva(i vtto rot? 'A;)âiot9 elXe,

Koi (tItov elcrrj'yayev '0/);ôyLte7'tot9,icai MavTiveia

4 TrapeaTpaToireBevae, Kal oX-o)? av(0 kol KdTco

fiaKpals iropeiai<^ diroTpvaa'^ tov<; AaKeBaLfiovlovf;

aTreXnrev avTcov BerjdevTcov tov<; ttoWov^; iv

ÂpKaBia, Tou? Be /jLL(Tdo(f>6pov<; e'x^cov avTo<; iirl

TTjv ^TrdpTrjv e'%«/9et. kuI KaO' oBov oh iiriaTeve

fidXicTTa KaXM<; 7rpo<; avTov eêtv dve/coLVOvTO ttjv

yvd)firjv, fcal irpoyei ax^Brjv, tw? irepl to Belirvov

overt Toh i(j)6poi^ eTTLirecFoi.

VIII. T€v6/JL€vo<; Be t?)? 7r6Xeo)<; eyyv^^y Yivpv-

KXeiBav fiev eh to tmv e(f)6pcov (TvcraiTiov dire-

oTeiXev C09 Tiva irap auTov Xoyov diro aTpaTid<;

KOfiiôvTa, Srjpv/CLcov Be Kal <f>oty5t9 fcal Bvo tmv

avvTpo^cov TOV KXeofievovf;, ov<; fjuoOaKa'; KaXov-

(Tiv, eirrjKoXovOovv aTpaTicoTaî oXiyov^ 6;ôi'Te9.

64

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vii. 2-viii. i

Now, it came to pass about that time that one of

the ephors, who was sleeping in the precinct of

Pasiphae, had an astonishing dream. He dreamedthat in the place where the ephors were wont to sit

for the prosecution of business, one chair only stood,but the other four had been taken away ; and thatin his amazement at this a voice came to him fromthe temple saying that this was better for Sparta.This dream the ephor related to Cleomenes, who at

first was much disturbed, and thought that the otherhad some suspicion of his design and was making trial

of him ; but when he was convinced that the relater

spoke the truth, his courage revived. So taking all

the citizens who, as he suspected, would be most

opposed to his designs, he seized Heraea and Alsaea,two cities belonging to the Achaean league, intro-

duced supplies of food into Orchomenus, and en-

camped by Mantineia, from whence he made longmarches up and down the land, and utterly wore outthe Lacedaemonians, so that it was at their ownrequest that he left most of them in Arcadia, whilewith his mercenaries he himself set out for Sparta.On the march he imparted his design to those whomhe believed to be most favourably disposed to him,and went forward slowly, that he might fall upon the

ephors while they were at supper.VIII. When the city was close at hand, he sent

Eurycleidas to the mess-table of the ephors, osten-

sibly to carry some message ofthe king from the army;but Therycion, Phoebis, and two of the Helots, whohad been bred up along with Cleomenes ^

(they call

them "mothakes"), followed after with a few

* Such Helot companions afterwards became freemen, andsometimes even citizens in Sparta.

6s

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

€Ti Se Tov l^vpVKXeiBa BiaXeyojuevov rot? e<^6poL^

iTrthpafiovTeî eairaaixevat,^ rat^; /jia')(âLpaL<;eiraiov

2 avTov<;. 6 fjuev ovv Trpcoro^; Â<yv\aio<f, co? iTrXtjyTj,

ireacbv koI reOvdvaL Boâ^ arpe/ia o-vvajaycov icaX

irapekKCdv iavTov sk tov olKrjjjLaTO<; ekaOev eh rt>

Bco/Jbdriov elaepTTvaaî /jLi/cpov, o ôffov fiev r)V

lepov, aXA,<w9 Be KeKXecafMevov dei, rore ex tu^^t;?

dveqyj/jLevov eTvyyavev, eZ? tovto avpeiaeveyKcov

eavrov direickeLcre to dvpiov. ol Be Teaaape<;

dvrjpidrjaav, koL tcov eTri/SorjdovvToyv avTOL<s ov

irXelove'i rj Be/ca. tov<; yap 'r)av')(Lav dyovTa<; ov/c

€KT€tpav, ovBe TOL"? aTTioi^Ta? eK TTJf} TToXeo)? eK(0'

Xvov. i(f)6L(TavT0 Be koI tov'

AyvXalou fied^

'^fjLepav eic tov lepov 7rpoeXd6vTO<;.

IX. "EcTTt Be Aa/ceBaLfMovLOL<; ov (j)6ôv /jlovov,

dXXa Kol davuTOV koX yeX(OTO<i KaX tolovtcov

aXXcov TraOrj/jLaTcov lepd. TifiSxrt Be tov (f)6fiov

ovx Mcnrep ov<; diroTpeirovTaL Bai[iova^, rjyovjjLevoi

^Xaêpov, dXXa ttjv TroXiTeiav fjudXicTTa avve-

2 'XêaOac ô^w vojiiiôvTe^. Bio fcal irpoeKrjpvTTOVol e<j)opOL T0L<; TroXtrat? eh Tr}v dp)(r)v elatovTeî,

0)9^

Apia-TOTeXrjf; (f)r)(Ti, KelpeaOai tov pivaTaKaKOI iTpoaex^LV Toh v6fioi<;, iva fir) ^jâXeTrol cocriv

avToh' TO TOV piVGTaKo^y olpbaiy irpoTelvovTe'^,

oiTCD^ Koi irepl to, pLL/cporaTa Tov<i veov<; ireiOap-^êlv

3 iOb^coai. KOL TTjv dvBpeiav Be jjlol Bokovctiv ovk

dô^lav, dXXd (poffov yjroyov KaX Beo<i dBo^la<; ol

TvaXaioX vojjbiêiv. ol yap BecXoTarot vrpo? tol'9

v6/jL0v<; OappaXeooTaTOi 7rpb<; tou9 TroXefilovf; elal'

66

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, viii. i-ix. 3

soldiers. These men, while Eurycleidas was still

making his report to the ephors, ran in upon themwith drawn swords and smote them. The first of

them, Agylaeus, on receiving the blow, fell and laystill as though dead ; but afterwards he quietly pulledhimself together, dragged himself out of the room,and crept unobserved into a little building whichwas a temple of Fear. Usually it was closed, but

at this time it chanced to be open. Into this build-

ing he betook himself and locked the door. Butthe other four were slain, and also about ten of

those who came to their aid. For the people who

kept quiet were not killed, nor were those whowished to leave the city prevented. And even

Agylaeus was spared when he came out of the

temple next day.IX. Now, the Lacedaemonians have temples of

Death, Laughter, and that sort of thing, as well as of

Fear. And they pay honours to Fear, not as they doto the powers which they try to avert because theythink them baleful, but because they believe that fear

is the chief support of their civil polity. For this

reason, too, when the ephors enter upon their office,

as Aristotle says, they issue a proclamation command-

ing all men to shave their moustaches, and to obeythe laws, that these may not be severe upon them.

They insist upon the shaving of the moustache, I

think, in order that they may accustom the youngmen to obedience in the most trifling matters. Andthe men of old, in my opinion, did not regardbravery as a lack of fear, but as fear of reproachand dread of disgrace. For the men who feel

most dread of the laws have most courage in

67

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Kal TO nraOelvrjfCKTra hehiacnv ol fiaXtara (f)ofioU'

4 fievoi, TO KaKco<; aKovaai. Sto Kal Ka\S)<i 6 elircop*

. . . iva yap Seo?, evda Kal alBco^.

Kal 'Ôfiripo^;,

aLBol6<; Te fiol iacn, (plXe eKvpi, Beivo^ re*

KaC

cnyfi heiBiOTe'i ar]fidvTopa<;.

TO yap alaxvvGadaL fMoXicTTa avfiâivei irpo^ 01*9

Kal TO BeBoLKivai to?9 ttoXXo??. Blo Kal irapa to

Twi^ icfiopcov avacTLTiov top (j)6/3ov iBpvpTai Aa/ce-

BaipôvLOL, jJLOvap'Xîaî eyyuTaTco KaTaaKevaadfjicvoi

TO dpx^lov,X. 'O 8* ovv K\eofi6vrj<; rjixepa^ y6V0/i€vr]<;

irpoiypayjrev oyBorjKOVTa tmv ttoXltmv 01)9 eBei

lieTaaTTjvai, Kal tov<; Bi<ppov<; dvelXe tcov i(f)6p(ov

TrXrjv ev6<;, iv at Ka6rjp.evo<; epsWev avT0<; xpt)-

fiaTLêtv, iKK\7]aiav Be iroirjaa'; dTreXoyelTo irepl

T(bv Treirpay/iiivcov. ecp^] yap vtto tov AvKOVpyovT0Z9 paaCkevai (Tvixp.i'xPrjvaL tov<; yepovra^r f^^cu

voXvp XP^ôv ovtco BcoiK€t(Tdai Tr]v ttoXlv ovBev

2 krepa^ ^PXV^ Beopêvrjv, vaTCpov Be tov irpo^

MeaaTjvLovi iroXepiOv fiaKpov yevofievov tol'9 /3a-

aLXel^, Bid Ta9 aTpaTeia^ daxoXov^ 6vTa<; avTov^

7r/>09 TO Kplveiv, alpelaOai Tiva<i eK tcju ^lXoov

Kal dTToXeiTreiv Toh iroXiTaL^; dvB* eavT<av, e^6pov<; 809

irpoaayopevdevTa^, Kal BiaTeXelv ye tovtov<; to

68

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, ix. 3-x. 2

facing their enemies; and those shun death least

who most fear ill fame. Therefore it has been well

said 1:

"... for where dread is, there also is reverence."

And Homer says^

:

** Revered art thou by me, dear father-in-law, anddreaded too ;

"

and" Without a word, in dread of their leaders.^

"

For by the multitude reverence is most apt to be felt

towards those whom they also fear. For this reason,

too, the Lacedaemonians erected a temple to Fear

alongside the mess-hall of the ephors, after they hadendowed this magistracy with almost absolute powers.

X. And now to resume; Cleomenes, when day came,

published a list of eighty citizens who must go into

exile, and removed all the ephoral chairs except one;in this he purposed to sit himself for the transaction

of public business. Then he called a general assemblyand made a defence of his proceedings. He said that

Lycurgus had blended the powers of senate and

kings, and that for a long time the state was admin-istered in this way and had no need of other officials.

But later, when the Messenian war proved to be

long, the kings, since their campaigns abroad left

them no time to administer justice themselves, chose

out some of their friends and left them behind to

serve the citizens in their stead. These were called

ephors, or guardiansj and as a matter of fact they* By Stasinus of Cyprus. Cf. Plato, EiUhyphro, 12 a;

Kiukel, Ep. Graec. Frag. i. p. 30.'lliadf iii. 172, Helen to Priam.

'Iliad, iv. 431, of the Achaeans marshalled for battle.

69

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TTpcoTov vTrrjpera^ tcov âaiXecou 6vTa<;, elra Kara

fjLLKpov eh 6avTov<; rrjv iôvcriav i7naTpi(l>ovTa<;

ovT(o<? \a6eiv thtov ap')(elov Karaa K€vaaa/jLevov<;.

3 (77]fxelov he rovTOv to/ê;^/ot

vvv fierairepurojjievayv

Tov âaiXea tu>v e(fi6pcdv to irpSirov dvriXeyeiv

KoX TO hevrepov, to he TpiTOV KokovvTcov ava-

GTCLVTa ffahiêtv 7rpo<i avTov<i' koI tov irpSiTOV

eiTiacpohpvvavTa ttjv ap'x})v Kal avaTeivapevov

*A(TTepo)7rov r)XtKLat,<i vaTCpov TroWah e(l)opov

yeveaOai, pLeTpidôvTa^; fxev ovv avT0v<;, e(j)7],

/cpecTTOV ^v VTTopeveLV, eôvala he eiriOeTW ttjv

ircLTpiov KaToXvovTa^ dpxqv, &aTe tcov jSaa-iXecov

T0v<; fiev eêXavveiv, tou? he diroKTivvveLV aKpl-

Tou?, direiXe'lv he rot? iroOovaiP avOi,<; eTTihelv ttjv

KaWi(TT7jv fcal OeLOTaTrjv ev XirdpTrj KaTaaTaaiVy

4: ovK dve/CTOP. el p.ev ovv hvvaTOv rjv dvev <T(payr]<;

diraXkaâL Ta<i iireca-aKTov^; t?}? AaicehaipLovo<;

KTjpaîi Tpuâ<; koX TToXvTeXeCa^; /cat %/3ea Kal

haveiap,ov<i koI to, irpea^vTepa tqvtwv KaKa,

irevlav KaX ttXovtov, evTV')(êaTaTOV av rjyela-OaL

irdvTcov âaiXecov eavTov axrirep laTpov dvcohvvcoî

lacrdpievov ttjv iraTpiha' vvv he rr}? dvdyKf]<; e'êiv

(Tvyyvcopôva tov AvKovpyov, o? ovt€ âaiXev^ cbv

ovT€ dp)(^cov, IhtcoTTjii he âaiXeveiv eiri^^êipcov ev

T0t9 07rXot9 TrporjXOev el<s dyopdv, axTTe heiaavTa

TOV (BaaiXea XdpiXXov eVl ^copôv KaTa(j>vyelv.

6 dXX* e/celvov pêv ovtu ^(^pr-jcrTOV Kal (piXoTraTpiv

Ta')(p T(p AvKovpyo) tojv irpaTTopêvcov /x€Tao"%6U'

70

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, x. 2-5

continued at first to be assistants of the kings, but

then gradually diverted the power into their ownhands, and so, ere men were aware, established a

magistracy of their own. As proof of this, Cleomenescited the fact that down to that day, when the ephorssummoned a king to appear before them, he refused

to go at the first summons, and at the second, but at

the third rose up and went to them ; and he said

that the one who first added weight to the office, andextended its powers, Asteropus, was ephor manygenerations later. As long, then, he said, as the ephors

kept within bounds, it had been better to bear with

them ;but when with their assumed power they

subverted the ancient form of government to such anextent as to drive away some kings, put others to

death without trial, and threaten such as desired to

behold again in Sparta her fairest and most divinely

appointed constitution, it was not to be endured. If,

then, it had been possible without bloodshed to rid

Sparta of her imported curses, namely luxury and

extravagance, and debts and usury, and those elder

evils than these, namely, poverty and wealth, hewould have thought himself the most fortunate kingin the world to have cured the disease of his countrylike a wise physician, without pain ; but as it was, he

said, in support of the necessity that had been laid

upon him, he could cite Lycurgus, who, though hewas neither king nor magistrate, but a private person

attempting to act as king, proceeded with an armedretinue into the market-place, so that Charillus the

king took fright and fled for refuge to an altar. That

king, however, Cleomenes said, since he was anexcellent man and a lover of his country, speedilyconcurred in the measures of Lycurgus and accepted

71

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

/cal Tr)V /JL€Taffo\r)v heâaOai tt)? iroXLTeia^, epywB^ fiaprvprjcrai rov AvKovpyov oti iroXireiav /neTa-

pdkelv avev îa^ Kal (fio/Sov ')(a\e'TT6v icrTiv, ohavTOV ecprj pLerptcoTara /c€%/?r}crât, tov^ ivLcrra-

pLevov<; rfi acorrjpia Trj<; AaKe8aipL0V07jiraai ttjv t€

ryjjv airaaav eh pbeaov riOevaL, Kal %p6a}j^ tol'9

6(j>ei\ovTa^ airaWdrTeiV, Kal tcov îvcov KpLaiv

TToietv Kal BoKipLaalav, otto)? ol Kpariarot yevo-

pievoi XirapTLaTaL aco^wai rrjv ttoXiv roh 07r\oi<;,

Kal 7ravaa)pi€0a rrjv AaKcovtKrjv AltcoXcov Kal

*IWvpicov Xelap ovaav epripia tcov dpLVVovrwv

€(j)Op(OVT€<;.

XI. 'E« TovTov 7rpa>Tov piev avTO<i eh pieaov

TTJV ovGiav eOrjKe Kal 'M.eyL(TT6vov<i 6 7rarp(po<;

avrov Kal t(ov dWwv (piXcov e«:ao-T09, eiretra Kal

ol XoLTTol TToXcTai 7rdvT€<;, rj Be X^P^ Bievepy'Ôr].

KXrjpov Be Kal t&v vir avrov yeyovorwv (l)vydBcov

direveipLev eKdarcp, Kal Kardêiv diravra^ capio-

Xoyrjae tmv TrpaypLdrcov ev rjavx^^ yevopievcov.

2 dvairXt^pdiaa^ Be to TroXirevpa Toh %a/9ieo-TaTOi9

T(OP 7reptoLK(ov OTrXtra? TeTpaKiax^Xiovf; eTroirjcre,

Kal Bt,Bdâ<; avTOV<i dvTl B6paT0<; ^/o-^crât aapiayBl^ dpLôrepcov Kal t^v dairiBa (jiopelv Be 6xdvr)<;,

pL^] Bia TTopiraKO'^y iirl ttjv iraiBeiav rwv vecop

erpdirrj Kal ttji/ Xeyopievr)v dycoyrjv, ^? ra irXelaTa

irapoov 6 ^âtpo<; avTw avyKaOlarr], ra^v top

TrpoaiJKOPTa tmp Te yvppacricop Kal tcop ava-

aiTLcop Koa-pLOP dpaXapLâpoPTcop, Kal avaTeXXo-

72

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, x. 5x1. 2

the change of constitution ; still, as a matter of fact

Lycurgus by his own acts bore witness to the difficultyof changing a constitution without violence and fear.

To these, Cleomenes said, he had himself resorted

with the greatest moderation, for he had but put out

of the way the men who were opposed to the salva-

tion of Sparta. For all the rest, he said, the wholeland should be common property, debtors should be

set free from their debts, and foreigners should beexamined and rated, in order that the strongest of

them might be made Spartan citizens and help to

preserve the state by their arms. *' In this way," he

said," we shall cease to behold Sparta the booty of

Aetolians and Illyrians through lack of men to

defend her."

XI. After this, to begin with, Cleomenes himself

placed his property in the common stock, as did

Megistonoiis his step-father and every one of his

friends besides; next, all the rest of the citizens did

the same, and the land was parcelled out. Cleomenesalso assigned a portion of land to each man who hadbeen exiled by liim, and promised to bring them all

home after matters had become quiet. Then he filled

up the body of citizens with the most promising of

the free provincials, and thus raised a body of four

thousand men-at-arms, whom he taught to use a long

pike, held in both hands, instead of a short spear,and to carry their shields by a strap instead of by a

fixed handle. Next he devoted himself to the

training of the young men and to the "agoge," or

ancient discipline, most of the details of which

Sphaerus, who was then in Sparta, helped him in

arranging. And quickly was the proper system of

bodily training and public messes resumed, a few out

73

1PLUTARCH'S LIVES

I

fievcov okiyayv fiev vtt avdy/cr)<;, eKOvaiax; Be rcov

irXeiarwv et? Tr]v evreXrj kol AaKcoviKrjv e/c€iV7]v

3 Slairav, o/xa)9 ^6 to t?}? /jLovap^la^ ovojia nrapa-

/jLv6ov/ji€VO<; airiBcLê fxeO^ eavrov paaCkea tov

aBeXcftov ^vicXeihav. koX Tore fiovov ^TrapTiarat?eK /xm? olKia^ avve^r) Bvo (Txelv fiaaiXea<;.

XII. Aladofievoî Se tou? 'Aâôu? Kal tov

"Aparov, o)? eVtcrâXa)? avT& tS>v Trpay/jbdrcov

e')(ovT(ov hia tov vectiTepia/iov, ovk av OLOfievov;

TTpoeKOelv e^co t?}? AaK^haifJiOvo^ ovhe ciTroXL-netv

jlSTewpOV iv KLVTJ/JLUTL TlffkiKOVTW TTjV TToXlV, OVK

dyevve<i ovhe d^^prjaTov rj'yyjaaTO Tr]v TrpoOvfiiav2 TOV (TTparevixaTO'^ einhelâi toT? 7roA,e/xtoz9. e/x-

âKoav ovv et9 ttjv Meya\o7ro\LTiKr)v &)(êXe/a? t€ ^m/jLeyd\a<; i]6poiae Kal Ôopdv ttoWtjv direipyd- HaaTO T?)? 'X^copu';. Te\o<i Be rovî irepl tov Atovvaov 81(j

Te')(yiTa<i eK Mea(Tr]vr]<; BtaTropevo/jLevov; Xa^cov,Kal TTTq^dfievo^ OeaTpov ev ry iroXefxia, Kal irpo- fl6el^ diro reTTapaKOvra fivcov dycova, jjiiav rj/nepav

™ideaTo KaOrjfjievo^, ov Beojuevo^; Oea<^, dXTC olov

evTpv(f)cov TcZ? 7roXe/jLioi<; Kal Trepiovalav rivd tov

KpaTCLV TToXv T(h KaTa^povelv errtBeiKvviJievo^.

3 errel dXXco<; ye twv ^KXk-qvLKOiV Kal ffaatXiKcov

(TTpaTevjJidTodv eKelvo puovov ovpii/jiov<; irapaKo-

Xov9ovvTa<; el^^v, ov Oav/xaroiroioix;, ovk op^VarpuBaf;, ov 'âXTpia<;, dXXd 7rdar)<; dKoXaaia^;

Kal ô)/JLoXo)(La<; Kal iravrfyvpLapbov KaOapov rjV,

TCL fiev TToXXd /jLeXercovTcov tmv vecov Kal tmv

TTpea^VTepcov BiBao-KOVTMV, ra? Be 7rai,Bid<;, oirore

a^ôXdôtev, Tah avvrjOeaLV evTpaTTeXiaL^; Kal tm

Xeyeiv ti ^(^dpiev Kal AaKcoviKov ttô? dXXrjXovf;

74

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xi. 2-xii. 3

of necessity, but most with a willing spirit, subjectingthemselves to the old Spartan regime with all its

simplicity. And yet, desiring to give the name of

absolute power a less offensive sound, he associated

with himself in royal power his brother Eucleidas.

And this was the only time when the Spartans had

two kings from the same house.

XII. Learning that Aratus and the Achaeans

believed that this revolution had jeopardized his

position, and therefore did not think that he would

venture forth outside of Sparta, or leave the citywhile it was still in the suspense of so great an

agitation, he thought it a fine and helpful thing to

make a display of the ready zeal of his army to his

enemies. Accordingly, he invaded the territory of

Megalopolis, collected large booty, and devastated the

country far and wide. And finally arresting a

company of actors who were passing through the

country from Messene, he built a theatre in the

enemy's territory, instituted a contest for a prize of

forty minae, and sat spectator for a whole day ; not

that he felt the need of a spectacle, but in exultant

mockery, as it were, of his enemies, and to show to the

world by his contempt for them that he held com-

plete control of affairs, with something, as it were,to spare. For at other times, the ^Spartan alone

of Greek or Macedonian armies had no playersin attendance, no jugglers, no dancing-girls, no

harpists, but was free from every kind of licence,

scurrility, and general festivity ;while for the most

part the young men practised themselves and the

elder men taught them, and for amusement, whentheir work was over, they had recourse to their

wonted pleasantries and the interchange of Spartan

75

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

StariOe/iivcov. rjv Se eêt to tolovtov T7]opTiKov ovSev ovBe vrrepTov<; TToWou? eôvra rov eaurov /3iov Mcnrep

TrapaBeiy/jLa aw^po(Tvvi]<i iv fiecro) Oefievo'i' b koX

irpo<; ra? *^WrjviKa<i 'jrpdêL<^ pOTrrjv riva irape-

crXî^ avT(p. TOi? jxev yap dX\oi<; ivrvy^dvovTe'i01 dvOpcoTToi /SaaiXevatv ov^ ovrco KareTrXT^rrovTOTou? ttXovtov^ Kal rd<; TroA-vreXeta?, co? i/BBeXvT-rovTO rrjv virepo'îav avroiv koI top oyKOV

eira'xOo)^ Kal T/3a%eco9 TrpoacjêpOfJLevMv toU ev-

2 Tvyxdvovar 7rp6<i Se KXeojiievT} /SaBlôvre'^, ovrare Srj paaiXea Kal KaXovixevov, elra opcovre^; ov

7rop(i)vpa<; rivd<; ov ')(XaLva<; irepi avrov ovhe kXl-

vlSlcov Kal (popeicov KaracrKevd^, ovS^ xjtt dyyeXwvo^Xov Kal Bvpwpoiv Tj Bia ypafifiarelcov ')(^pijp-aTi,-

ôvra âA,€7rw9 Kal /j,6Xc<^, dXX^ avrov ev IjuLariw

TO) TV')(ovTt 7rpo<i Td<} Se^cd)(T€i<; dTravrcovra Kal

BiaXeyo/iievov Kal ayoXdôvra toI<; ^/j/^Jbuo-tz/

lXapa)<i Kal (f)iXavdpco7rco<;, iKijXovvro Kal Kare-

hrjp,aycoyovvTO, Kal fiovov d(f)^ 'HpaKXiov; eKelvov

eâaav yeyovevai.3 T(wi^ Be BeiTTvwv avrov ro fiev KadrjfiepLvov r)v

iv rpiKXiv(p a(j)6Bpa avvearaXfievov Kal AaKco-

vtKoVy el Be TrpiajSecf; rj ferou? Bexoiro, Bvo fiev

aXXat, irpoairapej^dXXovro KXlvai, fxiKpw Be judX-Xov ol vTTTjperai rtjv rpdireâv eTTeXdjjLTrpvvov, ov

KapvKeiaiQ rcalv ovBe irefipaiTiv, dXX* ware

d(f)Oovcorepa<; elvai rd<; 7rapade(TeL<; Kal (juXavOpco-

irorepov rov olvov, Kal yap eireriiMrjae nva rcov

76

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xii.3-xiii. 3

witticisms. Of what great advantage this sort of

amusement is, I have told in my Life of Lycurgus.^XIII. In all these matters Cleomenes was himself

a teacher. His own manner of life was simple, plain,and nomorepretentious than that ofthe common man,and it was a pattern of self-restraint for all. This

gave him a great advantage in his dealings with the

other Greeks. For when men had to do with theother kings, they were not so much awed by their

wealth and extravagance as they were filled with

loathing for their haughtiness and pomp as they gaveoffensive and harsh answers to their auditors

; butwhen men came to Cleomenes, who was a real as well

as a titled king, and then saw no profusion of purplerobes or shawls about him, and no array of couchesand litters ;

when they saw, too, that he did not makethe work of his petitioners grievous and slow byemploying a throng of messengers and door-keepersor by requiring written memorials, but came in

person, just as he happened to be dressed, to answerthe salutations of his visitors, conversing at lengthwith those who needed his services and devotingtime cheerfully and kindly to them, they werecharmed and completely won over, and declared

that he alone was a descendant of Heracles.

His usual supper was held in a room which had

only three couches, and was very circumscribed and

Spartan ; but if he was entertaining ambassadors or

guest-friends, two more couches would be broughtin, and the servants would make the table a trifle

more brilliant, not with sauces or sweetmeats, butwith more generous dishes and a kindlier wine. Andindeed he censured one of his friends, when he heard

'Chapter xii.

77

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

(plXcDV oLKova-a^ on êvov<; iaricov ^(Ofiov aurot?

fxeXava koI fjudâv, wairep e6o<; rjv iv rol<; (f>iBi-

TLOi,<i, irapeOrfKev ov y^p e<^7j Se2v iv Tovrot,<; ovBe

7r/?o9 T0U9 ^6Vov<; \iav aKpifi(o<; XaKcoviêiv*

4 a7rap6€i(T7)<; 8e tt)? T/ja7ref?y9 elaeKOfjuiêro rpiiTOVf;

Kparijpa 'Xâ^KOvv e^cov otvov fiearov koX <j)idXa^

dpyvpa^; hiKOTv\ov<; Bvo kol iroTt^pia tmv dpyv-

pSiv okiya iravTairaaLv, i^ ojv eirivev 6 ôv\6-

jievo^, d/covTC Be ouêi? irorripiov irpoaeêpev,

aKpoapia Be ovr r)v ovt eVefT^retro* eTraiBaywyei

yap avTo<; opuCkia tov ttotov, to, pulv ipcoTcov, tci

Be BiTjyovpievo^, ovre ttjv aTrovBrjv drjBrj tcov

Xoycov rrjv re TratBidv e'KL')(apLV Kal daoXoiKov

5 lôvTwv. a? pêv yap oi Xocirol rcov paaCXewv iirl

Tou? dv6p(£>iTov<; Orjpa^ eiroLOvvrOy 'X^prjpLaai, Kal

BwpeaL<; BeXedôvTC'; avTov<: Kal Biacf.OelpovTe'^,

dTe')(vov<; Kal dBlKOV<; ivopnêv elvar to Be opiXia

Kal X6y(p x^P^^ ex^VTi Kal iriaTLv oiKeLOvadai

Kal irpoadyeaOai tou<? evTvyxdvovra^ icpatvero

KoXXiCTOV avTO) Kal fiaatXiKcoTarop, co? ovBevl

(l)tXov Biacpepovra pLLaOcoTOV t) rc3 rbv fiev rjOei

Kal Xoytp, TOV Be vtto %pi7/UttTa)i/ dXlcrKeadaL.

XIV. IJpcoTOV pLev ovv ol ^\avTLvel<; avTov iirr}-

ydyovTO, Kal vvKTcop et? tî' ttoXlv TTapeKTireaovTi gnTTjV (f)povpav Tr]V 'Ax^tcov avveKâXovTe^ eve^'î-

piaav auT0v<i. 6 Be Kal tou? v6pov<; avToi<; Kal

Tr]V TToXiTCiav dTroBovf; avdr]pepov aTrrjXOev €i?

Teyeav, oXiyo) S' varepov eKirepieXOoov Bi,* 'A/?-

KaBla^ KaTepaivev eVl Td<; 'A%at/ca9 êpd^,

78

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xiii. 3-xiv. i

that in entertaining guest-friends he had set before

them the black soup and barley-bread of the publicmess-tables ;

"for," said he,

" in these matters andbefore foreigners we must not be too strictly Spartan."After the table had been removed, a tripod would be

brought in on which were a bronze mixer full of

wine, two silver bowls holding a pint apiece, and

drinking cups of silver, few all told, from which hewho wished might drink ;

but no one had a cupforced upon him. Music there was none, nor was

any such addition desired ;for Cleomenes entertained

the company hinself by his conversation, now asking

questions, now telling stories, and his discourse wasnot unpleasantly serious, but had a sportiveness that

charmed and was free from rudeness. For the huntwhich all the other kings made for men, ensnaringthem with gifts and bribes and corrupting them,Cleomenes considered unskilful and unjust. In his

eyes it was the noblest method, and one most fit for

a king, to win over his visitors and attach them to

himself by an intercourse and conversation whichawakened pleasure and confidence. For he felt that

a hireling differed from a friend in nothing exceptthat the one was captured by a man's character and

conversation, the other by a man's money.XIV. To begin with, then, the Mantineians invited

him to help them, and after he had made his way into

the city by night, they expelled the Achaean garrisonand put themselves in his hands. Cleomenes restored

to them their laws and constitution, and on the same

day marched away to Tegea. Then, shortly after-

wards, he fetched a compass through Arcadia andmarched down upon the Achaean city of Pherae. His

79

I

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Pov\6fJLevo<^ rj fid')(^7]vOecrOai 7r/)09 tou? 'Aâtou?

r) BiafidWcLV rov^'Aparov «? dirohiSpdorfcovra fcai

irpole/iievov avro) rrjv ')(ôopav. iarpaTrjyei fxev jdp

'TTrepârdfi Tore, tov Be Âpdrov ro irav rjv

2 KpdTo<i iv Tot9 'Aâfot9. iêXOovrcov Be TravBrj/juel

Twv 'Aâtwr Koi (TTparoTTeBevaa/jLevcov ev Avfiai^;

irepl TO 'EKarofjLâLov, eTreXdoov 6 KXeo/jievr,<;

eBoê fiev ov KaXcj<; iv fiea-fp r/)? re Avpâtcov

ttoXgw?, TToXe^ta? ova7)<;, koi tov aTpaTevfiaTO<;

T(x)V Â')(aio)v avXiaacrdat, To\fir]pct)<; Be irpOKoXov-

fi€vo<; Tou? *A;âtoi'9 rjvdytcaae avfi/SaXelv, Ka\

viKTjaas: kuto, KpaTo^ /cat Tpe'^dpievo'^ tî/ 9a-

Xayja ttoXXov^; fiev ev ttj iJLd')(r) Bte<j)6€Lpev avTcov,

TToXXcov Be KoX ^d)VT(ov eKvpievaev. eireXdcbv Be

AdyycDvi koI tcov *A%atcoi/ TOU9 <^povpovvTa^

eêXdaa^ direBco/cev 'HXetof9 ttjv ttoXiv.

XV. OvTca Be avvTeTpLfi/jievoi,^ rot9 'Axatot^ 6

/i€V "ApaTO^;, elwOcix; Trap iviavTOV del arpaTTj-

yelvy aTTeirraTO ttjv dp)(7]V koX iraprjTâ-aTo Ka-

XovvTcov /cal Beofjiivayv' ov KaXa><;, olov ev)(êi/jbcbvL

TrpaypidTcov fieCôvt, peOeh CTeprp tov ol'a/ca

Kol 7rpoe/jLevo<; Trjv eôvatav, 6 Be K.X€0/jbevr)<i

wpoiTOV fiev fierpia T0t9 'A;â^069 eBoKei irpeo-êatv

eiTLTdTTeLV, eTepov<; Be irepîrcov erceXevev avTcjy

TrapaBcBovai ttjv rjyepLOviav, 0)9 ToXXa /irj Bioiao-

pLevo^ 7rpo<i avTOvî, dXXd kol tov^ alxp^XwTOv^2 ev9v^ aTToBwawv Kol to, x^pla. ôvXopievcov Be

T(ov *A%atft)i/ iirl tovtol^ Bexâ-Oai Ta9 BtaXvaei^

KOL TOV K-Xeofievrj KaXovvTcov ek Aepvav, ottov

80

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xiv. i-xv. s

desire was either to fight a battle with the Achaeans,or to bring Aratus into disrepute for running awayand abandoning the country to him. For althoughHyperbatas was general at that time, Aratus had theentire power in the Achaean league. Moreover, after

the Achaeans had marched out with all their forces

and pitched their camp at Dymae, near the Hecatom-

baeum, Cleomenes came up against them. He did notthink it well, however, to pitch his own camp betweenthe city of Dymae, which was hostile, and the armyof the Achaeans, and therefore boldly challenged theAchaeans and forced them to engage. He was

completely victorious, routed their phalanx, slew

many of them in the battle, and took many prisonersalso. Then he went up against Langon, drove outthe Achaean garrison, and restored the city to theEleians.

XV. The Achaeans having been thus utterly over-

whelmed, Aratus, who was wont to be their general

every other year, refused the office and declined to

listen to their invitations and prayers ; thus unwisely,when the ship of state was in a heavy storm, handingover the helm to another and abandoning the postof authority. Cleomenes, on the other hand, at thefirst was thought to impose moderate terms upon theAchaean embassy, but afterwards he sent other en-

voys and bade them hand over to him the leadershipamong the Greeks, assuring them that on other pointshe would not quarrel with them, but would at oncerestore to them their captives and their strongholds.^Xhe Achaeans were willing to settle matters on these

terms, and invited Cleomenes to come to Lerna,

* Cf. the Aratus, xxxviii. 5 f.

8i

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rrjv eKKkrâiav efieWov exeiv, erv^c tov KXeofievrj

(TUPTovco^ ohevaavra kol 'xpriadfievov irapa /caipop

vSpOTToaia aLpLaTO

AaKeBaipiova,XVI. ToOro SLeXvjjL'tjvaTo rd Trpdypuara t^9

'EXXaSo?, rt/i-w? <ye ttco? eK rcov irapovrcov dva\a-

êiv avTTjv en koI hia^vyelv Tr)v MaKeSoicov

v/Spcv Kal nrXeoveîav Bwafxevrj'^. 6 yap "Aparo?,etre diriaTia Kal <f)6^(p tov KX€OpL6vov<i, eiVe

<j)Oov(op evTVXôvvTi irap^ iXTriSa Kal vojul^cov 6Trj

Tpia Kal TptdKOVTa TrpcoTCVovTO'^ avTOV heivov

elvat, TTjv Boâv dpua Kal Tr-jv ovvapbiv eTTKpvvTa2 1^607/ dvSpa Ka6e\elv, Kal TrapaXa/Selv irpayp^dTcov

7jv^7)p,€vcov VTT uvTov Kal KeKpaTi^pievwv xpoTôvTOaOVTOP dpj(r]V, TTpOiTOV pL€V eTreipCLTO TOt"?

Â'xâtov'; irapaûiêaOai Kal BiaKcoXveiv co? Be

ov Trpoaelôv avrw rod K.XeopL6vov<; eKireTrXrjy-

fiivoc TO 6pdao<^, dXXd Kal BiKaiav enoLOVVTO

T7JV d^lcoaiv TMV AaKeBaipLovLoov, eh to TraTpiov3 a^rjpLa KoapLOVvrcov ttjv HeXoTTovvrjcrov, TpeireTai

irpo's epyov ovhevl jiev twv 'KXXyvcop TrpoarJKOP,

ata'X^LCTTOP 8' eKeiPcp Kal tcop irerrpaypepwp vir

avTov Kal 'rreTToXiTevflipcop dpaîcoTarop, Aptl-

yovop iirl T7)p 'EXXdBa KaXecp Kal MaKcBopcop

epLTTLirXapai ttjp UeXoiroppTjaop, ot)? avTO^; eK

HeXoTTOppijaov pbeipaKLOP mp e^rjXaaep eXevdepco-

<Ta<; TOP^

AKpoKopivOopy Kal irdcn fiep tol<; /Sa-

aiXevaLP yTroTrro? Kal BLd<f>opo<i yepofiepof;, tovtopI

82

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xv. 2-xvi. 3

where they were about to hold their assembly.But it fell out that Cleomenes, who had made a

strenuous march and then too soon had drunk water,

brought up a great quantity of blood and lost his

speech. For this reason he sent back to the

Achaeans the most prominent men among their

captives, but postponed the conference and went backhome to Sparta.XVI. This ruined the cause of Greece, at a time

when she was still able in some way or other to

recover from her grievous plight and escape Macedo-nian greed and insolence. For Aratus (whether it

was through distrust and fear of Cleomenes, or becausehe envied the king his unlooked for success, and

thought it a terrible thing after three and thirty yearsof leadership to have his own fame and power strippedfrom him by an upstart of a young man, and the

authority taken over in a cause which he himself hadbuilt up and controlled for so long a time), in the first

place tried to force the Achaeans aside and hindertheir purpose ; but when they paid no heed to him in

their consternation at the daring spirit of Cleomenes,but actually saw justice in the demands of the

Lacedaemonians, who were seeking to restore the

Peloponnesus to its ancient status, Aratus took a stepwhich would have been unmeet for any Greek to

take, but was most shameful for him and most

unworthy of his career as soldier and statesman. Forhe invited Antigonus into Greece and filled the

Peloponnesus with Macedonians, whom he himselfhad driven out of Peloponnesus when, as a youngman, he delivered Acrocorinthus from their power ^

—he who had incurred the suspicion and hostility ofall the reigning kings, and of this very Antigonus had

* See the Aratus. xvi. fif. „83

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Ahe avTov Âvriyovov elprjKODî fca/ca jjLVpla hi* mv

4 aTrokekonrev vTrofjLvrjfidTcov. Kairoi iroWa iraOelv

KoX irapaâkeaOai ^r]alv avTO<i virep ÂOTjvaLcov,

oTTco^ T) TToXt? aTTaXkayelr] (j)povpd<; /€a\M.aK€B6vcov'

€LTa rovTOv^ iirl rrjv TrarpiSa fcal rrjv ecrriav ttjv

eavTOV fjLeO' ottXcov ela^jyayev a^pi^ t"?}? yvvaiKcovl-

TiSo9* Tov 8e a(f) *HpaK\6ov<; yejovora /cat âai-Xevovra X'TrapTiarcav, koI ttjv Trdrpiov iroXneiav,

cocnrep dpixoviav iKXeXv/nivrjv, dvaKpov6/i€vovavdi<;eVl TOV aa)(f)pova /cal Acoptov iicelvov tov AvKOvp-

<yov vo/JLOv Koi ^lov, ovk rj^lov ^lkvwviwv '^ye/jLOva

5 Kal TpLTaiia^v ypdêaOaiy êvycov Se ti^v jxdâvKal TOV TpL^cova, Kal to hetvoTUTOv wv KaTrjyopet

K\eo[JLevov<;i dvalpeaiv ttXovtou kuI irevia'i iirav-

opOcocriv, hiahrjfxaTi kolI irop^vpa koX Ma/ce-

SoviKOL<i fcal (jaTpaTTiKol^ TTpoaTay/jLaa-Lv vireppiyfre

/jL€Ta T^9 'Apâ/'a? avTov, iva/ult] KXeo/iivcL iroielv

BoKjj TO TrpoaTaTTOfievov, ÂvTcyoveca 6v(ov koI

Tratdvaî ahwv auro? i(77€<pavco/ji6vo<; €t9 avdpcoirovxjiro ÔoT]^^ KaTaa-rjTTO/jievov.

6 *A\Xa TavTa puev ovk ""ApdTOV fiovXofievoi

KaTTjyopelv ypd(f)0/jL€v (iv iroXXol'; yap o avrjp

ovTO<; 'EXXtjviko^ yeyove Kal fiiya^;), olKT€ipovTe<iSe T?}? dvOpayTTivT)^ <^va€w<i ttjv daOeveiav, ei firjSe

iv iÔeaiv ovT(o<i dî-oX6yoL<; Kal Sta(f)6poi,<; 7rp09

dp€TT]v iK(j)6p6cv hvvaTai to KaXov dvefxearjTOv,

XVII. ÊXOovTwv Se Âxaicov eh'

Apyo^ avOt<;

eirl TOV avXXoyov Kal tov KXeo/xevovf; €K Te-yea?

KaTaê^TjKOTOf; eXTrl? rjv rroXXr] tcov dvOpdiirwveaeadai ttjv BidXvcriv. 6 Be "ApuTog, ijBr) Biwfxo-

Xoy7]/jL6VQ)v avT<p irpo'itov

*

AvTiyovov tcjp fie-

u

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvi. 3-xvii. i

said countless evil things in the commentaries whichhe left behind him. And still, though he hadincurred many hardships and dangers in behalf of

Athens, as he says himself, in order that the city

might be set free from its garrison of Macedonians,he afterwards brought these Macedonians, under

arms, into his own country and into his own home ;

aye, even into the apartments of his women ;

^ buthe would not consent that the man who was a descen-dant of Heracles and king of Sparta, and was seekingto bring its ancient polity, now like a decadent melody,back again to that restrained and Dorian law and life

which Lycurgus had instituted, should be entitled

leader of Sicyon and Tritaea. Instead of this, to

avoid the Spartan barley-bread and short-cloak, andthe most dreadful of the evils for which he denounced

Cleomenes, namely, abolition of wealth and restora-

tion of poverty, he cast himself and all Achaea downbefore a diadem, a purple robe, Macedonians, andoriental behests. And that he might not be thoughtto obey Cleomenes, he offered sacrifices to Antigonusand sang paeans himself, with a garland on his head,in praise of a man who was far gone with consumption.

1 write this, however, not with any desire to

denounce Aratus, for in many ways he was a true

Greek and a great one, but out of pity for the weak-ness of human nature, which, even in characters so

notably disposed towards excellence, cannot producea nobility that is free from blame.XVII. When the Achaeans came to Argos again

for the conference, and Cleomenes had come downfrom Tegea, everyone had a strong hope that theywould come to an agreement. But Aratus, since themost important questions between him and Antigonus

^ See the Aratus, xlix. 1.

VOL. X. 85

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

yla-Tcov, (poffov/jLevoq rov KXeo/jievr) firj ircivra

BiaTTpd^rjraL KaOofii\i]cra<; to 7r\r]0o<; rj Kal

^Laa-djjL€vo<;, r]îov Xaôvra TpiaKoalov^; ofjirjpovg

jjbovov elcTLevat 7rpo<^ avTou<;, rj Kara fyv/Jbvdcnov

e^coOev TO J^vWapd^cov irpoaekOovra fjLera rr}?

2 Bvvd/ji€(t)<; SiaXiyeadai. ravr aKovaa^ 6 KXeo-

/jl6V7J(; ahiKa iTdcr')(êLV ecpaor/ce* Selv yap evOv^

avTW Tore irpoeLTTelv, ov vvv, ij/covTO<; eVl ra?

Ovpa<; ra<; eKeivcov, dTncrretv fcal direkavveLV,

ypd-y^ra^ he irepX tovtcov iTnaroXrjv tt/oo? tov<;

*Aâ;tou9, 779 rjv to TrXelarov Âpdrov Karrjyopia,

iroWa Bk Kal rov Âpdrov \oi8op7]aavTo<; avrov

irpo^ TO 7r\rj6o^y dviêvê Bia raêcoz^ Kal KrjpvKa

TToXe/ubov irpoepovvra rot? 'A;âtot9 eTre/juylrev, ovk

eh "Apyo^y dX)C eh Atyiov, W9 (f>7)cnv "Aparo^,oTTCoî <j>dd(7rj TTjv iTapacTKevrjv avrcov.

3 Êyeyovei Be KLvrjfia tmv Â')(aiwVy Kal 7rpo<;

airocrraaiv wpfirjaav at iroXec^;, rcov fxev BrjjjLwv

V0fi7]v t€')(^copa<;

Kal X/oecoz^ diroKOiraî iXTrKrdvToyv,

Tcbv Be irpcoTcov iroXXa'Xôv âpvvoixevwv rov"

Apa-Tov, evl(ov Be Kal Bt opyrj<; e')(^6vTcov 0)9 iirdyovra

TTJ TLeXoTTowTjao) MaKeB6va<i. Bio Tovroif; eVap-SeU 6 KXeo/iiev7]^ eh

^

Ayatav evefiaXe- Kal

irpSirov fiev el\e UeXXtjvTjv eânTivq^; iirLireaaiv,

Kal TOL'9 <ppovpovPTa<; efe/9aXe rcov Â^âtcov^

fxerci Be ravra êveov Trpoaijydyero Kal Ylevri'

4 Xeiov. eirel Be <po^r]6evTe<; 01 'A;âtol irpoBoalav

TLva irpaTTOfJLevrjv ev K.opLvOa) Kal Xckvcovl T01/9

^ rwv 'Axatw" with Blass : /icra twv Âxaiwv,

86

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvii. 1-4

bad already been settled, and because he was afraid

that Cleomenes would carry all his points by either

winning over or constraining the multitude, demandedthat Cleomenes, after receiving three hundred

hostages, should come into the city alone for his

conference with them, or else should come with his

army as far as the gymnasium outside the city called

Cyllarabium, and treat with them there. WhenCleomenes heard this, he declared that he had been

wronged ; for he ought to have been told of this whenthe conference was first proposed, and not be dis-

trusted and driven away now, when he had come to

their very doors. Then, after writing a letter to theAchaeans on the matter, most of which was denun-ciation of Aratus, and after Aratus on his part hadabused him at great length to the multitude,Cleomenes broke camp with all speed and sent a

herald to declare war upon the Achaeans, not to

Argos, but to Aegium, in order, as Aratus says,that he might anticipate their preparations for

defence.^

Now, there had been agitation among the Achaeans,and their cities were eager for revolt, the commonpeople expecting division of land and abolition of

debts, and the leading men in many cases being-dissatisfied with Aratus, and some of them also

enraged at him for bringing Macedonians into Pelop-onnesus. Therefore Cleomenes, encouraged by these

conditions, invaded Achaea. First, he took Pellene

by a sudden assault, and drove out the Achaean

garrison ; next, he brought over to his cause Pheneusand Penteleium. Presently the Achaeans, who wereafraid that some treachery was afoot in Corinth and

* Cf. the Aratus, xxxix.

87

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

tTTTret? fcal T01/9 êvov^ aTrea-reiXav ef "Apyov^;€K€L 7rapa(f)v\dôvra<;, avrol 8e ra Ni/MCLa Kara-

^dvT6<i eU "A/jyo? yyov, e\7rto-a?, oirep rjv, 6

KX€Ofi€vr}<;, o)(Xov TravrjyupiKov /cal Oearcav rrjv

TToXiv yep,ovaav dirpoaZoK:r'jTw<^ eireXOcav fiaXXov

rapdêcv, vvfCTO<i rjye 7rpo<; rd relx^l to arpd-6 revfia, fcal rov irepl ttjv ÂcnriSa tottov fcara-

Xa^Q)v virep rov Oedrpov 'XâXeirov ovra koI

Sv(T7rp6(ToSov ovrcd<; Toy? dvOpdnrov^ iîirXrjêv

(wcTTG p,r]heva rpaireaOaL tt/jo? uXkijv, dXXd koI

(ppovpdp Xaêlv, koI Bovvai, tmv ttoXltcov 6/jL^pou^

€iKO(Ti, fcal yeveaOai (Tvp,/uLd-)(ôv<; AaKeSat/jioviayp,

eôz^TO? eKeivov ttjv rjyefxoviav.

XYIII. Ov /jLiKpbv ovv TOVTO fcal tt/jo? Boâv

avTcp Kol hvvapiLV vTrrjp-êv. ovre yap ol irdXai ^|/SacrtXet? AaKeBaifiovlcov iroXXd Trpayfiarevad'

^fiepOL TTpocrayayeaOai to "Apyo^; êâuco^ rjBvvj]'

dr]crav, 6 re Beivoraro^ tmv aTparijycov Ilvppo

2 TTJf; Bvvdp,€(t)<;. odev iOau/j,aôv Tr}v o^vrrjTa koX 813Bidvoiav Tou KXeopevovi' koX ol irporepov avrov

TOP ôXcova Kal rov Avfcovpyov aTro/iLfiijaaadai

(^daKovre^ iv rrj tmv%/CGft)i^ d(f)€a€i Kal rfj tmv

KTqpdTwv eîacocret KarayeXcovre^;, rore Trai^reXw?

eireWovTO rovro acrwv yeyovkvai t^9 irepX tov<;

3 l^Trapridra^ //-era/SoXr)?. ourro yap eirparTOV ro

7rp}v raireivd Kal ôifOelv avroh dBwdrco^; elxov,

coare irevre /jivpidBa<; dvBpaTToBwv ip^fiaXovra^ ek

Tr]v AaKcovLKrjv AIt(oXov<; dirayaydv, ore cf)aalv

el-rrelv riva rcov irpea-^VTepoav STrapriarcbv &)?

a>vr]crav ol iroXepîoL rrjv AaKWVLKrjv diroKovcj)!,-

88

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvii. 4-xvin. 3

Sicyon, sent their horsemen and their mercenaries out

of Argos to keep watch over those cities, while theythemselves went down to Argos and began celebratingthe Nemean games. So Cleomenes, expecting, as wasthe case, that while the throng was holding festival

and the city was full of spectators, his unexpectedapproach would be more apt to cause confusion, led

his army by night up to the walls, occupied the

region about the Aspis overlooking the theatre, a

region which was rugged and hard to come at, and so

terrified the inhabitants that not a man of them

thought of defence, but they accepted a garrison and

gave twenty citizens as hostages, agreeing to be( omeallies of the Lacedaemonians, and to give Cleomenesthe chief command.XVI II. This greatly increased the reputation and

power of Cleomenes. For the ancient kings of Sparta,in spite of numerous efforts, were not able to secure

the abiding allegiance of Argos ;and the most form-

idable of generals, Pyrrhus, although he fought his

way into the city, could not hold it, but was slain

there, and a great part of his army perished with him.^

Therefore men admired the swiftness and intelligenceof Cleomenes ; and those who before this had mockedat him for imitating, as they said, Solon and

Lycurgus in the abolition of debts and the equaliza-tion of property, were now altogether convinced that

this imitation was the cause of the change in the

Spartans. For these were formerly in so low a state

and so unable to help themselves, that Aetolians

invaded Laconia and took away fifty thousand slaves.

It was at this time, we are told, that one of the elder

Spartans remarked that the enemy had helped Sparta* See the Pyrrhus, xxxii. ff.

89

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

4 aavre^, okiyov Be 'x^povov hie\66vTO<^ ayjra/j.€POi

fiovov T(ov irarplodv eOcov kol Karaa-TavTe'^ et?

*%^09 i/C6LV7]^ T?}? dy(0'y7]<^, wairep irapovn /cat

avfjL7To\LT€VOjJL6V(p Tft) AvKovpycp ttoWtjv eTTlheiîV

avhpeia^ iwoLOVvTo /cal 7r6iOapx^ci<;, rrjv t%*EXA,aSo9 ava\a/ji^dvovT€^ rjye/iiovLav rfi AaKe-

Batfjiovi Kol dvaKTco/jievot t?)v UeXoTrovvrjcrov,XIX. EaXoj/coTO? Se "Apyov^ kol Karoiriv evOv<;

irpocrOefievwv ra> KXeofievec KXecovcov koX ^\l-

ovvTO^, irvyxâve fiev 6 "Aparof; iv Kopiv6(p ttolov-

p.evo's Tiva T(ov Xeyop-ivcov XaKcoviêiv eêraaiv

dyyeXia^ Be irepX tovtcov irpocnrecrovari'^ BiarapaX'^6t9 KOL TTjV iroXiv diTOKKivovcrav alaOofievo^; irpo^Tov KXeofiiprj koX tmv 'Aâtwz^ diraWayrivaLj3ov\ofjL€V7]v, iicakei fxev eU to PovXevTrjpiov tov<;

TToXtra?, eXaOe Be BioXLadcov dxpt- Tr}9 7rv\r)<;.

€Kel Be TOV iTTTrov TTpooraxOevTO^ dval3a<^ e^vyev2 669 îfcvcova. TMV Be KôpivOtciw dfjLiW(i)ju.evcov

€69 "Apyof; 7r/909 tov KXeo/nevr} (prjalv 6 "ApaT0<;T0U9 'iTi'TTOvî TTOLVTa^ payrjvat,, tov Be KXeo/iev)]

/jLe/jL(f)€adai tou9 Kopiv6Lov<; fir] (TvXka/36vTa<;

avTOVy dX)C edaavTa<; Bia(f)vyeLV ov fi-qv dXXdKol 7r/909 avTov iXOelv ^leyiaTovovv irapd tov

KX€o/jievov<; Beo/nevov irapaXa/Selv tov ÂKpoKopiv-dov (el^ê yap ^povpav 'Aâicoi^) icaX iroXXa XPV-fiaTa BtB6vT0<;' diroKpivaaOai Be avTov ft)9 ov/c

ex^t Ta TrpdypiaTa, fxaXXov Be viro tmv TrpaypdTcovavTO<; ex^rar TavTa fiev 6 "Aparos yeypa(pev.

3 *0 Be KXeop.evr}(; etc Tov"Apyov<; eireXOMV Kal

7rpoaayay6/jievo<; TpoL^rjviov;, ^KiriBavpiov^, 'Kp-

pLLOvea^, r)K€v eh KopivOov koI ttjv fiev ctKpav

7repi€XC('pdKCD(Tef tmv Âx^cmv ov ôvXo/jbevcov

90

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xviii. 4-xix. 3

by lightening her burden. But now only a little time

had elapsed, and they had as yet barely resumedtheir native customs and re-entered the track of their

famous discipline, when, as if before the very eyes of

Lycurgus and with his co-operation, they gave abun-

dant proof of valour and obedience to authority, byrecovering the leadership of Hellas for Sparta and

making all Peloponnesus their own again.XIX. Thus Argos was taken by Cleomenes, and

immediately afterwards Cleonae and Phlius cameover to him. When this happened, Aratus was at

Corinth, holding a judicial examination of those whowere reputed to favour the Spartan cause. The

unexpected tidings threw him into consternation,and perceiving that the city was leaning towards

Cleomenes and wished to be rid of the Achaeans, he

summoned the citizens into the council-hall, andthen slipped away unnoticed to the city gate. Therehis horse was brought to him, and mounting it hefled to Sicyon. The Corinthians were so eager to

get to Cleomenes at Argos that, as Aratus says, all

their horses were ruined. Aratus says also that

Cleomenes upbraided the Corinthians for not seizing

him, but letting him escape ; however, Megistonoliscame to him, he says, bringing from Cleomenes a

request for the surrender of Acrocorinthus (whichwas held by an Achaean garrison) and an offer of a

large sum of money for it ; to which he replied that

he did not control affairs, but rather affairs controlled

him. This is what Aratus writes.

But Cleomenes, marching up from Argos and

taking over Troezen, Epidaurus, and Hermione, cameto Corinth. Its citadel he blockaded, since the

Achaeans would not abandon it, and after summon-

91

I

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

iicKiirelVt ToO Se Âpdrov tov<; ^tXou? kol Tov<i

€7rLTp6'jTov<; /jLeTa7r€/jb'\jrd/jL€vo<; eKekevae rrjv olKvav

Kol rd ^(^prjiJbaTa \a^6vTa<; (puXdrreiv kol hiOifcelv,

4 TpLTVfjiaWov Be TrdXiv rbv Meaa^viov dTrearetXe

7r/)o? avTov, d^Lcov vtto tmv Ââtwv /cal tS)v

KatcehaifJiovicov ojjlov ^yXdrreaOai rbv Â/cpo/co-

pivOov, IhLa he rw Âpdrai BittXPjv iTrayyeXXofievo^;

rrjv (TvvTa^LV 779 iXd/xâve irapd YiroXefiaiov rod

ffaat.Xeco<;, iirel Be 6 Âparo^ ov^ vTrrjKovaep,

dXXd TOP T€ vlov eire/jLyfre tt/do? tov Âvrlyovov

fierd roiv dXXwv bpbrjpwv koli '>]rii]<îGaGQai tou?

*A%a£oi;9 eireio-ev Âvriyovo) irapaBiBovai tov

*AKpoK6pLvdoVt ovT(t)<; 6 K\eo/jLev7)<; Trjv re %ikv-

(oviav ifjLâXcdv eTropOyja-e, koI rd j^pi^jxara tov m*ApdTOV, Twv K.opcv6L(ov avT(p '^7]cj)LaafxevQ)V, mBcopedv eXa/Se.

XX. ToO Be ÂvTLyovov /xera 7roW^9 Bwdfjueox;

TTjv Tepdveiav VTrep^dXXovTO^ ov/c ooero Belv tov

^laOfiov, dXXd ra "Oveia âpaArcocra? kol Teixiaa<i

(jivXdTTeiv, KoX TOTTOfia^MV aTTOTpiêaOai tov^

MaxeSova^; fiaXXovrj avfjuTrXeKeaOat 7rpo<; cf)dXayya

avv7](7/C7]/iievr]v, kol tovtol^ %/0(w/xeiô? tol<; Xoyia--

2 //-ot? eh diToplav KaOiaTrj top ÂvTiyovov. ovt€

yap acTov el'Xêve/c irapaaKevvj^; l/cavov, ouTe

îdcracyOai ti-jv irdpoBov, KaOqfxevov tov KXeo-

aevov<;, rjv paBiov eirc'xêtprjo-a';Be irapaBveadai

Bid TOV Aexci'iovvvKTo<; eêneae Kai Ttva^ direâXeTcbv aTpaTicoTMV, wcrre TravTairacTL dapprjaat tov

KXeo/jbevj} Kal rou? irepl avTov e7rr]p/jLevov<; tt) 814

viKTj TpaireaOai irpo'; to Belirpov, dOvfiecv Be top*

ApTiyopop eh ovk eviropov; KaTa/cXeiOfiepop viro

3 7/79 dpdyKij<i Xoyi(Tfiov<i, ejSovXeveTo yap eVt

92

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xix. 3-xx. 3

ing the friends and stewards of Aratus, ordered themto take the house and pro})erty of Aratus into their

charge and management. Then he sent Tritymallusthe Messenian once more to Aratus, proposing that

Acrocorinthus should be garrisoned by Achaeansand Lacedaemonians together, and promising Aratus

personally double the stipend which he was receivingfrom King Ptolemy.^ Aratus, however, would notlisten to the proposition, but sent his son to Anti-

gonus along with the other hostages, and persuadedthe Achaeans to vote the surrender of Acrocorinthusto Antigonus. Therefore Cleomenes invaded the

territory of Sicyon and ravaged it, and accepted the

property of Aratus when the Corinthians voted it tohim as a gift.

XX. When Antigonus with a large force was

crossing the mountain-range of Geraneia, Cleomenes

thought it more advisable to fortify thoroughly, notthe Isthmus, but the Oneian range of hills, and to

wear out the Macedonians by a war of posts and

positions, rather than to engage in formal battle withtheir disciplined phalanx. He carried out this plan,and thereby threw Antigonus into straits. For hehad not a sufficient store of provisions, and it was no

easy matter to force his passage while Cleomenes sat

entrenched. Moreover, when he attempted to slip

past his enemy in the night by way of Lechaeum, hewas driven out and lost some of his soldiers. There-fore Cleomenes was altogether encouraged, and his

men, elated by their victory, betook themselves to

supper ; but Antigonus was dejected, since he wasshut up by necessity to difficult plans. For he was

*Ptolemy III,, surnamed Euergetes, king of Egypt 247-

222 B.C. See the Aratus, xli. 3.

93

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Tr)V cLKpav avaêvyvvvai to 'Rpatov KaKeWev eh"îKvcova 7r\oioi<; Trepatcoaat Tr)v hvvafjLiv o koI

')(p6vov TToWov Koi 7rapacrK€vrj<; tjv ov t% tvôv-arj<;. r)hr) he irpcx; ecnrepav tjkov ef "Apyov<; KarhdaXarrav avBp€<i Âpdrov <f)tXot, KoXovvre^ avTov

ft)? d(j)i(TTafiev(ov rcjv Âpyeucov rod KXeo/xevovf;,

6 Be TTpcLTTcov Yjv Tr)v diroGTaaiv ÂpiaroTeXrj<i*fcal TO 7tX7]6o<; ov ')(a\e7rM(; eireccrev, dyavaKTovvOTL %/oewi^ diroKOTTaf; ovk eiroirja-ev avToi<; 6 KX,eo-

/jLev7]<; eXiriaaaL, Xafiojp ovv 6 "Aparo? Trap

ÂvTtyovov crTpaTi(OTa<; ')(^bXiov<ifcal irevTaKoaiov^;

irapeirXevaev eh ÊTriSavpov. 6 Be^

ApiatoteX7]<^

eKelvov ov ireptepievev, dXXa rou? iroXiTa^ irapa-

Xal3(ov TTpoaefidxeTo Toh (j)povpovai. ttjv uKpo-TToXiv Kal iraprjv ai>T(p Tifi6êvo<; fieTO, tmv

Â')(aLcov eK Xikv(ovo<; ôrjOcov.

XXI. TavTa trepi Bevrepav ^vXaKrjv t?}? vv/cto^

aKovaa^ 6 KXeofierrji; /i€T€7re/Ai|raT0 MeyicrTOvovv,Kal 7r/)o? opytjvixeXevaev evOix; eWApyo<^ ^07)6elv6 yap virep tmp

^

Apyeicov /ndXtaTa KaTamaTw-

ad/jL€VO^ 7r/)09 avTov eKelvov rjVy Kal BicKcoXvaep

iK/SaXelv tou9 viroTTTOV^. d7ToXvcra<i ovv tov

lAeyicTTOVOvv jxeTa Bia'^^îXicov crTpaTKOToyv avTo^

TTpoaelê tw ÂvTiyovcOy Kal tov<; KopLvOiov<;

irapeddppvvev (h<; ovBevo^; p,eydXov irepl to "Apyo<;,dXXd Tapa')(r)<^ tlvo^ drr* dvdpdiiTwv oXiywv yeyevrj-

pevTjff. eirel Be 6 MeyicTTovov^ re irapeiaireacoveh TO "A/9709 dvrjpeOr] /jLa-^^ôfievo^

Kal pLoyi'^ clvt-

elôv ol (j>povpol Kal BLeirepurovTO av)(vov<; jrpo'i

TOP KXeofjuepT], (ô^r)6eh p-r] tov "Apyov<; ol ttoXS-

p,LOi KpaTTjcraPTe^ kuI Ta9 irapoBov^ diroKXeiaapjeî

94

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xx. 3-xxi. 2

planning to march off to the promontory of the

Heraeum, and from there to put his army across to

Sicyon in transports—an undertaking requiring mucli

time and extraordinary preparations. But when it

was aheady towards evening, there came to himfrom Argos by sea some friends of Aratus, who sum-moned him to tlie city, on the ground that the

Argives were ready to revolt from Cleomenes. Theautlior of the revolt was Aristotle ; and the multitudewere easy to persuade, being incensed becauseCleomenes had not brought about the abolition of

debts which they expected. Accordingly, Aratustook fifteen hundred soldiers from Antigonus andsailed to Epidaurus. Aristotle, however, did not

await his coming, but at the head of the citizens

made an attack upon the garrison of the citadel;

and Timoxenus came to his aid from Sicyon withthe Achaean army.XXI. It was about midnight when Cleomenes

iieard of these things, and summoning Megistonoiis,he angrily ordered him to go at once to Argos with

assistance ; for it was Megistonoiis who had givenhim most assurances of the fidelity of the Argives,and had thereby prevented him from expelling the

suspected citizens. After sending off Megistonoiis,

then, with two thousand soldiers, he himself keptwatch upon Antigonus and tried to encourage the

Corinthians, telling them that there was no greattrouble at Argos, but only a slight disturbance madeby a few men. However, when Megistonoiis, whohad made his way into Argos, was slain in battle,and the garrison held out with difficulty and keptsending frequent messengers to Cleomenes, he wasafraid that if the enemy made themselves masters of

95

I

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

avToi TTopOoyaLv aSew? rrjv KaKwviKr^v kuI iroXtop-Kcoai Tr)V ^TrdpTTjv eprjfiov ovaav, airfjyev €k Jfiopiv-

3 Oov TO (TTpdrev/jLa, kol ravrrji; /juevevOvf; iarepTjro

T^9 TToXeo)? elcekOovTO^ Âvnyovov koI (ppovpavKaracTTYjoravTOV imfiaXoDV Be r& "Apyec Kara to

T€lxo<i e7r6;êt/0»;cr6 fi€P elaaXiaOai kol (TvveaTpe^jrepCK rrj? 7ô/êâ9 ttjv Bvva/jLtv, iKKoyjra^; Be Td<; vtto

Tr)v Âo-TTiSa ylraXiBafi dve^rj kol o-vvefitê to2<;

evBov 6Ti 7rpb<; tou? 'Aâtou? dvTexov<TL, koX tmvivT0<; evia KXifiaKaf; TrpoaOel*; KaTeKaê, kol tou?

(TT€VQ)7rov^ eprjfiov^ TroXefiLcov eTroirjae, rot? jSeXecri

4 ')(^prjaa(j6ai TrpoarTciâ^ tov<; Kp?}Ta9. eo? 8e kut-

elSe TOP ÂvTiyovov diro tcov ciKpcov eh to irehiov

KaTaâivovTa fieTa t% <f)aXayyo<;, tov<; Be linreh

rjBr] pvBrjv ekavvovTa^ eU ttjv iroXiv, direyvw

KpaTTjaeLV koX avvayaywv diravTa^ 7rpo<; avTov

aa(âXS)<i fCUTe^r) koI irapa to Telô^ dirrfSXcLT-

T€To, /jL€yi(TT(ov fxev iv iXayîdTW y^povw Trpay-

fiuTcov eirLKpaTrj<Ta<^t /cal fxeTO, puKpov 6Xr}<; 6/jlov

TL /jLLa irepioBw UeXoTTOvvrja-QV KvpLO^ yeveaOaiBeâa^;, tu^^v S* avOi^; etCTreawv diravTCdV, ol /juev

yap evOv^ dire'xaiprjaav avTov tmv aTpaTevofjuevcov,ol Be oXiyov varTepov tm

^

AvTiyovo) Ta<; 7ro\6t<?

TrapeBfOKav.XXII. OvTco B* avTcp ireiTpayoTi KaTa Tr)v

aTpaTeiav kul dirayayovTi Tr)v BvvafjLiv, kairepa^

f)Br] Trepl Teyiav dcpLKOPTo Ti,ve<i i/c AaKeBal/jLovo'ôvK eXcLTTova Trj<; iv %epo-l BvaTVxlav dirayyeX-Xovreffy TeOvdvat, ttjv yvvoLKa, BC rjv ovBe rat?

irdvv /caTOpOov/jL€Pai,<; eKelvo<^ eveKapTepei GTpa-Telat.fi, dXXa avve^cof: KUTe/SaLpev eh XirdpTrjv,

96

I

I

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxi. 2-xxii. i

Argos and shut up the passes, they might ravage at

will the Laconian territory and lay siege to Sparta,which he had left without defenders. He therefore

led his army away from Corinth. This city was at

once lost to him, for Antigonus entered it and set a

garrison there ; but Cleomenes, on reaching Argos,made an attempt to scale the walls, and with this in

view drew his forces together from their march, and

cutting his way through the tunnels running underthe Aspis, or citadel, he made the ascent and effected

a junction with his garrison inside, which was still

holding out against the Achaeans. He actually got

possession of some portions of the city by using

scaling-ladders, and cleared the streets of the enemyby bringing his Cretan archers into action. Butwhen he saw Antigonus with his phalanx descendingfrom the heights into the plain, and his horsemen

already streaming into the city, he gave up trying to

master it ;and gathering all his troops about him he

made his way safely down from the citadel and with-

drew along past the city wall. He had made the

greatest possible conquests in the briefest possible

time, and had come within a little of making himself

master of all Peloponnesus by a single march throughit, but had quickly lost everything again. For someof his allies left him at once, and others after a little

while handed their cities over to Antigonus.XXn, Such was the result of his expedition, and

he was leading his army home, when, as it was

already evening and he was near Tegea, messengersfrom Sparta came with tidings of a fresh and even

greater calamity, the death of his wife. It wasbecause of her that even in his most successful

campaigns he could not endure to the end, but would

97

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

epMV Tr}<; 'A'/tartSo? kov nrepi ifKeiarov iroioxh

2 fxevo^ eKeivrjV. iirXrityvj fiev ovv koX rfKyrjaev, o)?

€tVo9 y)v veov avhpa KaWi<Trr}<i koI acocfypove-

aTdrr)(; ac^rjprjiievov fyvvaiKo^' ov /jltjv tcarrja'xvvevovhe TTporjicaTO to) irdOev ro cfypovrj/xa ical to

fjL6y€0o<; T^9 '^v')(7)<^,dXXa /cat (pcovrjv kol a-^rj/na

Kol juLopcjirjv ev c5 irporepov elêv rjOet hia^vXar-Tcov TO, T€ TTpocrTdy/jLara T0t9 rjye/iioa-iv iBiSov koI 815

irepX Trj<; daâXeia^ t(ov TeyeaToov i(f)p6vTi,êv.

3 dfia Be Vfêpa Kareâivev eh AaKeBai/jiova, /cat

fiera t^9 /JL7)Tpo<i olkol kol tcov iraiBwv diraXyrj-aa^ TO irevdo^ evOvî rjv ev Tol<i irepi tcov oXcov

\oyLa/jLo2<;.

ETrel Be YlToXefialoî 6 r^? A.lyv7rTov â(TiXev<;

e7rayyeX\6/jLevo<; avTo) fiorjOetav r/^lov \afielv

o/jurjpa Tou? TratSa? koI Tr]v firjTepa, 'X^povov p-ev

avxôv TjcTx^veTo (fypdaai Trj p>'^')Tpi,Kal 7roX\dKL<;

elaeXOcbv koX irpoiX(ov avTOV BiaTTwOdveadaL pur} tl KaTOKvel

4 ôv\6/uevo<; ivTV^^lv avTrj, TeXo^; Be tov KXeo-

p,evov<; diroT6Xpbrj(TavTO<i elirelv, iêyeXacre re pueya

Kai," ToOto rjv^^ elnev, "o TroXXa/cf? 6p,ur]aa<;

\eyeiv aTreBeiXcaaa'^; ov Outtov r)p,d(f ev6epLevo<;

eh ttXoIov diroaTeXeh, oirov iroTe Trj XirdpTrj

vopLiiêi^ TO awpLa tovto '^^^prjaipLOiTaTov ecreaOai,

TTplv VTTO yqpw^ avTOv KadrjpLevov BiaXvOrjvat;"

6 UdvTcov ovv eTolpiwv yevopuevwv dîKovTO pLev

eh Taivapov ire^fj Kal irpovTrepiylrev v Bvvapi<;

avTov<; ev Toh OTrXot?" pLeXXovaa Be t?}? v€(b<;

eTTLpaiveLV rj KpaTrjaUXeia tov K\€op,6vi] piovov

eh tov vecov tov IIo(7€iB(t)vo<; dirijyaye, Kal wepi-

98

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxii. 1-5

continually be coming home to Sparta, out of love for

Agiatis and in supreme devotion to her. Of course,

then, he was smitten with grief, as was natural for a

young man who had lost a most beautiful and mostsensible wife, but he did not allow his suffering to

shame or betray the loftiness of his thought or the

greatness of his spirit. He maintained his usual

speech, dress, and bearing, gave the customary orders

to his caj)tains, and took thought for the safety of

Tegea. Next morning he returned to Sparta, andafter duly mourning his loss with his mother andchildren at home, he at once engaged in the measures

which he planned for the public good.

Now, Ptolemy the king of Egypt promised him aid

and assistance, but demanded his mother and his

children as hostages. For a long time, therefore, hewas ashamed to tell his mother, and though he often

v^ent to her and was at the very point of letting her

know, he held his peace, so that she on her part became

suspicious and enquired of his friends whether there

was not something which he wished to impart to her

but hesitated to do so. Finally, when Cleomenes

plucked up courage to speak of the matter, his motherburst into a hearty laugh and said :

" Was this the

thing which thou wast often of a mind to tell me but

lost thy courage ? Make haste, put me on board a

vessel, and send this frail body wheresoever thou

thinkest it will be of most use to Sparta, before old

age destroys it sitting idly here."

Accordingly, when all things were ready, theycame to Taenarus by land, while the army escorted

them under arms. And as Cratesicleia was about to

embark, she drew Cleomenes aside by himself into the

temple of Poseidon, and after embracing and kissing

99

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

jSaXovaa Kal KaTacrTraaa/jievrj BcaKyovvra /col avv-

6 reTapayfiivov, ""AYe/' elirev, *'&> fiaaLkev Aa/ce-

BaLfiovicoVy 07ra)9, iirav e^co jeveofieOa, fiySeU cBrj

haKpvovra^ r}/iid<; firjSe avd^Lov tl t^? XTrdprrjf;

7roiovvTa<;. tovto yap icj)^ rj/uv julovov at rv')âi

Se, OTTO)? av 6 haificav SlBo), rrdpeiai.** ravra 3'

elirovda Kal Karaarijaaaa to irpoacoTrov, eVt rrjv

vavv i^dopcL TO TraiBiOP exovaa, Kal Bia Ta;ôf97 eKeXevaev diraipeiv top KVêpvrjTrjv. iirel Be eh

AoyvTTTOV dcfiiKeTO Kal top UToXe/jbalov ijruOeTO

\070u9 Trap' *AvTty6vov Kal ttpeajBeiaî Bexofxevov,

irepl Be tov KX€Ofievov<; ijKovaev otl, tmv ÂûlmvTTpoKaXovjUiivcov avTov eh BiaXvaeif;, <J)oj3olto Bi

eKeivTjv dvev UToXe/iiaLov KaraOeaOai tov iroXe-

/jlov, eirecTTeiXev avTw to, ttj îrdpTr] irpeirovTaKal avfjL(f)epovTa irpdTTeiv Kal firj Bia jxiav ypavvKal iraiBdpiov del BeBievai UToXe/ialov. avTrj fxev

ovv irapa ra? Tu;)â? ToiavTrj XeyeTai, yeyevrfadat.XXIII. Tov Be

*

AvriyovovTeyeav fiev irapaXa-fiovTO^, *Op)(ô/JL€Vov Be Kal MavTLveiav Biapird-aravTO<;, eh avTtjv ttjv AaKcoviKjjv avveaTaX/jLevo<;6 KXeo/ji€vr]<; tmv fiev eiXooTcov tou? irevTe p,vd<;

'ArriAra? KaTa/3aX6vTa<; iX€vOepov<; eiroiei Kal

ToXavTa TrevTaKocna a'vv€X€^€fSiG)(L\LOVs Be Trpoa-KaOo7rXi(ra<i MaK€BoviK(o<; dvTLTay/Jia Toh irap^

AvTiyovGv XevKdffTncriv, epyov eirl vovv fidXXeTai2 /leya Kal irdaiv drrpoaBoKrjTOV. rj MeydXr) ttoXi?

771^ /j,ev T0T6 Kal KaO* eavTrjv ovBev Ti ixeiwv ovBe

dadeveaTepa tP]^ AaKeBaiixovo^, eZê Be ty]V diro

TMV 'A%«twz^ Kal TOV ÂvTiyovov porjOeiav, ev

irXevpah Kadeôfievov Kal Bokovvto<; vtto tmv

*A%atG)i' eitiKeKXrja-Oai' fidXicrTa t&v MeyaXo-

100

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxii. 5-xxiii. 2

him in his anguish and deep trouble, said :" Come,

O king of tlie Lacedaemonians^ when we go forth let

no one see us weeping or doing anything unworthyof Sparta. For this lies in our power, and this alone ;

but as for the issues of fortune, we shall have whatthe Deity may grant." After saying this, she

composed her countenance and proceeded to the

ship with her little grandson, and bade the captain

put to sea with all speed. And when she was cometo Egypt, and learned that Ptolemy was entertainingembassies and proposals from Antigonus, and heard

that although the Achaeans invited Cleomenes to

make terms with them, he was afraid on her account

to end the war without the consent of Ptolemy, she

sent word to him that he must do what was fittmgand advantageous for Sparta, and not, because of oneold woman and a little boy, be ever in fear of

Ptolemy. Such, then, as we are told, was the bearingof Cratesicleia in her misfortunes.

XXIII. After Antigonus had taken Tegea bysiege, and had surprised Orchomenus and Mantineia,

Cleomenes, now reduced to the narrow confines

of Laconia, set free those of the Helots who could

pay down five Attic minas (thereby raising a sum of

five hundred talents), armed two thousand of them in

Macedonian fashion as an offset to the White Shields

of Antigonus, and planned an undertaking whichwas great and entirely unexpected. Megalopoliswas at that time of itself fully as large and strong as

Sparta, and could have assistance from the Achaeansand from Antigonus ;

for Antigonus was encampednear by, and it was thought that the Megalopolitanswere chiefly responsible for his being called in by the

lOI

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

3 ttoXltcjv (TTrovBaadi'Tcov. Tavrrjv BcapTrdaat, Sia-

vorjOeU KX6o/jL€vrj<; (ov yap eariv rp fiaXXov60tK€ TO ra^y Kal dTrpoaBoKrjTOP eKelvr}^ Trj<;

irpdêcof;), rj/uiepwv irevre atria Xaêcv KeXevcra^

i^rjye rrjv Svva/jLiv eVt rrjv XeXaatav cu? rrjv

ÂpyoXiKrjv Ka/covpyâcov eKeWev he KaTa^d<iiirX rrjv M.6yaXoiToXiTLKrjv koI BeiTrvoTroirjad-

yuezô? Trepl to 'Poireiov €vOv<; iiropeveTO rrjv Bt

4 'RXifcovpTo^; eVl rrjv ttoXlv d7roa)(cbv B^ ov ttoXv

TLavrea puev exovra Bvo rdypbara roiv Aa/ceBai-

lxovL(ov dTriareiXe, KaraXaêadai KeXevaa^ peao-

nrvpyiov o twv Tuyfiv epT^porarov elvai roL<;

MeyaXoTroXiraK; iirvvOdvero, ttj Be dXXr) Bwdpû(j)(ôXaL(o<; iirrjicoXovOei. rov Be IIavTe(o<{ ov piovovefcelvov rov roirov, dXXa Kal ttoXv pbepo<; rov

rei')(pv^ d(j)vXaKrov evp6vro<^, /cat rd piev Kadac-

povvro^ ev6v<^, rd Be Bia(TKd7rroi>ro<;, rcov Be <j)pov-

poiv oh evervê 7rdvra<; diroKreivavro'^, ecftOaae 816

TTpoapiâ^ 6 KXeopevijî, Kal irplv alaOeadac rov<;

MeyaXoTToXiraf; evBov rjv puerd rP]<; BvvdpL€(o<;.

XXIV. âvepov Be //.oXt? toO KaKov yevopLevovroh Kara rrjv iroXcv, ol puev ev6v<i eêmirrov oaa

rvyydvoL rcov ')(pr)pdr(i)v Xapi^dvovre^, ol Be

avvearpe<povro puerd roiv oirXcov, Kal TOt? iroXe-

piot<; eviardpLevoL Kal nrpocr^dXXovre'^ eKelvov^ piev

ovK la^vcrav eKKpovaac, roh Be (pevyovat rcov

TToXircov da(j)aXa)<; direXOelv irapea'^pv, ware pij

irXelova ro)V')(^lXI(jov €yKaraX7}(f)0r]vac adypiara,

rov<; Be dXXov<; diravra^; opov puerd reKvcov Kal

yvvaiKcov (fyOdcrai Bia^vy6vra<; eh Meaaijvrjv.2 eacoOy] Be Kal rwv Trpoa/SoijOovvrfov Kal pâô-

pbivcov rb ttXtjOo^' oXlyoi Be TravrdTraaiv r^Xwaav,

I02

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxiii. 3-xxiv. 2

Achaeans. This city Cleomenes planned to snatch

away (for nothing else could better describe the

speed and unexpectedness of his famous achievement),and ordering his men to take five days' rations, heled them forth to Sellasia, as though he would ravagethe territory of Argos. But from there he descendedinto the territory of Megalopolis, and after giving his

men their supj)er at the Rhoeteium, he marched at

once by way of HeUcus against the city itself. Whenhe was not far away he dispatched Panteus with twodivisions of Lacedaemonians, ordering him to seize a

portion of the wall between two towers which he hadlearned was the most unprotected part of the walls

of Megalopolis, while he himself with the rest of his

army followed slowly after. Panteus found not onlythat particular spot, but also a great part of the wall,

undefended, and at once tore down some portions of

it, undermining others, and slaying all the defenders

whom he encountered. Cleomenes promptly joinedhim, and before the Megalopolitans were aware of it,

he was inside the city with his army.XXIV. At last the disaster became clear to the

citizens, and some of them at once fled the city,

taking with them what property they could lay hands

on, while others banded together under arms, resist-

ing and assaulting the enemy. These they were not

strong enough to eject from the city, but they af-

forded a safe escape to the citizens who wished to flee,

so that not more than a thousand persons were takenin the place ; all the rest, together with their wives

and children, succeeded in escaping to Messene.

Moreover, the greater part of those who tried to save

the city by fighting got off alive ; but a few of them,

103

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

MV rjv AvaavSpLBa<; re koI OeaptSa?, avSp€<; ev-

hoôL /cat Bvparol fjuaXiara rwv MeyaXoTroXirwv.Blo koX \a^6vT€^ avTov<; €v6v<; ol arpaTicoTairw K^Xeofievei Trpoarjyov. 6 Be A.vcravhpiBa /Saa-iXev Aa/ceBaifiovLcov,

epyov diroBeiâ/Jiivq) rod ireirpayiievov koXKiov

3 KaX âcTtXLfccoTaTov evBoôraTa) yevkaQai^^ o

KXeo/jLevTj^ Be v7roT07njaa<; avrov rrjv evrevîv,** Tt Se/* elirevt

"ft) KvaavBpiBa, Xeyei^; ; ov

yap Br) irov ^le rrjv ivokiv vfuv airoBovvai

KeXevetfi ;

"Kai 6 AvaayBpuBwi,

" Auto fiev

ovvT €(j)7],

'

'\6<yco KoX avfjLôvXevw fir) BiaÔelpaiTToXiv r'r)XiKavTr)v, aXX* e[jL'irXr)craL ^CXcov /cal

(TVfji/jLd')(o)vTncTTcov Kol ^€0aicov, dnroBovra M67a-

XoTToXiTai^ TTjV irarpiBa koI (TMrrjpa B^/nov ro-

4 crovTov <yev6/JLevov" fiiKpov ovv 6 KX€Ofi€vr)<;

BLaaia)7r7]aa<;,**XaXeTroi/," e(j)r),

" to TrLareva-ai

ravra, vLKaro) Be to tt/oo? Boâv del ixdXXov fj to

XvaiTeXh Trap* rjfuv.'* koI TavTa elircov dire-

(TTGiXe Tou? dvBpa<^ eU M.eaa7]pr)v Kal Kijpv/ca

irap* eavTOV, rot? MeyaXoiroXLTai^; dTToBcBov^; Tr)v

iroXiv eiri t&(rv/Jbfid')(ôv(;

elvai kol (j)iXov<; diro-

cTTdvTa^ ÂxaiMV.5 OuTft) Be Tov K.X€o/ievov<; evyvoofiova Kal (piXdv-

Opanra irpoTeivavTO'^ ovfc eiaae rot'? MeâXo-TToXtVa? ^L\o7roL/JLr}v iyKajaXtTretv ttjv 7r/309

T0V<; 'A^jâiou? ttlo-tiv, dXXd KaTr)yopo3V tov

K.XeoiJLevov<i 0)9 ov ^7)tovvto<^ diroBovvaL Tr)v tto-

Xlv, dXXd irpocrXaêtv rou? 7roXtTa9, eê/3aXe tov

êapLBav Kal top KvaavBpiBav eK T7J<; Meo-o-Tî/r;?.

104

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxiv. 2-5

all told, were captured, among whom were Lysandri-das and Thearidas, men of the greatest reputationand influence in Megalopolis. Therefore the soldiers

had no sooner seized them than they brought themto Cleomenes. Then Lysandridas, when he sawCleomenes from afar, cried out with a loud voice andsaid :

" It is in thy power now, O king of the

Lacedaemonians, to display an action fairer and more

worthy of a king than any that has preceded it, and

thereby win men's highest esteem." But Cleomenes,

conjecturing what the speaker wished, said :" What

meanest thou, Lysandridas ? Thou surely canst not

bid me give your city back again to you." To which

Lysandridas replied :

"Indeed, that is just what I

mean, and I advise tliee in thine own interests not to

destroy so great a city, but to fill it with friends andallies who are trusty and true by giving back to the

Megalopolitans their native city and becoming the

preserver of so large a people." Accordingly, after a

short silence, Cleomenes said :" It is difficult to

believe that all this will happen, but with us let whatmakes for good repute always carry the day, rather

than what brings gain." And with these words hesent the two men off to Messene attended by a herald

from himself, offering to give back their city to the

Megalopolitans on condition that they renounce theAchaean cause and be his friends and allies.

However, although Cleomenes made this benevo-lent and humane offer, Philopoemen would not allow

the Megalopolitans to break their pledges to the

Achaeans, but denounced Cleomenes on the groundthat he sought, not so much to give their city backto its citizens, as rather to get the citizens with their

city^; then he drove Thearidas and Lysandridas out^ See the Philopoemen y

v.

105

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ouTO<; rjv îXoTTOi/xrjv 6 irpcorevaaf; vcrrepov

*A%atft>i^ KoX /jLeytarrjv KTr]ad/jL6V0<; iv roU "E\-

\r)cn Boâv, co? ISla irepl avrov yeypaTrrai,.

XXV. TovTcov Be airayyeXOevTcov tm KXeo-

fxeveiy T€Tr}pr]Ka}<; ttjv ttoXlv clOlktov koI a/cepaiov,

axTTe fjbrjBeta Xadelv /jbyBe rov\d\î(TTOv XajBovra,

T0T6 iravrdiraaL Tpa)(^vv6e\^ /cal dyavaKTTâa^TO, ijuev ')(pt]/jbaTa BuripiTaorev, dvBpidvTaa<; direareCKev eh XTrdprriv, r^}? Be TroXeo)?

rd irXeldra kol pbkyiGTa piepr) KaraaKdy^ra^; koI

Biaj)6elpa<^ dviêvêv eir oIkov, (j)oôvp.€vo<; top

2 WvTiyovov Kol Tou? ^K')(aLOV^. iirpdÔr] Be ovBev

diT avTMV. eTvyyavov fiev yap ev Alylw ôuX'}]v

l%oi^T€9* eVel Be "Aparo^; kvafid^ iirl to firjfjia

TToXvv pev 'X^povov eKkate rrjv 'xXapvBa dep>evo<^

TTpo Tov TTpoa-MTTOv, OavpâôvTcov Be Kal XeyeivKeXevovTcov elirev on MeydXy ttoX^? diroXcoXev

viTO K.Xeopevov<^, 7) pev avvoBo<; evdv<i BLeXvOr)

TO)v Â')(âta)v KaTaTrXayevTwv tyjv o^vTTjra /cal

3 TO pieye9o<^ rod irdOov^, 6 Be^

Avriyovo^ eVt-

")(eipr]Ga^ (3o7]6elv, elra BpaBeco^; avro) r/}? Bvpd-

^teo)? e/c ra)v ')(eip,aBlo}v dvL(Trapevrj<^, ravrrjv puev

av9L<; eiceXevcTe Kara ')((apav pêveiv, avro^ Be

irapriXOev eU "A/9709, ov 7roXXov<; 6)((ov arpario)-

ra? pueO^ eaurov.

Afo /cal TO Bevrepov eyxêlprjpu tov KXeop>evov<;

eBoê pev reToXpLrjaOai 7rapal36Xco<; /cal p,avi/c(t)(;,

eirpdÔy] Be pueTa ttoXXt]*; Trpovola^, co? cfyrjai

4 IloXvffco^. etSo)? yap et? tcl ')(eipidBLa Bieairap-

106

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxiv. 5-xxv. 4

of Messene. This was that Philopoemen who after-

wards became the leader of the Achaeans and wonthe greatest fame among the Greeks, as I have

written in his own Life.

XXV. When tidings of these things were broughtto Cleomenes, although he had taken strict care that

the city should be inviolate and unharmed, so that

no one took even the least thing without being

detected, he was now so incensed and embittered

that he plundered it, and sent its statues and picturesoff to Sparta; then, after completely demolishingmost and the largest portions of the city, he marchedback towards home, being in fear of Antigonus and

the Achaeans. But these did nothing. For theywere holding a general assembly at Aegium ;

and

here Aratus, after mounting the bema, wept for a

long time, holding his mantle before his face;and

when his audience was amazed and bade him speak,he told them that Megalopolis had been destroyed

by Cleomenes. Then the assembly at once broke up,the Achaeans being filled with consternation at the

swiftness and magnitude of the calamity. Antigonusat first attempted to give aid, but afterwards, since

his forces came up to him but slowly from their

winter quarters, he ordered them to remain where

they were, while he himself proceeded to Argos,

having only a few soldiers with him.

And this was the reason why the next attempt of

Cleomenes, which was thought to be a deed of

extravagant and frantic daring, was really made with

great forethought, as Polybius says.^ For Cleomenes

1 "Most people thought this a hazardous and foolhardy

step ; but those who were capable of judging regarded the

measure as at once safe and prudent" (ii. 64, I).

107

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

fiivov<; Kara irokiv^ tou? Ma/ceSoi'a?, koI top 817

ÂvTiyovov ov TToXXou? eyovra fiLaOoôpov^ iv

"Apyet Bi,ax€i/Jiciôvra fiera rcov (f)i\wv, eveâXeve/? TTî^

^

Apjelav, \oyL^6[xevo<^ rj8l ala^^vvijv rov

Âvnyovov irapo^vvOevTO'^ iiriKpaTTJaeiv rj fxr)

ToXfirjaavTa jxaêadaL BiaâXeiv 7r/)09 tou9

Âpyeiov^;. o kol o-vvi^r). SiacpOetpofievrj'^ yapTrj<i â)/)<z9 VTT avTOv Koi iravTcov ayofxevwv koI

6 êpojjbevayv, ol fiev Âpyeloc Bv(TavacrêTovvT€<;cttI ra<; 6vpa<i auveaTpe(j)ovTO rov âaCkew^ koI

Kareffocov, fJudx^crOai KeXevovreî rj rot? KpeiTToaiv

eîaTaaOai rrj^ r}ye[iovia<i' 6 he Âvriyovo^, Q)<i

eSei o-Tparrjyov eficppova, to KtvSvveuaai irapa-

\6yco<; fcal TrpoiaOac rrjv da^dXeLav ala^pov, ov

TO KaK(o<; aKOVcrai irapd tol<; €/cto9 rjyovfiepo^;, ov

irporjXOev, dX)C ivefMeve rot? avTov Xoyia/jLoU. 6

Be KX€0/JL€V7]<; ci')(pLtmv Tei^cov tw aTpaTw irpoa--

ekdwv KOL Kadv^picra^ Kal 8ia\v/jLr)vdfjL€vo<;

dSem dvex(*>PV^^^'XXVI. *OXiya) Be vcTTepov avOi<;, et? Teyiav

dKOvaa<; irpo'ievai top^

AvTuyovov co? eKeWev eh

Tr)v AaKoyi'LKfjV i/jL/BaXovvra, tu^v tov^; aTpaTLO)-Ta<; dvaXa^MV Kal KaO^ eTepa<; oBovf; TrapaXXdâ^

djju rj/uuepa tt/jo? tjj iroXec tcov Âpyeicov dv€(f)dvr]y

TTOpOoiv TO TreBiov Kal top alTOV ov Keipwv, coairepol XoiTToi, Bpeirdvai^ Kal iiaxdipat'^, dXXd kotttcov

^vXoL<; ixeydXoL iropeve-aOat, (7VV /Jir]Bevl irovw irdvTa crvyKaTaTpl-âi Kal

2 BiaÔelpac tov Kapirov. co? fievToc KaTo, ttjv

^ Kara tt6\iv Blass and Ziegler, after Schoemann : Karii

TToKiv S)s (prjai,

io8

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxv. 4-xxvi. 2

knew that the Macedonians were dispersed amongthe cities in their winter quarters, and that Antigonushad only a few mercenaries with him at Argos, where

he was spending the winter with his friends. Cleo-

menes therefore invaded the territory of Argos,

calculating that Antigonus would either be shamedinto fighting and would be overpowered, or, in case

he did not venture to fight, would incur odium

among the Argives. And this was what actuallycame to pass. For while Cleomenes was wasting the

country and robbing it of all that was there, the

Argives, in distress, kept thronging the doors of the

king and calling upon him with loud voices either to

fight or yield the leadership to his betters. But

Antigonus, as became a prudent general, consideringthat disgrace lay in taking unreasonable risks and

throwing away his security, rather than in beingabused by the outside rabble, would not go forth

from the city, but stood by his previous plans. So

Cleomenes came up to the very walls of the city with

his army, wrought insolent havoc, and then with-

drew unmolested.

XXVI. A little later, however, hearing that

Antigonus had advanced to Tegea with intent to

invade Laconia from that city, Cleomenes quicklytook his soldiers, marched past the enemy by a

different route, and at daybreak appeared suddenlybefore the city of Argos, ravaging the plain and

destroying the grain, not cutting this down, as usual,

with sickles and knives, but beating it down with

great pieces of wood fashioned like spear-shafts.These his soldiers plied as if in sport, while passing

by, and with no effort at all they would crush and ruin

all the crop. When, however, they were come to the

109

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

KvWdpa^LV yevojmevot to yvfjuvdcriov iirexîpovv

TTpocTêpeiv TTvp, eKOikvaev, co? koX tcov irepl

MeydXrjv ttoXlv vit 6py7]<; fiaWov r) koXm^; avrat

ireirpayiJbevwv.

liov he^

AvTiyovov irpoiTov fxev ev6v<; eh "A/^yo?

aiâ%cr)/37^crai^T09, eireira ra opt) koI ra? V7r€pl3o\a<;

7rdcra<i <f)u\afcaL<; KaraXaffovTOf;, djjbeXeiv /cal Kara-

(ppovelv TTpoairoiovfjievo^ eirefi^jre K7]pvKa<; Td<!; kX€l<;

d^Lcov Tov 'Hpaiov Xaêlv, OTTft)? aTraXXdrroiTO

3 Ttj dew dvcra^;. ovro) Be Tratfa? koI Karetpcovev-

(Tdfxevo^;, kol rrj Oew Ovaa^ viro tov vecov /ceKXeto--

fievoVfd'Tr^yayev eh ^Xiouura tov aTpaTov i/ceWev

he Tov<; (f)povpoiivTa<; tov ÔXiyvprov eêXdcrai;

KaTe^r] irapa tov Ôpôfievov, ov jxovov Toh ttoXl-

Tai^ <pp6vr)/jLa koI Odpao<; €fi7re7rocr]Koi)<;, dXXa kol

rot? 7roX€fiioi<; dvr]p '^ye/noviKo^ Sokmv elvai koI

4 iTpayfidTwv fieydXcov aîo<;. to yap i/c fxia^

TToXew^ opfjLoofjbevov opiov ttj IsJiaKehovaiV BwdfietKol UeXoirovvrjaLOi^; diraat kol 'Xopr]yia âaiXiKr}

TToXe/ietv, KoX//,?; fiovov dOiiCTOv 8La(j)vXdTT0VTa

TTjv Aaic(i)VLKr}v, dXXa Kal ')(^d>pav KaKO)<^ iroLovvTa

Tr}V i/ceivcov /cal iroXetf; aipovvTa TrfXiKavTa*;, ov

tt}? tvxoxxtt^^ eSofcei, BeivoTrjTO^ elvai Kal fieyaXo-

(f)p0(TVvr](;.

XXVII. 'AXA,* irpMTo^ to. ')(^pr]p,aTa vevpaTMV TTpay/JidTCOV TTpoaeLTTCdV eh TCL TOV TToXe/JLOV

TTpdyfiaTa fidXtaTa /BXeyjra'i tovt elirelv eoiKe.

Kal Ar]pLdS'r]<i, tcl^; TpirjpeL<^ jiev KaOeXKeiv Kal

irXtjpovv TTore tcjv ÂOrjvaicov KeXevSvTcov, X^V'

fxaTa 8' ovK eôvToyv*'

XlpoTepov eGTiv^ ^fpV'" TO TTpoBevaai tov (f^vpaaai''

^

XeyeTai Be Kal

^ rh Trpodfvaai tov (pvpaaai Bekker and Blass, after

no

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxvi. 2-xxvii. i

Cjllarabis and attempted to set the gymnasium on

fire, Cleomenes stopped them, feeling tliat his workat Megalopolis had been done to satisfy liis angerrather than his honour.

As for Antigonus, in the first place he went backat once to Argos, and then occupied the hills and all

the passes with outposts. But Cleomenes pretendedto despise and ignore all this, and sent heralds to

the king demanding the keys to the Heraeum, that

he might offer sacrifice to the goddess before he went

away. Then, after this jest and mockery, and after

sacrificing to the goddess under the walls of the

temple, which was closed, he led his army off to

Phlius. From thence, after expelling the garrison of

Oligyrtus, he marched past Orchoiiienus, not only

infusing high spirits and courage into its citizens, butalso leading his enemies to think him a man capableof leadership and worthy to wield great power. Forhe drew his resources from but a single city, and yetwaged war against the Macedonian power, all the

Peloponnesians, and the treasures of a king together,and not only kept Laconia inviolate, but actually

ravaged his enemies' territory and took cities of greatsize ;

and men thought this a proof of no ordinary

ability and largeness of purpose.XXVII. But he who first declared that money is

the sinews of affairs would seem to have spoken with

special reference to the affairs of war. And Demades,when the Athenians once ordered that their triremesshould be launched and manned, but had no money,said :

"Dough must be moistened before it is

kneaded." It is said also that Archidamus of old,

Schoemann : rov TrpwpaTevcrai rh (pupan-ai {before the lookout-man comes the bread-maker) with the M8S.

Ill

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Âp')(iBa/jLO<; 6 7ra\.aL0<; virb rrjv ap')(r)v tov IleXo-

TTOvvrjaiaKou iroXifMov, icekevovTcov €l(T(f)Opa<; rdâiTMV (Tv/jL/jLdx(ov avTov, eliTetv eo? o TroXe/xo? ov

2 reray/jieva (jneiTai. KaOdirep yap ol aeaco/jLaa-

/cr]K6T€<; d6\7]Tal rw')(^p6v(p /cara/3apovat koI

KaraycovLôvrai. tou? €vpvO/j,ov<i teal T€xvLra<;,ouTO)9 Kal 6 *AvTLyovo<; ifc ttoXX?}? dva(f)6po)v

Bvvd/jL6Ci)<; TT/Do? TOV TToXe/jLOv iêTTOPGi, Kal KarrjOXeiTOV KXeofiivrj y\L(T)(^po)<;

Kal /jloXl^; iropiôvTa toI^

3 êvoL<; {jllgOov Kal Tpocjyrjv Tol<^ TToXtrai?. eirel

ToXXd ye 7rpb<; tov KXeo/Jêvov^; 6 ypovo^ rjv, tmvOLKOi TTpayfidTcov dvtaTdvTcov tov

^

AvTtyovov.

^dpâpoi yap TrepiiKOTTTov dirovTOf; Kal KaTe-

TpB'Xpv Tr}v MaKeSoviav, Kal tots Bt) ttoXu? avtaOev 818

îXKvpiOiv €fM^€l3\rjK6i, cTTpaTO^, v<f ov TTOpOovixevoi

/ii6T67r6/Ji7rovTO TOV^

AvTiyovov ol y[aKeh6ve<^. Kal

•nap okLyov irpo r?}? fJ'a)(^rj<; avveTVê TavTa to,

ypd/jL/xaTa KOjjLKrOrjvaL Trpo^ avTov o)v ko/jli-

aOevrcov ev6v<; av aTrrjXOe fiaKpa ^(âipeiv (j)pdaa<;

4 ÂâiOL<;. dX)Crj

to, [xeyiaTa tmv irpayjxdTwv

Kpivovaa T& irapa ficKpov tvxv Trj\LKavTr)v dire-

helâTO pOTTfjv Kaipov Kal Svva/uLLv, wcrre, r*)?

/jidxn^ iv êkacrla yevofiev7)<; Kal tov KXeofievovi

aTTofie^XijKOTOfi ttjv Bvva/jLiv Kal tî^ ttoXlv, €v6v<;

irapelvaL tov<; KaXovvTa<; tov^

AvTiyovov. o Kal

fidXicTTa TTjV BvaTVî'dv tov KXeofievov; oiKTpo-5 Tepav iTTOirjo-ev. el yap r)fi6pa<i Svo piova^ iireaxeKal Trap^yaye ^vyofiax^v, ovk av eBerjcrev avTU)

/jid-xv^,dXX

iff}^ oh i/BovXeTO BirjXXdyrj Trpo?

Tovî Â')(ciLov<^ direXOovTwv tmv MaKeBovcov vvv

Be, SaTrep ciprjTat, Bid Trjv dxp'^p^CLTiav iv to49

I

112

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxvii. 1-5

towards the beginning of the Peloponnesian war,when the allies ordered their contributions for the

war to be fixed, said :

" War has no fixed rations." ^

And indeed, just as athletes who have taken a full

course of training, in time bear down and overpowerthose who are merely graceful and skilful, so also did

Antigonus, who engaged in the war with large

resources, wear out and prostrate Cleomenes, whocould only meagrely and with difficulty provide payfor his mercenaries and sustenance for his citizen-

soldiers. And yet in all other respects, certainly, time

was on the side of Cleomenes; for affairs at homedemanded the presence of Antigonus. During his

absence Barbarians had been overrunning and devas-

tating Macedonia, and at this particular time a large

army of Illyrians from the interior had burst in, andin consequence of their ravages the Macedonianssummoned Antigonus home. Their letters camewithin a little of reaching him before the decisive

battle. If they had so reached him, he would at oncehave gone away and left the Achaeans to their owndevices. But Fortune, who decides the most impor-tant affairs by a narrow margin, favoured him with so

slight a preponderance in the scale of opportunity and

power, that no sooner had the battle at Sellasia been

fought, where Cleomenes lost his army and his city,than the messengers summoning Antigonus arrived.

And this more than anything else made the misfor-

tune of Cleomenes to be greatly pitied. For if hecould have held out only two days, and continued his

defensive tactics, he would not have needed to fighta battle, but the Macedonians would have gone awayand he could have made his own terms with the

Achaeans. But now, as I said before, his lack of^ See the Crassus, ii. 7.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

07r\oi9 TO rrav Oe/JLevoî rivayKciaOr} Biafivpioi';, to?

TToXv/Sto? (firjai, 7rpb<; rpiafjLvpiov<; avTLTrapard-

XXVIII. Kal OavfiacTTOv fiev ev rw KcvBvvtp

'irapaa')(ju)v eavrov arpar-qyov, iK0viJLOi,<^ he')(^p7)<Td-

IJL€vo<s roL<; TToXtrai?, ov firjv ouSe royv êvcov

IxefXTTTw^ dycovicra/jLevcov, tw Tpoirw r?)? orrXlaedi^

Kal rw ^dpei Trj<; OTrXtri/c^? (fioKayyof; iêdXi/Sr).

^v\apxor]al Tr)v

fiakiara rw KXeo/juevec rd irpdyfiara Biepyaaa-2 fxevi^v. rov yap Âvnyovov tou? îWvptov^ Kal

rov<;^

AKapvava^ eKirepieXOetv Kpv(j)a K6\€vaavro<;

Kal KVKXcoaaaOat Odrepov Kepa<;, i(j)ov rerayfjuevo^

r)v KvK\€iBa<; 6 rov KXeo/êVoi/? dB€\(f)6<i, elra rrjv

dWijv €7rl /^d^rj Bvvapiv eVraTTOJ^ro?, diro (TKOiTrj<i

Oewpoyv 6 K\€o/jL€vr]<;, co? ovBa/iov rd oirXa tmv

îWvpiMV Kal rcbv ÂKapvdvcov KarelBev, iôprjOr)

fxr] irpo's TV TOLovTov avTOL^ 6^

AvTiyovoî Ke'X^p-qTat,'

3 Ka\iaa<; Be AajuLoreXrj rov eVt rrjq KpuTrreiaf;

Teray/iievov, opdv eKeXeucre Kal î^Telv oircof; €%etrd Kara vcorov Kal kvkXw ttj? Trapardêo)*;. rov

Be Aa/iOTeXov(; (rjv ydp, w? Xeyerai, ')(^pr}fiacriv

Trporepov vtt Âvriyovov BieÔapfievos:) dfieXelv

eKCLvcov eliTovTO^ 6t)? KaX(o<; iyôvrwv, rot? Be

awdTTTOva-iv ef evavrlaf; Trpoaex^LV Kal tovtov^

dfjLvueadai, Tnarevaa^ eirl rov^

Avriyovov e)(^(opet,

4 Kal rrj pv/jirj roliv irepi avrov XTraprLarcov coad-

fjuevo^ TTjv (f)dXayya rcbv M.aKeB6vcov iirl irevre

rrov (TraBlovi vTro^copovvrcDV €Kl3ia^6/jLevo<; Kal

114

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxvii. 5-xxviii. 4

resources forced him to stake the whole issue on a

battle where, as Polybius says/ he could oppose only

twenty thousand men to thirty thousand.

XXVIII. He showed himself an admirable generalin the hour of peril, his fellow countrymen gave him

spirited support, and even his mercenaries fought in

a praiseworthy manner, but he was overwhelmed bythe superior character of his enemies' armour and the

weight of their heavy-armed phalanx. Phylarchus,however, says that there was treachery also, and that

this was chiefly what ruined Cleomenes. For Antigo-nus ordered his Illyrians and Acarnanians to go round

by a secret way and envelope the other wing, which

Eucleidas, the brother of Cleomenes, commanded,and then led out the rest of his forces to battle ; andwhen Cleomenes, from his post of observation, could

nowhere see the arms of the Illyrians and Acarnanians,he was afraid that Antigonus was using them for

some such purpose. He therefore called Damoteles,the commander of the secret service contingent,^ andordered him to observe and find out how mattersstood in the rear and on the flanks of his array. ButDamoteles (who had previously been bribed, as we are

told, by Antigonus) told him to have no concernabout flanks and rear, for all was well there, but to

give his attention to those who assailed him in front,and rejmlse them. So Cleomenes, putting faith in

what he was told, advanced upon Antigonus, and bythe sweeping onset of his Spartans drove back the

phalanx of the Macedonians for about five furlongs,

^ Hint. ii. 65. 2 and 7. The battle of Sellasia was foughtin June of 221 B.C.

2 A rural police with the special duty of watching the

Helots, or slave populaiion.

"5

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Kparwv r)Kokov6r)(T€v. elra roov irepX top EuacXc/-

Bav airo darepov fcv/cXwOevrayv eVta-ra? Kal kutl-

Bq)v tov KivhvvoVi**

Or^?7 fJLOi, (ftlXrare d86\(l)€,*^

ecTrev,"

ot^rj, yevvalof; cov /cal Traicrl ^rjXcorof;

5 XiTapTtaTcov KoX <yvvai.^lv aoLBt,fjLO<i.^' ovrco Be tcop

irepX TOV EiVKXelBav avaipeOevrodV, Kal rcov eKsWev,

CO? EKpcLTOvv, iincpepofievcov TapaTTO/j,evov<; opoiv

Tou? aTpari(OTa<; kol /jueveiv ovKeri To\iJiO)VTa^y

eacoêv eavrov. aTroOavelv Be kol twv êvcov

7roX\ov<; Xeyovat Kal AaKeBacfioviov<; airavraî

irXrjv BiaKoaiwv, eâKLa')(^b\iov<; 6vTa<;.

XXIX. 'ETTel Be eh rrjv ttoXlv cK^yiKeTo, rohiiev airavri]aa(TL rwv ttoXltcov Trapr'/veo Be)(êa6aLTOV ÂvTiyovov, auTO? Be elirev ecTe ^cov elVe diro-

Oavcov, fjbiWoi ttj %rrdpTrj crvvoLaeiv, tovto

irpdêiv. 6p(ov Be ra? yvvaLKa<; Toh fjucT avTov

Treêvyoai TrpoaTpeôvaa^ kol B€)(ô/jL€va<; to, OTrXa

2 Kal ttotov 7rpocr^€povaa<;, auT09 elarjXOe fiev et?

Tr]v OLKLav Tr)V eavTOv, ttj? Be iraiBiaKT]'^, fjv etêr^,

eXevOepav ovaav eK MeyaXr;? iroXewî dpeiX'r)(f)Q)(i

fieTO, Tr)v tt}? yvvaiKo^ TeXeuTrjv, co? eiOiaTO,

7rpO(Tiovarj<; Kal ôvXofievr)^ diro (TTpaTeia'i ^KovTa

Oepaireveiv, ovtc inelv eKBeBi'^rjKotx; vire/neivev

ovTe KaOlaat K€KfjLrjKa)<;, dXX* coairep eTvy')(ave 819

TedcopaKL(7fievo<s tcov kiovcov tlvI Tr)v X^^P^ irpoa-

fiaXoDV TrXayiav Kal to TTpoa-wrrov eirl tov tttj^vv3 eirideh, Kal XP^^^^ ^^ iroXvv ovtco Biavairavaa'!;

TO awfia Kal ttj Biavola rrrepiBpa/Jboov diravTaf;

TOL'9 Xoyc(TfjLOv<i, cop/JLTjae fieTcu tS)v (piXcov eh to

TvOlov, KdKeWev €7rt^dvTe<; eV* avTO tovto Trape-

<TKevaa-p,eva)v irXoLwv dprjÔrâav,

ii6

I

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxviii. 4-xxix. 3

and followed after them victoriously. Then, after

Eucleidas with the other wing had been encircled, hecame to a stop, and seeing their peril, said ;

"I have

lost thee, my dearest brother, I have lost thee, thounoble heart, thou great example to Spartan boys, thoutheme for a song to Spartan wives!

"After

Eucleidas and his forces had in this way been cut to

pieces, and the enemy, after their victory there, were

coming on against the other wing, Cleomenes, seeingthat his soldiers were in disorder and no longer had

courage to stand their ground, took measures for his

own safety. Many of his mercenaries fell, as we are

told, and all the Spartans, six thousand in number,except two hundred.

XXIX. When Cleomenes came to the city, headvised the citizens who met him to receive Antigo-nus; as for himself, he said he would do whatever

promised to be best for Sparta, whether it called for

his life or death. Then, seeing the women runningup to those who had escaped with him, relievingthem of their arms, and bringing drink to them, hewent into his own house. Here his concubine, a free

woman of Megalopolis whom he had taken to him-

self after the death of his wife, came to him, as washer wont upon his return from the field, and wishedto minister to him

; but he would neither drink,

though he was faint with thirst, nor sit down, thoughhe was worn out. Instead, all in armour as he was,he put his arm aslant against one of the pillars of the

house, dropped his face upon his forearm, and after

resting himself in this way for a short time, and

running over in his thoughts all possible plans, he set

out with his friends for Gythium. There he went onboard of vessels provided for this very purpose and

put to sea.

117VOL. X. E

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

XXX. 'O Be^

AvTiyovo^ ef €<f)6Bov irapaXaôDpT7}v TToXiv, Koi

')(priordfJievo<i rot? AaKeSaifiovtOL^;

^L\av6p(j07T(t)<^, KOI TO dîcofia tt}? %7rdpTr]^ ov

7rpo7rr]\aKi(Ta<; ovS* ivv^piaa^, dWa koI v6fiov<i

Kol TToXcTelav aTroSou? kul rolî 0€ol<; 6vaa<^, dve-

^Q)pr](Tev rjfiipa Tplrr], 7rv66/jLevo<; iv MaKeSoviairdXvv TToXefiov elvai Kal TropdelaOac rrjv 'Xôopav

viro tS)V /Sapfidpcov. rjhri Be kclI to voarj/xa

Karelxev avrov, et? (fydioriv eKêfiyKo^; la')(ypdv2 Kol Kardppovv ctvvtovov. ov /jltjv dTrelirev, dXk'

dvTTjpKeae TTpo<i tov^ OLKelov^; d<ya)va<i oarov eVi

VLKj} /jLeyLo-ry koX ^6v(p irXebara) roov jSapfidpcov

ev/cXeearepov aTroOavetv, to? fiep €Ik6<; iari Kal

Xeyovaiv ol irepl ^vXap'Xôv, avrfj rfj irepl top

dycova Kpavyfj to aco/ia Trpoaavapptjâ^' iv Be

rat? o-'XôXaiî r)v aKoveiv ore ôcop fieTCL Tr)v vl/crjv

VTTO ')(apd<;y"^li KaXif; r)/iepa<;,^' ttX^ô? aifxaTo^

dvriyaye Kal irvpeâ^; avvTovco^ eTeXevTrjae. tuvtu

fxev TCL irepi Âvtijopop.XXXI. K.X€0fjbepr}<; Be irXecDV diro }Lv6rjp(ov eh

VTJaov eTepav, KlyiaXiav, KaTeaêv. 66ev eh

}^vp7]vr}v irepaLovaOac jbieXXovTO<i avTou, tmv <îXcov

eh ovofia ©rjpvKLWV, dvrjp Trpo? re ra? irpdêi';

^povtj/jLaTL Ke)(^p7]p.evo'; /leydXo) kol Toh Xoyoif;

yeyovo)^ ti<; vyjrr}X6<; del Kal fjieydXavxo^, evTV')(a)v

avTW Kar IBiav, "Tov fiev KdXXiaTov,^* elirev,**

ft) âaiXev, OdvaTov top iv ttj iMd')(r} TTporjKdfieOa'2 KaiTOi irdvTe^ iJKOvaav rjficov XeyovTcov ci)? ou^

vireplBrjCTeTai top /SaacXea TMVîrapTiaTOiPÂptL-

yopof; el purj veKpop. 6 Be BevT€po<; Bo^rj Kal dpeTrjvvv eTi irdpeaTLV rjfilv, irol irXeopêv dXoyL(TTa)<;,

ii8

I

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxx. i-xxxi. 2

XXX. Antigonus marched up and took the citywithout resistance. He treated the Lacedaemonians

humanely, and did not insult or mock the dignity of

Sparta, but restored her laws and constitution,^sacrificed to the gods, and went away on the third

day. For he learned that there was a great warin Macedonia and that the Barbarians were ravagingthe country. Moreover, his disease was already in

full possession of him, having developed into a

quick consumption and an acute catarrh. Hedid not, however, give up, but had strengthleft for his conflicts at home, so that he won a

very great victory, slew a prodigious number of the

Barbarians, and died gloriously, having broken a

blood-vessel (as it is likely, and as Phylarchus says)

by the very shout that he raised on the field of battle.

And in the schools of philosophy one used to hearthe story that after his victory he shouted for joy," O happy day !

"and then brought up a quantity

of blood, fell into a high fever, and so died. Somuch concerning Antigonus.XXXI. As for Cleomenes, he sailed from Cythera

to AegiaHa, another island, and put in there. As hewas about to cross from thence to Cyrene, one of his

friends, Therycion by name, a man who brought a

large spirit to the conduct of affairs and was alwayssomewhat lofty in his speech and grandiloquent,came to him privately and said :

" The noblest death,O King, a death in battle, we have put away from us

;

and yet all men heard us declare that Antigonusshould not pass the king of Sparta except over his

dead body. But a death that is second in virtue and

glory is now still in our power. Whither do we

* As they were before the reforms of Cleomenes.

119

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

a7ro<l)€vyovT€ 'HpaK-XeoL>9, ttKovv ttoXvv KcpBavovfjuev

^

AvTiyovco irapa-

B6vT6<; €avrov<;, ov 6iK6<; eari UroXe/JLaiov Biacpipetv

3 oa-ov AlyvirTidiv yiaKeB6va<;, el hev(j)^ wv /ceKpa-

rrjfjLeOa rot? 67r\oi€vyoi/T€<;, TlroXefialov Be /coXaKevovref; ; rj Bia

T7)v fJLTjTepa <^rjao[JLev eh Atyvirrov rjKeiv; koXov

fxevTav avTTJ Oeajjua yevoio /cal ^rjXcorov iiriBeiKW-

fievrj rat? UroXefiaiov yvvat^lv al')(^/jLdX(OT0v ifc

4 â(TLXe(o<; koI (f>vydBa rbv vlov. ovx ^<w? ^'t* "^^^

IBlcjv î(f)(OV dp'ôiiev koX rrjv AaKcovtKrjv d(f)op6j-

fxev, ivravOa t^9 Tv^r)<; diraXXdâvre^; eavTov<i

diroXoyTjaofieOa rot? ev XeXaala KeifjL€vot<; virep

Tt}? îrdpTTjf;, aXV ev AlyvTrro) KadeBovfieOa

irvvOavopievoL rlva rr}? AaKeBaifiovo^ aarpdirrjv

ÂvTLyovo<; diroXeXoLTre;^

Toiavra rov Sr]pvKLa)vo<; elirovTO^ 6 KX,eo-

ixev7)<; direKplvaTO," Tcov dv9pwirivcov to pacrrov^

oi TTOvrjpe, Kal iraaiv ev eroL/jb(p Blcokcov, diro-

Oavelv, dvBpelo<i elvai BoKeL<;, (j)6vycov alaxôva5 <^vyr)v t^? irporepov; iroXepiLoL<i puev yap iviBcoKav

7]B7) Kal Kpelrrove^; rjfjucov, rj tvxv (T(f)aXevTe<i rj

îaa6evre<i viro 7rX7]0ov<i' 6 Be 7rp6<i Trovovî Kal

TaXaiTTcoplaî rj '\^6yov<; Kal B6â<; dvOpcoTTcov dira-

I

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxi. 2-5

unreasoningly sail, fleeing an evil that is near and

pursuing one that is afar off? For if it is not shame-ful that the descendants of Heracles should be in

subjection to the successors of Philip and Alexander,we shall spare ourselves a long voyage by surrender-

ing to Antigonus, who is likely to surpass Ptolemyas much as Macedonians surpass Egyi)tians. But if

we cannot consent to be ruled by those who have

conquered us in arms, why should we make himour master who has not defeated us, thus showingourselves inferior to two instead of one by running

away from Antigonus and joining the flatterers of

Ptolemy ? Or, shall we say that it is on thy mother's

account that we come to Egypt ? Surely thou wilt

make a noble spectacle for her, and one to awaken

envy, when she displays her son to the wives of

Ptolemy, a captive instead of a king, and a runaway.Let us rather, while we are still masters of our

own swords and can gaze upon the land of Laconia,here rid ourselves of Fortune's yoke, and make our

peace with those who at Sellasia died in defence of

Sparta, instead of sitting idly down in Egypt and

asking every now and then whom Antigonus has left

as satrap of Lacedaemon."Such were the words of Therycion, and to them

Cleomenes replied :" It is the easiest possible step

thou urgest, wretched man, and one that any manmay take, this dying ;

and dost thou think thyselfbrave when thou art making a flight more shamefulthan the one preceding it ? Better men than wehave given in to their enemies before this, havingbeen betrayed by Fortune or overwhelmed by numbers.But he who in the face of toils and hardships, or of

the censorious judgments of men, gives up the fight,

121

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

yopevcov r/rrdraL t^? avrov ixakaKia^. hel yaprov avOatperov Odvarov ov (f)vyr)v elvai irpdêwv,aXXa irpd^LV. ala^pov yap Kal ^rjv^ jjlovol^

eauTOi? Kal dirodvrjaKeiv' i<f>'o vvv av irapaKa- 820

Xet? rj/jids, airevScov dTraWayijvat tmv rrapovroyv,KaXov he ouBev ovSe

')(prjcri/jLOVaXXo hiairparTO-

6 fxevo^. iyoo Be Kal ae Kal i/jbavrov otofiai Setv

raf; virep ri]^ jrarpiBo^; eXirlBa^; firj KaraXcTTelv

oirov S* av '^fid'; eKelvai KaToKl'nwGi, pacTa jSov-

XofievoL<; diroOavelv vTrdpêL."

11/009 ravra SrjpuKLcov ovBev avTeiircov, ore

TTpcoTov e(T)(e Kaipov diroaTrjvat rov KX€OfjL€vov<;,

€Krpa7r6pL€Vo<i irapd rov alyuaXov ecrâêv eavrov.

XXXII. 'O Be KXeofievrjf; diro rcov KlyiaXodv

dvaxOeh T7J AijSvrj irpoaeâXe, Kal Bia rwv âai-XiKwv Trapaire/JLTrofjievo'i fjKsv eU ÂXe^dvBpetav.

6(j)d€l<; Be TW YlroXeuiaiw, Kar dp')(a<i fiev eivyyaveKOiVW<i (plXavOpCOTTOV Kal /JL€TpiOV TT/OO? avToveirel Be yv(o/Jb7]<; BlBov<s irelpav dvrjp ecpatvero

€fjL<pp(ov, Kal T^? KaO^ rj/jbepav 6piiXia<^ avrov to

AaKcoviKov Kal dcpeXe*; rrjp ')(dpi,v eXevOepiov elx^>

Kal TTjv evyeveiav ovBa/jufj KaTaia")(yvwv ovBe

KafXTTTOfJievof; vtto rr}<; TV)(7j^y '^^^ tt/jo? rjBovrjp

Kal KoXaKeiav BiaXeyojievcov irtOavoirepo<; e(j)ai-

2 vero, ttoXXt) fiev atô)? Kal pierdvoia rov IlToXe-

fialov €l%6Z^ dvBpo<; dfieX^jaavra roiovrov Kal

irpoefjievov ra> Âvriyova), Boâv dfia KeKrrj/jievq)

TTjXLKavrrjv Kal Bvvaficv, dvaXafi^dvcov Be ri/Jtai';

Kal (f)cXo(f>po(Tvvai<i rov KXeofievr) irapeOdppvvevft)? fierd vecov Kal ')(^pr)fidrcov

drrocFreXwv avrov

ek rr)v ^RXXdBa Kal Karao-rrjacov et? rr)v âau-* Ka\ ^r\v Blass and Ziegler, after Richards.

122

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxi. 5-xxxii. 2

is vanquished by his own weakness. For a self-inflicted

death ought to be, not flight from action, but anaction in itself. For it is shameful to die, as well as

to live, for one's self alone. And yet it is to this that

thou now invitest me in thine eagerness to be rid of

present troubles, though beyond that thou wilt eff'ect

nothing that is honourable or useful. I, however,think it right that neither thou nor I should abandonour hopes for our country ; when these abandon us,

death will be very easy if we wish it."

To this Therycion made no reply, but as soon as he

got an opportunity to leave Cleomenes, he turnedELside along the sea-beach and slew himself.

XXXII. But Cleomenes, putting to sea from Aegia-Ua, landed in Libya, and travelled through the King's

country to Alexandria. After coming into the

presence of Ptolemy, at first he met with only ordin-

ary and moderate kindness from him ; but when hehad given proof of his sentiments and shown himself

to be a man of good sense, and when, in his daily

intercourse, his Laconian simplicity retained the

charm which a free spirit imparts, while he in no

wise brought shame upon his noble birth or suffered

the blows of Fortune to bow him down, but showedhimself more winning than those whose conversation

sought only to please and flatter, then Ptolemy wasfilled with great respect for him, and deeply repentedthat he had neglected such a man and abandoned himto Antigonus, who had thereby won great glory and

power. Ptolemy therefore sought to regain Cleo-

menes by honours and kindnesses, and kept encour-

aging him with assurances that he would send himback to Greece with ships and treasure and restore

123

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Xeiav. iSlBov Se kol avvraîv avT& rea-aapa fcal

eiKoac raXavra Kad^ eKaarov eviavrov.dcj)* a>v

€Keivo<; avTov Koi tov<; <î\ovL\av6pa)7rla<; kol iMsrahoaei^ tmv dirb t?}? 'EWd-^09 et? AtyvTrrov eKireiTTWKorcdv.

XXXIII. 'O p,ev ovv Trpea-^vrepo^; IlToXeyLtato?

TTplv eKTekecrai rw KXeopevet rrjv eKireixyîv ire-

XevTTjae' r^? he âaiX€La<; €vOv<; eh iroWrjv

daeXyeiav kol irapoLvlav koX yvvatfcoKparlav

i/jL7reaovarj<; '^fieXeiTo /cal rd rov KXeo/juivovf;. 6

fiev yap /8acrtX,eu9 avTO<; ovtco hie^dapTO rrjv

yjrvxv^ i/Tro yvvaiKcop koI ttotcov ware, OTrore

v^fpoi p^dXiara koX crirovBaioraro'^ avrov yevono,reXerdf; TeXelv koI rvpiravov e'X^cov iv to?? /3a(Tt,-

Xelot^ dyeupeiv, rd Be peyiara t?)9 dp)(r]<; irpdy-

fiara BtOLKelv ÂyaOoxXeiav rrjv epwpevr^v rov

âciXeco^; kuI rrjv ravTrj(; [ir]Tepa koX iropvoôa/cov

OlvdvOrjv. 6pco(; B' ovv eBoê ti<; iv dp^fj fcal rov

KXeopêvov; %peta yeyovevai. BeBico^; yap ^dyavTOP dBeX(j>bv JlToXepaLO<;y co? laxvovra Bid r?}?

fi7}Tp6<; iv T& (TTpaTLcoTLKa), rov KXeopevrj nrpoa-

eXdppave Kal fjuereBiBov rwv diropp^rcov o-vveBpiwv,

l3ouXev6/JL€vo<; dveXelv rov dBeX<^6v. 6 Be, KaiirepdiravTcov rovro Trpdrreiv KeXevovrayv, povof; dirrj'

yopevaev, elirwv co? fiaXXov, el Bwarov rjv, eBei

(fyvaat r& âcnXel 7rXeiova<^ dBeX(poi)<; Trpo? da(f)d-

Xeiav fcal Bia/juovrjv tmv Trpaypdrcov. Scoai^LOVBe Tov irXelcTTOV iv roh ^lXoi<; Bvvap,evov (j)7]a-avT0<;

ovfc elvai rd rcov pîaOocfyopcov avroh êâia rov

Maya ^mvtos, dpêXelv iKeXevaev 6 KX€opev7j<;

124

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxii. 3-xxxiii. 4

him to his kingdom. He also gave him an annual

pension of twenty-four talents. With this moneyCleomenes maintained himself and his friends in a

simple and modest manner, and spent the greater

part in good offices and contributions to the refugeesfrom Greece who were in Egypt.XXXIII. Well, then, the elder Ptolemy

1 died

before sending Cleomenes off as he had promised ;

and since the court at once plunged into excessive

wantonness and drunkenness, and women wielded the

power, the affairs of Cleomenes were neglected.For the king himself was so corrupted in spirit bywine and women that, in his soberest and mostserious moments, he would celebrate religious rites andact the mountebank in his palace, timbrel in hand, whilethe most important affairs of the government were

managed by Agathocleia, the mistress of the king,and Oenanthe her mother, who was a bawd. But in

spite of all this, at the outset Cleomenes seemed to

be of some use. For Ptolemy was afraid of his brother

Magas, believing that Magas had a strong following

among the soldiers owing to his mother's influence,and he therefore took Cleomenes into his followingand gave him a place in his privy council, all the while

plotting to kill his brother. But Cleomenes, althoughall other counsellors urged the king to take this step,alone advised against it, saying that it were better,were it possible, to get the king more brothers to

increase the security and stability of his affairs.

And when Sosibius, who had the most influence

among the king's ministers, declared that they could

not be sure of the mercenaries as long as Magas was

alive, Cleomenes bade him have no concern on that^

Ptolemy III., surnamed Euergetes, died in 220 B.C., andwas followed by Ptolemy IV., surnamed Philopator.

125

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

eveKa ye rovrov TrXelov; >yap rj Tpicr')(îXl,ov<;rcov

êvwv elvai HeXoirovvrjaiovf; irpoaexovra^ avrw,KCLV fiovov vevcrrj, 7rpo6v/j,o)<; fxera rcov orrXwv

5 irapeaop.evovî' outo? 6 X6yo<; Tore fiev ov [XiKpavTW K\€0/jL6V€1 KOI TTLCmV €VVOia^ KoX BoKTjaiV

tVûo? irpoaeOrjKev, varepov Be, rov UroXefialov

T/79 dcrOeveLa<; iiriTeLVOvarfî rrjv Betkiav, /cal KaO-

direp eccoOev ev rw fjLrjBev ^povelv, rov iravra

BehoLKevav koI Trdatv diriaTelv dacfiaXeaTaTOVBoKovvTO^; elvai, cfiojSepov iiroiei, rov KXeo/jbivr] tol<;

6 avXiKOL<;, ct)9 Icrxôvra irapd rot? fej^0i9* ical

TToXXcov rjv dKOveiv Xeyovrcov on "Ovto<; 6 Xecov

ev TOVToi<; rot? Trpo^droi^ dva(TTpe(j)eTat.'^ rS)

yap ovTL roLOVTOv Siecpaivev rjOo^ ev rot? jSaat,-

XiKol<;, vTrofiXeTTcov drpepua koX irapeiria-Koircov rd 821

TTparTOfieva.XXXIV. NaO? p,ev ovv alrcov koX arparidv

direcire' irvvOavofievo^ Be redvdvat rov 'Avrt-

yovov, AItcoXl/co) Be iroXefiw avp.7re7rXe')(^0ai tov<;

*A%afcoi;9, rd Be irpdypLara TroOelv avrov koX

irapaKaXelv,^ ev rapaxf) Kal BtaaTraapô) rrj<;

UeXoTTovvrjaou yeyevrj/jievrjf;, r)îov puev fiovoî diro-

2 (TTaXrivai pêrd twv (jyiXwv, eireiOe Be ovBeva, rov

p,€V /Saa-iXeo)^ ovk eiaaKovovro^, dXX ev yvvat^lKol 6id<T0L<^ KoX K(op.oL^ avve')(pvT0^ eavrov, 6 Be

roiv oXcov irpoecTTr^Kd)^ kol irpofiovXevcov ^wai-

l3io<; pêvovra pêv rov KXeopevr] irapd yv(t)/jL7)v

rjyetro Bvapuera'X^'îpLarov elvai koX (f>o^€p6v, dcf>€-

Oevra Be roXp,r)p6v, dvBpa kol pieyaXoirpdypbovaKol T^9 âaLXeiaî voaovar)<i Oearrjv yeyevr^pievov,

*irapaKaXelp Ziegler ; irapanaKilv iKelaf Bekker ; irapa-

Ka\€7v iKuvov (with the MSS.).

126

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxiii. 4-xxxiv. 2

point at least ; for more than three thousand of the

mercenaries were Peloponnesians and attached to

himself, and if he but gave them a nod they would

readily come to his side in arms. At the time this

speech won for Cleomenes no little faith in his goodwill and belief in his strength; but afterwards, when

Ptolemy's weakness intensified his cowardice, and, as

is wont to happen where there is no sound judgment,his best course seemed to him to lie in fearing every-

body and distrusting all men, it led the courtiers to

be afraid of Cleomenes, on the ground that he had a

strong following among the mercenaries ; and manyof them were heard to say :

" There goes the lion upand down among these sheep." And such, in fact, he

clearly was among the courtiers, eyeing with quiet

contempt and closely watching what was going on.

XXXIV. For ships, therefore, and an army, he

gave up asking ; but on learning that Antigonus wasdead ^ and that the Achaeans were involved in a warwith the Aetolians, and that affairs yearned andcalled for him now that Peloponnesus was rent asunderand in confusion, he demanded to be sent away withhis friends merely ; but he could persuade no one.

The king would not give him a hearing, but wasabsorbed with women and Dionysiac routs andrevels ; and Sosibius, the prime minister and chief

counsellor, thought that if Cleomenes remained

against his will he might be hard to manage, in-

deed, and an object of fear, but that if he weresent away he would make some bold attempt, beinga man of large undertakings, and one who hadbeen an eye-witness of the distempers of the realm.

* Cf. chapter xxx. 2.

127

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

3 ovSe yap al Soopeal Kareirpdvvov avrov, aX)C

cocnrep top Âttlv ev a(j)06voL<; Statrcofjievov koI

Tpv<f)di' Bofcovvra rov Kara c^vaiv pLov kol Bpo/Jiwv

a<p6T(ov Kol aKipTijaecov LiiJLepo<; e%et, fcal 8r}\,09

e'cTTt hvaavaax^'^<*>v rrjv iv rat? X^P^'' '^^^ lepecov

BtaTpL^yv, ovTco^ eKSLvov ovSev rjpeaKe rcov pâX-

OaKMi',

aWa (f)OivvO€(TK€ (I)l\ov Krjp,

wcrirep 'A^tXXeu?,

avOi p>6vcDv, TToOeeaKe K avrrjV re TrroXe-

pLOv re.

XXXV. ÔLOvr(Dv he rcov Kar avrov ovrcov

TTpaypdrcov d<f>iKvelrat> Ni/cayopaf; 6 M.€(T(n]Vio<;

€69 KXe^dvhpeLaVy dvrjp pucaojv ptv rov KXeopêvrj,

irpoaiTOiovp,evo<^ he <îko^ elvar x^P^^^ ^^ rrore

KaXov aura) TreirpaKox; Kal 8*' daxoXiav, ox? eoiKe,

Bia iroXepov; ovk d7r€i\^](f>a)<; ro dpyvpiov. rov-

rov o^v eKâivovra rore rr]<; 6\KdBo<; IBoov 6

KXeopLevrif; {ervxe yap ev rfj KprîrlBi rov \i,pevop6va>(; dvraaTraôpevov Kal ^rj-

aravro^ tTrTrou? dyeiv to) fiaaikel Ka\ov<; ro)V

rroXepLcrrrjpiwv, ye\daa<; 6 KXeopevr)^;, "'E/Soi;-

Xop^rjv az^," e^rj,"

ere paXkov rjKeiv dyovra aap,-

pVKto-rpia^ Kal Kivathov;' ravra yap vvv pudXiara

KareiTeiyeL rov âaiXea.^^ Kal 6 NiKay6pa<; rore

pLev epLeihiacrev r]p,epai^ he varepov 6\LyaL<; vtto-

pvr]aa<; rov %ft)/)tou rov KXeopevrjv vvv yovvehelro rr)v npbrjv diroXaêlv, (w? ovk av ivox^Vâ,^,

128

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxiv. 3-xxxv. 2

For not even gifts would soften him, but just as the

sacred bull Apis, though living in plenty and believed

to be having a luxurious time, feels a desire for the

life that was his by nature, for coursings without

restraint, and leaps and bounds, and is manifestly

disgusted with his treatment at the hands of the

prie sts, so Cleomenes took no pleasure in his life of

ease and luxury,

—" but kept pining away in his dear heart,"

like Achilles,^

" As he lingered there, and kept yearning for war-

cry and battle."

XXXV. While matters stood thus with him, Nica-

goras the Messenian came to Alexandria, a man whohated Cleomenes, but pretended to be a friend. Hehad at one time sold Cleomenes a fine estate, and

owing to the constant demands of war upon the king,as it would seem, had not received the money for it.

And so now, when Cleomenes, who chanced to be

taking a walk along the quay, saw Nicagoras landingfrom his vessel, he greeted him heartily and askedwhat errand brought him to Egypt. Nicagoras re-

turned his greeting in a friendly manner, and said

that he was bringing horses for the king, some fine

ones for use in war. At this, Cleomenes gave a laughand said :

"I could wish that thou hadst rather

brought sambuca-girls and catamites ; for these nowmost interest the king." At the time Nicagorasmerely smiled ; but a few days later he remindedCleomenes ofthe estate, and asked that now at any rate

he might get the money for it, saying that he wouldnot have troubled him about the matter if he had not

»ILiad, i. 491 f.

129

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

elfJLr) irepX ttjv twv 4>opTLwv StdOecriv /jLerpLco^;^

i^7]/jLL0VT0. Tov 3e KXeo/bievovf; (f))']aavTO(; ovSev

avTcp irepielvai rcov êSo/mevcov, XvirrjOeU 6 Ni/â-

fy6paep€L tm ^waifiUo to GKWfipa tov KXeo-

/jievov<;. Be /cal tovto /nev aafi€vo)<; eXaêv, etc

he fieiôvot; alTia<; tov fiacriXea irapo^vvai ^rjTwverrcLae tov NiKayopav eTnaToXrjv ypdyjravTa /caTa

TOV K.X€0/jLevov<; diroXtTrelv, to? eyvwKOTo^, el

XdôL TpirjpeL^ koX crTpaTLd)Ta<; Trap avTov, Kv-

prjvrjv KaTaa'Xêlv. 6 /jiev ovv NL/cay6pa<; TavTa

ypdyjraf; direTrXevae' tov he XcoaLîov jxeTcu Tea-

crapa^ '^fiepa^; ttjv eTnaToXrjv tt/qo? tov IlToXe-

fialov dveveyKOVTO^; 009 dpTi(o<; avTw hehop.evi]v koI

7rapo^vvavTO<; to peipaKtov, eSoêv els olfciap

fxeydXrjv elaayayelv tov K.Xeop.evr)v, Koi ttjv

dXXrjv 6/jLoi(o<; irape')(pvTas BiaiTav eôBcov etpyeiv.XXXVI. *Hz/ ixev ovv koI TavTa XvTrrjpd tw

KXeofiiveL, iJiO')(dr}poTepa<; Be tcl^ irepl tov fxeX-

XovTO KXeo-

fjLevei, Kol avvrjOeid tl<; vTrrjp')(ev avTol<i koi irap-

prjala 7rpo<; dXX^Xof?. ovto<; ovv t6t€, tov

KXeopevovf; BerjOevTos eXOelv irpos avTov, rfXOe

fiev Kul Bc€Xe)(^67] fieTpia, to vttotttov iâipwv /cal

irepl TOV âaiX€a)<; diroXoyoviievos' dinoov Be

irdXiv etc t»)? olKias, Kal fir) 7rpovo7]o-a<; eôTTiaOev

axpi' TMV Ovpoyv eiraKoXovOovvTa tov KXeofievr],

TTLKpcdS iTTeTL/jLTjcre Tot9 (f)vXaîv o)? Brj /leya

dr)piov Kal BvaTTjprjTOV dfjLeX(o<; (pvXuTToverc Kal 822

^fxerplws Bekker and Blasa correct to ov /xcTpiais, after

Reiske,

130

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxv. 2-xxxvi. 2

met with a considerable loss in the disposition of his

cargo; and when Cleomenes declared that he had

nothing left of the moneys that had been givenhim, Nicagoras was vexed, and reported to Sosibius

the pleasantry of Cleomenes. Sosibius was glad to

get even this matter, but he desired to have some

larger accusation with which to exasperate the king,and therefore persuaded Nicagoras to write and leave

behind him a letter accusing Cleomenes of planning,in case he got triremes and soldiers from Ptolemy, to

seize Cyrene. So Nicagoras wrote a letter to this

effect and sailed away ; and Sosibius, after four dayshad passed, brought the letter to Ptolemy, pretend-

ing that he had just received it, and so exasperatedthe young man that it was decided to removeCleomenes into a large house, and while treatinghim in other ways just as before, to prevent his

egress.XXXVI. Even this usage was grievous to Cleo-

menes, but his hopes for the future received a greatershock from the following incident. Ptolemy the son

of Chrysermus, a friend of King Ptolemy, had all the

while been on friendly terms with Cleomenes, and

they were quite intimate and outspoken with oneanother. This Ptolemy, then, now that Cleomenes

begged a visit from him, came and conversed in a

reasonable way with him, seeking to remove his

suspicions and excusing the conduct of the king;but when he was leaving the house and did not

perceive that Cleomenes was following on behindhim as far as the doors, he bitterly reproached the

guards for the careless and easy watch they keptupon a great wild beast that was so hard to keep.

13'

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

pa6v/jLa)<;, rovroov 6 Ji.X€o/jL€V7)<; avT'^fcoo<; yevo-

fX€vo<î Ka\ irplv aiaOeadai rov nroXe/nalov ava-

%ft)/9?}(Ta9 ecppaae rot? (f)L\oL<;. 6v6v<; ovv iravre^;

a9 iTporepov elôv eXTrtSa? iKâ\6vr€<;, vrpo?

opyrjp iôvXevaavTO rod UroXefiaLov rrjv ahiKiav

dfJLVvd/Jb€VOl Kol TTjV v^pcv d^LCO'; T^9 X7rdpT7]<i

diroOavelv, kol/jlt} Trepifieveiv (oa-irep lepela iriav-

Oevra^ KaTaKOirrivar heuvov ydp, el rd^ tt/oo?

Âvriyovov, dvSpa 7ro\€/jii,(TT7]v kol SpaarrjpioVtîa\v(T€i<; virepiBoDV KXeopLivrjf; Kddyjrac /jLijrpa-

yvprov â(7i\e(o^ aôXrjv dva/jievcov, orav irpcorop

aTroOrjrai, to rv/juTravov kol Karairavcrri tov dia-

aov, diTOfcrevovvTO^ avTov.

XXXVII. 'Evrel hk eSofe ravra koX Kara

TVXV^ o HTo\€fjualo<; et? l\.dvcoôv i^Mpfirjae,

irpcoTov fjLev BieScoKav Xoyov &>? irapaXvoiro Trj<^

fpvXaK7J<; vTTo tov â(TLX6co<;* eireiTa e/c tivo^

edov<i âaiXifcov rot? /jLeXXovcriv ef elpKTrjf; diro-

XvecrOaL heiirvov re 7refi7rofj,evov kol êvicov, ol

(fybXoi iroXXd TOiavTa tS) l^Xeofievei irapaaKevd-aavT€<i e^coOev elaiTre/jL-^jrav, iâiraTcoPTe^; Tov<i

ipvXaKa<i olofiivov; vtto tov âcriXeox; direaTaX-6at. Kol yap eOve /cal fjueTeSlBov tovtcov d(f)06vo)<;

avTol^f Kttl iTTLTtOeU crT€cf)dvov<; xal KaTaKXiOehelaTtcLTO fieTa twv (f)iX(DV. XeyeTai Be Td')(^L0v rj

SieyvcoKGL 77/309 TTJV ITpcL^Lv opfjLrjaat, avvaicrOo-

fi€vo^ olKeTTjv eva t&v avvecBoTcov Trjv irpd^Lv efo)

irapd yvvaiKi Ke/coi/jurj/xevov ^9 ^pa. fcal ô^r}6el^

fxrjvv(TLVy eTrecBr) fjueaov r)/jbepa<; rjv kol tov<; ^vXa-Kaî ijaOeTO KaOevBovra^ vtto T779 P'iOr]^, iuSvad-

/jLeifo<; TOV')(jLTO)va

/cal ttjv pa^rjv i/c tov Beîov

132

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxvi. 3-xxxvii. 2

Cleomenes heard this with his own ears, and without

Ptolemy's being aware of his presence went back

and told his friends. At once, then, they all aban-

doned the hopes they had been cherishing and

wrathfuUy determined to avenge themselves on

Ptolemy for his injustice and insolence, and die in a

manner worthy of Sparta, instead of waiting like

sacrificial victims to be first fattened and then

smitten down. For it was an intolerable thing that

Cleomenes, after scorning to come to terms with

Antigonus, a man who fought well and wroughtmuch, should sit idly down and await the leisure of

a begging-priest of a king, who, as soon as he could layaside his timbrel and stop his dancing, would slay him.

XXXVII. Such being their resolve, and Ptolemy,as chance would have it, making a visit to Canopus,in the first place word was sent about that Cleomeneshad been set free by the king ; and next, in view of

a custom which the king had of sending presentsand a banquet to those who were going to be released

from imprisonment, the friends of Cleomenes in the

city prepared and sent in to him an abundance of

such things, thus completely deceiving the guards,who thought the king had sent them. For Cleomenesmade a sacrifice and gave the guards a bountiful

share of his provisions, and then took his place at

table with garlands on his head and feasted with his

friends. We are told, too, that he set out upon his

enterprise sooner than he had intended, because helearned that a slave who was privy to it had passedthe night outside in company with a mistress. So

fearing that his plans would be revealed, when nooncame and he perceived that his guards were sleepingoff tlieir wine, he put on his tunic, opened the seam

133

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

irapaXvadfievo^ cj/jlov, ^yv/jLva) tw ftêt fiera tmv

<f>Lkwv iêirijBrjaev eveaKevacrfievwv ojjLOLqx;, Bcku-

3 TpLMV OVTCOV. 'iTTTTtTa? Sk p(^ft)\09 ci)V T7J fieV

irpcoTrj avv€ê7re(T6v opfiy irpodvpLux;, to? he ewpa

axo^cbirepov Tropevo/Jbivov; Sl avrov, cKeXevaev

aveXelv xaljjlt] BiaÔeipecv ttjv irpd^Lv, d')(^p7jaTov

avOpoairou TrepLfiivovrai;. erv^^ Be rwv ÂXeâvBp€0)V Tl<i LTTTTOV dyCOV TTUpd Ttt? OvpU^}' TOVTOV

aêkojievoL koI tov 'iTnrLTav dvaâXovref;, icpi-

povjo Bp6fjL(p Bed rcov CTevwiroiv koX irapeKaXovv4 rov 6)(Xov eVt rrjv iXevOepiav, T0t9 Be toctovtov,

0)9 eoiKev, dXKr}<i fieTTjv oaov iiraiveZv koX Oavfid-

^€LV Tr)v rov K.X€o/jLevov<; toX/jluv, aKoXovOelv Be

KoX fforjOelv ovBeh eOappei.Tov fiev ovv TOV \pvaep/jLov IlToXefiaiov iic t^9

avXri<i i^tovra Tpel<; €v6v<; irpoaireaovre^ dire-

KTeivav erepov Be UroXepâiov rov <j)vXdcra-ovTO<;

Tr]v iroXiv eXavvovro<; dp/nari, irpos avrov^, opfirj-

aavT€<! evavrlot T0v6pov<;

BieaKeBaaav, avrov Be KaTaa7rdcravT€<; drrro rov

6 apjiaTO^ direKTeivav. elra 7rpb<; rrjv dxpav 6%a)-

povVf dvapprjâc Biavoovpievoi to BedfjLonTrjpiov koI

^(^prjaaaOai, Ta> irXrjOei t(ov BeBe/juevcov. e(j)6aaavBe (ppa^dfievoc fcaXco<; ol (f)vXaKe<i, (oare koI

Tavrrff; diroKpovaOevTa T779 ireipa^; rov KXeo/ievrj

BLa(f)€peaOac kol irXavdaOai Kara Tr]V iroXiv,

ovBevoî avTa> irpoa'XôdpovvTO'^, dXXd (j)evy6vT(i)v

6 Kal <f)Opovp,evwv dirdvTwv. ovt(o<; ovv diroardî

KoX 7rpo<; Tov<; <f)LXov<; elircov," OvBev ^v dpa

OavfjiacTTOv dpxîv ryvvalKa<; dvOpwirwv ipevyovrcov

TTJV eXevdepiaVy^ irapeKdXeae nravTaî dîw^; avrovKaX Tcov ireirpajfievayv TeXevrdv, koX 7rpa)To<; /lev

134

I

n

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxvii. 2-6

over his right shoulder, and with drawn sword sprangforth, accompanied by his friends, who were hkewise

arrayed, thirteen in number. Hippitas, who was

lame, joined in making the first onset with all his

soul, but when he saw that he was a hindrance to

the progress of his companions, he bade them kill

him, and not ruin the enterprise by waiting for a

useless fellow. As it chanced, however, an Alexan-drian was leading a horse past the doors, so theyseized tlie animal, put Hippitas on its back, and thenrushed at full speed through the narrow streets of

the city, summoning the throng to win their freedom.These had enough courage, as it would seem, to

admire and praise the daring of Cleomenes, but nota man was bold enough to follow and help him.

Well, then, as Ptolemy the son of Chrysermus was

coming out of the palace, three of them straightwayfell upon him and slew him; and as another Ptolemy,who had the city in his charge, was driving towardsthem in a chariot, they rushed to meet him, scattered

his servants and mercenaries, dragged him from his

chariot, and slew him. Then they proceeded to the

citadel, purposing to break open the prison andavail themselves of the multitude of prisoners. Butthe guards were too quick for them and barred the

way securely, so that Cleomenes, baffled in this

attempt also, roamed up and down through the city,not a man joining with him but everybody filled

with fear and flying from him. So, then, he de-sisted from his attempt, and saying to his friends," It is no wonder, after all, that women rule overmen who run away from freedom," he called uponthem all to die in a manner worthy of their kingand their past achievements. So Hippitas first, at

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

'iTTTTiTa? virb Tcov veoyrepcov Tivo<i iirXrjyr) 8€r}0€L<i,

eireiTa rcav aXkcov 6Ka<TT0<; eu/coXco? Ka\ aêw?eavTOV d7roa(f)dTT€t, irXrjv Y{avre(o<; rov irpcarov

7 ^\eyaXr]v irokiv /caTa\aj36vTO<;. rovrov ê koX-

XicTTOV wpa KoX TT/JO? Tr]v dycoyrjv €v<f)veaTaTovrcop vecov yevofievov ipco/juevov 6a'^7}Kco<; 6 âatXevêxeXevaev, orav avrov re kol tov<; aXXovf; iBrj

irsTTTCDKOTaî ovT(o TeXevTCiv. 7]Sr] Be KeipevwvdirdvTcov eTniropevopevo^ 6 Wavjev^ xal tg5 î(f>L-

Bi(p TrapaiTTOfiepo'; kuO' e/caarov direTreLpdro prj

Tt? BiaXavOdvoL ^(av. eVel 8e koX top KXeofievr)

vv^Wi irapa to ^(pvpovelSe avaTpeyfravra to Trpoa-

(DTTOVt iîX7)aev avrov, elra irapeKadiae' koX

reXo<; e)(0VT0<i tjBt) TreptâXcov top vcKpop eavTov

i7rtKaTea(j)a^€»XXXVIII. K.Xeop€prj<; pev ovp i/cKaCBeKa t^9

îrdpTT}^ fiaaiX€V(Ta<; err] koX toiovto^ dprjp ye-

popepo^ ovT(o KaTearpeyjre. t?}? Be(prjprj'i eh rrjv

TToXiv oXrjp aKeBaaOeiar}^ rj pep K.paT7](TiKXeia,

Kaiirep ovaa yevpaia yvprj, TrpovBco/ce to (ppoprjpa

7rp6<; TO T^9 avp(f)opd^ peyeOo^, fcal 7rept0aXovaa2 TCL TracBla tov K.Xeopepov<; a)Xo(^vpeTO. t(ov Be

TraiBLCov TO irpeafivTepop aTroirrjBrjaap, ovB6POaXr)P

eppiyfrep eavTO' Kal Ka/cco^ pep eaêp, ov prjp dire-

Bapev, dXX^ rjpOr) /Somp koI dyapaKTOVP iirl tmBiaKfoXveaOaL TeXevTcip.

'O Be UroXepaLO^, to? eyp(o ravra, TrpoaeraêTO pep a(opa tov KXeopepov^ Kpepdcrai /cara-

^vpacoaaPTa<i, diroKrelvai Be rd TraiBua Kal TTfp

3 prjrepa Kal Td<i irepl avrijp yvpaiKa<i. ip Be

136

823

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxvii. 6~xxxviii. 3

his own request, was smitten down by one of tlit

younger men, then each of the others calmly and

cheerfully slew himself, except Panteus, the manwho led the way in the capture of Megalopolis.^He had once been the king's favourite, because in

his youth he was most fair, and in his young man-hood most amenable to the Spartan discipline ;

andnow his orders were to wait until the king and the

rest of the band were dead, and then to die himself.

At last all the rest lay prostrate on the ground, and

Panteus, going up to each one in turn and prickinghim with his sword, sought to discover whether anyspark of life remained. When he pricked Cleomenesin the ankle and saw that his face twitched, he kissed

him, and then sat down by his side ; at last the end

came, and after embracing the king's dead body, heslew himself upon it.

XXXVIII. Such, then, was the end of Cleomenes,who had been for sixteen years king of Sparta, andhad shown himself the man whom I have described.

The report of his death spread over the entire city,and Cratesicleia, although she was a woman of noble

spirit, lost her composure in view of the magnitudeof her misfortunes, and throwing her arms about the

children of Cleomenes, wailed and lamented. Butthe elder of the two boys, forestalling all prevention,

sprang away and threw himself headlong from the

roof; he was badly injured, but did not die, and wastaken up crying out resentfully because he was not

permitted to end his life.

But Ptolemy, when he learned of these things,

gave orders that the body of Cleomenes should be

flayed and hung up, and that his children, his mother,and the women that were with her, should be killed.

* See chapter xxiii. 4,

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ravTai<; tjv koX YiavTem^ yvvrj KaWiaTrj /cat yev'

vaiordrrj to e2Bo<i. €TI Se amol^ v€oydfMOL<; ovaaiv ciKfJiai^; ipoorcov at rvyai avve^râav. evOv^

fjLev ovv (TVPeKTrXevcraL rw Yiavrel fiovXo/jievrjv

avTTjv ov/c etaaav ol yovel^;, dWa ySta KaraicKei-

4 aavre'i i<f)vXaTTOV' oXiyw he varepov 'lttttov eavT'^

TrapaaKcvdaaaa koX ')(^pvaiSiov ov ttoXv vu/cto?

direhpa, koI Bicoâcra avprovco^; iirl Talvapov,eKelOev iire/ST] v€a)<i eh AtyvTrrov 7r\eova7]<;' Koi

BieKO/jLLdOrj 7r/309 top dvBpa koI avvhirjveyKevavTO) TOP errrl ^€Pr]<; fiiop dXvirw^ koI /Xapw?.

avTT] Tore tt]P KparrjcTL/cXeiav xjtto toop arpaTico-T&v iâyo/jbiprjp eêipaydiyeiy top re ireTrXop

avT7)<; vTroXa/jL^dpovcra, koI Oappeip irapaKa-\ovaa fJLTjSep n firjB' avrrjv eKireirXrjyiJieprjp top

Odparop, dW* ep /xopop alTOV/jbiprjp, irpo tmv5 iraiSiCDP diroOapelp. iirel Be rfkOop eh top tottop

ep w ravTa Bpdp elciiOeaap ol vTrrjpiraiy Trpwrov

/xep rd TraiBlay Trj<; KpaTr]aLK\eLa<; opcoarjf;,ea-

ârrop, elra eKeiprjp, ep tovto fiovop eirX rrfki-

KOvroL^ <j)9eyâ/iiev7]p irddeaip, "^11 re/cpa, ttol

eyLtoXere"; tj Be TLapreco^ yvpr], Trepi^coaapepr) to

l/jbdrioPy evpwaro^ ovcra kol pêydXrj tmp diro-

OvrjaKOvaSiP eKddTrjp aiwrrf) koI fieO^ r)crv')(La<^

eOepdireve /cal irepieaTeWep e/c tmp epBe^ôfiepcop,6 TeX,o<; Be pêTa irdaa^; eavrrjp Koap^riaaaay koX

KaTayayovaa ttjp 7repij3o\i]v, koi p^rjBepa irpoa'eXOelp edaaaa p.r}Be IBeip dXkop r) top eirl T779

(T(f>ayrj<; TCTaypepOP, '^pcol/cax; KaTeaTpe'êPy ou-

Bepof; BerjOelaa K0(TpL0VPT0<; /cat irepiKoXviTTOPTOf;

pLSTa Tr)p TeXevTTjP. ovtco irapepueipe tw OapuTO)

TO KoapLOP Trj<; '^v')(f)^,kol BL€(t>v\a^€P rjp fwcra

<f)povpdv TW (TCtipaTL TrepieOtjKep.

138

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxvin. 3-6

Among these women was the wife of Panteus, mostnoble and beautiful to look upon. The pair werestill but lately married, and their misfortunes came

upon them in the hey-day of their love. Her parents,

indeed, would not permit her to sail away with Pan-teus immediately, although she wished to do

so, but shut her up and kept her under con-

straint ; a little later, however, she procured herself

a horse and a small sum of money, ran away by night,made all speed to Taenarum, and there embarked

upon a ship bound for Egypt. She was conveyed to

her husband, and with him bore their life in a

strange land without complaint and cheerfully. Sheit was who now took the hand of Cratesicleia as shewas led forth by the soldiers, held up her robe for

her, and bade her be of good courage. And Crate-

sicleia herself was not one whit dismayed at death,but asked one favour only, that she might die before

the children died. However, when they were cometo the place of execution, first the children wereslain before her eyes, and then Cratesicleia herself

was slain, making but this one cry at sorrows so

great :" O children, whither are ye gone ?

" Thenthe wife of Panteus, girding up her robe, vigorousand stately woman that she was, ministered to each

of the dying women calmly and without a word, andlaid them out for burial as well as she could. Andfinally, after all were cared for, she arrayed herself,

let down her robes from about her neck, and suffer-

ing no one besides the executioner to come near or

look upon her, bravely met her end, and had noneed of anyone to array or cover up her body after

death. Thus her decorum of spirit attended her in

death, and she maintained to the end that watchful

care of her body which she had set over it in life.

'39

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

XXXIX. *H fi6P ovv AaKeBai/jbcoVt €<f)a/jLLX\(o<!

ayayvLcrafievr] tw yvvatK€i(p Bpa/iaTL tt/oo? to dv-

BpeloVy iv TOt? eVârot? KULpolf; iiriSeiê rrjv

dperrjv v^picrOrjvaL fir) hvvapbevqv viro rrj<; Tu%r;9.

6\LyaL<; Be varepov r)fi€paL<; ol to crcofia rod KXeo-

fievovt; dvea-ravpco/jLevov 7rapa(f)v\dTT0vr€<i elSov

evfieyeOrj BpaKovra rfj KeâXfj irepiTreirXey/jLivov

Kal diroKpifirTOVTa to Trpoa-coirov, waT€ jJurjBev

2 opveov icpiTTTaaOaL aapKocpdyov, i/c Be tovtov

BeiaiBaifJLovia Trpoa-eireae tw âatXel koI ^6^0^,aWcov KaOap/JLMV Tah yvvai^lv dp')(r]v Trapacrx^^*0)9 dvBpo^ dvrjpTj/jLevov d60(j>i\ov<; koX KpeuTTOvo^

TTjv (^vcTiv, ol Be^

A\€âvBp€i<; Kal irpoaeTpk'TTOVTO (poLTMVTe'i eVt Tov TOTToVy rfpcoa Tov KXeo-

fxevrf Kal Oecov iralBa TrpoaayopevovTeî, ci'X^piou

3 KaTeiravaav avTov^ ol o-ocfxioTepoi, Bi,B6vTe<i Xoyovtt)9 fjueXiTTa^ fiev i8oe9, <T(firjKa<; Be lttttoi, KaTa- 824

aairevTe^ iâvOovcrt, KavOapoi Be ovcov to avTo

TradoPTcov ^(ooyovovvTac, to. Be dvOpcoTriva o"co-

fiaTa, Tcbv irepl tov puveXov t^copo)!' aypporfv Tiva

Kal avcTTacnv iv eavTol^ XaôvTWVy 6<j)€ifidva-

BlBaxrc. Kal tovto KaTtBovTeî ol TraXaiol fjidXiaTaTSiv f000)1/ TOV BpaKOVTa Tot9 TjpodaL avv(pKei(0(Tav.

1140

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxix

XXXIX. So, then, Sparta, bringing her women's

tragedy into emulous competition with that of her

men, showed the world that in the last extremityVirtue cannot be outraged by Fortune. And a few

days afterwards those who were keeping watch

upon the body of Cleomenes where it hung, saw a

serpent of great size coiling itself about the headand hiding away the face so that no ravening bird of

prey could light upon it. In consequence of this,

the king was seized with superstitious fear, and thus

gave the women occasion for various rites of purifi-

cation, since they felt that a man had beentaken off who was of a superior nature and beloved

of the gods. And the Alexandrians actually wor-

shipped him, coming frequently to the spot and

addressing Cleomenes as a hero and a child of the

gods ; but at last the wiser men among them put a

stop to this by explaining that, as putrefying oxenbreed bees, and horses wasps, and as beetles are

generated in asses which are in the like condition of

decay, so human bodies, when the juices aboutthe marrow collect together and coagulate, produceserpents. And it was because they observed this that

the ancients associated the serpent more than anyother animal with heroes.

141

TIBERIUS AND GAIUSGRACCHUS

TIBEPI02 KAI TATOSrPAFXOI

T. rPArxoS

T. 'H/êt? Se Tr)v Trpcorrjv laropiav aTroSeSo)-

k6t6<; e^ô/jiev ovk eXdrrova irddrj tovtcov iv ttj

*F(o/jiaLfcfj av^vyla decoprjaai, rbv Ttêpuov fcal

Vatov ^Lov avrnrapa^dWovre^. ovtol Tiêpiov

Ypdyxôv iralBe^ âav, o5 TLfiijrfj re ^Vcofxaiwy

êvofievcp Koi Si 9 vTrarevaavTi koX Opidfjuôvî Svo

KarayayovTi Xafiirporepop rjv rb avro T779 dperrji;

2 d^Lcojiia. Bio Kol Tr]v XfC7j7ri(ovo<; rou KarairoXe-

jJurjaavTOfi Âvviâv Ovyarepa Yiopvrfkiav, ovk mv

^tXo9, dWa Kal BLd<f>opo<; tq) dvSpl yeyovoo^;,

Xaffelv r)î(jo6r] fiera Tr]u iKeivov reXevTTjv. Xi-

yerai Be irore (TvXXaêlv avrov iirl rfj<; KXivr]<;

êvyo^ BpaKovTcoVy roix; Be fidvTei^ aKe-yâjxevovf;

TO Tepa<; d/jL(f)co fiev ovk eav dveXelv ovBe dcfyetvai,

Trepl Be darepov Btaipelv, ox; 6 fiev dppijv t&

Tiêplo) (f>epoL Odvarov dvaipeOei^, t) Be d-qXeia

3 rff K.opvrjXLa. tov ovv Tiffepiov Kal îXovvra

rrjv yvvoLKa, Kal fjuaXXop avru) irpocnjKeiv ovtl

Trpea/SvTepu) reXevrdv rjyovjxevov ert veat; ov(T7]<;

€K€Lvr]<;, tov fiev dppeva KTelvat t(ov BpuKovTcov,

d<f)€Lvai Be Trjv OrjXeiav elra vaTepov ov ttoXX^

144

TIBERIUS AND CAIUSGRACCHUS

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS

I. Now that we have duly finished the first part of

our story, we have to contemplate fates no less tragicthan those of Agis and Cleomenes in the lives of the

Roman couple, Tiberius and Caius, which we set in,

parallel. They were sons of Tiberius Gracchus,

who, although he had been censor at Rome, twice

consul, and had celebrated two triumphs, derived his

more illustrious dignity from his virtue. Therefore,after the death^ ofthe Scipio who conquered Hannibal,

although Tiberius had not been his friend, but actually^.at variance with him, he was judged worthy to take_

Scipio's daughter Cornelia in marriage. We are told,

moreover, that he once caught a pair of serpents onhis bed, and that the soothsayers, after consideringthe prodigy, forbade him to kill both serpents or to

let both go, but to decide the fate of one or the

other of them, declaring also that the male serpent,if killed, would bring death to Tiberius, and the

female, to Cornelia. Tiberius, accordingly, wholoved his wife, and thought that since she was still

young and he was older it was more fitting that heshould die, killed the male serpent, but let the

female go. A short time afterwards, as the story

1 In 183 B.o.

MS

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

'X^pova reXevrrja-ai, SeKaBvo TralBaf; etc tt}? K.opvrj'

\La<; avTa> yeyovora^; KaraXtirovTa.

4 KoppTjXla Se avakaôvaa tov<; TratSa? Kal top

OLKOV, ovTco aaxppopa /cal (f)L\6TeKvov Kal fieya-

\6y^V')(ov avrrjv 'Trapea')(ev cocrrefJLT] KaK03<^ Soâi

ffeffovXevo-Oat top Tifiepiov avrl rotavTrjî yv-

vaiKo^ airoOavelv eXofievov, rj ye kol TlroXefiaiov

ToO fiaa-tXewq KOLvovfievov to BtdBrjfMa Kal fiva)"

5 pAvov TOP ydpôp avrrj^ r/ppô-aro, Kal ;)^?7/a6uoL'o-a

T0U9 p.ep dXXoviXoTlp>w^ e'fe-

Opeyjrev a)(7T6 irdprayp ev^veardrov^ ^Pco/jLaLcop

6p,oXoyovp,6P(t)<! yeyopora^ Tr€7rai8eva0aL Bokclp

fiiXriop Yj 'TT€<f>VKepai 7rpo<; dpeTTjP.

II. 'ETret 8e, wcnrep rf tcop TrXaaaop.ipcop Kal

ypa(f)Ofi6Pcop AioaKOvpcop o/jLOiorrj'i e')(eiripd rod

TTVKTiKov TT/OO? TOP BpopîKop iirl T7J<; p,op(^rjepeia

fieydXai irepi tcl epya Kal ra? TroX-treta? olop

i^Tjpdrjaap Kal 8Le(f)dpr}aap dpojioLOTr^Te^, ov

')(êlpop elpai /jloi SoKel TavTa<; irpoeKOeaOaL.

2 TlpSiTOP /xep ovp Ihea TrpoacoTTov Kal ySA-e/x/xart

Kal KiPijfiaTi TTpao^ Kal KaTacrTTj/iaTiKOf; r)p 6

146

f

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, i. 3-11. 2

goes, he died/ leaving Cornelia with twelve children

by him.

Cornelia took charge of the children and of the

estate, anS showed herself so discreet, so good a

mother, and so magnanimous, that Tiberius was

thought to have made no bad decision when heelected to die instead of such a woman. For when

Ptolemy^ the king offered to share his crown with

her and sought her hand in marriage, she refused

him, and remained a widow. In this state she lost

most of her children, but three survived ; one

daughter, who married Scipio the Younger, and two

sons, Tiberius and Caius, whose lives I now write.

These sons Cornelia reared with such scrupulous care

that althougli confessedly no other Romans were so

well endowed by nature, they were thought to owetheir virtues more to education than to nature.

II. Now, just as, in spite of the likeness betweenCastor and Pollux as they are represented in sculptureand painting, there is a certain difference of shapebetween the boxer and the runner, so in the case of

these young Romans, along with their strong resem-blance to one another in bravery and~^elf-command,'"as well as in liberality, eloquence, and magnanimity,in their actions- and political careers great unlike.-

nesses blossomed out, as it were, and came to light.TKefefore I think it not amiss to set these forth

before going further.

In the first place, then, as regards cast of features

and look and bearing, Tiberius was gentle and sedate,

^ He was consul for the second time in 163 B.C. The yearof his death is unknown. This story is told and commentedon by Cicero in i>« divinatione i. 18, 36 ; ii. 29, 62.

*Probably Ptolemy VI., surnamed Philometor, king of

Egypt 181-146 B.o.

147

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Tt,l36pio<;, evTOVo^ Se fcal o-<ô5/9o? o Fato?, m(tt6

Kal BrjfjLTjyopelv rov fiev iv fiia %ft>/)a ê^rj/cora

Koa/jLi(o<i, TOP Se 'Vcofialcov irpodTov eTrl rov ^rj-

fiaTO<; TrepiTrdro) re ')(^pr]aaa9aL fcal irepKrirdaai

TTjv rrjêvvov ef wfiov Xeyovra, KaOdirep KXicova 825Tov ÂOrfvalop iaroprjrat irepiairdaaL re rrjv

ireptpoXrjv koX rov firjpov akorjaat irpcorov rcov

3 Br)fjLr)yopovvrcov. eireira 6 X0709 rov [xev Vatov

(f>o/3epb(; Kal irepirraOrj^ €t9 Beivwdiv, rjBicov Be 6

rov TiêpLov Kal jxaXXov erray(oyo<; oiKrov rfj

Be Xeêt Kadapo<; Kal Bia7re7rovr]fievo<; d/cpt^cofi

€Kelvo<i, 6 Be Tatov 7Ti6avo<; Kal yeyavcofievo^*ovTco Be Kal irepl Buatrav Kal rpdireâv eureX^?Kal d<f)€\r}<; 6 Tiêpio^, 6 Be Fato? roL<; fiev oXXol^

irapaâXelv awcppcov Kal avarrjp6<;, rfj Be 7rpo<;

rov dBe\<f>ov Bca<f>opd veoTrpeirr)^ Kal ireplepyo'^ , 609

4 ol irepi ^povaov i]\eyôv on Be\(l)tva<;^dpyvpov<;

eirpiaTO rLjjLrj^ eh eKdarrjv Xlrpav BpaxP'fov %^-Xlcdi' Kal BtaKoaloyv irevrrjKovra. rw Be ijdei Karh

rrjv rov \6yov Biacpopdv 6 fxev emeiKr)^ Kal 7rpao<;,

6 Be rpa')(v^ Kal dvfioeiBrjfiy ooare Kal rrrapd yvon-

IxTjv iv ro) Xeyeiv eKêpo/jLevov 7roWdKi<; vir 6pyr]<;

rrjv re (pcovrjv diro^vveiv Kal ^\aa(^rjiJLelv Kal

5 avvTapdrreiv rov Xoyov. oOev Kal /3o7]0i]fjba ri}?

eKrpoirrj^ erroirjaaro ravrr]<; rov Aiklvvlov, oiKerrjv

ovK dvorjrov, 09 e%ci)V cjxovaa-KtKov opyavov, w tou9

<f>06yyov<; dva^L^dôvaiv, oiriaOev ecrrox; rov

Tatov Xeyovro^, oirrjVLKa rpa'^vvofievov ataOoiro

rf) ^cDvy Kal irapapprjyvvfjievov Bi opy^v, eveBlBov

rovov fiaXaKov, c5 to a-(j)oBpov evOi)^ eKelvo<^ dfia

î€\<p7vas Blass, Fuhr, and Ziegler, with the MSS. ;

l€\<piKas {Delphic tables, or tripods), after Amyot.

148

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, ii. 2-5

while Gaius was_hig^h-strung and vehement, so that

even when Tiaranguing the people the one stood

composedly in one spot, while the othe r \vas the first

-Roman to walk about upon the rostra and})iill

his togaoff his shoulder as he spoke. So Cleon the Athenianis said to have been the first of the poj)ular orators

to strip away his mantle and smite his thigh.^ In the

second place, the speech of Caius was awe-inspiringand passionate to exaggeration, while that of Tiberius

was more agreeable and more conducive to pity.The style also of Tiberius was pure and elaborated to

a nicety, while that of Cain s was persuasive and ornate.

So also as regards their table and mode of life,

Tiberius was simple and {)lain, while QaiiJSyealthough

tem})erate and austere as compared with others, in

contrast with his brother was ostentatious and fasti-

dious. Hence men like Drusus found fault with himbecause he bought silver dolphins at twelve hundredand fifty drachmas the pound. Again, their temperswere no less different than their speech. Tiberius

was reasonable and gentle, while Caius was harsh^and fiery, so that againsT" his better judgment hewas often carried away by anger as he spoke, raisinghis voice to a high pitch and uttering abuse and

losing the thread of his discourse. Wherefore, to

guard against such digressions, he emplo3'ed an

intelligent servant, Licinius, who stood behind himwhen he was speaking, with a sounding instrument for

giving the tones of the voice their pitch. Wheneverthis servant noticed that the voice of Caius was

getting harsh and broken with anger, he would giveout a soft key-note, on hearing which Caius wouldat once remit the vehemence of his passion and of

* See the Nicias, viii. 3.

VOL X. F

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Tov 'irdOov<; Ka\ t^<? ^(ovr]<; dviel^; eirpavveTO koI

irapei')(ev eavrov evavaKXrjrov.III. At fiev ovv hia<f)Opa\ Totavrau nve^ rjaav

avTMV dvSpayaOia Be tt/jo? tov^ iroXepiiov^ koI

7rpo9 TOv<; VTrrjKoov^; BiKaioavvr) koI irpo^ ra?

dp')(a<^ €7rL/jLe\eLa /cal irpo^ ra? r)8ovd<i ijKpdreLa,

dirapdWa/CTO^;. rjV Be irpea^vrepo^; iviavroZ^

evvea 6 Ti/Sepio^' kol tovto ttjv eKarepov ttoXl-

relav dirr^prTjixevTjv Tot9 'Xp6voi<; eTroLrjae koX ra?

TTpdêi^ ovx r}Ki(TTa ht€\vp.rjvaro, fir) avvaKpa-aavTOdv fZTjBe avfi/SaXovrcov eh to avrb rrjv

hvvafJiiVy /iie<yd\7]v av ef d/j,(j)OLV ofiov real dwirep'/SXtjtov yevo/jLevrjv. XeKreov ovv IBla irepl eKurepovKal irepl tov irpecr^vTepov irpoTepov.

IV. 'E/tetz/o? Toivvv ev6v^ eic iralBcov jev6p,evo<;

ovTco<; rjv 7repL^6r]T0<; wcrre tT;? tmv Avyovpcou \eyo-

/jL6V7]<; lepw(Tvvri<i dîwOrjvai Bl dpCTrjv fiaXXov rj Bed

TTjv evyeveiav. eBrjXwcre Be "Attttô? }^\avBio<;, dvrjp

v7raTiKo<i KoX TifMr}TiKo<; Kol 'Kpoyeypafipievo^ KaT

d^Lcopia T-^? 'Pco/JLatoyv l3ov\rj<; kol ttoXv ^povrjpaTt.Tov<; fcaO^ avTov virepaipcdv. eaTLwpbevwv yap ev

ravTO) Toyv lepecov, irpoaayopevaa^ tov TtjSepiovKal (f>t\o(l>pov7)0eL<;, avT0<; ipvaTo ttj OvyaTpl

2 vvp,(j)Lov. Beâpievov Be dapbevw^ i/ceivov koX tt}?

KaTaLveae(o<^ ovtw yevopLev7]<;, elaiayv 6 "ATTTTto?

o'lKaBe TT/oo? avTOV dTro ty)^ Ovpa^; ev0v<; eKoXec

Trjv yvvoLKa pLeydXjj ttj (f>covfj ôcov, ***I1 ÂvTiaTia,

TTjv KXavBiav rjpLwv dvBpl KaOcopLoXoyrjKaJ^ Kdxei-

V7] Oavf/daaaa,"Tt9," elirev,

**

17 (nrovBrj r/ tu

TO raô?; el Be Tifieptov avTrj Tpdy')(ov evprjKeL<^^

* ct Se . . . eup-ftKeis Bekker has ct jx^ . . . tvpiaKus ; Blass

and Fuhr el /n^ tbp-i]Ktis {unlesa thou hadst founds after

Stephanus.

ISO

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, ii. 5-iv. 2

his speech, grow gentle, and show himself easy to

recall.

III. The differences between them, then, were of

this nature ; but as regards bravery in the face of the

enemy, just dealings with subject peoples, scrupulous

fidelity in public office, and restraint in pleasurable

indingence/ they were exactly alike. Tiberius,

however, was nine years older than his brother; and

this set a different period for the political activity of

each, and more than anything else vitiated their

undertakings. They did not rise to eminence at

the same time, and so did not combine their powersinto one. Such arTunited power would have provedirresistibly great. We must therefore give an accountof each by himself, and of the elder first.

IV. Tiberius, then, as soon as he got past boyhood,was so widely known as to be thought worthy of a

place among the priests called Augurs : and this wasdue to his virtues rather than to his excellent birth,as was clearly shown by ^ppius nf^jiHing For

Appius, who had been consul and censor, had beenmade Dean of the Roman senate ^

by virtue of his

dignity, and in loftiness oF spirit far surpassed his

contemporaries, at a banquet of the augurs^ addressed

Tiberius with words of friendship, and asked him to

become the husband of his-dau^hter.. Tiberius gladly

accepted the invitation, and the betrothal was thus

arranged, and when Appius returned home, from the

doorway where he stood he called his wife and cried

in a loud voice: "Antistia, I have betrothed ourClaudia." And Antistia, in amazement, said :

" Whyso eager, or why so fast .'' If thou hadst only found

*

PriDce£s Senatus.*TresumaBly'at tiie induction of Tiberius into office.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

AM^m

3 vvfi(f>Lovy ovK dyvoM Be on tovto tiv€<^ eirX tov

iraripa r&v Vpdy^cov Tiêpiov koX ^Ki^Tricova

rbv 'A(pptKavov dva(f>epovcnv, aXV ol irXeiov^ &)<?

r)iJLel<i ypd(j)ofj,6V laropovat,, kol Vlo\vfito<i p-era

Tr)v^K7j7rlcovo<i ÂcppiKavov reXeuTrjv rov<; oiKeiov^

<f)7]alv€K irdvTwv irpoKpivavTa^; tov Ttêptov

hovvai rr]v ^ôpvrfXiav, d)<i xjtto tov iTaTpo<; dvefc-

BoTOv KoX dvkyyvov aTToXeLcjiOetaav.4 'O 6* ovv v€(OT€po<; Ti,3epto<; arparevopêvos iv

Al/Svjj piera rov SevTepov ^K7]7rL(ovo<;, exovrofjavTOV TTjv dheX<j)rjv, opiov avv8iaiTco/i6vo<; viro

aKTjvfjv TO) aTpaTijyu) Ta')(v p,ev avrov Tr)v (j)V(Ti.v

KarepiaOe, iroXkd koX p,6yd\a tt/oo? ^rfKov dpeTr}<i mKoi piipu7](nv iirl tcov irpdêwv iK(j)6povaav, Ta')(yhe TCOV vecov Trdvrcov iirpooTevev evra^la Kal

5 dvBpeia' Kal rov ye T€LXov<; eire^r} tmv TroXepLicov

TT/jwro?, w? (f)r]o-t ^dvvio^, Xeycop Kal avr6<; ro) 826

Ttêpi(p crvv€7ri/3rjvaL Kal avp.pLeraa'xelv eVetV???

T-/}? dpLO-reia^. ttoXXtjv Be Kal irapcov evvoiav

elêv ev rw cFTpaTOireBw Kal irodov dTraXXarro-

pevo<; avrov KareXiire.

V. Mera Be rrjv arpareiav eKeivi^v alpe6el<i

rapLiaf; eXayê rcoi' vrrdrcov Tata) MayKivo) (tv-

arpareveiv eirl NopLavrLvov<^, dvOpcorrw p-ev ov

TTovTjpw, fiapviror/jordrw Be 'Pwpaicov arparrjyw.Bio Kal pLoXXov ev rvxai<^ rrapaXcyoL^ Kal irpdy-

p.aat,v evavTLOL^ rov Tiêpiov BieXapiyêv ov pLovov

TO avverov Kal dvBpelov, dXX\ o 6avp.d(TLov riv,

alBcof; re iroXXr} Kal rtpir) rov dpxovro<;, vtto tmvKaKOJV ovS' eavrov, el arparrjy6<^ eariv, einyi-

2 vcoaKOvro^, '^rrrjOeU yap pdâi^ p,eydXai^ iire-

152

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, iv. 3-v. 2

Tiberius Gracchus for betrothal to her !

"I am aware

that some^ refer this story to Tiberius the father of

the Gracchi and Scipio African us Major, but the

majority of writers tell it as I do, and Polybius says^that after the death of Scipio Africanus the relatives

of Cornelia cliose out Tiberius in preference to all

others and gave her to him, as one who had beenleft by her fatlier unaffianced and unbetrothed.

The youn^r Tiberius, accordingly, serving in Africa

under the younger Scipio,^ who had married his sister,

and sharing his commander's tentj soon learned to

ujiderstand that commaiLder's nature (which pro-duced many great incentives towards the emulation

of virtue and its imitation in action), and soon led

all the young men in disciphne and bravery; yes, hewas first to scale the enemies' wall, as Fannius says,who writes also that he himself scaled the wall with

Tiberius and shared in that exploit. While he remainedwith the army Tiberius was the object of much goodwill, and on leaving it he was greatly missed.

\-i,7(p.V. After this campaign he was elected quaestor, ^^^

and had the fortune to serve in a war against Hum—'^^

antia under the consul Gaius Mancinus,^ who was notbad as a man, but most unfortunate of the Romans as

a general. Therefore in the midst of unexpectedmisfortunes and adverse circumstances not only did

the sagacity and bravery of Tiberius shine forth all

the more, but also—and this was astonishing—the

great respect and honour in which he held his

comman'der, who, under the pressure of disasters,

forgot even that he was a general. For after he had

^ Cf. Livy. xxxviii. 57.^ Cf. Polybius, xxxii. 13.

' In the campaign of 146 B.C., which ended with thedestruction of Carthage.

* Consul iu 137 B.C.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Xclprjae fieu avaêvyvvvai vvkt6<;, iKXiTrcov to

arparoireBov alaOofjuivcov Be rojv No/xavTivcov xal

TO fjuev crrpaToireBov €vOu<; Xa/SovToyv, roU Be

av6p(j07roiov€v6vT(ov, TO Bk TTcLv eyKVKXov/j,€V(t)v crrpa,'

Tevfia KoX (TvvcodovPTcov €t9 T07rou9 %aX67rou9 Kal

Bcd(j)evîv ovfc €')(ôvTa<ii airoyvovf; t\)v ck tov

jBidêaOai (icoTrjpiav 6 Ma^^rtyo? iireKTjpvKevero

3 irepl airovBcdv kol Biakvcrewv irpo^ avrovv oi Bh

TTcareveLV €(f)acrav ovBevl irXrjv /jlovw Tiêpio), teal

TOVTOv eKekevov dirocTTeXXeiv irpo^ avTOV^;. eire-

irovdeaav Be tovto koI Bi avrov tov veaviaKov

(j)v yap avTOV TrXeto-To? \0709 eVl o-TyoaTia?), koI

fiep.i'rjfievoi. tov iraTpo^ Ttêpiov, 09 TroXe/xr^cra?

Î/3r]p(TL Kal TToXXou? KaTaaTp€'^d/jL€vo<; eipr)V7}V

eOeTO 7rpo<; tow? No/jiavTLvov<; Kal TavTrjv ifiTre-

BovuTa TOV Brj/jLov 6p6(o<; Kal BiKaL(o<^ del Trapeayêv.

4 ouTO) Br) ire/jicpdeU 6 TLêpio<; Kal (Tvyyevo/jievoî

TOt? dvBpdcri, Kal to, p.ev TretVa?, tcl Be Be^dpê-

vo<; ecTireicaTO, Kal Biap,vpL0v<; eawae Trepicpavco^

'P(op.aia)v 7ro\LTa<i, dvev OepaTreia^; Kal tmv ef&)

Tdêw^ e7rop,€vcov.

VT. Ta Be ev tw x^P^^^ XrîfÔevTa %/9r;/xaTa

irdvTa KaTecj'Xpv oi NopavTivoL Kal BieTropdrjaav,

ev Be TovTOL^ Kal TrivaKiBe^ rjaav tov Ti/3epiov,

ypdp/JâTa Kal Xoyovt exovaai Trj^ Tap,ievTLKrj(;

dpxv'if a9 Trepl ttoXXov nroLOvpevo^ diroXaêlv,

f]Br) TOV aTpaTov irpoKeX'^plxôTO^ dveaTpeÎre Trpo?

Tî/ TToXiv, €Xo>v fieO' eavTov TpeU r) TeTTapa<;

154

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, v. 2-vi. i

been defeated in great battles, he attempted to

abandon his camp and withdraw his forces by night ;

but the Numantines became aware of his attemptand promptly seized his camp. Then they fell uponhis men as they fled, slew those who were in the rear,

encompassed his whole army, and crowded them into

regions that were full of difficulties and afforded no

escape. Mancinus, despairing of forcing his way to

safety, sent heralds to the enemy proposing a triiqe

and terms' of peace ; but the enemy declared that

they had confidence in no Roman save only Tiberius,and ordered that he should be sent to them. Theyhad this feeling towards the young man not only onhis own account (for he was held in very high esteem

by the Numantine soldiery), but also because theyremembered his father Tiberius, who waged war

against the Spaniards,^ and subdued many of them,but made a peace with the Numantines, to tlie

observance of which with integrity and justice he

always held the Roman people. So Tiberius was sent

and held conference with the enemy, and after

getting them to accept some conditions, and himself

acce})ting others, effected a truce, and thereby

manifestly saved the lives oftwenty thousand Romancjtizens, besides attendants and camp followers.

VI, However, all the property captured in the

camp was retained by the Numantines and treated as

plunder. Among this were also the ledgers of

Xihfirius, containing written accounts of h is official

expenses as quaestor. These he was very anxious to

recover, and so, when the army was already well onits way, turned back towards_thg„ city, attended by

1 In 180-179 B.O.

155

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

2 iralpov^, eKKoXeora^; he tmv No/j.avTiVQ)V tou?

apxovra<i iqÎov KOjiicracrOaL Ta<; h6XTOV<;, (09 fJirj

'Trapda')(pL roh ex^pol^^ BiaôXrjv ovk e%ft)iûttoXo-

rylcraadac irepl t6)V (^Kovo/nrjfievcov. i)a6evTe<^ ovv

ol No/uLavTLvot rfi crvvrvxia, rr)? ;^/oe/a9 irapeKiiXovv

avTov elaeXOetv eh ttjv itoXlv to? he elary/cei

fiovXevo/Jievo';, eyyi"? irpoaeXOovre^ evecfyvovro rat?

X^pcTi, Kol Xiirapel<^ âav heo/juevot pbr)KeTL vofiiêiv

auTot/? TToXe/jLLOv;, aXX' C09 (^tXot? xp^^^^'' '^"^

3 TTtareveLV. ehoêv ovv tw Tiêpio) ravra iroielv,

TMV re heXrcov irepiexofievco Kal hehoiKoTL irapo-

^vueiv ft)? dTTLarov/Jiivovf; tol;? ôfiavrlvov;, elaeX-

dovTi he eh TTJV TToXiv Trpcorov fjbev aptarov

irapiOeaav, Kal irdaav eiroirjaavro herjaiv efiifia-

yelv TL KOLvfi fxer avrcov KaO>]/jLevov' eireLra Ta<;

heXrov; direhoaavy Kal rcov dXXwv a /SovXoito

'XpfJP'CLTOiv Xaffetv exeXevov. 6 h^ ovhev rj rov

XilSavwrov m 7r/)09 rafj hr^fioaiafi i^pv'ô Ovaia^

Xa^(t)v, dirrjXOev da7raadjjL€vo<i Kal <îXo^povr}6e\^

rov<; dvhpa^,VII. 'Evrel he eU 'Fcofjuyv eiravrjXdev, r) fiev oXrj

7rpaft9 ft)9 heivr] Kal KaTaicr)(vvov(ra rnv 'Pco/jiyjv

alrlav elê Kal KaTTjyoplav, ol he tmv arpaTicorcov

OLKeloi Kal (jilXoi fieya fi€po<; 6vTe<; rod hrj/iov

avverpexov 7rpo<; top Tiêpiov, ra fxev alaxpctTcop yeyovoTcov dva<pepovre(; eh rov dpôvra, he*

avrov he (TcoêaOai roaovrov<; iroXira^ (pdaKovre<;.

2 ol fxevroi hvcrx^paCvovre^; ra Treirpay/iieva fMifiet- 827

aOai rov^ rrpoyovovi eKeXevov Kal yap eKelvot

156

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, vi. 2-vii. 2

three or four companions. After summoning forth

the magistrates of Numantia, he asked them to bringhim his tablets, thatjtie might not give his en^flokg

opp6rtlTnlty~to malign him by not being able to ^iyean account of his administration. The Nuniantines,

accordingly, delighted at the chance to do him a

favour^ invited him to enter the city ;and as he

stood deliberating the matter, they drew near and

clasped his hands, and fervently entreated him no

longer to regard them as enemies, but to treat and

trust them as friends. Tiberius, accordingly, decided

to do this, both because he set great store by his

tablets, and because he feared to exasperate the

Numantines by showing them distrust. After he had

entered the city, in the first place the Numantinesset out a meal for him, and entreated him by all

means to sit down and eat something in their

comj)any; next, they gave him bacii his- tablets, and

urged liim to take whatever he wanted of the rest of

his property. He took nothing, however, except the.,

frankincense which he was wont to use in the public

sacrifices, and after bidding them farewell with every

expression of friendship, departed.VII. When he came back to Rome, the \yhQlfi„^

transaction Mas blamed and denounced as a ter-

rible^ disgrace to the city, although the relatives

and friends of the soldiers, who formed a large partof the people, came flocking to Tiberius, imputingthe disgrace in what had happened to his commander,but insisting that it was due to Tiberius that the

lives of so many citizens had been saved. Those,

however, who were displeased at what had been done

urged for imitation the example of their ancestors,

who flung to the enemy unarmed the generals

157

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TOv<; aya7râavTa<i viro âvvirSyv aêOrjvai (rrpa-

Trjyov<i avTOV<i t€ Tolf; 7roXeyu.tot9 yvfivovf; Trpoar-

epptyjravy koI tou? €(f)a'âp€Vov<; koX fjueraaôvTa^

Tcjv aiTOvhodv, olov ra/jLLa^ koI )(îXLdpxov<;, ofioiafi

TTpovâXov, eh eKeivovf; rrjv iinopKiav koI ttjv

3 BiaXvaiv t(Ov w/MoXoyq/jiivcov rpeTrovTe^;. evOa Brj

Kal fiaXLara rrjv tt/oo? top Tiêpiov evvoiav Koi

airovhrjv iîcprjvev 6 StJ/xo?. top fiev yap virajov

€'^r](f)iaavro yvjivov koX BeBefxevov irapaBovvai

Tot<? NofJiavTivoi^;, T(bv Be dWcov idteiaavro ttclvtwv

Bia TiêpLov. BoKel Be Kal XKrjTrlcDV ôrjdrjaai,

fieyLGTOî o)V Tore Kal irXetarop Bwd/juevof; 'Pcw-

fjLaiwv aX\! ovBev tjttov ev alriaL^ rjv on top

M-ajKLPOP ov irepieaodarePt ovBe ra? aTropBa^; epure-

Boodrjpai roL<; No/jLaPTlpoLt\oTLfiLa<i Kal tcop eTracpoPTcop

TOP Tiêpiov <f)iXo)P Kal cro^LaTSip eKyepeaOai tcl

TTj^ Bia(f)0pd<;. aX,V avTrj ye tt/jo? ovhep dprjKeaTOP

ovBe (pavXop efeVeo-e. BoKel B^ dp fioi firjBa/jLc!)^

nrepLireaelp 6 TLêpio<; ol? eiraOep, el Trapfjp avTOv

TOi? iroXiTev/jiaat, XKrjiTLwp 6 Â(f)pLKap6<;' pvp Be

eKeiPov irepl NopaPTiap 6pto<; rjBrj Kal 7ro\€jiovPTo<;

Tj^lraTO T7j<; irepl tov^ p6p,ov<; TroXtreta? ck T0iavT7)<;

alTiaî.

YIII. 'Voy/iiaiOL t^9 tcjp daTvyecTOPcop )(^(opa^

oarjp direTep.oPTO TTo\efi(p, ttjv fiep eiTLTrpaa-KOP,

IS8

i

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, vii. 2-viii. i

themselves who had been satisfied to be let go by the

Samnites, and in like manner cast forth those whohad taken hand and share in the treaty, as for instance

the quaestors and military tribunes, turning upontheir heads the guilt of perjury and violation of the

pact.^ In the present affair, indeed, more than at

any other time, the people showed their good will

and affection towards Tiberius. For they voted to

deliver up the_ consiU unarmed and in bonds to the5fuman tines, but spared all the other officers for the

s5^e_orTTnberius. It would seem, too, that Scipio,

who was tlien the greatest and most influential manat Rome, helped to save themj but none the less hewas bhrniecT^ for npj sav^^^^ for not

insisting that the treaty with the Numantines, whichhad been made through the agency of his kinsmanand friend Tiberius, should be kept inviolate. It

would appear that the disagreement between thetwo men arose chiefly through the ambition of

Tiberius and from the friends and sophists who urgedhim on. But this disagreement certainly resulted in

no mischief past remedy. And in my opinionTiberius would never have met with his great luistor-

tunes if Scipio African us had been present at Romed[uring his political activity. But as it was, Siiipiowas already at Numantia^ and waging war there when.Tiberiu s began to agitate for his agrarian laws. Theoccasion of this was as follows.

VIII. Of the territory which the Romans won in

war from their neighbours, u. part they sold, and a

1 In 321 B.C. Of. Cicero, De off., iii. 30, 109.^ By Tiberius and his friends,'Scipio was sent against Numantia in 134 B.C., and took

and destroyed the city in the following year, in which yearalso Tiberius was killsd.

159

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rr}v Bh TTOLOVfievoL Brjfjuoa-Lav iBiBoaav ve/neadai

Tot<; aKTi]/jLO(jL Koi anropoiî reap iroXiTcoVf oltto-

(popav ov TToWrjv eh ro Brjîoa-iov reXovaiv,

2 apâfievcdv Be rwv TrXovaiWV virepâXkeiv ra?

a7ro(j)opa<; koI tov<; 7rev7)Ta<; iêXavvoprcov, eypd^r)

v6fio<; ovK ia>v ifkeOpa 7^9 e%6ti^ nrkeiova twv

irevraKoaiayv. koX fipa'xyv fiev -x^povov eVeo-^ê

Tr}v TrXeove^lav to ypd/jUfia tovto, fcal rot? irevr]-

aiv eÔijdrjae Kara 'X^copav fxevovatv eirl tmv pue-

p.iaO(op,evcov kol vepLOfievoL*; r)v eKaaro^; i^ «PX^*»3 el%€ poipav. varepov Be rcov jecTVKovTwv irXov-

aicov v7roffXijroi<; irpoacoiroL^ pera(f)ep6vTa)V ra?

pLiaO(t}aei<; et? eavroix;, T6A.09 Be (âvep6i<^ rjBr) Be*

lavTcov TO, irXelara Kare'XôvTwv, e^waOevref; 01

7rev7jre<i ovre Ta2<; arparelaLf; en 7rpoOvpov<i irapel-

ypv eauTOu?, rjpieXovv re TraiBwv dvaTpoc^rj^, Siare

ra^y Trjv ÎraXiav diraaav oXiyavBpiai; eXevGepwvala-QeaOai, BecrpLwr-qpiayv Be âpâpiKcJv ( piire

TrXrjaOai, Be wv eyecopyovv ol irXovaiOL rd')(copia.

i TOV<; 'TroXira<i eêXdaavje^. eiTe)(eLp7]ae piv ovv

rfi BiopOdaaei Fato? Kai\LO<; 6 ^K7]7rLa)Po<i eialpo<i.

dvriKpovadvrwv Be tmv Bvvarcov ô^r)6e\<^ top

Oopvôp Kol TravcrdpLepo's eTreKXrjOr] croô? rj (ppo-

PLpLo^' eKdrepop yap eBo/cev a7]paLP€LP 6 (Ta7rlr]p<:.

o Tty8e/)i09 Be Brjpap')(ôdpT)^ <j>vyd<; rjv M.irvXrjPaLO'i, 6 Be avroOep

160

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, viii. 1-5

part they made common land, and assigned it for

occupation to the poor and indigent among the

citizens, on payment of a small rent into the publi9treasury. And when the rich began to offer largerrents and drove ou t the . pooTj a law was enacted

forbidding the holdingL-by ^fm^-pf^rsmvof more thaiufivr himilniygn^rrT of land. For a short time this

enactment gave a check to the rapacity of the rich,and was of assistance to the poor, who remained in

their places on the land which they had rented and

occupied the allotment which each had held from tiie

outset. But later on the neighbouring rich men, bymeans of fictitious personages, transferred these

rentals to themselves, and finally held most of theland openly in their own names. Then the poor,who had been ejected from their land, no longershowed themselves eager for military service, and

neglected the bringing uj) of children, so that soon

alLJtaly was conscious of a dearth of freemen, andwas filled with gangs of foreign slaves, by whose aid

the rich cultivated their estates, from which they hajLdriven away the free citizens. An atteni])t was there-

fore made to rectify this evil, and by Gains Laelius

the comrade of Scipio ; but the men of influence

opposed his measures, and he, fearing the disturbance

which might ensue, desisted, and received the

surname of Wise or Prudent (for the Latin word"sapiens

"would seem to have either meaning).

Tiberius, however, on being elected tribune of the '^if

people, took the matter directly in hand. He wasincited to this step, as most writers say, by Diophanesthe rhetorician and Blossius the philosopher.

Diophanes was an exile from Mitylene, but Blossius

161

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ef 'IraXta? Kv/jbah^, ÂvTcirdrpov rod Ta/3cr6ft)9

tyeyoicb^ iv aarei avvrjOrj^ koX TerLfxrjixevo<;vir

avrov irpoa^covrjaecTL ypa/jL/mdrcov <î\oao<^03V*

evLOi he koI KopvrjXlav (TvueirairLOiVTai rr]V firj-

T6pa TToWciKif; Tov(; vlov^ oveihiôvaav on 'Po)-

fiaiOL ^Kr)7ricovo<; avTrjv en irevOepdv, ovirco Be

6 fjLTjTepa Tpdyx^cov Trpoaayopevovcnv. dWot oe

Xiropiov TLva Tloarov/MLov aXrvov yevecrOai Xeyov-

Giv, r}\iKiQ)Tr]v rov TiêpLov koX irpo^; Soâv

€(f>dfitWov avTw irepX rd^ o-vvrjyopta^t ov, co?

eTTavTjXOev diro r?}? arparLd^;, evpoDV iroXv rj} ho^rj

Kol rfi BvvdfieL 7rapr}Wa)(0Ta /cal Oav/JLaôfievov,

rjOeXrjaev, ft)? eoLKev, vireppakecrOai iroXirevfiaTo^; o2j

irapaBokov /cat /jLeydXrjv TrpooSoKLav eôvTOf;

7 dyjrdfjLevo^;, 6 8' dBeX(l)6<; avrov Td'io<; ev rivt

fii/SXio) yeypa(j)ev eh Ôfxavriav iropevofxevov Sid

Trj<; TvpprjvLa^; rov Tifiepiov, kol rrjv eprj/jbiav t?)?

'y^copa^ opcovra koI tov<; yecopyovvra^ rj ve/JLovra^

olKera^ eireiaaKTOv^ kcli âp^dpov^. Tore irpoiTov

eirl vovv paXeaOau rrjv fjLvpicov xaKcov dpâaavauTOt? TToXLTeiav. rrjv Be TrXeiorrrjv avrb^; 6 Brj-

yLto9 6pixr)V fcal (piXoTipLLav €^7]'\jre, Trpo/caXov/juevo^

Bid ypa/nfidrcov avrov ev aroal^ Kal rotôi? Kal

fxvTjpaai Karaypacpofjievwv dvaXaêlv rol<; irevrjai

rrjv BrjfioaLav ')(a}pav.

IX. Ov fir)v e^' avrov ye avvidrjKe rov vofiov,

T0i9 Be rrpwrevovaiv dperfj Kal Bo^rj ro)v TroXircov

avfifiovXoi<; ')(^p7]ad/j,€vo<i, oiv Kal Kpdacro<; rjv 6

dp^tepev^; Kal yiovKio^; XKai^6Xa<^ 6 vofioBeLKTr)<;

162

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, viii. 5-ix. i

was a native Italian from Cumae, had been an intimate

friend of Antipater of Tarsus at Rome, and had beenhonoured by him with the dedication of philosophicaltreatises. But some put part of the blame uponCornelia the mother of I'iberius, who often reproachedher sons because the Romans still called her themother-in-law of Scipio, but not yet the mother of

the Gracchi. Others again say that a certain SpuriusPostumius was to blame. He was of the same age as

Tiberius, and a rival of his in reputation as an advo-

cate ;and when Tiberius came back from his cam-

paign and found that his rival had far outstrij)pedhim in reputation and influence and was an object of

I public admiration, he determined, as it would seem,(to outdo him by engaging in a bold political measure

!which would arouse great expectations among the

people. But his brother Gaius, in a certain pamphlet,^has written that as Tiberius was passing throughTuscany on his way to Numantia, and observed the

dearth of inhabitants in the country, and that those

who tilled its soil or tended its flocks there were

imported barbarian slaves, he then first conceived the

public policy which was the cause of countless ills to

th§_two brothers. However, the energy and ambitionof Tiberius were most of all kindled by the peoplethemselves, who posted writings on porticoes, house-

walls, and monuments, calling upon him to recover

for the poor the public land.

IX. He did not, however, draw up his law byhimself, but took counsel with the citizens who wereforemost in virtue and reputation, among whom wereCrassus the pontifex maxim us, Mnrins Scaevola the

^Probably a political pamphlet in the form of a letter. Cf.

Cicero, de div. ii. 29, 62.

163

PLUTARCH'S LIVÊS

VTrarevwv tots kol KXauSto? "Attttio^; 6 /crjSea-rr}'^

2 Tov TLpepLOv. KOI SoKet v6/io<; eh dSiKiau koI

TT\eov€îau roa-avrrjv /jLrjSeTrore irpaorepo^; ypa-

^?]vai Koi pbokaKODTepo^. 01)9 >yap eSec Sl/crjv rrj<;

airetOeia^ hovvai koX jiera ^^j/xLa^; rjv irapa Tov<i

vofJbov^ eKapTTOVvro ')(^(t)pav d(f)€LPai, tovtov<; eKe-

\evae rifirjv TrpocrXafi/SduovTa^; eKâiveiv mvdSifcayî €KeKTrjvTO, koi 'iTapahe)(ê(T6ai rov<; ôrj-

3 Oeia'^ Beofievov^ tmv ttoXitcov. dXXd Kaiirep ovrco

T?}? e7ravop9a)a €(!)<; oi>ar)<i evyvco/iovo^, 6 fiev 8rj/jL0<;

'^ydira, TrapeU rd yeyevrj/xeiâ, iravaaadau to

XoiTTOV dSLKOV/juevof;, ol Be TrXovatOL kol fCTrj/xaTiKol

irXeoveîa fiev tov v6/jlov, opyfj 8e kol ^LXoveiKiaTOV vo/jLoOerrjv Bt* e)(Ôov<; eôvTe^, €7re)(^6ipouv

diTOTperreLV tov BrjjjLOV, 6i<^ yt]<; dvaBaafiov eirl

avyx^vaei tt]<; TroXtre/a? ela-dyovTo<; tov TtêplovKol irdvTa TrpdyfiaTa kivovvto<;.

4 'AXX' ovBev eirepaivov 6 yap Tiêpto'; tt/oo?

KaXrjv vTToOeaLv koX htKaiav dy(ovL^6/j.evo<; XoywKOL (j>avX6Tepa Koa/birjaaL Bwa/uuevq) TrpdyfiaTaBeivocDXebv ex^L Kal KoiTalov eaTiv avTMv eKaaTW6 Kal KaTaBv(T€i<;,^ toU Be virep rr)? 'IraXta? pâ-yo-

p.evov^ Kal diToQvTqdKovaiv depo^ Kal ^coto?,dXXov Be ovBevcx; jxiTecTTLv, dXX! doLKOL Kal dvi-

BpvTOt yLt€Ta TeKvrov TrXavMVTai Kal yvvaiKcov, ol

Be avTOKpdTope<i yjreuBovTac tov^; aTpaTCcoTa<i ev

Tat9 p^d)(âi,^ TTapaKaXovvTe<i virep Taipcov Kal

^ KUTaBua-eis Bekker and many other editors have KardSvaiSfafter Stephanus and Reiske.

164

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, ix. 1-5

jurist, who was then consul, and App^^^s Claudius^ his

father-in-law. And it is thought that a law dealingwith injustice and rapacity so great was never drawn

up in milder and gentler terms. For men who ,

ought to have been punisiied for their disobedience

and to have surrendered with payment of a fine the

land which they were illegally enjoying, these menit merely ordered to abandon their injiist acquisitions

upon being })aid their value, and to admit into owner-

shvp of them such citizens as needed assistance. But

although the rectification of the wrong was so

considerate, the people were satisfied to let bygonesbe bygones if they could be secure from such wrongin the future ; ^henien of w^alUiL^ajid subst

however, were ledbytneTr~greed to hate the law, and

by their wrath and contentiousness to hate the law-

giver, and tried to dissuade the people by allegingthat TiberiiJLSLWilS ifltroducing a re-distribution of

land for the confusion of the body politic, andjtas

stirring up a general revolution.

But they accomplished nothing; for Tiberius,

strwing to support a measure which was honour-

able and just with an eloquence that wouldThave adorned even a meaner cause, was formid-

able and invincible, whenever, with the people

crowding around the rostra, he took his stand

there and pleaded for the poor.^' The wild ijf^

beasts that roam over Italy," he would say," have

every one of them a cave or lair to lurk in; but the

jnen wlio fight and die for Italy enjoy the commojiair and light, indeed^ but nothing else

;houseless and

homeless they wander about with their wives andcliildi-en. And it is with lying lips that their

imperators exhort the soldiers in their battles to

'65

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

lepMv a/jLvveadai tov^; TroXe/Atou?* ovBevl yap iartv

ov ffcofib^ Trarpwof;, ov/c rjplov irpoyovL/cov rcbv

ToaovTcov 'Pcjpâiwv, aXV virep 6XK.0Tpia<; Tpv^y)^KoX ttXovtov 7ro\€/jbovcn koI aTroOvrjaKOvat, KvpioL

rrj(; oiKOVjjbevrjf; elvai Xejofievoi, jjiiav Be ficoXovIBiav ovK €)(pVT€<;.

X. TouTOf? aiTo <l>povrj/jiaTO<; pêyaXov koI

rrddovf; aXijOivov tou? \6jov<; Kariovra^ êt? rov

Brjpov ivdovaLwvTa koI avveâviardpêvov ot-Set?

vcfyiaraTO rcov ivavriwv. edaavTe<i ovv ro dvrt-

\sr/6LV eVt MdpKov 'O/crd/SLOV rpeirovraL twv

Br)p.dp^(ov €va, veaviav ip^^piOrj to 7]0o<; kul

2 Koap^LOv, kratpov he rov Ttêpiov kol arvvÔrf. Bio

TO pev TrpcoTov alBovpevo^ eKelvov dveBveTO' iroX-

\(ov Be Kol BvvarSiv Beopevcov koI XLTrapovvrcov

wairep €«:j8tacTêt? dvTLKaOia-Taro tm Tiêpiw koI

BceKpovero rov vopov. eari Be rod KcoXvovro^ ev

TOt? Br]p,dp')(pL^ ro Kpdro^' ovBev yap ol ttoWol3 K€\evovr€<; irepaivovcTLV evo<i evicrrapevov. rrpo^rovro irapo^vvOeU 6 TifiepLo^ rov p,ev <f)iXdv-

OpcoTTov erraveikero vopov, rov Be r)Bico re rot?

TToXX-ot? Kol acpoBporepov eVl rov<; dBiKOvvra^

el(7ecf)€pev rjBr), KeXevcov e^laraaOat rr)<; pôi/ja? rjv

€K€Krr)vro irapa tov<; irporepov^ v6pov<;.

4 ^Haav ovv opov ri KaO' eKdar7]v rjpepav dy(ove<;

avr(p 7rpo<; rov Ôfcrd/Siov eVl rov l3i]paro<;, ev 829

0I9, Kaiirep ef aKpa<; (T7rovBrj<; Kal <f)tXoveiKLa<;

dvrepeiBovreî, ovBev elirelv Xeyovrat irepi dXXrj-Xcov (f>avXov, ovBe pijpa Trpoireaelv Oarepov Trpo^

* Kariiuras Bekker has Kararelvovra, after Coraes, from thevariant KaraTiivouTas.

166

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, ix. 5-x. 4

Îffrnd fi^pnlf'hrPCflTifl sTirinpg f^n^p t,|]fi ff^Pmy ; for

pot a man ofthem has an hereditary altarj^not one of all

it]]pc;^TnanyTfornans an ailCCStral toml)_, but they fight

'

^nd die to support otliers in wealth and luxuryj^ndthough they are styled masters of the worldj theyhave not a single clod of earth that is their own."

X. Such words as thcse^ the })roduct of aloftyi.

cpi'rit. and jTPniiine feelingând falling upon the ears

of a people profoundly moved and fully aroused to

the speaker's support, no adversary of Tiberius could

successfully withstand. Abandoning therefore all

counter-pleading, they addressed themselves to

Marcus .Octa.viu&, one of the popular tribunes, a youngman of sober character, discreet, and an intimate

companion of Tiberius. On this account Qctaviii&at

f\r;st tried to hold himself aloof, out of regard for

Tiberius ;but he was forced from his position, as it

were, by the prayers and supplications of manyinfluential men,^soJilia,t_.he set himself in opposition /

tcL-Tiberiufl nnd staved off the passage of the law.'V^^^ftT

Now, the decisive power is in the hands of any tribune

who interposes his veto ;for the wishes of the *

^

majority avail nothing if one tribune is in opposition. )^jjÎncensed at this procedure, Tiberius withdrew hisl

^TâQonsiderate law, and introduced this time one whiciivrvvcAf*^

\vas more agreeable to the rnultitude and more severe \jyâgainst^tjie wrongdoers, since it simply ordered themto vacate without compensation the land which they^had acquired in violation of the earlier laws.

Almost every day, therefore, there were forensic

contests between Tiberius and Octavius, in which, as

we are told, although both strove together with the

utmost earnestness and rivalry, neither abused theother or let fall a single word about the other which

167

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rov erepov 8t' opyrjv aveiTLTrjheiov. ov yap fiovov6V âK'êvpiaGiv} tw? eoiKev, dWa koI iv (f>t\o-

Tf/xtat? Kal opyal^ to Tre^vKevav KaXa)<; koI ttc-

TTaihevaOai acocppovax; i(f)LcrT7jai Kal KaraKoap.el

5 rrjv Bidvocav. iirel Se ecopa rov Ôicrd^Lov eVe;^©-

fjLevov TO) vo/jLW Kal Karexôvra Tfj<; hrjpoaia<i

')(^ci)pa<; av)(yriv 6 Ttj3epL0'i, iSelro irapelvai rrjv

^tXoveiKLaVy vcpiard/jLevo^; avrcp rrjv tl/jltjv diro-

BaocreLv €K tmv lSlcov, Kalirep ov \ap.7Tpa)v ovrcov.

ovK dvaa')(ôp,evov Be rov 'O/crayStou, Bcaypd/Jifiari

ra? dWa^; dp)(d a<^paylBa<i IBia^ eireâXev, ottco?

ol rapîai /jLrjBev ef avrov \ap./3dvoi€V /jirjS' ela<ê-

poiev, Koi TOt? dir€iOt]aaaL rcov o-rparriycop ^rjp^lav

€7r6Krjpvêv, ware 7rdvra<i VTroSetcrai^Ta? d<p€ii'ai

7 rr)v eKdaro) TrpoaijKOvaav oiKOvo/uLiav. ivrevOev

ol KTrj/jiaTiKol TO? p,ev iaOfjra'i fjuereâXov Kal

irepirjeaav ouKrpol Kal raireivol Kara rrjv dyopdv,iirepovkevov Be rSt TLêpiw Kpvcpa Kal avvi-

(TTaaav eV avrop tou? dvaipijaovra^. Mare Ka-

Kelvov ovBevo<i dyvoovvro^ vTro^covvvaOac î(f)lBL0v

XrjarpiKov, o BoXcova KaXovcnv.

XI. ^Kvardar)<i Be rf]<; ryyitepa? Kal rov Btj/jlov

avrov KaXovvro<; eirl rrjv yjrrjcfyov, r^pTrdaOrftjav

VTTO rojv irXovatcov ai vBpiai, Kal rd yivofieva

iroXXrjv eZê cTuy^^fcrti^. ov pbrjv dXXd rcov irepl

Tiêpiov ttXtjOcl ^tdcraaOat Bvvapêvcov Kal (tv(t-

rpe(f)op>ev(ov iirl rovro, MaXXto? Kal ôvX^lo^,

* KoX yap iu ffxKXfv/xaffiv

olff' ^ ye ffuxppwv ov Siatpdap-fjtrcTai

(Euripides, Bacchae, 310 f. (Kirchhoflf)).

i68

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, x. 4-xi. i

anger made unseemly. For not only" in Bacchic

revelries," as it appears, but also in the exercise of

rivalry and wrath, a noble nature and a sound train-

ing restrain and regulate the mind. Moreover, whenTiberius observed that Octavius himself was amenableto the law as a large holder of the public land, he

begged him to remit his opposition, promising to payhim the value of the land out of his own means, _

although these were not splendid. But Octavius

wjau ld not (^9ppf^n|; to this, and therefore Tiberius

issued an edict, forbidding all the other magistratesto transact any public business until such time as the

vote should be cast either for or against his law. Healso put his prJY.'^tp

spal iippn the tem])le of Saturn,in order that the quaestors might not take any""

money from its treasury or ))ay an}! into it, and he*

made proclamation that a penalty would be im})Osed

upon such praetors as disobeyed, so that all magis-trates grew fearful and ceased performing their

several functions. Thereu})on the men of property

put on the garb of mourning and went about the

forum in pitiful and lowly guise ;but in secret they _

plotted against the life of Tiberius and tried to raise

a band of assassins to take him off, so that Tiberius

on his part—and everybody knew it—wore a con-

cealed short-sword such as brigands use (the namefor it is

" dolo ").

XI. When the appointed day was come and Tiber-

ius was summoning the peoj)le to the vote, the voting"urns were stolen away by the party of the rich, and

great confusion arose. However, the supporters of

Tiberius were numerous enough to force the issue,

and were banding together for this purpose, when

169

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

dvBpe^ viraTLKoi, irpod'irecrovTe'i to) Tiffepifp koI

^(eipoiiv aiTTOixevoi fcal haKpvovre^ iBeovro iravaa-

2 aOac. Tov Be koI to /leWov ocrov ovttm Bei-vbv i]Srj

o-vfjL(f)povovvTO<i, /cal Bl alBo) tmv avBpcov irvOo-

fievov ri Kekevovai irpdrreLV avrov, ovk ecjiaaav

dî6)(pe(i) elvai tt/oo? TJjXiKavrrjv av/jufiovXiav,

iirirpe-ylrai Be rfj ôvXy KcXevovTa koI Beofxevoi

o-vverreiaav,

'n? Be ovBev eTzepaLvev rj ôvXr) avveXdovaaBca TOV<i irXovaiov; la')(vovra^ ev avrfj, rpeirsTaL

irpo'i epyov ov vo/xcpôv ovBe eiTLeLKe^, dfêXeaOai

T% d,p')(rjfiTOV Ôktu^lov, dpuijâvcov aXXo)? iira-

3 yayetv tm vopLO) ttjv '\jrr]<f)ov.koX irpcoTOP /xev

iBeLTO (j)av€pa)<; avTOV, X6yov<; re 7rpoa(f)epQ)v

(piXavOpdiTTov^ KOI 'Xêipoyv aTTTopbevo'^, tvBovvai

Kai 'xapiaaaOai tw Brjpi(p BtKaia puev dîovvTt,

p,iKpd Be dvTL pLsydXwv tcovwv koI kivBvvmv Xrjyjro-

pievcp. BicoOovpiivov Be tov Ôktu^lov t^jv evTevîvVTreiTTODV 6 Tiêpiof; co? ovk ecJTLv dpôvTa<; dpLcpo-

T6pov<; KoX irepl irpaypbaTCDV pueydXwv dir Xgt)^

eôv(jla<i BiaêpopLevov^ dvev iroXepLov BieêXOelvTOV ')(p6vov, ev Lapua tovtov puovov opdv €(f)7] to

4 iravaaaOai r?)? dp')(ri^ tov eTepov. koX irepl avTOv

ye TTpoTepov tov ÔKTdffiov CKeXevae tm Bi]fi(p -yjri)-

<f)OV dvaBovvar KaTa^rjaea-Oat yap evdvrj irepl eKeivov

'^fj(f)ov dvaBcocreiv, idv purj pueTayvcb /3ovX€vadpLevo<;.

XII. Kat t6t€ puev eVt tovtol<; BieXva-e ttjv

170

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xi. i-xii. i

Manlius and Fulvius, men of consular dignity, fell

down before TiberiuSj clasped his hands, and with

tears besought him to d(;sist. Tiberius, conscious thalE'

the future was now all but desperate, and moved

by respect for the men, asked them what theywould have him do. They replied that they werenot competent to advise in so grave a crisis, and

urged him with entreaties to submit thcjcase to^thesenate. To,.thisJIiberius consfiatfid-

But the senate in its session accomplished nothing,

owing to the prevailing influence of the wealthyclass in it, and therefore Tiberius resorted to a

measure which was illegal and unseemly, the ejectionof Octavius from h^s office ;

but he was unable in anyother way to bring his law to the vote. In the first

place, however, he begged Octavius in juiblic, ad-^

dressing him with kjjprllywTTrTTg and clasping his hands,

t.2_SiYeJirL_?md gratify the people, who demanded

only their just rights, and would receive only a

trifling return for great toils and perils. But Octavius

rejephed t.l^fi_j2g^,itiop. and therefore Tiberius, after

premising that, since they were colleagues in office

with equal powers and differed on weighty measures,it was impossible for them to complete their term of

office without open war, said he saw only one remedyfor this, and that was for one or the other of them to

give up his office. Indeed, he urged Octavius to puLtg the people a vote on his own case first, promisingto retire at once to private life if this should be the

wiTI of the citizens. But Octaviug; was unwilling, andtherefore Tiberius declared that he would put the

case of Octavius unless Octavius should change his

mind upon reflection.

XII. With this understanding, he dissolved the

171

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

€K/c\r)(Tiav' rfi 3' vcnepaia rod SijfMov avve\66vTO<;

avaâ^ iirl ro ^rfixa irakLv eiretparo ireiOeLV rov

Ôxraîov o)? Se rjv afxerdTTetaro^;, elai^veyKe

vofiov d(j>aLpov/ji€vov avrov ttjv Srj/jLapx^cLV, kol

TOi'9 TToXtVa? €v6v<; iKokei rrjv \lr7](j)ov eiTLêpovTa<^,2 ovacjv Be irevre fcal TptaKovra (pvXcop, co? al Be/ca-

eirra rrjv '^7)(f>ov eTrevrjvoxîcrav koX /jLLd<; en

irpoo-yevofievT]'; eSet top ''OKraficov IBtcorrjv yevi-

aOaiy K6\6V(Ta<; iincTêLV avdiî iBelro rod 'O/cra-

^Lov Kal TTeptefiaXev avrov iv oyjrei rod Bi]p.ov Koi

KarrjaTrdêro, \c7rap(ov koX Beofjuevo^ /jltjO' eavrov 83C

drLjiov irepilBelv yevofMevov fitjr eKeivw fiapeoôvTO) Kal a/cvOpcoTTov 7ro\i,T€vjjLaTO<; alriav irpoa-

d-xjrai. ^^3 TovTwv Twv Berjcrecov ov Trai^reXw? dreyKTOP f^

ovB^ drevT) Xeyovaiv dKpodaOai rov Ô/crdîov, •

dWd Kal BaKpucov vTroTrl/xTrXaaOai rd o/x/iaraKal aicoirav iirl ttoXvv ')(^p6vov. co? fievToi Trôo?

Tov<^ irXovoîov^ Kal rov<^ KTr)/jLaTiKov<; avvearcjraî

dTre^Xeyjrev, alBeaOel^ BoKel Kal (fyofirjOeU rrjv

Trap eVetVofc? dBoîav vTToarrjvaL irdv Beivov ovk ^dy€vv(o<; Kal KsXevaat irpdrreLv o fiovXerai, rov ^^M

4 Tiffepiov. ovT(o Brj rov vo/jlou KVpwOevro'^ 6 fiev '

Ti/5e/3to9 Tcov direXevOepwv rivl Trpoaeraêv diro

rov 0^fjLaro<; eXKucrai rov 'OKrd^cov i)(pfJTo Be

xjiTY)peTaL<; direXevOepoL^ IBloi<;, Kal rovro rrjv 6\jriv

OLKrporepau rov ÔKrajSiov irapeax^v eXKopuevov5 irpo^ v$piv. 6 Be Brjô^ ecpdypfXTjaev avrcp, Kal

TOiv irXovaiwv avvBpapLovTcov Kal BLaa")(pvT(DV ra?

')(êlpa^,6 fxep 'OKrd/Sto^ ecrcodr] pLoXcf; eâpirayel^;

Kal BLa(j)vya)P rou 6^(XoVy olKerrjv Be avrov iriarov

172

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xii. 1-5

assembjj__fot_tliat day ; but on the ibllowing day,;,

after the people had come together, he mounted the

rostra and once_more-attenipted.tD persuade Octavius.

When, however, Octavius was not to be persuaded7Til)erius introduced a law depriving him of his

tribuneship, and summoned the citizens to cast their"

votes upon it^t once. Now, there were five and thirty"

tribes, and when seventeen of them had cast their

votes, and the addition of one more would make it

necessary for Octavius to become a private citizen,

Tiberius called a halt in the voting, and againentreated Octavius, embracing and kissing him in

the sight of the people, and fervently begging himnot to allow himself to be dishonoured, and not to

attach to a friend responsibility for a measure so

grievous and severe.

On hearing these entreaties, we are told, Octavius

was not altogether untouched or unmoved ; his eyesfilled with tears and he stood silent for a long time.

But when he turned his gaze towards the men of

wealth and substance who were standing in a bodytogether, his awe of them, as it would seem, and his

fear of ill repute among them, led him to take everyrisk with boldness and Jjiid . Tiberius do what he^

jilfi^sed. And so the law was passed, and Tiberius

ordered one of his freedmen to drag Octavius frona^

tUfijaisira; for Tiberius used his freedmen as officers,

and this made the sight of Octavius dragged alongwith contumely a more pitiful one. Moreover, the

people made a rush at him, and though the men of

w^ealth ran in a body to his assistance and spread out

their hands against the crowd, it was with difficulty

that Octavius was snatched away and safely rescued

from the crowd ;and a trusty servant of his who

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

efjLirpoaOev ecncoTa fcal Trporeray/jLefOV eêrv-

<j)\(oaav, dKOVTO<; rov Ti/Sepiov, koX tt/jo? tov

OopvjSov, 009 yadero ra yivopeva, TroWfj airovhy

KarahpapLOVTO^.XIIL 'E/c TOVTov Kvpovrav /xev 6 irepl t%

')(â)pa<; v6p,o<;, alpovurai 8e rpeU dpSp€<; eVl r^y

BtaKptatv Kol Siavo/JLijv, auro? Tiêpio^ /cal KXav-

8iO? "ATTTTto? 7rev6€po<i /cal Fato? Tpajx^'i o

aSeXô?, ou irapODV 0^x09, aXXa utto X/crjTricovi

2 7ryoo9 ô/JLavTuav (rrpaT€v6p,evo<i. ravra tov Tl-

êplov hiairpaâpevov KaQ^ '))(jv'îav fir]B€vo<i

ivLarafiivoVy kol 7rpb<; Tovroi<; Bij/jiapxov avriKara-

(TTTjaavTO^; ovheva tcov i'm(j)av(i)v, aWd Mov/ciov

Tiva, TreXdryv avTov, 7rpo<; iravra hva')(epalvovTe<i

ol Bwarol KOL <ôpovp,evoi tov Tiêplov ttjv av-

^7jaiv iv Tjj ôvXy TrpoeTnjXaKiôp avTov, uItov-

fxevw p,ev, 009 eOo^ iaTVP, e/c Bij/hoo-lov crK-qvrjV,

3 07ra)9 exoi Biave/JLOJV t7)v 'xôdpav, ov 8oz^Te9, CTepcov

€7r' iXaTToa-L -^^^peiai^ ttoXXuki^ XaôvTcov, dvd-

Xa)fxa Be €t9 e/cdaTrjv rjfiipav ivvea 6poXov€pep e/câipeiP avTrj<; dpay/ca-

fo/A€I^09.

4 'O Bk BfjpLo<; eTi fidXXop iê/cdeTO' /cal (j)iXov

TfW9 Tft) TiffepLO) TeX€VT7](TapTo<; al<f>PLBi(o iJLO')(6r)po)p eTTiBpafMOPTcop, fio-

<t)PTe<: VTTO (ftap/jbd/ccop dprjprjaOai top dpOpcowop

174

I

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xii. 5-xiii. 4

stood in front of his master and protected him, hadh4s eyes torn out, against the protest of Tiberius, who,when he perceived what was going on, ran downwith great haste to appease the tumult.

XIII. After this the agrarian law jyas passed, andthree men were chosen for the survey and distribu-.

tion of the public land, Tiberius^ himself, AppiusClaudms

.his father-in-law, and Caius Gracchus his

brotlier, whojwag not at Rome, but was serving under-

Scipio in the expedition against Numantia. These

measures were carried out by Tiberius quietly and

without opposition, and, besides, he procured the

election of a tribune in the place of Octavius. Thenew tribune was not a man of rank or note, but a

ceTtaih 3Tucius, a client of Tiberius. The aristocrats,

however, who were vexed at these proceedings and

feared the growing power of Tiberius, heaped insult

upon him in the senate. When he asked for the

customary tent at public expense^ for his use when

dividing up the public land, they would not give it, .

although other men had often obtained one for less

important purposes ; and tbgy fivpd his daily allow-

ance for expenses at nine obols.^ These things weredone on motion of PubHus Nasica, who surrendered

completely to his hatred of Tiberius. For he was a

very large holder of public land, and bitterly resented

his being forced to give it up.But the people were all the more inflamed ; and

when a friend of Tiberius died suddenly and his bodybroke out all over with evil spots, they ran in throngsto the man's funeral, crying out that he had been

poisoned to death, and they carried the bier them-

^ That is, in Roman money, nine sestertii, equivalent to

about twenty pence, or forty cents.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

€7rl Tr}V CKCpopav avvehpafiov koX to Xeô? ijpavro/cat OaTTTO/jievrp Trapearrjaav, ov âv\w<; vTTovorjaai

5 TTjv (f)app.aK€iav B6âvT€<;. eppdyrj yap 6 veKpo^Kal Bie(j)dop6TO)V vypMv TrXrjOof; iêfiXvaev, oiare

aTToajSio-ai T7)v <j)\6ya' Kal êpovrwv aXkr}v av6i<;

OVK €Ka€TO TTplv et? 6T€pOV TOTTOV fJLeTaKO/J-iaOr]Vai,

Kal TToXXa Trpay/jLarevcrafievcov fi6\i<; rj\j/aro to

TTVp aVTOV. TT/JO? TttUTa TOU? TTOXXOU? €TL poXXoV6 Tiêpio^ irapo^vvwv fieTefiaXe ttjv iaOijTa, Kal

T0U9 TratSa? Trpoayayoov iSelTO tov Brjp.ov tovtcov

KrjhecrOai Kal t^9 firjTpo^;, 01)9 auT09 a7reyv(OK0i)<i

eavTov.

XIV. *E7r€t he tov <îXofjLr]TOpo<i ÂttoXou teXcv-

Tr)(TavTO<i l^vBr]/jL0^ 6 JJ€pyafirji;o<; avijveyKe BiaOy-

H7)v ivfj KX7]pov6fio<; iyeypaiTTo tov fiaaLX60)<; 6

'YcofjiaLcov Brjfxofî evOvf; 6 Ti,^€pio<; hrfpâywyoyv

elarjveyKe v6p.ov 0770)9 to, âaiXiKa ')(^pr]/jiaTa

KopLcrOivTa T0t9 tijv 'X^capav hiaXay')(^dvova i twv

ttoXltwv v7rdp')(ôi irpo^ KaTaaKevrjv Kal yewpyia^2 dôp/JLtjv. Trepl Be tmv iroXecoVy ocrai rrj<; 'Arra-

Xov Pa(JiXeia<i rjaav, ovBevecprj ttj avyKXrjTw

ôvXeveaOai 7rpo(T7]Keiv, dXXa tw Btj/xq) yvcop^rjv

auT09 Trpodrjaetv. eK tovtov fidXiaTa irpoae- 831

Kpovae TTj ôvXf)' Kal UopLTrrjio'^ p,€v dvaa-To,^

e^Y) yeiTVLCLV Tm Tiffepiw Kal Blo, tovto yivooaKeiv

WvBrjfMov avT(p TOV ll€pyapLr)vbu tmv /SaaiXtKcbv

BidBrjiJLa BeBcoKOTa Kal irop^vpav, ft)9 /jleXXovtc

3 âaiXeveiv iv 'Fdy/jLr), K6ivT0<; Be MeTeXXoî covel-

Bl(T6 TOV TlpepLOV OTL TOV fxev 7raT/309 aVTOV

.76

I

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xiii. 4-xiv. 3

selves, and stood by at the last ceremonies. Andtheir suspicions of poison were thought to be notwithout reason. For the dead body burst open anda great quantity of corrupt humours gushed fortli, so

that the flame of the funeral pyre was extinguished. /

And when fresh fire was brought, again the body /

would not burn, until it was carried to another place,/

where, after much trouble, the fire at last took hold/

of it. Upon this, Tiberius, that he might exasperatethe multitude still more, put on a garb of mourning,brought his children before the assembly, and beggedthe people to care for them and their mother, sayingthat he despaired of his own life.

XIV. And now AttaluF-'Philometor died,^ and ^Eudemus of Pertranuini brought to Rome the king'slast-jyill and testament, by which the Roman peoplewas made his h eir. At once Tiberius courted })opularfavour by bringing in a bill which provided that the

money of KJiig._Attalus, when brought to Rome,should be given to the citizens who received a parcelof the public land, to aid them in stocking and tillingtheir farms. And as regarded the cities which wereincluded in the kingdom of Attains, he said it did

no t belong to the senate to deliberate about tliem,but he himself would submit a pertinent resolution

to thjEL45eople. By^his proceeding he gave more^offence^ jlian^ ever to the senate

; and Pompeius,rising to speak there, said that he was a neighbourof Tiberius, and therefore knew that Eudemus of

Pergamum had presented Tiberius with a royaldiadem and purple robe, believing that he was goingto be king in Rome. Moreover, Quintus Metellus

upbraided Tiberius with the reminder that whenever

1 In 133 B.o.

177

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TifirjrevovTOf;, ocraKi^; avakvoL fiera helirvov OLKaBe^

ra (pcora Kareapevvvaav oi iroXlrai, cfôôv/jLcvoi

fir} TTOppcoTepco tov fierpiov B6^(0(nv iv (TvvovaLai<i

elvai fcal Trorof?, tovto) Be irapaâivovaL vvkto^

01 dpaavraroi koI aTropcoraroL roiv Btj^jlotcov

4 T/to? 5' "Avvio<;, ovK iirieiKrjf; fiev ovBe (Ko^pcav

avdpwiro^y iv Be X6yoi<; Trpo? ra? ipcoTtjaei^; koI

ra? dTTOKpLaet^ afMa)(o<; elvai Bokcov, et? opia/iiov

riva TrpovKokelro top Tiêpiov, ^ firjv lepov ovra

Kal aavXov i/c rcov vofiwv rjTificoKevat, tov avvdp-

)ôvTa. OopvfiovvTcov Be iroWcov eK7rr]Brj(Ta^ 6

Tiêpio<; TOV re Byfiov crvveKokeL koI tov"'

Kvviov

5 d')(Qr\vai Ke\evaa Xoyqy Kal ttj Bo^rj ttoXu XeiTrofxevo^; eh Tr]v

eavTOV BeivoTijTa KaTeBveTO, koI irapeKaXei /iiKpd jK\irpo T03V Xoycov diroKpLvaadaL tov Ttêptov. avy-

^™'

^ft)yoowTO? Be ipcoTav ifcelvov Kal aio)TTrj<; ytvofievr]^

elirev 6 "Avvio^;, *'*Ai^ av pev aTtfiovv pe ôvXtj

Kal TrpoTrrjXaKLêiv, ijo) Be Tiva tcov aoiv eiriKa-

Xeaa)p,ai avvapôvTcov, 6 Be dvajBfj ôrjOâwv, avBe opyia-Ofjf}, a pa, ye avTOv ttjv dp'X^rjv d(j)aLp7](Trj ;^*

6 TT/jo? TavT7]v XeyeTai ttjv epooTrjaLV ovtco Btairo-

pr]6i]vac tov Tcêpiov wcrre irdvrcov ovTa Kal to

Xeyeiv eToipoTaTov Kal to Oappelv cTap^coTaTov

dTroaiWTrrjaai.

XY. Tore pêv ovv BLeXvae Tr]v eKKXrâiav

alaOavopêvo^ Be tcov 7roXiT€vp,dTcov to irepl tov

*OKTd^Lov ov TOL<; BvvaTOL<; pLOVoVy d\Xd Kal toI^

TToXXot? eKTraOecTTepov {pueya yap ti kol KaXov

178

I

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xiv. 3-xv. i

his father, during his censorship, was returning homeafter a supper, the citizens put out their lights, for

fear they might be thought to be indulging immoder-

ately in entertainments and drinking bouts, whereas

'J'iberius himself was lighted on his way at night bythe neediest and most reckless of the populace. Titus

Annius, too, a man of no high character or sobriety,but held to be invincible in arguments carried on byquestion and answer, challenged Tiberius to a judicial

wager,^ solemnly asserting that he had branded with

infamy his colleague, who was sacred and inviolable

by law. As many senators applauded this speech,Tiberius dashed out of the senate-house, called the

people together, and ordered Annius to be broughtbefore them, with the intention of denouncing him.

But Annius, who was far inferior to Tiberius both in

eloquence and in reputation, had recourse to his own

particular art, and called upon Tiberius to answer a

few questions before the argument began. Tiberius

assented to this and silence was made, whereuponAnnius said :

" If thou wish to heap insult upon meand degrade me, and I invoke the aid of one of thy

colleagues in office, and he mount the rostra to speakin my defence, and thou fly into a passion, come,wilt thou deprive that colleague of his office ?

"

At this question, we are told, Tiberius was so

disconcerted that, although he was of all men most

ready in speech and most vehement in courage, heheld his peace.XV. For the present, then, he dissolved the

assembly ; but perceiving that the course he hadtaken with regard to Octavius was very displeasing,not only to the nobles, but also to the multitude (for

* Cf. the CcUo Major, xxii. 5.

179

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

iBoKec TO TMV B7}fjLdp)(fov dîayfia fie^pL t^9 r)fjbepa<;

€KeLvr}<; Biarerrjpijjxevov dvrjpfjaOai koI KaOv^pL-06ai), Xoyop ev tm Srjpqy Sie^rjXOev, ov p,LKpa

irapaOeadai rSiv iTrtx^Lpyp^drwv ovk cltottov r]v,

axrre v7rovor]6rjvac ttjv TridavorrjTa koI ttvkvo-

2 rrjra rov dvSp6<i, ecprj <ydp lepov top Brjpapôvelvai Kol d(Tv\ov, on tco B^pa) KaOwaiwrat koX

rov Brjpov TTpoeo-TTjKev. av ovv peraâXopevo'iTOP Sfjpov dhiKfi KoX rrjv la'yyv koXovtj koX

irapaiprjTai rr)v '\jrP]ôv, avro^ eavrov direcTTeprjKe

3 tT;? Tf/x?}? 6(ji 0I9 eXapev ov ttolcov eVet Kal to

KaTrerooXiov KaraaKaTTTOvTa Kal to vecopiov ep-

iriTTpavTa Brjp,apxop idv Berjaei. Kal ravra pev jHTTOiwv Brjpapyô*^ icTTL 7rovr]p6<;' idv Be KaraXvrj

rov BrjpoVy ov Brfpuap-ô^; iart. ttw? ovv ov

Beivov el rov pev virarov 6 Brjpapxo'^ dêt, wM\

rov Be Brjpapxov ovk d(jiatprj(Terai rrjv iôv-

auav 6 Br]p,o<; orav avrfj Kara rov BeBcoKorof;

'X^pPjrai ; Kal jdp virarov Kal Bijpapôv ^m\4 6poi(o<; 6 Brjpo^ alpetrai. Kal prjv rj ye âcnXeia

rrpo^ Tft) irdaav dp)(riv e^îv ev eavrfj avXXa-

ôvaa kal ral<; pbejiarat^ lepovpylaLf; KaOoxTLcorai

7r/309 ro Oelov dXXd TapKvvLov eêâXev r) iroXiî

dBiKovvra, Kal Bl' evo^ dvBpo<; v^ptv rj irdrpio^

dpxv "^"^ Krla-acra rrjv 'Pcopjjv KareXvOr), ri Be\

ovrcof; dyiov ev 'Pcoprj Kal aepvov cd<; al TTepte-

TTOvaai irapOevoi Kal ^vXdrrovaai ro dÔirov

TTVp; dXX^ CL T£9 dv dpdprrj avroov, fwcra Karo-

180

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xv. 1-4

it was thought that the high and honourable dignityof the tribunate, so carefully guarded up to that time,had been insulted and destroyed), he made a lengthyspeech before tlie people, a few of the arguments of

'

which it will not be out of place to lay before the

reader, that he may get a conception of the man's

subtlety and persuasiveness. A tribune, he said, wassacred and inviolable, because he was consecrated to^

the people and was a champion of the people."

If,

then," said Tiberius, "he should change about, _

wrong the people, maim its power, and rob it of the

privilege of voting, he has by his own acts deprivedhimself of his honourable office by not fulfilling theconditions on which he received it; for otherwisethere would be no interference with a tribune even

though he should try to demolish the Capitol or set

fire to the naval arsenal. If a tribune does these

things, he is a bad tribune; but if he annuls the^~*

power of the people, he is no tdLune at all. Is it

not, then, a monstrous thing that a tribune shouldhave power to hale a consul to prison, while the

people cannot deprive a tribune of his power whenhe employs it against the very ones who bestowedit.^ P'or consul and tribune alike are elected by_^the people. And surely the kingly office, besides

comprehending in itself every civil function, is also

consecrated to the Deity by the performance of themost solemn religious rites ; and yet Tarquin was

expelled by the city for his wrong-doing, andbecause of one man's insolence the power which hadfounded Rome and descended from father to son wasoverthrown. Again, what institution at Rome is so \

holy and venerable as that of the virgins who tend I

and watch the undying fire } And yet if one of these 1

VOL. X. ^, 181

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

pvaaerar to fâp aavXov ov ^vKdrTovcnv aae-

ôvcrai et? tol? 6eov^, o Bia tou? Oeov'^ exovacv.

5 OVKOVV ovBe hrjixapxo^ aSiKcov tov hrjfjLOV^ ex€iv

Tr)v Bict TOV Sijfiov aavXiav Blkuio^; ia-rivfj jap

Icrx^î' BvvdfjLei, ravrijv dvaipel. /cat p^rjv el Bi-

KaL(o<; eXaê rrjv Brj/iapx^ciVi tS)v irXeia-rcdv

(pvXojv yjrrjcjiiara/JLivcov, tto)? ovx^ i^^v d<f>aLpe6ei'r]

6 BiKULorepov iraawv aTTO^jn^cpiaafjLivwv; lepov Be 832

KoX davkov ovBev ovrax; iarlv co? ra rSiV decov

avaO^pâra' XPV^^^^ ^^ rouroi? koI Kiveip koI

p.6Ta(f)ep€Lv 01)9 ffovXerai, tov Brjp,ov ouSet? Kefco)- ^MXvKCV. i^rjv ovv avTa> Koi Trjv Brjpapx^civ &>?

^'

avd9rip,a perevey/celv eh eTepov. oti Be ov/c

davXov ovBe dva(âipeTov rj dpxv> BijXov eart tw

TroXXdKi<; exovTa<; dpxv^ Tcva^ eôpvvaOai koX ^ji

irapaiTeladaL Bt avTMV. 'II

XVI. ToiavTa pev rjv tcl Kec^dXaia rr)? tov

Tiêplov BiKaioXoyia<^. eirel Be avvopoiVTe^ ol

(piXot Ta9 cLTreiXa^ Kot Tr)v avcTTacriv aiovTO Belv ^€Tepa<; TreptexearOai Brjpapx^cL^ et? to peXXov* WKav6i<i dXXoif; v6poL<i dveXdpLâve to 7rXrjOo<;, tov

re XP^^^^ "^^^ (TTpaTecMv dcpaipcov, koI BiBov<;

einKaXelaOai tov Brjpov cltto t(ov BiKaaTcav, koI

T0L<; Kpivovai tot6, a-ir//cXr]TiKot<i ovgl, KaTa-

2 piyvv<i €K Twv linrewv tov Xcrov dpiOp,6v, Koi

irdvTa TpOTTOV i]Br) t^9 ôvXrj^ Tr)V Icrxyv koXovcov

* T^v irjfiov Cobet : irjfiov.

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xv. 4-xvi. 2

breaks her vows, she is buried alive ; for when theysin against the gods, they do not preserve that invio-

lable character which is given them for their service

to the gods. Therefore it is not just that a tribune

who wrongs the people should retain that inviolable

character which is given him for service to the people,since he is destroying the very power which is the

source of his own power. And surely, if it is rightfor him to be made tribune by a majority of the

votes of the tribes, it must be even more right for

him to be deprived of his tribuneship by a unanimousvote. And again, nothing is so sacred and inviolate

as objects consecrated to the gods ;and yet no one

has hindered the people from using such objects, or

moving them, or changing their position in such

manner as may be desired. It is therefore permis-sible for the people to transfer the tribunate also,

as a consecrated thing, from one man to- another.

And that the office is not inviolable or irremovable

is plain from the fact that many times men holdingit resign it under oath of disability, and of their

own accord beg to be relieved of it."

XVI. Such were the chief points in the justifica-

tion of his course which Tiberius made. And nowhis friends, observing the threats and the hostile

combination against him, thmight that he ought to^

be made tribune again for the following year. Oncemore, therefore, Tiberius sought to win the favour of

tlie in,ultitude by fresh laws, reducing the time of

rniliitai:y, service, gi-anting appeal to the people from

tlifcxerdicts ofthe judges, adding to the judges, who at,

tliat time were composed of senators only, an equalnumber irom the equestrian order, and in every wav

at^engthjtrying to maim the power of the senate

183

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TT/OO? opyrjv koI ^CKoveiKiav fiaXkov rj rov rovSiKaiov Kol cru/jLcf)6povTO}yU,09), Trpcorov

fiev et9 l3\a(T(f)rjiiia<; rpairofJievoL tcov auvapxovrctvcIXkov tov ')(p6vov eiretTa ttjv iK/cXijcriav a(j)rjf<av,

3 eU rrjv varepaiav airavrdv Ke\evaavTe<^. koI

TTpcoTOV /JL6V 6t? TTju ayopcLV KaTaâ<; 6 TLêpio<iiKereve tou? dvOpcoTrov^ TaireLvo^ fcal Behatcpu-

/jLevoî, CTTCLTa SeSoiKevaL (f>i]cra<; p^rj vvKTO<i i/c-

KoyfrayaL rrjv olKiav ol e')(dpo\ fcal Bia<f)0€ipQ)(Tiv

avTov, ovTco Tov^ dvOpcoTTOVi BiedrjKev cocrre irepl

rrjv oLKiav avrov Tra/ATToXXou? riva^ avXicraaOai

Koi BtavvKTepevaai 7rapa(j)v\dTT0VTa<i.XVIT. "Apia K r)p,epa irapijv 6 Td<; 6pvi6a<; at?

BiapiavTevovTaL Kopi^cov, koX rrpoeâWe rpocprjpavral^. al B^ ov itporj\.6ov , el p.r) puia povij, Bia-

aeiaavTO<; eu p,d\a rov dvOpcowov to dyyelovovBe avTT] Be t% Tpo(j)fj<; eOcyev, dX)C iwdpaaarrjv dpiarepdp Trrepvya koI irapaTeivaaa to

(TKeXo^ TvdXiV eh to dyyelov KaTe<^vye, tovto koX

tov TTpOTepov arjpbeLOv tov Ti/3epiov dveixvTjaev.

2 r]v yap avTcp Kpdvo<; a> 7r/309 ra? P'dâ<; e^prjTO,

K€K0apL7]p,€V0V eKlTpeiTO}^ KOL BldarjpOV Ct? TOVTO

KaTaBvvTe<; oêi^ ekadov evTeKovTe^ wd, Kal

TavTa iêyXvyfravTo. Blo fcal puaXXov 6 TL/3epio<;

ToU irepl ra? 6pvi,0a<; eTapdTTeTO. irporjei. Be

opLcoîi dvco TOV BfjpLov 7)6polaOai irepl to KaTreTco-

S Xiov TTVvdavopevo^' Kal irplv eêXOetv TTpocreir-

Taicre 7rpb<; tov ovBov, o-(j)oBpd<; ovto) irXrjyrjf;

yevopLevr)ev ovvâ tov pueydXov Bax-

184

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xvi. 2-xvii. 3

from motives of anger and contentiousness rather

than from calculations of justice and the public good.And when, as the voting was going on, the friends

of Tiberius perceived that their opponents were

getting the better of the contest, since all the peoplewere not present, in the first place they resorted to

abuse of, his fellow tribunes, and so protracted the

time ; next, they dismissed the assembly, and ordered

that it should convene on theTollowihg~day. ThenTiberius, going down into the forum, at first suppli-cated the citizens in a humble manner and with tears

in his eyes; next, he declared he was afraid that his

enemies would break into his house by night and kill

him, and thereby so wrought upon his hearers that

great numbers of them took up their station abouthis house and spent the night there on guard.XVII. At break of day there came to the house

the man who brought the birds with which auspicesare taken, and threw food before them. But the

birds would not come out of the cage, with the

exception of one, though the keeper shook the cage

right hard ; and even the one that came out wouldnot touch the food, but raised its left wing, stretched

out its leg, and then ran back into the cage. This

reminded Tiberius of an omen that had happenedearlier. He had a helmet which he wore in battle,

exceptionally adorned and splendid ;into this ser-

pents crawled unnoticed, laid eggs there andhatched them out. For this reason Tiberius was all

the more disturbed by the signs from the birds. Butnevertheless he set out, on learning that the peoplewere assembled on the Capitol ; and before he gotout^of_the house, he stumbled against the threshold.

The blow was so severe that the nail of his great toe

.3s

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rv\ov payrjvat, to Bk alfia Slo, tov virohrifxaTO^

efo) (pepeadai. [xiKpov he avrov irpoekOovTO'i

axpOriaav uirep Kepdfiov ixaôfxevot KopaKa iv

dpicTTepa' Kol iroWoiv, &)? elKoî, dvOpcoTrcov irap-

epxofiivcov, KaT avrov tov Tt/3epLov Xtô?

CLTrwaOelî vtto OaTepov TOdV KOpdiccov eireae irapaTOV TToBa. TOVTO Kol TOL'9 SpaavTaTovf; Tcov irepl

4 avTov eireaTTjaev' dWa BXcfrcrfo? o KuyLtato?

irapoiv al(T')(yv7)v ecfir]koX KaT7](f)€iav av elvai ^

iroWrjv el Tt/3epio^, Tpdy)(ov fiev vl6<;, *A(ppi-/cavov he ^Kr]iri(ovo<i 6vyaTptSov^, 7rpoaTdT7]<i Be

TOV 'FcojjLaicov BrjfJLOV, KopaKa SetVa? ovy^ viraKov-

Geie Tot9 TToXtrat? KoKovcn' tovto jievTou to

alaxpov ovK iv yekwTt 6j]aeadaL tou9 e^dpov^, ^.d\X ft)9 TvpavvovvTO<; kuI t/)u<^coi^to9 rjBi] Kara- fll

6 ôrjcreaOai 7rpo<; tov Brjfiov. dfxa Be kol irpoaeOeovTToXXol Tw Tt/SepLO) irapd twv ev KaTrercoXtCf)

<f)iXo)Vt eireiyeaOai Ke\evovTe<;, 009 twi^ eKel KaXco^;

iôvTcov. fcal Ta ye irpoira Xap.irpo)'^ dirrjvTa

T(p Tifiepiw, (pavevTC fiev ev6v^ dpapevwv jSorjv

îXioVy dva/SaifovTa Be TrpoOv/JLOx; BexppêvoivKoX irepl avTov, ct)9 fJbrjBeh ireXdaeiev dyvon^t

TrapaTaTTOfievcov.XVIII. Âpâfievov Be irdXiv tov Mouklov

Ta9 <f)v\d<; dvayopeveiv, ovBev iirepaiveTO tcov 833elwdoTcov Bid TOV diro tcov ia^dTcov Oopvôv,

a)Oou/iiev(ov kol coOovvToyv TOt'9 ivavTLov<; elaîa-

ô/jLevov^ Kol dvafJLiyvvfievov(;. iv Be tovto) <t>ov\'

fiiof; ^\dKKO<; diro ôv\rj<; dvrjp et9 i/ji(f)ave<;

KaTaaTd<i, d)<; ovfc rjv Ôeyyopievov iîKeaOai^

^ti,v fjuai Cobet and Fuhr : lirapjeiyat.

186

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xvii. 3-xviii. i

was broken and the blood ran out through his shoe.

He had gone on but a little way when ravens wereseen fighting on the roof of a house to his left hand ;

and though there were many people, as was natural,

passing by, a stone dislodged by one of the ravens fell

at the foot of Tiberius himself. This caused eventhe boldest of his followers to pause; but Blossius of/

Cumae, who was present, said it would be a shame/and a great disgrace if Tiberius, a son of Gracchus, a/

grandson of Scipio Africanus, and a champion of theRoman people, for fear ofa raven should refuse to obeythe summons of his fellow citizens; such shameful

conduct, moreover, would not be made a mere matterof ridicule by his enemies, but they would decry himto the people as one who was at last giving himselfthe airs of a tyrant. At the same time also many ofhis friends on the Capitol came running to Tiberius

with urgent appeals to hasten thither, since matters'

there were going well. And in fact things turnedout splendidly for Tiberius at first ; as soon as hecame into view the crowd raised a friendly shout, andas he came up the hill they gave him a cordial wel-come and ranged themselves about him, that nostranger might approach.

XVIII. Rut after_Mucius. began once more to sum-mon the tribes to the vote, none of the customaryforms could be observed because of the disturbancethat arose on the outskirts of the throng, wherethere was crowding back and forth between thefriends of Tiberius and their opponents, who were

striving to force their way in and mingle with therest. Moreover, at this jimiitureJEiihdiisJElaccii^asenator, posted himself ia^a conspicuous place, andsince it was impossible to make his voice heard so

187

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Bi6(T7]fJLrjv6 rfj %6tpt (ppdaat ri fiovXofievov avrov

2 IBia Tw TLêpiO). /cat K6kev(TavT0<; ifceivov Bta-

crxîv TO TTXrjdo^, avaâ'i /xoXt? Kal irpoa-eXdoov

airrfyyeikev on rrjî ôv\7]<; (TvyKadeôfieuTj'^ ol

TrXovaioi, Tov virarovjjur] ireiOovre'^, avrol Bia-

voovvrai KaO^ avrov<i aTTOKTtvvvvat tov Ttêpiov,TToWou^ eVfc TOVTO SovXovi Kal (fitXov^ QiTrXt.-

a/JL€vov<; e%oi^T69.

XIX. '119 ovv TavTa toU irepl avTov iîjy-

ycLXev 6 Tt/9e/3i09, ovtol fiev €u0u<i Td<^ re T-qêv-

vov<i Trepie^covvvvTO, Kal to, tmv VTrrjpcTMV BopaTa(rvyKX(Jt)VT6<i oI? dveipyovai tov 6')(Xov, hieXap,-

jSavov ft)9 d/jLvvovfi6VOi tol<; KXaafiaai tov<; iirep-

2 'Xôfievov^. Tcov Be dircoTepco Oav/aaôvTcov to,

yivo/jbeva Kal 7rvv0avop,ivci)v, 6 Til3epio<; yyjraTO

Trj %Gf/)t Tr}9 K€(l)aX)]<;, ivB6iKVV/J.€vo<; ttj oyjret tov

KivBvvov, eVet t7}9 (j>(ov}]<;ov/c iirrjKovov, ol Be

ivavTLOt TOVTO IBovTe'i eOeov 7rpo<; ttjv fiovXrjv,

d7rar/yeXXovT€<; ahelv BidBrjfxa tov TtêpLov Kal

tuvtov o-rj/jLecov elvai to t?J9 K€âXrj<i eTnOtyya-3 veiv^ TrdvT6<^ fiev ovv eOopvprjOrâav 6 Be Na-

aiKd<i r]^LOv tov viraTov Trj jroXei fforjOelv Kal

KaToXveiv tov Tvpavvov. diroKpLvafJuevov Be irpdoi^

eKeivov /3La<; fxev ovBeixid<; virdpêtv ovBe dvaipr)-

ceiv ovBeva twv ttoXltcov aKpiTov, el [xevroi

'KJrrjcpbaaLTO tl tcov Trapavo/xcov 6 Bi]fJLO<; viro tov

îêpiov ireiadel^ rj ^Laadei<;, tovto Kvpiov p^r)

(f)vXd^6LV, dva7rr)B7j(Ta<; 6 âaiKa^;,**'ETret tolvvv,^^

e^r),"TTpoBiBcoaiv 6 dp^cov Tr;i^ itoXlv, ol ôvXo-

1 88

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xviii. i-xix. 3

tar, indicated with his hand that he wished to

tell Tiberius something meant for hisQa^^aion^.^^^^^^

Tiberius ordered the crowd to part for Ffi^4ss, whomade his way up to him with difficulty, and told himthat at a session of the senate the party of the rich,

since they could not prevail upon the consul to do

so, were purposing to kill Tiberius themselves, and

for this purpose ]idd-««4ei: arms a multitude of thei£friends and slaves.

XIX. Tiberius, accordingly, reported this to those

who stood about him, and they at once girded uptlieir togas, and breaking in pieces the spear-shaftswith which the officers keep back the crowd, distri-

buted the fragments among themselves, that they

might defend themselves against their assailants.

Those who were farther off, however, wondered at

what was going on and asked what it meant. Where-

upon Tiberius putJiis hand to his head, making thjs

visible sign that his life was in danger, since the

questioners could not hear his voice. But his

opponents, on seeing this, ran to the senate and told

that body that Tiberius was asking for a crown; and

thatjiisputting his hand to his head was a sign havingthat meaning. All the senators, of course, were

greatly disturbed, and Na««* tlemanded that the

consul should come to the rescue of the state and

put down the tyxant. The consul replied with mild-

ness that he would jCLCsart ..to no violence and woul^j3ut no citizen to death without a trial ; if, however,the people, under persuasion or compulsion from

Tiberius, should vote anything that was unlawful,he would not regard this vote as binding. There-

u])on Nasica sprang to his feet and said :"Since,

then, the chief magistrate betrays the state, do ye

iSg

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

4 fievoL TOi<; v6fJiOi<i por}6elv dKoXovOeire.** koI

ravra Xeycov ajxa koX to Kpdairehov tov IfiaTiov

difJLevo'i irrl t/)? /ceâX,?}?, i')(^copei 7rpo<; to Kaire-

Tcokiov. €/caaTO<; Be t-wv eirofxevwv avro) rfj xeipX

Tr)V Trjlêvvov TrepieXlâî iooOet tov^ ifxTToScov,

ovB€vo<; iviaja/xevov tt/oo? to d^Lcop.a rcov dvBpciv,dWd (pevyovTcov koI Trarovvrcov aXX^/Xof?.

5 O/ /jL€V ovv irepl avrov^ poiraXa fcal cr/cuTaXa?

eKO/jitôv OLKoOev avrol Be twv Bi^pwv Karwyvv-/jiev(t)v VTTO TOV (f)6vyovTO<; 6)(Xov to, KkdafxaTaKal TOy? TToSa? XafxjBdvovTe^ dveâivov inl tov

Tiêpiov, dfia TraiovTe<; tou? TrpoTeTajfievov^Kal TuvTcop fiev rjv Tpoirr) Kal <f)6vo<;' avTov Be tov

liLpepiov <f>ev'yovTO<^ avTekdêTo Ti? t(ov i/jLaTicjv.

6 ^6 TTjv TTjêvvov d<pel^ Kal (f>€vy(ov iv to??

')(î,T(o<Tiv €a(f>dX7] Kal KaTrjve'XÔi] irepi Tiva<i twv

TTpo avTov TTeTTTWKOTa^;, dviaTdjievuv Be avTOv

6 fiev e/jL(j)avc!)<?Kal tt/owto? eh Tr]v KecfyaXrjv

TraTafa? ttoBI Bit^pov UoTrXto? r)v XaTvp'îo<i el?

Tcov avvapxoVTCOv Trj<; Be BevTepa^; avTeiroLelTo

7rX7)y^<; AevKio<; 'PoOô?, &)? eirl KaXw tlvl

(Tefivvv6/jL€vo^, T(av Be dXXcov direOavov virep Tpia-KoaLOv<; ^vXoL<; Kal XiOoL^ avyKoirevTe^, (TtBrjpw Be

ovBel^.

XX. TavTTjv irpcoTrjv iGTopovaiv ev 'Vcofirj aTd-

CLV, d(f)* ov TO âcrcXeveo-Oac KaTeXvaav, al/jLaTi

Kal iôvcp TToXiTCOv BiaKpiOrjvai' tcl^ Be dXXa<i

ovTe iJLLKpd^ 0VT6 TTepl /jUKpcov yevofi€va<; uvOvirei-

KovTe<; dXX7]Xot(i, (})6/3(p jnev ol BvvaTol tmv ttoX-

Xcop, alBovfievoi Be ttjv ôvXrjv o Br}jjL0<;, eiravov,

iBoKet Be Kal totc/jltj pâXeTTW? av evBovvai Trapv

190

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xix. 4-xx. i

who wish to succour the laws follow me." Withthese words he covered his head with the skirt of his

toga and set out for the Capitol. All the senators

who followed him wrapped their togas about their

left arms and pushed aside those who stood in their

path, no man opposing them, in view of their dignity,but all taking to flight and trampling upon oneanother.

Now, the attendants of the senators carried clubs

and staves which they had brought from home ; butthe senators themselves seized the fragments and

legs of the benches that were shattered by the crowdin its flight, and went up against Tiberius, at the

same time smiting those wlio were drawn up to protecthim. Of these there was a rout and a slaughter;and as Tiberius himself turned to fly, someonie laid

hold of his garments. So he let his toga go and fled

in his tunic. But he stumbled and fell to the groundamong some bodies that lay in front of him. As hestrove to rise to his feet, lie received his first blow,as everybody admits, from Publius Satyreius, one of

his colleagues, who smote him on the head with the

leg of a bench ; to the second blow claim was made

by Lucius Rufus, who plumed himself upon it as uponsome noble deed. And of the rest more than three

l^ndred were slain bv blows from sticks and stones.hut T^nf nnP

hjr f,j^^ ^wnr^XX. This is said to have been the £rsêditioât

jiîiSU&9 since the abolition of royal {K)we^To^nînbloodshed and the death of citizens; the rest, thoughneither trifling nor raised for trifling objects, were

settled by mutual concessions, the nobles yieldingfrom fear of the multitude, and the people out of

respect for the senate. And it was thought that even

191

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

yoprjOeU 6 TiffepLo^;, en Be paov elâi Biâ <j)6vov

2 Kal rpav/ndroyv iiriovaiv ov yap iT\eiove<s rj

rpLd'XîXioi irepl avrov rjo-av. aX)C eoiKev opyfj

T(ov irXovaiwv xal fucrei irXiovrj

8i a? ia-Kijir-

rovTo '7rpo(pdo-€i<; r) avaraai^ eV* avrov ryevecrOar

Kal TOVTOV fjueya reKfjujpiov tw/xw? xal Trapavopwî

v^piaOeh 6 v€Kp6<;. ov yap iTreTpeyjrav dvekkadai 834

TO (joyfia TO) dS€\<pa) heopêvw Kal Od-y^rai vvkt6<;,

dWa fxeTCL tmv dWcov veKpoiv eh rov irorafiov

3 eppL-yjrav. Kal rovro 7re/3a? ovk rjv, dWa Kal rcov

(J)l\cov avrov tou9 fJêv iêKrjpvrrov aKpirov^, rov<; fll

Be (TvWapb/3dvovre<; direKrivvvaav iv ol? Kal

Aio(j)dvr]<; 6 prjrcop dircoXero. Td'iov Be nvaBiWiov eh dyyelov KaOeipâvre^ Kal crvvefi/Sa- fli

\6vr€<; ix^Bva'i /cal BpdKovra^; ovrco BiecîOeipav.

6 Be }^vjj,alo<; BXocro-io? dv^^dr) fiev irrl tou?

virdrovî, ip(ora)/j£vo<; Be irepl rcov yeyovorcjv

d)/JLoX6yei, ireTrotrjKevai, irdvra TiêpLOv Ke\evovro<;.

4 elirovro^ Be rov âaiKa tt/oo? avrov,** Ti ovv, el

<Te TiêpLO<i eKekevaev ifiirpyjaaL ro K.a7rerco\tov;^* I

TO fiev irpoyrov dvreXeyev o)? ovk dv rovro Tiê-

piov Ke\evaavro<;' iroWdKif; Be Kal ttoWcjv to

avro TTvvOavo/jLevcDV, **'AXV eKeivov ye irpoardcr-

aovro^y^ ecpr),"Kdfiol rovro irpdâi A:a\w9 el'Xêv

ov yap dv TijSepLO^; rovro irpoaeraêv, el p^rj rw

Br)p,(p avve(f)epev,^* ovro<i fiev ovv Bia(j)vya)v vare-

192

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xx. 1-4

on this occasion Tiberius would have given waywithout difficulty had persuasion been brought to

bea,r upon him, and would have yielded still more

easily if his assailants had not resorted to woundsand bloodshed ;

for his adherents numbered not

more than three thousand. But the combination

against him would seem to have arisen from tlie

hatred and anger of the rich rather than from the

pretexts which they alleged ;and there is strong

proof of this in their lawless and savage treatment of

his dead body. For they would not listen to his

brother's request that he might take up the bodyand bury it by night, but threw it into the rivef~

along with the other dead. Nor was this all; they

banished some of his friends without a trial andothers they arrested and put to death. Amongthese Diophanes the rhetorician also perished. Acertain Caius Villius they shut up in a cage, and then

j)ut in vipers and serpents, and in this way killed him.

Blossius of Cumae was brought before the consuls,and when he was asked about what had passed, headmitted that he had done everything at the biddingof Tiberius. Then Nasica said to him, "What, then,if Tiberius had ordered thee to set fire to the Capitol.'*

"

Blossius at first replied that Tiberius would not have

given such an order ; but when the same questionwas put to him often and by many persons, he said :

" If such a man as Tiberius had ordered such a thing,it would also have been right for me to do it ;

for

Tiberiusjyould not have given such an order if it had

noiLbjeen for the interest of the people."^Well, then, ,

Blossius was acquitted, and afterwards went to

^ For the story of Blossius, cf. Cicero, De am. 11. 37;Valerius Maximua, iv. 7. 1.

193

PLUTARCH'S LIVES npOV ^X^"^^ TT/OO? ÂpKJTOVlKOV 669 Âalup, Kttl TWV

eKelvov Trpayfidrcov Bia(l)0ap6VTa)v eavTov dvelXev.

XXI. 'H Be ôvXr} depairevovcTa rov Brj/jiov i/c

tS)V irapovrcov ovre tt/oo? ttjv Biavofirjv en t^9

^ftypci^ rjvavTLOVTo, koI avrl rov Tcêpiov irpov-

drjKe T0t9 TToWoLf; optarrjv iXiadai. \afi6vT€<i

Be Ta9 '\ln](j)ov<;e'tkovro TioirXLOv Kpacraov, oiKetov

ovra Tpdyx<P' Ovydrrjp yap avTov AiKivvia Vatq)

2 Tpdyxfp avva)/cei. KairoL Ne7ra)9 o K.opvr]\i6<i

^7)orLV ou K.pd(Taov, T^povTov Be tov Opiap^fiev-

aavTo^ diTO AvcnravMv dvyarepa yrjpLaL Vdlov

dWd ol 7r\eLov<; a)9 r}/JL€c<; ypdcpo/jiev larropovaLV,

iirel Be âXe7rw9 fiev 6 B7j/jlo<; elxc tw davdrw

TOV Tiêplov fcal fâvepo<; rjv dfivvr]^ irepi/jLevayv

Kaipov, TjBrj Be koI Bl/cat tw 'NaaLKO, nrpoave-

aeiovro, Beiaaaa irepl tov dvBpo<^ rj ôvXr] yjn^cfiL-

^€Tai [xiiBev Beojiievrj ire/jLTreiv avTov eh Âaiav.

3 ov yap direKpvirTOVTo KaTO, Ta9 dTravTâeL^; ol

dvOpwjTOL TTjv Bvapeveiav, dX>C e^rjypcaLVOvTO fcal

KaTe/Bocov ottov TrpoaTvôiev, evayrj Kal TvpavvovKoi ixepLiayKOTa ôvw acopaTO^ davkov Kal lepov

to dyi(i)TaTov Kal (ppCKcoBeo-TaTOv iv tjj TroXei

TMV lepcop diroKaXovvTe^. ovtco pep vire^rjXOe

T^9 'IraXta? o Nacri/ca9, fcaLirep ivBeBepêvo^; TalT09 T(t)v lepewv, efco Be dXvwv koi TrXavd)-

fievo^ dB6^(o<; ov p,eTa iroXvv XP^^^'^ /caTea-Tpeyjre

4 TTepl Uepya/jLOv, ov Bel Be Oavp,dêtv el âai/cdv

194

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xx. 4-xxi. 4

Aristonicus ^ in Asia, and when the cause of Aristo-

nicus was lost, slew himself.

XXI. But the senate, trying to conciliate the

people now that matters had gone so far, no longeropposed the di&tribution of th^ public land, and

proposed that the people should electa commissionerin place of Tiberius. So they took a ballot andelected Piiblins—r.ragcngj who was a relative of

Gracchus ; for his daughter Licinia was the wife of

Giaius Gracchus. And yet Cornelius Nepos^

saysthat it was not the daughter of Crassus, but of theBrutus who triumphed over the Lusitanians, whomGaius married ; the majority of writers, however,state the matter as I have done. Moreover, since the

people felt bitterly over the death of Tiberius andwere clearly awaiting an opportunity for revenge,and since Nasica was already threatened with prose-cutions, the senate, fearing for his safety, voted to

send him to Asia, although it had no need of himtliere. For when people met Nasica, they did not

try to hide their hatred of him, hut g^rew savage andcried out upon him wherever he chanced to be, callinghim an accursed man and a tyrant, who had defiled

with the murder of an inviolable and sacred person theholiest and most awe-inspiring of the city's sanctu-aries. And so Nasica stealthily left Italy, although hewas bound there by the most important and sacred

functions ; for he was pontifex maximus. He roamedand wandered about in foreign lands ignorainiously,and after a short time ended his life at Pergamum.Now, it is no wonder that the people so much hated

^ The pretender to the thtone of Attains Philometor (xiv. 1).He was defeated and taken prisoner by the Romans in 130 B.C.

' In a lost biography.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

/jL€/lt,CT'i]K€V OUTCO^ 6 Brj/JLO<;, OTTOV KOl ^KrjTTLCDV

A(f)pLKav6<;, 01) Bo/covat 'PcofialGL firjSiva BiKato-

Tepov fiTjBe /jbdWop ayairrjaai, irapa piKpov }]\66VeKireaelv koI GrepeaOai t^? ttô? tov Brjjxov eu-

poia<;, OTL irpSiTOV fiev iv ISÔfiavTca tyjv reXevrrjvTOV Ti/SepLov uvOofievo^ dvecjxopTjo'ev ck roiv

'0/jL7]pLK(0V

6l)9 CLTTOXOITO KOL oXXof} 6 Ti9 TOtaVTO, y€ piÔl,

6 eireira twv irepl Vaiov /cal ôvXîov avrov Si

€KKXtjaLa<i TTuvOavo/biii'cov tl cppovoir] irepl Trj<^

Tiêptov reXeuT?}?, ovk apeaKOfievi^v rot? vir

€K€Lvov ireiroXiTcvfievoi<i airoKpiGiv eScoKev. etc

TOVTov yap 6 fi€u Sfjfiof; dvTeKpovcrev aviw Xe-

yovTiy firjBeTrw rouro iroiTjaa^ irporepov, avTO<i

Be TOV Bfjpov elirelv KaKO)^ irporj')(d)]. Trepl pevTovToav iv Tft) ^Krjiricovo^ yStw to. Ka6* CKaaTU

yiypaTTTUL.

r. rPArxos

I, Tdio^; Be Tpdyxo^ iv ^PXV /^^^ V BeBtcbî

TOL/? i-)(j9pov<^ Tj (f)d6vov avvdycov eV' avTov<i vire^-

eaTr) T€ T779 dyopa<i koX KaO^ eavTOV r)aux^(iv

e^coJ^ BieTpiêVy &)? av Ti? ev re tw irapovTiTaireiva TTpdTTcov koI to Xolttov ovtw^ dirpay-

p,6v(o^ /3ccoa6p,€vo<;, coaTe koI Xoyov Tial KaO' 835auTOv irapaax^lv 609 Bvcr)(êpaLvovTo<; koI irpojSe-

2 pXrip,evov rrjv tov Tiêpiov iroXiTeiav, rjv Be

196

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xxi. 4-5

Nasica, when even Scipio Africanus,than whom no onewould seem to have been more justly or more deeplyloved by the Romans, came within a little of forfeitingand losing the popular favour because, to begin with,at Numantia, when he learned of the death of

Tiberius, he recited in a loud voice the verse of

Homer ^:—" So perish also all others who on such wickedness

venture,"

and because, in the second place, when 6aius andFulvius asked him in an assembly of the peoplewhat he thought about the death of Tiberius,he made a reply which showed his dislike of the

measures advocated by liim. Consequently the

people began to interrupt him as he was speaking,a thing which they had never done before, and Scij)io

Ihimself was thereby led on to abuse the people. Ofthese matters I have written circumstantially in myLife of Scipio.*

SAIUS GRACCHUS

I. Caius Gracchus, at first, either because hefeared his enemies, or because he wished to bringodium upon them, withdrew from the forum andlived quietly by himself, like one who was humbledfor the present and for the future intended to live

tlie same inactive life, so that some were actuallyled to denounce him for disliking and repudiatinghis brother's political measures. And he was also

*Odyssey^ i. 47 (Atliena, of Aegisthus).

' One of the lost biographies.

197

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

KoiX fieipaKiov TravraTrao-iv' ivvea yap epiavTOL<;

iXeiireTO rahekôv Ka& rfKiKiav, eKelvo^ he ovirw

rpiaKOVTa jeyovco^; aireOavev. iirel Be irpo'iovro'i

Tov 'x^povov Tov re rpoirov r](TV')(rj hteâivev a/Dyta?Kal ixa\aKLa<; kcu irorwv koX

'X^prj/jLaricr/jLcovdX\6-

Tpiov ovra, koX tov Xojov wairep oDKVTrrepa

KaTaaiceva^6fJLevo<; eTrl ryv iroXireiav hr}\o<; rjv

3 ovK ypefiycTcov, Blktjv re tlvl tmv (f)L\(ov êvyoPTiBeTTLM avveiTTo^v, tov SrjfMov avv€v6ovaLO)vTo<; vcj)

rjSovrjf; Kal fiaKXevovTo<i irepl avTov, aTreSetê

Tov<i dWovf; prjTopa^ TraiScop firjBev Biaêpovra^;,eh cf)6ôv avOc<; ol Bwarol KaOicrTavTO, Kal ttoXu?

rjv ev avT0L<; X6709 &)? ovk eda-ovaiv eVl Brj/iap-

X^civ TOV Tdlov TrpoeXOelv.4 XvPTvyâveL Be drro TavTOjuLaTOV Xa^^lv avrov

eh âpBo) rafjbiav Ôpearrj tw virdrw' Kal tovto

Toh fiev ey^dpoh icaO^ rjBovrjv ijeyovei, tov Be

Tdlov OVK eXvTTTjaev. are yap cjv TToXepLiKo^ Kal

Xf'lpov ovBev 7rpo<; cTTpaTeia^ yaK7]/i€V0<; rj BiKa^,

en Be ttjv iroXiTelav Kal to ^r)fia (f>pLTTcov, dvTe-

yeiv Be KaXovvri too Bi]/j,(p Kal Toh (f)iXoi(; ov

Bwafxevo^, Travrdiracn ttjv dTToBr]fiiav eKeivrjv

5 r)ydirr]ae, KaiTOi Kparel Boâ ttoXXt) tovtov

cLKpuTOV yeveadai B7]pbay(dyov, Kal ttoXv tov Tt-

êpiov XapbirpoTepov 7rpb<; rrjv diro tmv oxXcov

Boâv. ovk €^€1 Be ovtco to dXr]de<i' aXV eoLKCv

VTT dvdyKrj<i tlvo<s fidXXov ovTO<i rj rrpoaipeaew^;6 ifiTreaeiv eh t^v iroXiTeiav. laropet Be Kal Ki/te-

pcov 6 prfTwp fo)9 dpa (f)evyovTL Trdaav dp^V^ twTaiM Kal fieO^ rjavxiai; 7Jpr]jj,eva) ^rjv aSe\0o9

ovap (paveh Kal Trpoaayopevcra^;," Tt BrJTa,^^

1 98

CAIUS GRACCHUS, i. 2-6

quite a stripling, for he was nine years younger thanhis broth er, and Tiberius was not yet thirty when hedied. But as time went on he gradually showed a

disposition that was averse to idleness, effeminacy,

wine-bibbing, and money-making ; and by^^prgparing^Jiis oratory to waft him as on swift pinions to public

life, he made it clear that he was not going to

remain quiet; and in defending Vettius, a friend ofhis who was under prosecution, he had the peopleabout him inspired and frantic with sympathetic

delight, and made the other orators appear to be nobetter than children. Once more, therefore, the

nobles began to be alarmed, and there was muchtalk among them about not permitting Caius to bemade tribune.

By agcident, howpvpFj it. happpned-tlmt the lot felL^

{}ifron him to gQjio_§ai*dinia as quaestor for Orestes the

[* consu l.^ This gave pleasure to his enemies, and did

not annoy Gains. For he was fond of war, and quiteas well trained for military service as for pleading in

the courts. Moreover, he still shrank from publiclife and the rostra, but was unable to resist the calls

to this career which came from the people and his

friends. He was therefore altogether satisfied with

this opportunity of leaving the city. And yet a strong .

opinion prevails that he was a demagogue pure and

simple, and far more eager than Tiberius to win the

favour of the multitude. But this is not the truth ;

nay, it would appear that he was led by a certain

necessity rather than by his own choice to engage in

public matters. And Cicero the orator also relates ^

that Caius declined all office and had chosen to live a

quiet life, but that his brother appeared to him in a

dream and addressed him, saying :'*

Why, pray, dost» In 126 B.O. * Dt div. 1. 26, 56.

199

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

(pair),'*Vaie, /3pahvveL<;; ovk ccttlv a7r6hpa(Ti<=:,

a)OC eU fxev rj/jilv afKîorepoi^ /3lo<;, eU Be Oavaro^;

virep Tov hrjjjuov TroXtrevo/jLevoi^; ireirpwraL'II. VevoiJLevo'i ovv 6 Yaio<; iv âpSovi iraaav

aperrjf; airoheLîV iSiSou, koX ttoXv ttclvtcov Siecfiepe

T(bv v€(ov iv T0i9 TTô? Tov<; TToXe/xtou? dycoai kuI

ev rot<; tt/jo? tou9 virrjKoou^; SLKaLOi<; kol eV rfj

7r/)09 TOV aTparrjyov evvoia /catTL/jufj, acocppoavvrj

Se Kol XiTorrjTi Kal (pcXoirovia irapyWarre koI

2 Tou? irpea/Svrepov';. la-)(ypov he kol voacoBov^;

afia ^(ei/JLcovof;iv XapSovL yevop-evov kol tov

aTpaTrjyov Ta<; TroXei^; iaOP/Ta rot? crT/oartwrai?

aWovvTo^, eirep.'yjrav et? 'Pcop^rjv irapaiTovpievoL.

86âpL6vr]<i Be t?)? fiovXijf; ttjv TrapaLTrjaiv avTMvKOL TOV (TTpaTrjyov aXKodev ap,îe^6LV tou? crrpa-

Ti(i)Ta^ KeXevovar]^, a'TTOpovvTO<i he iKeivov Kal tcov

(TTpaTicoTcov KaKOTTaOovvTwv, iireXOoiv tcl'^ 7r6Xet<;

6 Vdlo'i auTOv<^ dcj)' eavTMv iirolîaev iaOrjTa3

ire/jbylrai, Kal ôrjOrjaai rot? 'Pco/xatof?. TavTairdXiv eh 'Pcop^rjv d7rayyeXX6p,eva Kal hoKovvTa

Br]p,ayri)yia^ 7rpodycove<i elvav hieTdpaTTe ttjv

/SovXfjv. Kal irpoiTov p,ev eK A/ySu/79 irapd MiKiyjraTOV âcnXeti)<^ irpeaêi^; 'irapayevop,evov<^, Kal

XeyovTa^ 609 6 0a(TLXev<; x^ptTi Tatov TpdyôvTrep^yjreiev €t9 âpBova acTov T<p aTpaTrjyo), Bva-ê-

palvovTGf; iêâXov eireiTa Soypâ iroLovvTai toI<;

p,ev aTpaTLcoTaL<; Sia8o)(7]v diroaraXrivai, tov he

ÔpeaTrjv iinpLeveiv, q}<; Srj Kal tov Faiov Sid ttjv

4 dpxv^ 7rapap,evovvTO<;. 6 Be tovtcov avTw irpoa--

TreaovTQjv evBif^ iêirXevcre Trpo^; opyrjv, Kal (paveUiv 'Pd)/jLr) Trap' iXTruBa'; ov pôvov vtto twv iÔpoiiv

200

CAIUS GRACCHUS, i. 6-11. 4

thou hesitate, Caius ? There is no escape ; one life

is fated for us both, and one death as champions of

the people."II. After reaching Sardinia, then, Caius gave proof

of every excellence, and far surpassed all the other

young men in conflicts with the enemy, in just

deahngs with the subject peoples, and in the goodwill and respect which he showed towards his

commander, while in self-restraint, frugality, and

industry, he excelled even his elders. The winter in

Sardinia proved to be rigorous and unhealthy, andthe Roman commander made a requisition upon the

cities of clothing for his soldiers, whereupon the cities

sent to Rome and begged to be relieved from the

exaction. The senate granted their petition andordered the commander to get clothing for his soldiers

in some other way. The commander was at a loss

what to do, and the soldiers were suffering ; so Caius

made a circuit of the cities and induced them of their

own free will to send clothing and other assistance to

the Romans. This was reported to Rome, where it

was thought to be a prelude to a struggle for [)opular

favour, and gave fresh concern to the senate. So, to

begin with, when ambassadors of King Micipsa camefrom Africa, and ani;ounced that out of regard for

Caius Gracchus the king had sent grain to the Romancommander in Sardinia, the senators were displeased .

and turned them away. In the second place, theypassed a decree that fresh troops should be sent to

relieve the soldiers in Sardinia, but that Orestes

should remain, with the idea that Caius also wouldremain with him by virtue of his office. But Caius,

wlien this came to his ears, straightway sailed off in

a passion, and his unexpected appearance in Rome

201

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

alrlav elêv, oXka /cat roL<; iroWol^; oXKokotov

iB6/€€i TO ra/iiiav ovra irpoaiToaTrjvai rov ap)(ôvTO^.

ov fir}v dWa KaT7]yopia<; avrw y€V0fieP7]<; iirl rayv

TifirjTCOV, alTr)crdfi€Vo<; \6<yov ovrco fieridTTjore ra?

yvco/j-a'; tmv aKovadvTcov co? direkdelv rjSiKfjaOat

5 rd fiiyia-Ta Boâ^. iarparevaOai [xev yap ecprj

hoiheKa err}, reov dXkcov Be/ca a-rparevofjiivoyv iv 836

dvdyKaiî, ra/xievcov Be ra> arparrjyu) Trapa/ie-

[xevriKevai rpterlav, rod vo/jlou /jl€t ipiavrov eirav-

eXOetv SiB6vTo<;' jxovo^ Be tmv crrpaTevo-afievcov

7rX77^69 TO fiaXdvTLOv elcrevrjvox^^ Kevov iêvrjvo-

')(êvaLy TOv<; Be dWovi etcirLovTa^ ov elai]veyKav

olvov, dpyvpiov koI y^pvaiov /iieaTov<; Bevpo tou?

dfiôpeif; YjKGLv Koiiiôina^.

III. *E«: TOVTOV 7rd\iv dWa^^ alTLa<; avTO) kol

BiKa<; eirqyov O)? tov<^ au/jifJid')(ôv<; dcpLardpTL kol

k€koiv(ov7)k6tl t?}? TTepl ^peyeWav ivBeLxOetarj^;

(Tvvcofxoaia^. 6 Be nrdaav viro'îav dTroXva-d/xevo^

KoX (f)avel<; KaOapo^ evdv<; eirl Br]fiapXi'Civ Mpfirjae,

TMV fiev yvMpifJLMV dvBpMV oyLtaXw? dirdvTcav

evavTiov/jLevwv tt/do? avrov, 6')(\,ov Be Toaovrov

avppeovTo^ eh rrjv ttoXlv e/c tt}? 'IraXta? koI

avvap')(âLpeaidôvTO^ &)<? iroWoh fiev olKrj(7€i<; eVt-

\L7retv, Tov Be rreBiov fir) Beâpuivov to ttXtjOo^

uTTO TMV Teycov Koi TMV fcepdpLMV ra? (pMvd^; avvrj-

2 êiz^. ToaovTov B' ovv €ê/3idaavT0 tov Brjpov ol

BvvaTol Kal ri}? iXTrlBo^ tov Vatov KaOelXov, oaov

30^

CAIUS GRACCHUS, ii. 4-111. 2

not only was censured by his enemies, but also madethe people think it strange that he, quaestor as he

was, had l eft his post before his commander.

However, when he was denounced before the censors,he begged leave to speak, and wrought such a changein the opinions of his hearers that he left the court

with the reputation of having been most grossly

wronged. For he said that he had served in the

army twelve years, although other men were requiredto serve there only ten, and that he had continued to

serve as quaestor under his commander for more thantwo years, although thg^

law permitted him to come,back after a year. He was the only man in the army,he~said, who had entered the campaign with a full

purse and left it with an empty one ; the rest haddrunk up the wine which they took into Sardinia,and had come back to Rome with their wine-jars full

of gold and silver.

in. Aftfijcthis, other fresh charges and indictments

were brought against him, on the ground that he had

ca^used the allies to revolt and had been privy to the

conspiracy at Fregellae,^ information of which was

brought to Rome. But he cleared himself of all

suspicion, and having established his entire innocence^

immediately began a canvass for the^tribuneship. All

the men of note, without exception, were opposed to

him, but so great a throng poured into the city from

the country and took part in the elections that manycould not be housed, and since the Campus Martins

could not accommodate the multitude, they gave in

their voices from the house-tops and tilings. So far,

however, did the nobility prevail against the peopleand disappoint the hopes of Caius that he was not

^Fregellae revolted, and was destroyed in 125 B.C.

203

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ou%, CO? TTpoaeBofCTjcre, irpwrov, aXka reraprov

avayopevOrjvaL. irapaXaôov he rrjv apxv^ evOv^;

r)v diravTcov irpcoro^, Icr'xywv re rw Xeyeiv, co?

aXXo9 ovSei^, KaX tov iTdOov<; avrSt irapprâiav

iroWrjV hih6vTo<i dvafcXaiojjievcp top dBeX<p6v.

3 ivravOa yap i^ d7rd(T7]<; 7rpo(f)d(T6(i)<i Trepcijye top

Sfjfiov, dvafJLip,vr](TK(ov roiv yeyovorwv Kal irapari-

6e\<; rd rcov irpoyovcov, &)«? ixetvoi fjuev /cat OaXt-

(TKOL<; iiroXep.rjaav virep Tevviciov rivo^ Srjjjbdp-xôv

\oLSnpr]6evTo<;, Kal Taiov êrovpiov Odvarov Kare-

yvcoaav, on Srjpdp^w Tropevo/neva) 8t dyopd<; ov\

vireîarrj fiovo^' "'Tp(ov Be 6p(t)VT(ov'* eî],

"Tiêpiov û\oi.<; avveicoTTTov ovTOL,Kal Sid p.ea7)<;

T^? 7t6\€co<; eavpero veKpo^ eV ILaireTwXiov pL(f>T^-

4 (Topevof; eh tov TroTafMov ol Be dXidKOjievoi tcov

(f)i\cov direOvyjaKov uKpiTOL. KaiTot irdTpiov eaTiv

rjpHv, el Ti9 €)(0)v Blkijv OavaTiKrjp p^rj viraKoveiy

TovTOv Trpo? Td(; Oupa<; ecoOev e\66vTaaakiTLyKTr]v

dvaKoXelddai Trj adXiriyyi, Kalp.r] irpoTepov iin-

(f)epetv Îrfjôv avT(p tou<; BiKaaTd^. ovt(o<; evXa-

^6t? Kal 7r€<j)vXayp,evoi, irepl Td XeyeLv), Bvo v6p,ov<; elaetêpe, tov pev, el

TLVo<; dpxovTO<y dcpDp^TO ttjv dp^rjv 6 Br)pb0^y ovk

eSiVTa TovT(p BevTepa^ ^Vx% pêTovcriav eluar top

204

CAIUS GRACCHUS, iii. 2-iv. i

returned first, as he expected, but fourth. But after

entering upon his oflfice ^ he was at once first of all^

thê tribunes, since he had an incomparable power in,

oratory, and his affliction gave him great boldness of_

speech in bewailing the fate of his brother. For to

this subject he would bring the people round on

every pretext, reminding them of what had happenedin the case of Tiberius, and contrasting the conduct

of their ancestors, who went to war with the peopleof Falerii on behalf of Genucius, a tribune whom theyiiad insulted, and condemned Caius Veturius to death

because he was the only man who would not make

way for a tribune passing through the forum. " But

befojejôur eyes," he said," these men beat Tiberius

toâth with clubs, and his dead body was draggedfrom the Capitol through the midst of the city to be

thrown into the Tiber; moreover, those of his friends

who were caught were put to deatli without trial.

And yet it is ancient usage among us that if anyondwho is arraigned on a capital charge does not answer

to his summons, a trumpeter shall go to the door of

this man's house in the morning and summon himforth by sound of trumpet, and until this has beendone the judges shall not vote on his case. So

careful and guarded were the men of old in capitalcases."

IV. Having first stirred up the people with such

words ^ these" (and he had a very loud voice, andwas most vigmous in his speaking), Jie introduced

two laws, ;one providing that if the people had

deprived any magistrate of his office, such magistrate

sliqujd not be allowed to hold-ati[ice,a second time ;.

^ For the year 123 B.C., ten years after Tiberius hadentered upon the same office,

205

k

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

8e, et Ti? dp^wv dfcpnov eKKeic7)pvyoL ttoXLttjv,

2 Kar avTOv BiSopra Kpiaiv tw h-qfiw. tovtcov rSiv

VO/JLCOV dvTLKpV<i 6 fllv MdpKOV ÔkTUÎOV yTLfXOV%ov vTrb Tiêpiov t?}? Brj/jLapxâ.'i iKireaovra, tw8' eVetêro IToTrtXXio?* ovto^ yap o-Tparrjjcov roi)?

Tov Ti8epiov (f)i\ov<; iê/cyjpvê. koI UottlXXlo^

fiev ov^ vTToo-rdfi rrjv Kpiaiv €(j>vy€v ef 'IraXta?*

TOV Se erepov vo/jlov Tdio<; avTO<; iiraveiXero,

<f>rjaa^ rrj jjbTjrpl K.opvr}X[a herjOeiarj ')(âpiêa6ai3 TOV 'OKTa^wv. Koi 6 hr)fjLo<; rjjdaOr) koX

avv€)(^co-

pr]<T6, TifiMV rr)v KopvrjXiav ovSev r}TTOV diro rcov

nraihcdv rj tov Traxyoo?, rj^ ye koX ')(âXKfjv ecKova

aTrj(Ta<; vaTepov eireypay^re Yiopv7)\iav firjTepa

rpdy)((DV. dirofjivi^fiovevcTai he koI tov Tatov ttoX-

\d p7]T0piKc!)<; Kol dyopaiax; virep avTr]<; elprj/jieva

7r/509 Tiva TMV i)(^6pcov''* Xv ydp^^ ecprj,

"Kopvrj-

4 Xiav Xoihopet^ Tr)V Ti/Sepiov TCKovaav" eirel he

hia/3e/3\r)/iievo<i rjv eh fidXaKiav 6 XoihoprjOeh''' Tiva ê," elirev,

"^x^yv irapprjcriav crvy/cplvecf;

JôpvTjXia aeavTov; eTeKe^ yap &)? ifceivrj; /cat /jurjv

7rdvTe<i 'laaai 'Vcofialoc irXeiw ^(^povov CKeivrjv dir

dvSpo<; ovaav rjere tov dvSpa.'^ tocuvt)] /jlcv rj

TTLfcpia T(i)v Xoycov rjv avTov, Ka\ iroXXa XaêlvCK TCt)V yeypafifievMV iaTlv o/jLota.

V. Tmv Be vopLoiv ou<; elaeiêpe tu) hrjfKp ')(apL^6- 837

fievo<i Kal KaTaXvwv ttjv avyKXrjTov, 6 fxev rfv

KXripov')(^LKo<; dvavefiwv^ to?? irevrjcn rrjv BrjfjLoaiav,

6 Be (TTpaTL(DTLKo<; ecrdyJTd re KeXevwv Brjfxoala

*avave/xov Coraes and Bekker, after Du Soul, for the MSS.

ctyua ve/jLuy, Ziegler adopts Siavenuv, proposed by Sint.ândCobet.

206

CAIUS GRACCHUS, iv. i -v i

and iiiiother providing that if any magistrate hadbanished a citizen without trial, such magistrateshould be liable to public prosecution. Of these laws,one had the direct effect of branding with infamyMarcus Octavius, who had been deposed from the

tribunate by Tiberiu?,^ ^and by the other Popilliuswas affected, for as jmrnmrnr he had banished thefriends of Tiberius. Rapilliiiv indeed, without

standing his trial, fled out of Italy ; but the other lawwas withdrawn by Caius himself, who said that he

spared Octavius at the request of his mother Cornelia.

The people were jileased at this and gave their

consent, honouring Cornelia no less on account of hersons than because of her father ; indeed, in after

times they erected a bronze statue of her, bearingthe inscription: "Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi."

There are on record also many things which Caius said

about her in the coarse style of forensic speech, whenhe was attacking one of his enemies :

"What," said

he, "dost thou abuse Cornelia, who gave birth to

Tiberius ?" And since the one who had uttered the

abuse was charged with effeminate practices," With

what effrontery," said Gains, "canst thou comparethyself with Cornelia ? Hast thou borne such children

as she did ? And verily all Rome knows that sherefrained from commerce with men longer than thou

hast, though thou art a man." Such was the bitter-

ness of his language, and many similar examples canbe taken from his writings.

V. Of the laws which he proposed by way of

gratifying the people and overthrowing the senate,one was agrarian, and divided the public land among%he poor citizens ; anothej^was military, and ord.iined

thatjilothing should be furnished to the soldiers at

207

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

'XôprjyeiaOai Kol firjSev et9 rovro t?}? /JLi(Tdo<f>opd<^

vcpaipeto-Oai rcov aTparevojievwv, kol veoorepov

ircov eirraKaLSe/ca fxr] KaraXiyeaOac aTparicorTjv'

6 Be av/jLfiax('fco<i Laoyjr7J(j)ov<; Troiayp rot? TroXtrat?

2 Tou? ÎraXicoTa^. 6 he airiKO^; eTrevwvi^wv to*?

Trevtjai, rrjv ayopdv. 6 he hiKaariKoî, o5 to irXel-

(TTOV aTreKoyjre rrj<; twv (TuyK\r)riK(ov Bvvd/jLe(o<;.

fjLovot yap eKpivov Ta9 hiKa<;, kol Bia tovto cpoêpol

Tw re hrjp.(p KOL roi^; LTTirevdiv rjaai/, 6 he rpia-

KoaLov^ TO)v LTnrewv irpoaKareXeêv avTot<; ovai

TpiaKocrloL'^, Kol TaopcovT(ov Kol TO KaXovfxevov Ko/ilriov, tt/jwto?

t6t€ aTpa(f)el<i e^co tt/ô? rrjv dyopdv Brj/jLrjyopqaat,

Koi TO XoLTTOv ovTco iTotelv ef eKeivov, p,t,/cpd irap-

eyxXicret kol peraOeaeL a^VI^CL'ô^ peya irpdypa

Kivrjaa^ fcal pLereveyKOiv rpoirov Tivd Tr)v iroXirelap

CK Tr}<; dptaTOKparia<i et<? ttjv B7)p.oKpaTiav, oo? t(x)v

iroXXwv Beov, ov t?}9 fiovXrj<;, aTOxdêadai toi/?

XeyovTa^;.

VI. 'ETrel Be ov p,6vov eBiÛTo rov vopov tovtov

6 Brjpo^, dXXa KaKeivw tou? KpLvovTa<; etc tcop

I'mrewv eBcoKe fcaTaXeâc, povapxt^fcij Tt? Icry^v^

iyeyoveL irepl avTov, oxttc koI tijv avyKXrjTov

2o8

CAIUS GRACCHUS, v. i-vi. i

tlie public cost, that nothing sliould be deductedfrom their pay to meet this charge, and that no one

(j> under seventeen should be enrolled as a soldier,;

another concerned the allies, and gave the Italians (£)

equal suffrage rights with Roman citizens ; another

/T^related to the supplies of grain, and lowered the

Tiark^^ prir'f^totlu^ poor ; and another dealt with the

/^ appointment of iud<res. This last law most of all

curtailed the power of the senators ; for they alone

could serve as judges in criminal cases, and this

privilege made them formidable both to the common

people and to the equestrian order. The law of

Gracchus, however, added to the membership of the

senate, which was three hundred, three hundred menfrom the equestrian order, and made sei:vice as judgesa prerogative of the whole six hundred.', In his efforts

to carry this law Caius is said to have shownremarkable earnestness in many ways, and especiallyin this, that whereas all popular orators before himhad turned their faces towards the senate and that

part of the forum called the "comitium," he now set

a new example by turning towards the other part ot

the forum as he harangued the people, and continuedto do this from that time on, thus by a slight deviation

and change of attitude stirring up a great question,and to a certain extent changing the constitution

from an aristocratic to a democratic form;

for his

implication was that speakers ought to address

themselves to the j)eople, and not to the senate.

V^I. The peopjje, not only adopted this law, butalso entrusted to its author the selection of tlve

judges who were to come from the equestrian order,so that Tie found himself invested with somethinglike monarchical power, and even the senate

209

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

avex^dOat avfjLôv\evovTO<; avrov. crvveôvkeve

he ael tl tcjv eKelvrj 7rp€7r6vTO)v elariyovjievo^^'

2 olov rjv Koi to irepi rov airov Soyfia /JLerpKorarov

Koi KoXkiaTOv, ov eirefiê fiev ef 'l^r]pLa<; ^d^LO'i

avTiarpdrrjryofiy ijcelvo<; 3' eireicre rrjv fiovXrjv

dTToBofiivrjv rbv alrov dvaTre/jL-âi rat? iroXecn

TO dpyvpiov, KoX TTpoa-eiracTidcracrOai, tov ^dîovft)? iira'XÔjj /cal dipoprjTOV iroiovvTa ttjv dpyr]V tol<:

dvOpdtiTTOL^' i(j>'gS fieydXTjp ea'xe Soâv pbcrd

€vi'Oia<: ev Tal^ I'uapxâi'i.

3 "Kypayjre Be kol TroXet? diroiiciha^ eKTre/iiTreadai

KoX ra? ohov^ Troiela^dai koI KaTaa/cevdêadaL

acroôXia, tovtol<; drraaL TrpaTTOfievoi^ avrov

dpôvra koi Blolkjjttjv eîo-ra?, kol tt/jo? ovBev

diroTpvofievo^; t(ov roaovTcov /cat ttjXikovtcov, dX\a

/cat OavpiaGTw tlvl rd'êt, /cal irovra to)v ycvofievcov

ft)9 fiovov CKaarov iêpyaôfievof;, axrre /cal tov<;

irdvv fjLL<T0VPTa<; avTov Kal BeSoLKora^; e/cTrXyT-

TeaOat to Blcl irdvTtov dvvaiixov /cal reXeaiovpyov.

4 ol Be TToXXol Kal ttjv oyîv avrr]v iOav/jiaôv,

i^rjpTTjfievov 6p(x)VTe<; avrov ttXtJô? ipyoXd^cov,

Texi'i'T(i^^>ITpea^€VT(ov, dpôvrcov, crrparLoyrMV,

îXoXoywv, oh ITa aIV evrvyxdvwv fierd evKoXia<i

Kal TO ae/jLvop ev t« (j)tXavOpoi)7r(p BiacpvXdrrcov,

Kal vificov avrov to dpfiorrov oiKeicn^ cKdarw,

XCLXeiTom direBeiicvve (TVK0(j)dvra<; roi'? (f)ofiepov

avrov T) ôpriKOV 6X(o<} Pj ^laiov diroKaXovvra<;,

ovrco Beivorepo^ rjv iv rah 6fiiXlai<; Kal Tal<;

3IO

CAIUS GRACCHUS, vi. 1-4

consented to follow his counsel. But when he

counselled them, it was always in sui)port of measures

befitting their body; as, for instance, the very

equitable and honourable decree concerning the

grain which Fabius the pro-praetor sent to the city

fromSpain. Caius induced the Senate to sell the

grain and send the money back to the cities of

Spain, and further, to censure Fabius for makinghis government of the province intolerably burden-

some to its inhabitants. This decree broughtCaius great reputation as well as popularity in the

provinces.He also iriiroduced bills for sending out colonies,

for constructing roads, and for establishing public^

graiiaries, making himself director and manager of

all these undertakings, and showing no weariness in

the execution of all these different and great enter-

prises ; nayjie actually carried out each one ofthem^with an astonisliing speed and power of application,as if it were his sole business, so that even those who

greatly hated and feared him were struck with

amazement at the powers of achievement and

accomplishment which marked all that he did. Andas for the multitude, they were astonished at the

very sight, when they beheld him closely attended

by a throng of contractors, artificers, ambassadors,

magistrates, soldiers, and literary men, with all of

whom he was on easy terms, preserving his dignitywhile showing kindliness, and rendering properly to

every man the courtesy which was due from him,

whereby he set in the light of malignant slanderers

those who stigmatised him as threatening or utterly

arrogant or violent. Thus he was a more skilful

popular leader in his private intercourse with men

SII

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

irpdêaiv rj rot? diro rov ^rjîaTo^; X6yoi<i Srjfia-

70)709.

VII. EiCnrovSaae Be fidXicrra irepl rrjv oSoTrouav,

T^9 T€ p^^/oeta? dfia koX tov tt/jo? X^^P^^ '^^^^ AraXXo?

€7n/jL€\7]6€L^. cvOelai yap riyovro hid rcov ^wptcoi^

drpe/jLelfi, Kal to fiev iaropwro rrirpa êarfj, to

he d/iifiov â)/xa(Tt vaKTr)^ eirvKrovTO. Tri/jLTrXa-

jievcdv Be Tcov kolXcov /cal êvyvvfievcov ye^vpaiôaa xîfjuappoL Bie/coirTov 7) (f)dpayy€<;, vyjro^ re twv

eKUTepwOev Xaov Kal rrapdXXyjXov XafijSavovTcov,

ofiaXrjv Kal KaXrjv oyfnv elê Bt oXov to epyov.

2 irpoî Be TovToi^ BtafieTp7Jaa<i KaTo, /jllXiov oBoi^

Trdaav (to Be filXiov oktoo aTaBiwv oXiyov dTroBeV)

Kiova^ Xi6i,vov<; o-rjfieta tov fieTpov KaTeaTrjaev.

dXXov<; Be XiOov<; eXaTTOV aTreôi/ra? dXXyfXoiV

eKaTepwOev Tfj<i oBov BteOrjKev, ft)9 eh] paBicj^; to?9

i7r7roL'9 exovaiv eTn/SaLveiv dii avTO)v dpa0oXefD<;

fjLr) BeofxevoL'^,

VIII. 'EttI T0UT0t9 TOV BrjfjLOV [i€yaXvvovTO<;

avTov Kal TTCiv oTLovv eTOi/jLco^ eôvToî evBeiKvvaOaL

irpo^ evvoiav,€(f)'t] iroTe Brj/jurjyopMv auT09 acTyjaecv

^dpiv, r)v Xaôiv fiev dvTl iravTO'^ eêiv, el Be

divoTvyoii pLrjBev eKeivoi<i /ii€/j,yjrt/jLoip7](Teiv. tovto

pr]6ev eBoêv aiV?;ai9 vTraTeia'^ elvai, Kal irpoa-

BoKiav Trdcnv &)9 a/z-a fiev viraTeiav, dfia Be

2 Biiixapxiav fieTicov TrapeaêV' evaTdvTwv Be tS)V

viraTLKOiif dpâtpeo-Loyv Kal fieTecoprov ovtcov dirdv-

Tcop M^dri Fdiov ^dvvLov KaTdycDV eh to ireBiov

212

CAIUS GRACCHUS, vi. 4-viii. 2

and in his business transactions than in his speechesfrom the rostra.

VII. But he busied himself most earnestly with

the construction of roads, laying stress upon utility,

as well as upon that which conduced to grace and

beauty. For his roads were carried straight throughthe country without deviation, and had pavements of

quarried stone, and substructures of tight-rammedmasses of sand. Depressions were filled up, all inter-

secting torrents or ravines were bridged over, and

both sides of the roads were of equal and correspond-

ing height, so that the work had everywhere an

even and beautiful appearance. In addition to all this,

he measured off every road by miles (the Roman mile

falls a little short of eight furlongs) and plantedstone pillars in the ground to mark the distances.

Other stones, too, he placed at smaller intervals

from one another on both sides of the road, in order

that equestrians might be able to mount their horses

from them and have no need of assistance.

VIII. Since the people extolled him for all these

services and were ready to show him any token what-

soever of their good will, he said to them once in a

public harangue that he was going to ask a favour of

them, which, if granted, he should value supremely,but if it were refused, he should find no fault with

them. This utterance was thought to be a requestfor a consulship, and led everybody to expect that hewould sue for a consulship and a tribuneship at the

same time. But when the consular elections were al

hand and everybody was on the tip-toe of expectation, he was seen leading Caius Fannius down into

the Campus Martius and joining in the canvass for

VOL. X. H ^'3

k

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TOVTO poTTTjv TjvejKe To5 âvvLO) fieydXrji/, KCLKelvo'^

fi€v viraTOî rat09 Se Btjfjuapxo'i direheix^'n to

hevrepov, ov TrapayjeXXcov oifBe fieTioov, dWa rou

Syjfjiov a7rovSdaavTO<;.

3 'Evrel 5e ecopa rrjv fiev avyK\r}TOV i^^pdv avTi-

/cpf9, dfi^Xi/v Be TTJ TTyoo? avTov evvoia top ^dvpiov,

avOi<i eripoi^ v6/jloi<; d'Tr7}pTrjaaT0 to irXrjdo';,

aTTOifCLa^ fiev eh TdpavTa kol KaTrvrjv Tre/jLTrecrOai

ypd(l)cov, Kokcov Be eirl KOLvcovla iro\iTela<: Tov<i

AaTLvov^. rj Be fiovXr) Beiaaaa firj TrayTdiraaiv

dp.axo^ yevr]Tai, Kaivrjv koI darvvrjOrj irelpav eTrfjye

TOt? TToXXot? diTOTpoTTrj^, dvTiBi]/jLaycoyov(Ta kol

4 '^^âpLô/ievT] irapd to êXTiaTOV, rjv yap el<; Tuyv

Tov ratov (TVvapxovTcov AtySto? Apovao<;, dprjp

ovT€ yeyovdo'; tcvo<; 'Vwixaicav ovTe Te6papLfievo<;

Xelpov, YjdeL^ Be kclI Xoyw /cal ttXovtm Tot? p^dXidTa

TC/JLcofievoLf; kol Bvvapi'evoi^ diro tovtcov evdp.iXXo<;.

iTrl TOVTOV ovv 01 yvaypi fJboiTaTOL TpeirovTat, koX

irapeKdXovv avTOV dyfrao-daL tov Tatov koI fieT

avTcbv eirl tov avBpa avcrTrjpai, pur) ^laôpievov

p^rjBe dvTLKpovoPTa rot? ttoXXol^;, dXXh TTpo?

r)Bopr}p dpôPTa koI x^pcôpepov vnep wp kol

aTrex^dpeo-dac KaXco<; el-x^^'

IX. *E7rtSoi>9 ovp 6 At/3to? €t9 TavTa ttj ôvXfj

TTjp eavTOV BrjpLapx^cLp v6pov<i eypayfrev ovtc tojp

*^9fi Coraes and Bekker retain the old vulgate ^5?].

214

CAIUS GRACCHUS, viii. 2-ix. i

liim along with his friends. This turned the tide

strongly in favour of Fannius, So Fannius was

elected consul, and Caius tribune for the second

time, though he was not a candidate and did not

canvass for the office;but the people were eager to

have it so.

However, he soon saw that the senate was hostile

to him out and out, and that the good will of Fannius

towards him had lost its edge, and therefore again

began to attach the multitude to himselfby other laws,

[)roposing to send colonies to Tarentum and Capua,and inviting the Latins to a participation in the Romanfranchise. But the senate, fearing that Gracchus

would become altogether invincible, made a newand unusual attempt to divert the people from him ;

they vied with him, that is, in courting the favour

of the people, and granted their wishes contraryto the best interests of the state. For one of the

colleagues of Caius was Livius Drusus, a man who wasnot inferior to any Roman either in birth or rearing,while in character, eloquence, and wealth he could

vie with those who were most honoured and influen-

tial in consequence of these advantages. To this

man, accordingly, the nobles had recourse, andinvited him to attack Caius and league himself with

them against him, not resorting to violence or cominginto collision with the people, but administering his

office to please them and making them concessions

where it would have been honourable to incur their

hatred.

IX. Livius, accordingly, put his influence as tribune

at the service of the senate to this end, and drew uplaws which aimed at what was neither honourable

215

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

fea\(OV Ttvo<; ovre tmv XvcrireXcov i)(Ofievov<;, aWh,

6p fjiovov, virepâkeaOai top Td'iov rjBov^ /cat

'^dpiTt Tcjv TToWwv, wairep ev KcofKpSia, cnrevBayv

Kol Bia/jLiWcofJLevo'i. w /cat KaTacfâveaTdrrjv

iiroirjaev eavrrjv rj crvyKXrjTo^ ov Zvaêpalvovaau

T0t9 Tov Vatov TroXcrevpacTiv, dX\a avrov eicelvov

dveXelv rj TaireivSiaai TravTairaai ôv\op,evr]v.

2 TOV pev yap diroLKia^; hvo ypdyjravra /cal tou9

%a/?f€(rTaT0U9 tmv ttoXlt&v eladjovra BrfpofcoTretv

TjTiMVTo, Ai^LO) Be BooBe/ca KaroiKiôvri koX rpia-

p^fXtou? et9 eKdaTt)v diroaTeWovTi tcov uTropayv

avvekap^fidvovTO. Ka/ceivw pev, on 'x^copav Bieveipbe

T0i9 Trivrjai irpoardâ^ e/cda-TO) reXelv d7ro(f)Opav

eh TO BrjpLoaiov, &)9 K.o\aicevovTi to 1/9 irdXKov^

drrriyQdvovTOy At/3t09 Be. KoiX ttjv d7ro(j)opdv TavTrjv

3 TMV veip,ap,6vcov dcpaipcov rjpecTKev avTol^. €tl Be

6 pev T0i<; AaTLV0L<; 'lao-dnjcpiav BiBov]0ovv Ta> v6pL(p.

KoX pêvTOi KOL avTO<; 6 Aifiio<i del Brjprjyopcov

eXeyev ft)9 ypd<f)ot TavTa ttj ôvXfj Bo/covvTa ktjBo-

4 pevrj TOdv ttoWmv o Brj /cat povov diro tmv ttoXl-

TCvpidTcov avTov ^(^pricnpiov viTrip')(ev. '^p,epd)Tepov

yap ea')(e 7ry0O9 ttjv ôvXrjv 6 Brjpo<;' xal tov^

yvcopip,o)TdTov<i avTOV TTpOTepov v<popcop,€vov Ka\

216

CAIUS GRACCHUS, ix. 1-4

nor advantageous ; nay, he had the emulous eager-ness of the rival demagogues of comedy to achieve

one thing, namely, to surpass Caius in pleasing and

gratifying the people.^ In this way the senate

showed most plainly that it was not displeased with

the public measures of Caius, but rather was desirous

by all means to humble or destroy the man himself.

For when Caius proposed to found two colonies, and

these composed of the most respectable citizens,

they accused him of truckling to the people; but

when Livius proposed to found twelve, and to send

out to each of them three thousand of the needycitizens, they supported him. With Caius, because

he distributed public land among the poor for which

every man of them was required to pay a rental into

the public treasury, they were angry, alleging that

he was seeking thereby to win favour with the

multitude ; but Livius met with their approval whenhe proposed to relieve the tenants even from this

rental. And further, when Caius proposed to bestow

upon the Latins equal rights of suffrage, he gaveoffence ; but when Livius brought in a bill forbiddingthat any Latin should be chastised with rods even

during military service, he had the senate's support.And indeed Livius himself, in his public harangues,

always said that he introduced these measures on the

authority of the senate, which desired to help the

common people; and this in fact was the only advan-

tage which resulted from his political measures. Forthe people became more amicably disposed towards

the senate ;and whereas before this they had sus-

pected and hated the nobles, Livius softened and

^ An aUusion to the rival demagogues in the Knights of

Aristophanes.

217

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

fii,(TOvvTO<; eîXvae teal KaTeirpavve Trjv fivrjaiKa

Ki-av naX ;âX€7roT?;Ta ravrijv 6 AtySto?, 0)9 €k 839

T^9 iKCiVcov 6p/JLa)/jL€V0<; yvco/xT]^ iirl to BrjfiaycoyeLV

fcal ')(âpL^€crOai tol<; TroXXot?.

X. MeyLarrj Be toS Apovao) 7rCcrTL<; evvoia'i

TTpo^ Tov Brj/jLov iylvero /cat BiKaioa-vvr}^ to /jirjBev

avT^ firjS* virep eavTOv (âiveaOai ypdôvTa.KoX yap olKi(TTa<; eTepov^ efeVe/xTre ToiiV iroXecov

Kal BioiicrjaecTi y^prjfidTwv ov irpoarjeij tov Tatov

TO, irXeiaTa koX \ikyiaTa tmv toiovtcov avT&

2 Trpoarcdei'TO^. iirel Be ^Vov^plov tcov avvap^ôvTcov €Vo<; OLKLêaOat Kap^rjBova ypdyjravTO^ dvrjpr]-

fievTjv VTTO ^K7j'irL(ovo<;y KXtjpo) Xa-)(cbv 6 Faio?

eêirXevaev eh Ai^vrjv ewl tov KaTOiKiafiov, €TI

fiaXXov e7nl3a<; 6 Apovao'^ clttovto^; avTOV tov

Brjjxov VTTeXdfipave Kal irpocrriyeTo, fjudXiaTa tul^

3 KUTa TOV ôvXpiov BiaôXal^. 6 Be ôvXfito^

ovTO<i rjv TOV Tatov (piXo^;, Kal awdpâyv iirl rr/i;

BiavofjLTjv T^9 %^/3a? ypr)/jLevo<;' tjv Be OopvffcoBrj<:,

Kal /iiaovfievo^ fiev vtto Trj<; l3ovXfj(; dvTtKpv<;,

viroTTTo^ Be Kal T0i9 aXXoL<; 0)9 Tci a-Vfiiia'XîKcL

BiaKivoyv Kal irapo^vvwv Kpixpa tol'9 'lTaXfcoTa9

7rpo9 diroaTaa-LV, 0I9 dvairoBeiKTCof; Kal dveXiy-

/cTft>9 XeyofievoL'i avTO<; irpoaeTiOei, irlaTLv 6

ôvXpLoî ovx vyiaivov(Trj<; ovBe elprjviKrjf; wv TTpO'

4 aipeaeco^. tovto fidXicTTa KaTeXve tov Tdiov

diroXavovTa tov fdaov^, kuI ot6 XKi]7rL(i)V 6

2X8

CAIUS GRACCHUS, ix. 4-x. 4

dissipated their remembrance of past grievances andtheir bitter feelings by alleging that it was the

sanction of the nobles which had induced him to

enter upon his course of conciliating the people and

gratifying the wishes of the many.X. But the strongest proof that Livius was well

disposed towards the people and honest, lay in the

fact that he never appeared to propose anything for

himself or in his own interests. For he moved to

send out other men as managers of his colonies, andwould have no hand in the expenditure of moneys,whereas Caius had assigned to himself most of such

functions and the most important of them. Andnow Rubrius, one of his colleagues in the tribuneship,

brought in a bill for the founding of a colony on the

site of Carthage, which had been destroyed byScipio, and Caius, upon whom the lot fell, sailed off

to Africa as superintendent of the foundation. In

his absence, therefore, Livius made all the more

headway against him, stealing into the good gracesof the people and attaching them to himself, particu-

larly by his calumniations of Fulvius. This Fulvius

was a friend of Caius, and had been chosen a

commissioner with him for the distribution of the

public land ; but he was a turbulent fellow, and washated outright by the senators. Other men also sus-

pected him of stirring up trouble with the allies andof secretly inciting the Italians to revolt. These

things were said against him without proof or inves-

tigation, but Fulvius himself brought them into

greater credence by a policy which was unsound and

revolutionary. This more than anything else was the

undoing of Caius, who came in for a share of the

hatred against Fulvius. And when Scipio Africanus

219

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

*A<f)pLKavo irXrjySyv kol /Sta?

iinSpafieLV eSofei^, (w? iv tol<; irepl eKeivov ye-

jpaiTTai, TO piev TrXecarov iirl tov ôvX^lov rjXde

Trj<; Stay8oX^9, e)(6pov ovra kuI rrjv rjpipap iKeivr]v

iirl TOV /3?;yLtaT09 rq> ^KrjTTLcovL XeXoLBoprj/jiivov,

5 T/i/raTo Se Kal rod Tatov virovoLa. koX Becvov

ovT(o<i epyov eir' dvBpl tm irpcorq) Kal pbeyi(TT(p

'Fcop,aLcov ToXprjOev ovk erux^ Blk7](; ovSe eh

eXejxov TrporjXOev evearrjaav yap ol iroXXoi Kal

KareXvcrav rrjv Kpiaiv virep tov Vatov (pofirjOevTe^,

p,7} 7r€pi7reTr}<i Trj alTLo. tov (I)6vov ^r^Tovpbivov

yivrjTai. TavTa puev ovv iyeyovei irpoTepov.

XI. *Ei^ Be Ty Al/Svtj irepl tov t% Ka/3;^r;Soiô9

KaTOiKia/jLOVt riv 6 Vaio^ ^lovvcaviav, oirep i(7Tlv

'Hpalav, wvopacre, iroXXa K(oXvp.aTa yeveaOat

irapd TOV BatpôvLov Xeyovcnv. rf t€ yap TrpdoTf)

arjpbaiat irvevpuaToî d<f>ap7rd^0VT0<; avTrjV, tov Be

<j>epovTo^ eyKpaTCd<^ dyTe^ppevov, avveTpL^rj, Kal

Ta lepd T0t<; ^wpôh eiriKeipieva BieaKeBao-ev dve-

pbov OveXXa Kal BLeppiy^rev virep to 1)9 opov? Trj';

yeyevrjpevT]^; v'7Toypa(j)r]^, avTov<; Be tol'9 6pov<;

dveairaaav eireXOovTeî Xvkol Kal puaKpav ayôvTo

2 (j>epovTe<;, ov p,r)v dXXd irdvTa (TvvTdâ<^ Kal

BiaKOcrpLrjaa^ 6 Ydio<; rip,ipac<; €^Bop.rJKOVTa Tal^

TrdoraLî iiravrjXOev eh *Pcop.T)v, TniêaOat tov

ôvX/Siov vTTo tov Apov(Tov TTwOavopbevo^, Kal

TOiV 7rpayp,dTQ)V t?}9 avTOV irapovcria^ Beop.ev(ov.

220

CAIUS GRACCHUS, x. 4-xi. 2

died witliout any apparent cause, and certain marksof violence and blows were thought to be in evidence

all over his dead body, as I have written in his Life,^

most of the consequent caKimny fell upon Fulvius,who was Scipio's enemy, and had abused him that

day from the rostra, but suspicion attached itself also

to Caius. And a deed so monstrous, and perpetrated

upon a man who was the foremost and greatest

Roman, went unpunished, nay, was not even so muchas probed ; for the multitude were opposed to anyjudicial enquiry and thwarted it, because they feared

that Caius might be implicated in the charge if the

murder were investigated. However, this had hap-

pened at an earlier time.^ ^ yXI. In Africa, moreover, in connection with the

planting of a colony on the site of Carthage, to

which colony Caius gave the name Junonia (that is

to say, in Greek, Heraea), there are said to have

been many prohibitory signs from the gods. For the

leading standard was caught by a gust of wind, and

though the bearer clung to it with all his might, it

was broken into pieces ; the sacrificial victims lyingon the altars were scattered by a hurricane and dis-

persed beyond the boundary-marks in the plan of the

city, and the boundary-marks themselves were set

upon by wolves, who tore them up and carried thema long way off. Notwithstanding this, Caius settled

and arranged everything in seventy days all told,

and then returned to Rome, because he learned that

Fulvius was being hard pressed by Drusus, and be-

cause matters there required his presence. For

^ Seo the Tiberius Gracchus, ad Jin. ,and cf. the Romulus,

xxvii. 4 f,

2 In 129 B.C., six years before Caius became tribune.

221

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

A€VKio<; yap 'OTrt/ito?, avr)p oXtyapxtfco^ Kol

8vvaro<; iv rjj ôvXtj, irporepov fiev iêirecrev

vTrarelav TrapayyiWwv, rov Tatov rov ^dvviov

'irpoayay6vro<;y eKelvov he KarapxaipeaiaaavTO^*3 Tore he iroXktav fiorjOovvrcov eTrihoô^ rjv vTrarev-

aeiv, virarevcov Be KarakvcreLv rov VdioVt r]Br]

TpoTTov TLva T^<? Bwd/ieo)^ avTOv /jLapaivo/jLev7)<;

Kol Tov SrjfMov /jL€(TTov yeyov6TO<; tS)V rOlOVTCOV

iroXiTev/ndrcov Sih to ttoWou? tov<; tt/jo? X^P^^

SrjfjiaywyovpTa<s elvai koI Tr)v ffovXyv vireiKeiv

eKOvcrav.

XII. ^^TraveXOcov Be irpwrov fiev ere rov UaXa-Tiov /jLer^Krjcrev eh rov vtto ttjv dyopav tottov

o)? Brj/jLorifccoTepov, ottov 7rXeLcrT0v<; rcov Tairetvcov

KoX irevrfTcav crvveâLvev ol/celv eirecTa twv vo/kov

€ê0r)K€ TOL'9 XoLTTOV^ ft)? €7rd^cDV TTjv 'y\rr]ôv

avToh. oxXov Be iravraxoOev avrw (tvvlovto^

eireiaevrj fiovXrf top viraTOV ^dvvtov eKJSaXelv

2 Tovf; dXXov<} irXrjv *^(0/jLaL0)v uTravTa^, yevojievov 84i

Be Kr}pvy/jLaT0<; dr/Oov^ koI dXXoKOTOV, firjBeva

Toov (TV/jLfidxft^v fjLrjBe t6)v (piXcov ev 'Vm/jlt} âvrjvai

irepX Ta9 ri/jL€pa<i CKelva^, dvTeêOrjKev 6 Fato?

Bidypa/Jb/JLa KaTrjyopcov tov VTraTOV, kol Toh avfi-

fidxoi'ii av fievaxri, jSorjOijceiv eirayyeXXop.evo'i,

ov fjLTjv eÔTjOrjaeVy dXXa opMV eva tcov êvcov

avTov KoX avvrjOojv eXKojievov vtto tmv vTrrjperoov

TO)v TOV âvviovy TraprjXOe /cat ov Trpoarj/juvveVf

eLT€ Trjv la-xvv einXeiTrovaav rjBri BeBiia^; eXeyxstv,

322

i

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xi. 2-xii. 2

Lucius Opimius, a man of oligarchical principlesand influential in the senate, who had previouslyfailed in a candidacy for the consulship (when Caius

had brought forward Fannius and supported his can-

vas for the office),^ now had the aid and assistance

of many, and it was expected that he would be con-

sul, and that as consul he would try to put downCaius, whose influence was already somewhat on the

wane, and with whose peculiar measures the peoplehad become sated, because the leaders who courted

their favour were many and the senate readily

yielded to them.XII. On returning to Rome, in the first place

Caius changed his residence from the Palatine hill

to the region adjoining the forum, which he thoughtmore democratic, since most of the poor and lowlyhad come to live there ; in the next place, he pro-

mulgated the rest of his laws, intending to get the

people's vote upon them. But when a throng came

together from all parts of Italy for his support, the

senate prevailed upon the consul Fannius to drive out

of the city all who were not Romans. Accordingly,a strange and unusual proclamation was made, to the

effect that none of the allies and friends of Romeshould appear in the city during those days ; where-

upon Caius published a counter edict in which he de-

nounced the consul, and promised the allies his sup-

port, in case they should remain there. He did not,

however, give them his support, but when he saw oneof his comrades and guest-friends dragged off by the

lictors of Fannius, he passed by without giving him

any help, either because he feared to give a proofthat his power was already on the decline, or because

* See chapter viii. 2.

223

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

€LT6 fir) ôvXofievo^, 0)9 eXeyev, dylnjjLaxia<; avTo<;

Kol (ru/jL7r\oKf](; «PX<^9 îjTovac rol^ ix^poU

irapaa-'XêLv.

3 Zivvirvê Se avrw fcal tt/jo? tov^; awdpyôvra';ev opyfj yeveaOai Cta rocavTrjv alriav. ejjieWev

6 Brj/iiof; OedaOai/jbovo/j,d)(ôv^ iv dyopa, kol Twt'

dpxpVTCov ol TrXelarot OecopijTTjpia kvkXw Kara-

aKevdaavTe<; iêfiiadovv, ravra 6 Faio? eKeXevev

avrov<^ KaOatpelvy otto)? ol irevi^re^ i/c tcov tottcov

4 i/ceivcov dfiLdOl OedaaaOat Bvpcovrai. p,r)B€vo<; Se

irpoaexovTOf; dvafieivaî rr)v irpo ri}^ 6ea hrjixw aôXdôvra fieO' rjfiepav drriSeiê top

TOTTOV€<^' CO Tol^ fiev TToXXoLî dvTjp eBoêv elvai,

Tou? Be (TvvdpôvTa^ Q) irXeiaToov yevo-

fx^vwVy dBi/cox; Be koI KafCovpyw^ tcoi/ avvap)(^6v-rcDv iroLTjaa/ievcov ttjv dvaydpevaiv kcCi dvdBeiîv.

6 dXXa TavTa fjuev d/jL<pi,a^7)Tr)(Tiv el^^êv, rjveyice Be

ov /xeT/3ta)9 dTTOTVôov, KOL irpo^ ye tou<; ex^pov^

iireyyeXwvTaf} avTa> XeyeTai OpaavTepov tov Be-

ovTo<i elirelv co? âpBovtov yeXwTa yeXoiaiv, ov

yiyvoo(7KovT€<i oaov avTol<; cncoToî eK to)V uvtov

TrepiKexvTat TroXcTevfiaTeov,

224

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xii. 2-5

he was unwilling, as he said, by his own acts to

afford his enemies the occasions which they soughtfor a conflict at close quarters.

Moreover, it chanced that he had incurred the

anger of his colleagues in office, and for the follow-

ing reason. The people were going to enjoy an

exhibition of gladiators in the forum, and most of

the magistrates had constructed seats for the showround about, and were offering them for hire. Caius

ordered them to take down these seats, in order

that the poor might be able to enjoy the spectaclefrom those places without paying hire. But since

no one paid any attention to his command, he waited

till the night before the spectacle, and then, takingall the workmen whom he had under his orders in

public contracts, he pulled down the seats, and when

day came he had the place all clear for the people.For this proceeding the populace thought him a

man, but his colleagues were annoyed and thoughthim reckless and violent. It was believed also that

this conduct cost him his election to the tribunate

for the third time, since, although he got a majorityof the votes, his colleagues were unjust and fraudu-

lent in their proclamation and returns. This, how-

ever, was disputed. But he took his failure overmuch

to heart, and what is more, when his enemies were

exulting over him, he told them, it is said, with moreboldness than was fitting, that they were laughingwith sardonic laughter, and were not aware of the

great darkness that enveloped them in consequenceof his public measures.^

1 Blass compares the laughter of the doomed suitors in

Odysney, xx. 346 ff.—the fatuous smile of men whose fate is

sealed, though they are unaware of it.

225

PLUTARCH'S LIVES AXIII. 'Evret Be koI tov Ôttl/mov Karaarr}-

aavre^ virarov rcov vofioov ttoWov^ hueypaôv koX

Tr)v KapxvBovo<; iKivovv Sidra^tv, ipeOiôvre^ rbv

Vd'iov, d)<; &v alriav 6pyr]<; irapacT'XjMV dvaipeOelr],

TOV fjL€v TrpcoTOV ')(^p6vov eKapTepei, tojv Se ^l\wvKoi fidXia-ra tov ôvKîov irapo^vvovTO'; a>p/jLrja€

irdXiV <TVvd<y€iv tov(; avTiTaôfiivov; tt/jo? tov

2 viraTOv, ivTavda xal ttjv fi7]Tepa Xiyovaiv avTa>

(TvaTaacdaaL, fjLiaOov/nivrjv aTro Trj<; îvrj<i Kpv<f)a

Koi irep,Trov(Tav eU *Va)fir)v avBpa^, w? Sr) Oepi-

<7Ta9* TavTa yap iv tol<; iiriaToXLOif; avT7]<i yviy-

fxeva yeypd(j)6ai tt/jo? tov vlov. €T€poi Be kuI

Trdvv Trj<; K.opvrfkia<; BvaX€paLVOva-rj<; TavTa irpaT-

TeaOai Xiyovaiv,

3 *Ht 3* ovv ejiieWov VH'ipa tou9 vofiov^ Xvaeiv ol

irepX TOV ÔTTLfiLov, KaTeiXrjTTTo fiev vtto dfi<f>0T€-

pwv ecoOev €vdv<i to KaireTcoXtov, dvaavTo<; Be tov

VirdTOV T&V VTTTJpeTCJV T£9 avTov K.6ivT0<; 'Ai/TuX-

Xto<; Biacftipmv eTepcoae tcl airXdy^va 7rpo vffpei

4 o-^Ty/iarifoi/ra nrapeveyKelv. diroOvqcTKeL yovv€vdv<; 6 *AvTvXXio<; e/cel fxeydXoi^ ypaêioi^

K€VTOVfi€vo<;, eiT avT(p TovT(p ireTToiTJaOat, Xeyo-

fievoL^s. Kal TO fxev 7rXrjOo<} BieTapd^^rj TTyoo? tov

(jiovov, evavTia Be Toix; r^yefMova^ €cr;^6 BidOeai^.

6 fiev yap Fato? tjÔcto Kal KaKca^ eXeye tov^

226

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xiii. 1-4

XIII. The enemies of Caius also effected tlie

election of Opimius as consul, and then proceeded to

revoke many of the laws which Caius had secured andto meddle with the organization of the colony at

Carthage. This was by way of irritating Caius, that

he might furnish ground for resentment, and so be

got rid of. At first he endured all this patiently, but

at last, under the instigations of his friends, and

especially of Fulvius, he set out to gather afresh bodyof partisans for opposition to the consul. Here, weare told, his mother also took active part in his

seditious measures, by secretly hiring from foreign

parts and sending to Rome men who were ostensibly

reapers ; for to this matter there are said to have

been obscure allusions in her letters ^ to her son.

Others, however, say that Cornelia was very much

displeased with these activities of her son.

Be that as it may, on the day when Opimius andhis supporters were going to annul the laws, the

Capitol had been occupied by both factions since

earliest morning, and after the consul had offered

sacrifice, one of his servants, Quintus Antyllius, as hewas carrying from one place to another the entrails

of the victims, said to the partisans of Fulvius :

" Make way for honest citizens, ye rascals !

"Some

say, too, that along with this speech Antyllius bared

his arm and waved it with an insulting gesture. At

any rate he was killed at once and on the spot, stabbed

with large writing styles said to have been made for

just such a purpose. The multitude were com])letelyconfused by the murder, but it produced an oppositestate of mind in the leaders of the two factions.

Caius was distressed, and upbraided his followers for

1 Cf. Cicero, Brutus, 58, 211.

227

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

irepl avrov 0)9 alriav Beofievoif; irakai Ka0* eavrSiv

Tot9 6'XÔpoL'; BeBwKora^;, 6 Be 'OTrt/xto? coairep

ivBocTifiov XafSoDV eTrrjpro koX Trapcoûve top BrjfMov

eirX Trjv apuvvav.

XIV. Kal TOT€ pi€v 6p,/3pov yevopuevov Bteki)-

Orjcrav dpua Be rjpiipa Trjv pêv jBovXrjV 6 viraro^ 1

(Twayayoiv evBov i^pr)p,dTL^€v, erepoi Be ro rov^

AvtvWlov awpia yvp^vov eirX kXlvt}^ irpoOepievoi

Bl ajopa^ irapa ro BovXevrrjpiov eTrlrr^Be^ irape-

KopLiôp, olpLcoyfj '^pcopLevoi KOI 6pi]vw, yiyvMaKOV-To^ piev rov Ôiripbiov ra irparropLeva, irpoairoiov- 84 I

puivov Be OavpbdêLV, ware koI rov<; l3ov\evra<;

2 TTpoeXOelv. KarareOeia-rjq Be rrjs kXIvi^^ eU pueaov

ol piev eVêrXtafoi^ oo? eirl Beivw koI pbeyaXw

rrdOei, rol^; Be 7roXXoL<; eTTrjei pucrelv koX TrpoffdX-

Xeadai rov<; oXiyapxt/coiK;, ft)9 Tiêptov piev

Tpdyxôv ev Is.airerwXiw (f)ovev(Tavre<; avrol B^-

puapxov ovra kol rov veKpov irpoaeêâXov, o 3*

3 vTTTjperrjf; ÂvrvXXio<;, ov BiKaia piev tcrw^ ireirov-

dd><;, rr)v Be 7rXeLarr)v alriav eh rb iraOelv avr&

7ra/)a<7%ft)^', ev dyopa irpofcetrai, Kal TrepiearrjKev

T) *P(opLaLQ)v ôvXt} Oprjvovaa fcal avveKKopaôvaa

pLtaOcorov dv9pco7rov, eirl rw rov en Xenropievov

dveXeiv rwv rov Bijpuov KrjBopievcjv. ck rovrov

irdXiv eh rb ôvXevrrjpLov direXdovrefi ey\r'r]<f)i-

aavro Kal irpoaeraâv ÔTripLifo rw virdrw acoêiv

rrjv TToXtv otto)? Bvvairo, Kal KaraXvetv rov<;

rvpdvvov^.4 ^^Keivov Be 7rpoet7r6vro<i inl rd oirXa ^^P^^^

228

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xiii. 4-xiv. 4

having given their enemies ground for accusing themwhich had long been desired

;but Opimius, as though

lie had got something for which he was waiting, was

elated, and urged the people on to vengeance.XIV. A shower of rain fell just then, and the

assembly was dissolved;but early next morning the

consul called the senate together indoors and j)ro-

ceeded to transact business, while others placed the

body of Antyllius without covering upon a bier, andcarried it, as they had agreed to do, through the forumand past the senate-house, with wailings and lament-

ations. Opimius knew what was going on, but pre-tended to be surprised, so that even the senators wentout into the forum. After the bier had been set downin the midst of the throng, the senators began to in-

veigh against what they called a heinous and mons-trous crime, but the people were moved to hatred andabuse of the oligarchs, who, they said, after murder-

ing Tiberius Gracchus on the Capitol with their ownhands, tribune that he was, had actually flung awayhis dead body besides

;whereas Antyllius, a mere

servant, who perhaps had suffered more than he

deserved, but was himself chiefly to blame for it, hadbeen laid out in the forum, and was surrounded by the

Roman senate, which shed tears and shared in the

obsequies of a hireling fellow, to the end that the sole

remaining champion of the people might be done

away with. Then the senators went back into the

senate-house, where they formally enjoined upon the

consul Opimius to save the city as best he could,^

and to put down the tyrants.The consul therefore ordered the senators to take

* The formal decree of martial law : consul videret ne quidrespublica detrimenti caperet (Cicero, In Gat. i. 2, 4).

229

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Toif<; (TvyKXrjTt./cov<i, /cal rcov linTecov eKaa-ra)

irapdyyeXâ B6vT0ouX/9io? avmrapeaKevd-^€T0 Kol G-vvTjyev oyXovy 6 Be Tdio'; €k t^? dyopd<i

aTTepyôjievo'^ earrj Kara rov rov Trarpo? dvBptdvra,Kol iroXvv ^(povov ijjiffXeyjra^ et? avrbv ovBev

i<j)-

5 Oeyâro, BaKpv(ra<; Be kol crrevdâ^ dirrjeL. rovro

TToWot? Twi^ IBovTwv ol/CTelpai TOP Vdiov eTTrjkOe'

KOL KaKL(TavT€<; avTov<; a)9 eyKaraXeiiTOVTefi rov

dvBpa KoX TTpoBiBovTe'i rJKOv eVl rrjv ol/ciav kol

TrapevuKrepevov eVl tcoi^ 6vpa>v, ov^ o/JLOia)^ roUTOP ôvXpLov (pvXdrrovaiv. eKelvoi fjuev yap ev

kp6tol<; Koi dXaXay/jiOL<; irivovre^ koI dpaavvo-fxevoL BiereXeaav, avrov rov ôvXîov irpcorov

fjbeOvafco/jievov koi iroXXd (f>opTiKa)<; irap rfKiKiav6 (pOeyyofievov koX irpdrTOvro^' ol Be irepl top

Fdlov, CO? iirl <Tv/jL(j)opa koivtj t?;? TrarpiBo^; rjcrv-

X^^^ dyovT€<; koI TrepicrKOTToviievoL rb fieXXov, ev

fxepet (pvXdrTOvre^ koI dvaTravo/jLevoi, Birjyov.

XV. "Afia Be r}/j,epa top fiep ôvX^lop etc rod

TTOTOV KaOevBoPTa /jl6Xi<; eneyeipaPTe^ oaTrXiôvTO

T0t9 irepl TTjP oLKiap avrov Xacj)vpoL<;, a TaXdTa<;

pepiKr]KQ)<; ore vwdrevep elXi^cpet, real fierd ttoWt)?

d7T€iXr]<; Kol Kpavyrjf; ex(»>povp KaraXrjyfro/jiepoc top

Âfievrlpop Xocpop. 6 Be Tdiof; oTrXlaaadai fxev

ovK TjOeXrjaep, dXX* cocTTrep eh dyopdp ep TTj/Seppo)

2 irporjCiy fjLLKpov vire^wafjiepo^ eyxî-pi^Biov, e^LopriBe avTO) irepl rdî 6vpa<; v yvprj Trpocnreaovaa koX

irepLTTTVâaa Ta>p x^tpcop ry [xep avrop eKeiPOp, tji

Be TO iraiBiovy** Ovk eirl to ^rjfjud ce," elirep,

'* wrdie, ITpoire[MTTO} B^/jLupôp, o)? Trporepop, kol vofio-

230

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xiv. 4-xv. 2

up arms, and every member of the equestrian order

was notified to bring next morning two servants fully

armed; Fulvius, on the other hand, made counter

preparations and got together a rabble, but Caius, as

he left the forum, stopped in front of his father's

statue, gazed at it for a long time without uttering a

word, then burst into tears, and with a groan departed.

Many of those who saw this were moved to pityCaius; they reproached themselves for abandoningand betraying him, and went to his house, and spentthe night at his door, though not in the same manneras those who were guarding Fulvius. For these

passed the whole time in noise and shouting, drink-

ing, and boasting of what they would do, Fulvius him-self being the first to get drunk, and saying and

doing much that was unseemly for a man of his years ;

but the followers of Caius, feeling that they faced a

public calamity, kept quiet and were full of concernfor the future, and passed the night sleeping and

keeping watch by turns.

XV. When day came, Fulvius was with difficultyroused from his drunken sleep by his partisans, whoarmed themselves with the spoils of war about his

house, which he had taken after a victory over theGauls during his consulship, and with much threaten-

ing and shouting went to seize the Aventine hill.

Caius, on the other hand, was unwilling to arm him-

self, but went forth in his toga, as though on his wayto the forum, with only a short dagger on his person.As he was going out at the door, his wife threw her-

self in his way, and with one arm round her husbandand the other round their little son, said :

" Not to

the rostra, O Caius, do I now send thee forth, as

formerly, to serve as tribune and law-giver, nor yet to

231

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

derrjv, ou5' €7rl TroXefiov evBoôv, iva /jloi fcal rra-

6(ov Tt TMv KOivoiV aTToXiiTr)'^ ri/jLcofievov yovv irev-

6o<;, aWa TOL<i Tiêpiov (fiovevatv viropdWeiêavTov, dvoirXov fxev koXco^, Lva TrdOrj^; n /juaWov

rj Bpd(Tr}<;, tt/oo? ovBev Be rot? kolvol<; 6(I)6\o<; diroXeL

3 KCKparrj/cev tjStj rd xîpw /Sla koL aihrjpw Td<;

hiKa^ TTpdrrovaip. el wepl Nofjuavrtav 6 cro?

a8eX,(^09 eirecreVy VTrocnrovBo^ dvrjfjblv direBodr}

veKpo^' vvv Be tcro)? /cdya) irorafjuov tlvo^ rj da-

Xdrrr}^ ifceTL<; eaofiai, (f^rjvai irore ro aov acjfia

(fypovpov/JLevov. ri 'yap rj vo/jloi^ en Triarov rj

4 6eol<; fjLerd top Tiêplov (f)6vov;

"roiavTa tt)?

AiKLVvLa^ oBvpOfievt]^, drpefia ra? 7repiô\d<;

diroXvad/jLevo^; avTi)<^ 6 Fato? e')(aipei aLCDirfj fierdTMV (piXcov. rj Be rov IfjuaTiOv XafieaOat yXt^ô-

fievr) Kurappvelaa tt/jo? TovBaô<i eKeiro iroXvv

'Xpovov dvavBo^, /^^XP^ ^^ XLTroOvfirjcraaav avTr)Vol 6epdirovTe<; dpdfjuevoi 7rpo<; Kpdaaov (p')(0VT0

rov dBeX<f)ov KOfiLôvTe^;.

XVI. 'O ê ôuXîO?, ft)? iyevovTO Trdvre^

dopool, irecaOeU vtto tov Tatov Tre/uLireL rcov vlcov

rov vecorepov eôvra Kr)pvK€tov et? dyopdv. rjv Be 84:

KdXXi(Tro<i 6 veavLo-K0<; 6(f)6)]var koI rore Kura-

(Trd<; K0O-/JLL(O(; /cal fier alBov<i BeBaKpvfjbevo^ erroir)-

craro av/jLl3arifcov<; X6yov<; Trpo^ rov virarov koI

2 rrjv (rvjKXijrov. ol /mev ovv ttoXXo) rwv Trapovrcovovfc dr]B6j<; 7rpo<i rd<; BiaXvaeL^ el)(ov' 6 Be Ôiri-

fXLO^ ov Bi" dyyeXcov e(f)rj '^prjvai,ireideiv rrjv

(TvyKXrjrov, dXXd Karafidvra<; co? v7rev6vvov<;

TToXira'^ eirl Kpiaiv koX rrapaBovra^ avrov<; ovro)<;

rrapaLrelaOai rrjv opyrjv^ rw Be /uLeipaKLO) Kal

BiTjyopevaev eirl rovroi<; Kanerai udXiv r) firj

232

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xv. 2-xvi. 2

a glorious war, where, shouldst thou die (and all menmust die), thou wouldst at all events leave me an

honoured sorrow; but thou art exposing thyself to

the murderers of Tiberius, and thou doest well to gounarmed, that thou mayest suffer rather than inflict

wrong ; but thy death will do the state no good.The worst has at last prevailed ; by violence and thesword men's controversies are now decided. If thybrother had only fallen at Numantia, his dead bodywould have been given back to us by terms of truce

;

but as it is, perhaps I too shall have to supplicatesome river or sea to reveal to me at last thy body in

its keeping. Why, pray, should men longer put faith

in laws or gods, after the murder of Tiberius?"While Licinia was thus lamenting, Caius gently freed

himself from her embrace and went away without a

word, accompanied by his friends. Licinia eagerly

sought to clutch his robe, but sank to the ground and

lay there a long time speechless, until her servants

lifted her up unconscious and carried her away to thehouse of her brother Crassus.

XVI. W^henall were assembled together, Fulvius.

yielding to the advice of Caius, sent the younger ol

his sons with a herald's wand into the forum. Theyoung man was very fair to look upon ; and now, in a

decorous attitude, modestly,- and with tears in his eyes,he addressed conciliatory words to the consul and thesenate. Most of his audience, then, were not disin-

clined to accept his terms of peace ; but Opimiusdeclared that the petitioners ought not to try to per-suade the senate by word of messenger ; they shouldrather come down and surrender themselves for trial,

like citizens amenable to the laws, and then beg for

mercy ; he also told the young man plainly to come

233

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

3 fcartevai. Taio<; fiev ovv, w? <f>acnv, iôvXcTofiaBlêiv fcal ireiOeiv rrjv avyKXrjrov ovB€vo<; Se

t6)v aXkwv (Tvy^(^copovvTO<;, av6i<} eirefji'êv 6 ôv\-

ySto? Tov iralha hLakeôfievov virep avrcov Ofioia

TOi? irporipoLf;. 6 8e 'OTrt/tto? arrrevScov/jLd')(7]v

(Tvvdyfrac to fiev fieipaKiov €vOv<; avveXaê Kal

TrapeBcoKev eh (jyvXaKrjv, Tot9 Be irepX tov ôvX^loveTTrjei /jlctcL ttoXXcov ottXitcov fcal toôtcov K.pr)T(Ov,

4 OL fidXLCTTa ffdXXovTef; avT0vouA,ySto9 €t9 Tt âXavelov rjfjbeXrjfjievov KaTa-

<f)vyoi)v Kol fjL€Ta fitKpov dvevpe9ei<; KaTe(T(j)dyrj

fiCTO, TOV irpea^VTepov 7rafc8o9, o Be Tdlo^ (ocfydrj

fxev VTT ovSevb^ /jLaxofievo^;, dXXa Bvaavaa'êTOivTol<; yivofievoiei-

5 XovTO KoX irdXiv (f)evyeiv eTrrjpav avTov. evOa By

XeyeTat KaOeaOeh eU yovv koX Ta<; ')êLpa^ dva-

T€iva<; 7ryoo9 ttjv Oeov eirevâaOat tov 'Pcofialcov

Brifjiov dvTL Trj<; d')(âpL<TTia^ eKeivr]^ koI rrpoBoaCa^

/jLTjBeTTOTe TTavaaarOat BovXevovTa' âvepoi^ yapol irXeicTTOt fieTefidXXovTO KrjpvyjiaTL BoOelarjf;

dBeiaî.

XVII. êvyovTi, B' ovv t& Tata) tcov eÔpfov

e7n(f)€pOfjLevci)v koI KaTaXa/xfiavovTCOv Tvepl ttjv

^vXlvrjv ye(f)Vpav, ol fiev Bvo (îXot Trpox^^pelv€K€LVOv KeXevcravTe^; avTol tou9 BccoKovTa^; vire-

<TT7](Tav Kal pwxôfievoL TTpo T?79 ye<f)vpa<; ovBeva

2 irapijKav ea)9 airedavov. tm Be Tai(p avve<f>evy€v

234

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xvi. 3-xvii. 2

back again on these terms or not come back at all.

Caius, accordingly, as we are told, was willing to comeand try to persuade the senate ; but no one else

agreed with him, and so Fulvius sent his son again to

plead in their behalf as before. But Opimius, whowas eager to join battle, at once seized the youth and

put him under guard, and then advanced on the partyof Fulvius with numerous men-at-arms and Cretanarchers. And it was the archers who, by dischargingtheir arrows and wounding their opponents, were mostinstrumental in throwing them into confusion. Afterthe rout had taken place, Fulvius fled for refuge into

an unused bath, where he was shortly discovered and

slain, together with his elder son. Caius, however,was not seen to take any part in the battle, but in

great displeasure at what was happening he withdrewinto the temple of Diana. There he was minded to

make away with himself, but was prevented by his

most trusty companions, Pomponius and Licinius ; for

they were at hand, and took away his sword, and

urged him to flight again. Then, indeed, as we are

told, he sank upon his knees, and with handsoutstretched towards the goddess prayed that theRoman people, in requital for their great ingratitudeand treachery, might never cease to be in servitude ;

for most of them were manifestly changing sides, nowthat proclamation of immunity had been made.XVII. So then, as Caius fled, his foes pressed hard

upon him and were overtaking him at the wooden

bridge over the Tiber, but his two friends bade him

go on, while they themselves withstood his pursuers,and, fighting there at the head of the bridge, wouldsuffer no man to pass, until they were killed. Caiushad with him in his flight a single servant, by name

235

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

el? ol/c6T7^<i ovofxa îXoKpdrrjf;, Trdvroyv fiev, coairepiv a/jLiWrj, irapaKeXevo/jLivcov, ovSevof; Se j3or)-

6ovvTO<i, ovBe Xttttov alrovfiivfp 7rapa(7)(^6tv iOekrj-

aavTO<i' eireKeiVTO yap iy<yv<; ol Sicokovt€<;. 6 Be

(pOdvet fiLKpov eh lepov dXao<^ Êpivvvcov Kara-

(f)V<yu)v, KUKel hLa^deiperat, rod ^LkoKpdrov^ dve-

3 Xoi^TO? eKclvov, elra eavrop i7n(T(f)dâvT0<;. o)? Be

evLoi (paaiv, dfKfyorepoL fiev virb rwv TroXe/iicov

KaT€\7](j>07](rav fcoz^re?, rod Be Oepdirovro^; rov

Beairorrjv irepijBaKovro^ ovBeh ifcelvov r)Bvvr)67]

irardâi irporepov rj rovrov vno ttoWcop iraio-

jxevov dvatpeOrjvai. rrjv Be K€(f)a\r)v rov Tatov

Xeyovoriv ciXXov fjuev diroKO'âL Koi /cofiiêiv,

dêXeaOaL Be rovrov (jiCXov 'OirLfiiov nvd, Sctt-

rovfjLOvXrjlov rjv yap irpoKeKijpvyfieiov ev dp^fj

rrj<; /jud'y^rj^;laoardaiov ^(^pvalov rot? dveveyKovat

4 rr]v Vatov xal ôvXîov Ke(f)aXr}V. dvrjvexOr) Be

viTO rov %eiTroviJLOvXrjtov irepiTrerrapixevrj Bopari,

TT/oo? rov Ôirip,Lov, Kal ^vyov KopLiaOevro^ evre-

Oelcra Xirpa<; eirraKaiBeKa Kal Bijioipov e'iX/cvae,

rov Xeirrov/LLOvXrjtov Kal nrepl rovro fxiapov yevo-

fxevov Kal KaKovpyi]<Tavro<;' eêXcov yap rov eyKe-

(f)aXov everyjê p,6Xv^Bov. ol Be rov ôvX/Slov

r))v KeâXrjv Kopiaavre<i (jjaav yap roiv darj/xo-

5 rep(ov) ovBev eXa/Sov. rd Be adofjuara Kal rovrcav

Kal roiv dXXcDV et? rov rrorapbov €ppL<pr], rpia-

'îXiayv dvaipeOevrcov Kal rd<i ovaua'^ avrcov

drreBovro irpo^ ro Brnxoaiov. drrelTcav Be irevOelv

rah yvvaiî, ri)v Be Fatov AiKivvtav Kal ttJ?

rrpoLKO^ direarepijaav. ayfiorarov Be irpoaeipyd-aavro rov ôvXfiiov rov vecorepov vlov, ovre

136

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xvii. 2-5

Philocrates; and though all the spectators, as at a race,

urged Caius on to greater speed, not a man came to

his aid, or even consented to furnish him with a horse

when he asked for one, for his pursuers were pressingclose upon him. He barely succeeded in escapinginto a sacred grove of the Furies, and there fell bythe hand of Philocrates, who then slew himself uponhis master. According to some writers, however,both were taken alive by the enemy, and because the

servant had thrown his arms about his master, no onewas able to strike the master until the slave had first

been dispatched by the blows of many. Someonecut off the head of Caius, we are told, and was carry-

ing it along, but was robbed of it by a certain friend

of Opimius, Septimuleius ; for proclamation had beenmade at the beginning of the battle that an equal

weight of gold would be paid the men who broughtthe head of Caius or Fulvius. So Septimuleius stuck

the head of Caius on a spear and brought it to Opim-ius, and when it was placed in a balance it weighedseventeen pounds and two thirds, since Septimuleius,besides showing himself to be a scoundrel, had also

perpetrated a fraud; for he had taken out the brain

and poured melted lead in its place. But those whobrought the head of Fulvius were of the obscurer sort,

and therefore got nothing. The bodies of Caius andFulvius and of the other slain were thrown into the

Tiber, and they numbered three thousand; their

property was sold and the proceeds paid into the

public treasury. Moreover, their wives were for-

bidden to go into mourning, and Licinia, the wife of

Caius, was also deprived of her marriage portion.Most cruel of all, however, was the treatment of the

younger son of Fulvius, who had neither lifted a hand

237

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

')(elpa<; avrapd/uLevov ovr iv tol<; iJLaôiievoi<i yepo-

fievov, aWa iirl (T7rovha<; iXOovra irpo t^9 fjLd'^r]<;

6 (TvX\a^6vr€<; koI jnera rrjv fid^'rjv dveXovre^;. ov

firjv dWa /cat rovrov /cat tmv dWwv dirdvrwv

fidWov r)via(Te tou? ttoWou? to KaraaKevaaOev

*0/jL0V0La<; lepov vtto tov Ôtti/jllov aepLvvveaOat,

fydp iBoKet, kol y^k'â (ppovecu fcal rpoirov riva

Opiafjuêveiv inl ^6vol<; ro(TOvroi<; iroXiroyv. Slo

KOL vvKTo<; VTTO TTjv CTTcjpucjirjv TOV V€Q) TTapevi'

rypw^frdv tlv€<; top gtI'ôp tovtop' ""Kpyop diro-

voLa<; vaop ofjLOPola^ TroieV^

XYIII. OUTO? fiePTOL TTpCOTO? iôvdicL StKTa-

Topo<; ip viraTeia')(^pr}<TdfjL€Po<;

/cal KaTUKTeCpa^

aKpLTOV^; iirl TpLa")(î\L0i<; vroXtrai? Fdlop TpdyôpKal ôvk^LOP ^XdKKOP, (tiP 6 /jL€p rjp viraTiico^ koX

dpiafx^Lfco^, 6 Be T?)? KaO^ avTOP rjXiKia^ dpeTJjKol Bo^rj TreTrpcoTev/cax;, ovk direa'xêro KXo7rr]<i,

dXXd TrefKpOeU a)9 'lovyovpOap top No/xaSa itpec -

êvTT)^ Bt,e(^ddp7] '^pijficwip vir^ avTov' kolI BLktjp

6(J)Xq)p alaîdTTiP Bo)poBoKia<; ip aTLfxia KaTeyr)-

pacre fitaovfiepoî Kal irpoinjXaKLô/xepof; virb tou

2 Bripôv, Trap avTa fiep to, irpaxOePTa Taireipov

yepofiepov kol crvaTaXevTO^, 6XiyaP6pa> TTpovTiOePTO, Kal tov<; tottov? ip ol? i(f)o-

pevOrjaap d(f)LepcoaaPTe<; dinjpxoPTO fiep wp (tipai

^€pov(Ti irdpTWPy eOvop Be Kal Ka6' rjp.epap iroX-

Xol Kal TTpoaeTTLTTTOp, cjairep 6eo)P lepol^ iirKpoi-

Ta)PT€^.

XIX. Kal fiePTOi Kal rj KopprjXia XeyeTat. ra

238

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xvii. 5-xix. i

against the nobles nor been present at the fighting,but had come to effect a truce before the battle andhad been arrested; after the battle he was slain.

However, what vexed the people more than this or

anything else was the erection ofa temple of Concord

by Opimius^

; for it was felt that he was priding him-

self and exulting and in a manner celebrating a

triumph in view of all this slaughter of citizens.

Therefore at night, beneath the inscription on the

temple, somebody carved this verse :—" A work of

mad discord produces a temple of Concord."XVHI. And yet this Opimius, who was the first

consul to exercise the power of a dictator, and put to

death without trial, besides three thousand other

citizens, Caius Gracchus and Fulvius Flaccus,ofwhomone had been consul and had celebrated a triumph,while the other was the foremost man of his genera-tion in virtue and reputation

—this Opimius could

not keep his hands from fraud, but when he was sent

as ambassador to Jugurtha the Numidian was bribed

by him, and after being convicted most shamefullyof corruption, he spent his old age in infamy, hatedand abused by the people, a people which was humbleand cowed at the time when the Gracchi fell, but

soon afterwards showed how much it missed themand longed for them. For it had statues of the

brothers made and set up in a conspicuous place,consecrated the places where they were slain, and

brought thither offerings of all the first-fruits of the

seasons, nay, more, many sacrificed and fell downbefore their statues every day, as though they were

visiting the shrines of gods.XIX. And further, Cornelia is reported to have

*Opimius restored the temple of Concord which had been

built by Camillus (see the Camillus. xlii. 4).

239

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

re dWa Trj<; crvfJL(ôpa<^ evyevw'^ koI /xeyaXoylrvxfo^

€V€yK€Lv, KoX TTcpl Tcou lepwv iv ol<i avrjpeOrjaavelTtelv d)'; aîov^ ol veKpol rdôv; exovaiv. avrrj

Be irepl tou9 Ka\ov/ii6vov<; Mio-rjvovf; Siirpiêv,2 ovBep fieraWdâaa t?}? avvrjOovf; SiauTrjfi. rjv

Be iro\vîkoj' Kal îXokoywv irepl avrrjv ovtcov,

dirdvrwv he tcov fiaaCkewv Kal Beô/jievcov irap

avTrj(; 8(opa fcal TrefMirovToyv. rjSiarr] fxev ovv tjv

avrrj rot? d^LKVovpLevoLî Kal avvovcTL Birjyov/jLevr]

TOP rod Trarpo? Â^piKavov ^lov Kal BCacrav,

OavpLaaKordrr) Be rcov TraiBcov direvOr)^ Kal dBd-

KpuTO<; /jLvrjp,ov€vovaa, Kal TrdOrj Kal 7rpdêi<;

avTcov, wGirep dpâioiv rivcov, e^rjyovpuevrj tol<;

3 TTvvOavo/jLevoi,';. 66ev eBoêv evioLfi eKvou^ vtto

yrjpw^ r) fieyeOov; KaKcov yeyovevai Kal rcov

dTV')(r}pbdr(ov dvaia6'r)T0<;, avTOi<; (w? dXydco-

dvaLa6rjT0iev rd KaKa iroWdKif; TrepiearLV,

iv Be T(a irralaac to <êpevv evXoyicTTa}^ ov

TrapaipeiTat.

ArlAOS KM KAEOMENOY2 KAt TPArXON

I. 'Hp^tv Be Kal TavTr)<; irepa^ e'Xôvarj'i rrj<;

Bir)yr)(je(o^ VTroXeiireTat XajBelv ck irapaXXrjXovTwv /3lcov T7)v dTToOeooprjcriv. tov<; puev ovv Tpdy-240

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xix. 1-3

borne all her misfortunes in a noble and mag-nanimous spirit, and to have said of the sacred placeswhere her sons had been slain that they were tombs

worthy of the dead which occupied tliem. She re-

sided on the promontory called Misenum, and madeno change in her customary way of living. She had

many friends, and kept a good table that she mightshow hospitality, for she always had Greeks andother literary men about her, and all the reigning

kings interchanged gifts with her. She was Indeed

very agreeable to her visitors and associates whenshe discoursed to them about the life and habits of

her father Africanus, but most admirable when she

spoke of her sons without grief or tears, and nar-

rated their achievements and their fate to all en-

quirers as if she were speaking of men of the early

days of Rome. Some were therefore led to think

that old age or the greatness of her sorrows had

impaired her mind and made her insensible to her

misfortunes, whereas, really, such persons themselveswere insensible how much help in the banishment of

grief mankind derives from a noble nature and fromhonourable birth and rearing, as well as of the fact

that while Fortune often prevails over virtue whenit endeavours to ward off evils, she cannot rob

virtue of the power to endure those evils with calmassurance.

AGIS AND CLEOMENES AND THEGRACCHI COMPARED

I. Now that I have brought this story of the

Gracchi also to an end, it remains for me to take a

survey of all four lives in parallel. As for the Gracchi,

241

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Xov^ ovh^ ol irdvv raWa KaKco<; Xeyovre^ koX

fjLiaovvr€<i eroXiMTjaav eljreLv co? ovk eixfivearaTOi

7r/oo9 aperrjv iyepovro 'Pto/xatcoy airavrcov, xal

2 rpo(pr](i T€ Kol iraLhevaew'^ iKirpeTTOv^ ervxov rj

Se "AytBo^ KoX K.X60/jL€VQV<; ^v(TL^(av ol Trpea/SvTepot iraXai BiecjiOo-

peiaav, avTov<i rjjejuova^ evTeXeia^ kol aco^po-3 Gvvr]<; TTapiaxov. en Se oi fxiv, ore Xa/jbTrporaTOv

elx^v r) 'Fm/jLtj kuI fieyiarov a^Lcofia koI kuXwv

epycov ^TjXoVy wairep SiaSoxv^ ap€7rj<; irarpwa^

KalTTpoyovcKTJf; yaxyv^V^^^ iy/caraXLTretv ol he

Kol Trarepcov ravavrla TrporjprjpLevcov yeyovore^, kol

rrjv TrarpiBa fiox^VP^ irpdrrovdav Koi voaovaav

'iTapaXafi6vT€<;y ovSiv n Bca ravra rrjv tt/so? to

4 KaXov aTTijfM^Xvvav op/JL-^v. kolfjurjv rrj^ ye

Tpdyx^v d(l>LXoxpVf^^'^^ci<; kol irpo^ dpyvpwv

eyfcpaT€La<; /JLeyiarov iartv ore Xi^fip^drcov dhiKwv

KaOapoix; ev dp^cu^ âl iroXirelai^ Bie^vXaâveauTOU?' Âyi<; Be koLv BirjyavdKrrjaev eVt tw

p,rjB€V dXXoTpiov Xa/Seiu iiraivovfievof;, o? Tr)v

ovalav Tr)v eavrov tol<; iroXirai^ €7reB(OK€v, dvev

TOiV dXXwv KTr}fidT(ov eâKoaia rdXavra vofxla-

fiaroî exovaav, irrfXiKov ovv ivofiiê KaKov elvau

TO KepBalveiv dBiKco^; 6 koX BLKalca^ irXeov €XGt,v

erepov irXeove^lav rjyovfievo^;

I.l. "H ye firjv eiriôvXT] fcal r6Xp,a rcbv Katvo-

242

AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, i. i-ii. i

then, not even those who utterly revile and hate themon other grounds have ventured to deny that of all

Romans they were best equipped by nature for the

practice of virtue, and enjoyed a rearing and trainingwhich were preeminent ; but Agis and Clcomeneswould appear to have had even sturdier natural giftsthan theirs, in so far as, though they did not receive

a correct training, and were reared in those customsand ways ofliving by which their elders had long agobeen corrupted, they nevertheless made themselvesleaders in simplicity and self-restraint. And further,the Gracchi, at a time when Rome had her greatestand most splendid repute and an ardour for noble

deeds, were prevented by a sense of shame from

abandoning what was like an inheritance of virtue

from ancestors near and remote ; Agis and Cleomenes,on the other hand, though they were sons of fathers

who had adoj)ted opposite principles to theirs, andfound their country in a wretched plight and full of

distempers, did not suffer these things to blunt the

edge of their zeal for what was noble. Moreover, thechief proof that the Gracchi scorned wealth and were

superior to money lies in the fact that they keptthemselves clear from unrighteous gains during their

official and political life ; whereas Agis would havebeen incensed to receive praise for not taking any-thing that was another's, since he freely gave to his

fellow citizens his own property, which amounted to

six hundred talents in ready money alone, to saynothing of other valuables. How great a baseness,then, would unlawful gain have been held to be byone in whose eyes even the lawful j)ossession of morethan another was rapacity ?

n. Again, the enterprise and boldness of their

243

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rofiovfxevwv irokv tw /jLejiOet 7rap7]XkaTT€V. eiro-

\lt€vovto yap 6 fiev oBcov KaraaKeva^; kol ttoXccov

KTi,aei<;, kol to iravrayv veavt-Kcorarov rjv TiêpiM

fiev avaacoaai Brj/jLoaiov; aypov^, Tat(p he fiLât

ra SiKaartjpia irpoae/jb^dXovTi tmv linTiKwv rpia-

2 KOdiov^' 6 Be''AyiBo<; KalKXeofievov^; V€0)T€pio-/ji6<;,

TO jjbiKpa KOL Kara fiepo^ tcov rjfjiapryjfievcov laaOai

KuX aiTOKOTTTeiv vBpav TLva rifjivovro^y <m9 ^rjaiv

6 YWaTwv, 'qyr)(Tdjii€vo<; elvai, ttjv afia iravra

airaWdâi KaKa kol fieraaKcvdaaL hvvajjLevrjv

3 fieraffoXrjv iirrjye Tot9 rrpdy/biaaiv. d\r]6eaT€pov

8' tVw? eiTrelv eanv on rrjv Trdvra direpyaaa-

fjLevr)v KaKa ixeraôkr^v i^^Xavvev, uTrdycov Kal

KaOiaraî et? to olkclop (T')(i)pLa rrjv irokiv. eTrel

Kal rovTO av t^? eliroi, rfj fiev Fpdyxoyv iroXireia

Toi/9 /JL6yiaT0v<; iviarao-dai 'PcofiaLcov, oh Be Âyt?

eve'y^^lprjae, KXeo/juivrj^; Be ro epyov eTredrjKc, tmv

irapaBeiyixdrajv to KdWiarov VTreKecro Kai fieyaXo-

irpeireaTarov, al TrdrpioL prjrpai irepl aco(j>poavvr]s

Kal la6T7]To<;, <av tovtok; fiev 6 AvKOVpyo^, eKeivw ^

4 Be 6 Jlv6io<; êfiaLoarrj^. o Be fjueytaTOi', oti Toh

fxev eKeivwv TroXirev/xaa-iv etV ovBevrj 'Fcofir] fielôv ^

eireBwKe tmv virap'xôvTcov, €k Be wv 6 KXeo/xei^?;? ^^1

eiTpaêv, oXuyov XP^^^^ '^V^ îrdprrjv t?}? UeXo-"

TTOvvrjaov Kparovaav rj 'EXXa? eVetSe Kal roh

Tore ixeyidTov Bwafxevoif; BLaywviôixevqv dywvn1 iKiivw Blass, Fuhr, and Ziegler, after Madvig : ^Kfivois.

244

AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, ii. 1-4

attempted reforms were certainly very different in

magnitude. For in their political activities Cuius hadin view the construction of roads and the founding of

cities, and the boldest of all the projects of the

Romans were, in the case of Tiberius tiie recovery of

the public lands, and in that of Caius the reconstitu-

tion of the courts of justice by the addition of three

hundred men from the equestrian order; whereas

Agis and Cleomenes in their reforms, considering that

the application of trifling and partial remedies andexcisions to the disorders of the state was nothingmore than cutting off a Hydra's heads (as Plato says i),

tried to introduce into the constitution a change whichwas able to transform and get rid of all evils at once;

though perhaps it is more in accordance with the

truth to £ay that they banished the change whichhad wrought all sorts of evils, by bringing back thestate to its proper form and establishing it therein,

iiesides, this also can be said, that the policies of the

Gracchi were opposed by the greatest Romans,whereas those which Agis instituted and Cleomenesconsummated were based upon the fairest and most

imposing precedents, namely, the ancient rhetras or

unwritten laws concerning simplicity of life and

equality of property, for which Lycurgus was voucherto them, and the Pythian Apollo to Lycurgus.- Butthe most important consideration is that through the

political activity of the Gracchi Rome made noadvance in greatness, whereas, in consequence of theachievements of Cleomenes, within a short timeGreece beheld Sparta mistress of the Peloponnesusand carrying on a struggle for the supremacy withthose who tlien had the greatest power, the object of

^Eepublic, p. 426 e. ^ See the Lycurgus, xiii.

VOL. X.J

245

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Tov irepl TrjLa<;, ov Te\o<; r}v airaWayelaav

îWvpiKCdV ottXcov Kol YoXaTiKOiv Tr)v *EX\a8a

KoaixelaOai iraXiv v<f 'HpaKXeiSai^;.III. Ol/iiac Be Kol Ta? reXeira? tojv avBpcov

ifKJiaLvecv riva t^? dperrj^ Bta(j)opdv. iKelvoi fiev

yap fiaxofievoi 7rpo<; tov<; TroXtra?, elra (f)6vyovTe<;

eTeXevrrjcrav* tovtwv Be*Ayt<; fiev virep tov firjBeva

KTelvaL tS)v irokiroiv oXiyov Belv e/cwv airedav€,

KX€0fjLfV7](; Be TTpoirrfKaKLaOel'; Koi dBiKrjdel^; a>p-

fir](T€ fjLevdpbvvaaOai, tov Be Kaipov [xt] irapaaxovTO^2 avTov evToXfico^; dvetXe. ttoXlv Be TavavTia gko-

TTOvaiv ÂyL<; fiev ovBev direBeiâTO (TTpaTTjyia^

epyov, dXXa Trpoavrjpidrj, rat? Be KXeofievov^

viKai<; rroXXal^ koI KaXal<^ yevofievai^; irapaâXelve<TTi Til3epLov ttjv ev K.apxvôvi tov Tei')(pvf;

KaTaXrjyjriVy ov fiLKpov epyov, Kal ra? ev l>ôfiavTLa

airovBdi;, al? BLa-fivpLou<; 'Pco/iiaicov o-T/oaTtcoTa?

ovK exovTa^ dXXr)v eXiriBa a(i)Tr)pia<i TrepieiroLTjae'

Ka\ Fato? Be iroXXrjv fiev avToOi, ttoXXtjv Be ev

âpBovc (TTpaTev6p,€V0<; dvBpayadlav e(l)r]V€V, wcttc

TOt? 7rp(OT0i<; dv iva/xiXXov; 'VwfiaLCov yeveadai

(TTpaTrjyo'i'iy eljjurj TrpoavrjpeOrjaav.

IV. T?}? Be TToXtreta? o fJLCv ÂyL<; eoixev d-âaOat

fiaXaK(OT€pov, eKKpovaOeX^ vtto ÂyrjaiXdov Kal

'^êvadfievo'; tov dvaBaafiov rot? TroXtrai?, koI 845

oXo)? eXXtTT^? Kal dTeXr)(; wv irpoeiXeTO Kal KaTr)y-

yetXev vtto aroXyitta? Bid ttjv rjXiKLav yevo/ievoî*

6 Be KX€0/JLevr]<; TovvavTiov OpaavTepov Kal ^caio-

246

AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, ii. 4-iv. i

which struggle was to set Greece free from Illyrianand Gaulish troops and array her once more underdescendants of Heracles.

III. I think, too, that the way in which the mendied makes manifest a difference in their high ex-

cellence. For the Gracchi fought against their fellow

citizens, and then died as they sought to make their

escape ; but in the case of the Greeks, Agis wouldnot kill a single citizen, and therefore died what one

might almost call a voluntary death, and Cleomenes,after setting out to avenge himself for insults and

wrongs, found the occasion unfavourable and with a

good courage slew himself. But again, when we take

the opposite view of their relative merits, Agisdisplayed no deed worthy of a great commander, butwas cut off untimely, and with the many honourablevictories won by Cleomenes we can compare the

capture of the wall at Carthage by Tiberius, whichwas no trifling deed, and his truce at Numantia, bywhich twenty thousand Roman soldiers who had noother hope of salvation were spared ; and Caius, too,manifested great bravery in military service at home,and great bravery in Sardinia, so that the brothers

might have viedsuccessfully with the foremost Romangenerals, had they not been cut off untimely.

IV. In their civic activities, however, Agis wouldseem to have taken hold of things with too little

spirit ; he was baffled by Agesilaiis, and broke his

promise to the citizens about the re-distribution

of lands, and in a word abandoned and left un-

finished the designs which he had deliberatelyformed and announced, owing to a lack of couragedue to his youth. Cleomenes, on the contrary,undertook his change of the constitution with too

247

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

T€pov iirl rrjv fieTaôXrjv rjXOe r^? iroXneia^t

airoKTeiva^ tol'9 i(f)6pov<; irapavojJLWîy ov^ koI

TrpoaayayiaOat to?? OTrXot? Kparovvra KaX fAera-

arrjaai pdZiov rjv, coairep ov/c oXiyovî aXkov;

2 /jLerecTTrjaev c/c t^? TroXeo)?. to yap di/ev rr}?

io-'x^drrjf; dvdyKr]<; i'7ri(f)6peiv criBTjpov ovre larpiKov

0VT6 itoXltlkov, oXX* drexvlcL^ fiev dfiiporepa,

TOVTCp he KaX TO dBiKelv fier W/UOTr^ro? TrpoaeaTi.

rSiv he Tpdy^^wv ovherepoî p,ev rjpâro a(payrj<i

ip^cpvXiov, TdLO<; Be Xeyerai firjBe âXXopêvo^

6ppL7]<jaL 7rpo<i dfivvav, dXXd XafMirporarofi mv ev

TOt? TToXe/jLiKOL^; dpy6Taro<i ev rrj (ndaei yeveaOat.

3 Ka\ yap irporjXOev aoTrXo? Kal p,a')(pp,evayv dve)((i)-

pr)a€, Kal 6Xco<; nrXeiova rod p^t) n Bpaaai Trpovoiav

rj Tov pr) nraOelv'e')((DV kwpdro. Bib Kal ttjv (pvyrjv

avTOiv ovK droXpia<; (rrjpêiov, aXV evXaêias

TTOirfreov. eBei yap virelâi rol<s eTTL(^€pop,evoi<i

rj pêvovra^ virep tov p^r) iraOelv to3 Bpdv dpLVvaaOai.

V. Tcoi^ Toivvv eyKXrjpudTayv tmv KaTa TcêpLov

p.eyL(TT6v eaTLV otl top crvvdpôvTa tii<; B7]papx^CL<i

iêfiaXe xal BevTcpav avTo<; B7)p.ap)(iav peT-pec

Tata) Be tov*

AvtvXXIov (fyovov ov BiKaLco^ ovBe

dXrjOa)^ TTpoaeTplôvTO' Bi€(f)ddprj yap aKOVTO^

avTov Kal dyavaKTOvvTO<i. KXeopievrj^; Be, iva t^?

(Tâyd<; tcov €(j)6p(i)v idactypêv, rjXevOepwae p,€v

2 diravTaî tov^ ot/cera?, epaaiXevcre Be tm p,ev epyro

pôvo^, too Be 6v6p,aTi BevTepo^, EvKXelBav top

14S

AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, iv. i-v. 2

much rashness and violence, killing the ephors in

unlawful fashion, when it would have been easier to

win them over to his views or remove them by

superiority in arms, just as he removed many others

from the city. For a resort to the knife, except under

extremest necessity, is not the mark either of a good

physician or statesman, but in both cases shows a

lack of skill, and in the case of the statesman there

is added both injustice and cruelty. Neither of

the Gracchi, however, initiated civil slaughter, and

Caius, we are told, would not resort to self-defence

even when his life was threatened, but though he

was a most brilliant soldier in the field, he showedhimself most inactive in civil strife. For he wentforth from his house unarmed and withdrew when the

battle began, and in a word was seen to be moreintent upon not doing any harm to others than

upon not suffering harm himself. Therefore we musthold that the flight of the brothers was not a mark of

cowardice, but of caution. For they were obligedeither to yield to their assailants, or, in case they held

their ground, to defend themselves actively againstliarm,

V. Again, the greatest of the accusations againstTiberius is that he deposed his colleague from the

tribuneship and canvassed for a second tribuneshiphimself; and as for Caius, the murder of Antylliuswas unjustly and falsely attributed to him, for it

ha})pened contrary to his wishes and much to his dis-

pleasure. But Cleomenes, not to mention again his

slaughter of the ephors, set free all the slaves, andwas king by himself in point of fact, though nomin-

ally with another, after he had chosen his brother

Eucleidas, a man from the same house, as his col-

^49

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

acekôv etc /j,id<i olKia^ avrw 7rpoae\6fi€vo<;, ^Kpî-

Bafiov Be, o5 Trpoo-rJKOv rjv a'lro rrj^s erepa<i oLKuafi

ovTi (TVfipaaCkeueLv, eirsLae fiev eV Me^ro-Tî^r;?

KarekOelv, aTrodavovro^ Be rov (f)6vov ovk eVef-

eXOcbv eêfiaiwcre rrjv alrlav Kad^ avrov tt}?

3 avaLpeaeco^. Kairot AvKovpyo<;, ov TrpoaeiroielTo

/jLi/jueâdai, ttjv jmIv j3a(TiXeiav ckodv cnreBwKe rw

TraiBl rod dB€\(f)ov XapiWo), (J)oôv/jl€vo<; Be p^r},

Kciv aWft>9 airodavr) to p,€ipdKiov, airla rt? eVavTov eXOr], ttoXvv ')(p6vov efo) TrXavrjdeU ov irpo-

repov eiravrfkOev r) iralBa roS âplXXo) jevea-Oai

BcdBo'ôv T/79 dpxn'^' dXKa AvKOvpyo) p,ev ovBe

aXXoî Tt? *FXXi]VQ)v TrapajSXrjro^; ovBel<;' on Be

T0?9 K.Xeop,€vov<; iroXcrevpâa-L KatPOTop,lai> koL

4 irapavopiai peiôve<{ epeiac, BeBrjXcoTai. Kal jjltjv

01 j€ TOP TpoTTOv avTCOv yfreyovre'i tovtol^ p.ev ef

dpxv^ TVpavvLKOv KOL iroXepÔTToiov alricovTai

yeveaOai, rfj Be €K€lvq)v (pvaec (pcXorcpia^ dpêr-

piavy dXXo Be ovBev ol (f)6ovovvre^ eirLKaXelv elôv

eKpi7nadevTa 7rpo<; tou? ivia-rapêvov;

dycovi /cal 6vp,a> irapd rr)V avrcov ^vaiv oiiairep

TTVoah, e(f>€lvav irepl ra ecrâra ttjv iroXireiav

5 a)p,oX6yovv, eirel rrj^ ye TrpcoTi)'; v7ro6eaeQ3<; rt

KdXXiov rj BiKaLorepov rjv, el p,rj Kara fiiav Kal

Bwaareiav e'm')(eLpriaavTeoôvp,ev(p virep avrov, rip Be €kBi,kovvti top

35^

AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, v. 2-5

league ;and he persuaded Archidamus, who belonged

to the other house and should have been his colleagueon the throne, to come back to Sparta from Messene,and upon his death, by not following up the murder,he fixed upon himself the blame for his taking off.

And yet Lycurgus, whom he professed to imitate,

voluntarily surrendered the royal power to Charillus

his brother's son, and because he feared lest, if the

young man should die by another's hand, some blame

might attach to himself, he wandered a long time in

foreign parts, and would not come back until a son

had been born to Charillus who should succeed to his

office.^ However, with Lycurgus no other Greek is

worthy to be compared ; but that the politicalmeasures of Cleomenes were marked by greater in-

novations and illegalities than those of the Gracchi, is

evident. And indeed those who are inclined to crit-

icize their characters accuse the two Greeks of havingbeen from the outset over fond of power and strife,

and the two Romans of having been by nature im-

moderately ambitious, though their detractors could

bring no other charge against them ; nay, it was

agreed that they were caught up by the fury of the

contest with their opponents and by a passion contraryto their own natural bent, as by blasts of wind, and so

let the state drive into extremest danger. For whatcould be more just and honourable than their original

design .'' And they would have succeeded in it, hadnot the party of the rich, by their violent and partisan

attempts to abrogate the agrarian law, involved bothof them in fierce struggles, Tiberius through fear for

his own life, and Caius in an effort to avenge his

brother, who had been slain without justice or

* See the Lycurgus, iii. 5.

251

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

aSe\<j>ov dvev hiKY]^ koI 86<y/JLaTO<; ovSe vir dpxovTo<i

avaLpeOevTa;6 %vvopa<; jxev ovv kol avrof; ifc rdv elprj/jLcvcov

rrjv Biaôpdv el Be Bel koX Ka0* eicaarov d7ro(^rj-

vaadat, Tifiepiov fxev apery TreirpwrevKevaL riOrffjit

TrdvTcov, eXd^t'O'Ta Be rj/jLapTrjKevat to /xeLpdKLov

*Ayiv, irpdêi Be kol toX/jlt) Td'iov ovk oXljo)

K\€0/jievov<; varepov êôvevai.

252

AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, v. 5-6

senatorial decree and without the concurrence evenof a magistrate.From what has been said, tlien, my reader will

perceive for himself the difference between thesemen

; but if I am to express my opinion of them

individually, I should say that Tiberius led them all

in exemplary virtues, that the youthful Agis com-mitted the fewest errors, and that in achievementand courage Caius fell far short of Cleomenes.

253

PHILOPOEMEN

a>IA0n01MHN

I. K\€avBpo<s^viv Mavriv6Layevov<i r€ 7rp(i)Tov 35G

fcal 8uvr]0el<; iv tol<; /jLaXiara r(ov ttoXltcjv, rv^yBe

')(prj(Tdfi€PO<;koX rrjv eavrov (pvycbv rjKev eh

MeyaXrjv iroXiv ou% rJKKTra Sia top ^t\o7roL/jL€VO<;

Traripa J^pavyiv, dvSpa Trdvrcov eveKa Xafjiirpov,

2 ISia he 7r/309 eKelvov olK€ico<; e)(ôvTa. ^(ovro(; jxev

ovv avTOV iravTcov iTvyyave, T€kevTr)aavTO<; he

TTjv dfjioi^rjv tt}? <f)C\,oêvia^ d7TohLhov<; eOpeyjrev

avTOv TOP vlov 6p<f)avov ovra, KaOdirep (^r]a\v

"Ojiripo^ VTTO Tov ôLVL/co<; Tov ÂîXXea rpacjyrjpat,

yevvaiav riva xal fiadiXiKrjv rov i]6ov^ €v6v<; ef

dpXV'^ TrXda-cv koX au^rjaiv \a/ji^dvojno<i. r^hrj he

TOV îXo7roL/jL€vo<; dvriiTaihof; 6Vto9 "EKhy]fjLO<i kuI

M.eya\o^dvrj<; ol êyaXoTToXtrai hieheâvro rrjv

iTTi/jieXeLav, ^KpiceaCkdw avvyjOei^; iv ^Pi.KahrifieLa

yeyovore^ koI ^Lko(TO(f)iav fjudXidra rcov /cad'

kavTov^ €7rl irokiTeiav koI irpdêi,^ irpoayayovreî.

3 ovroL Kol rr)v eavTMV iraipiha rvpavvihof; dirrfk- ^Xaâv, Tou? d7TOKT€vovvTa<; ÂpcarohrjfJLOv Kpv<f)a SirapaaKevdaavTeî, kol l^tKOfcXea tov Xlkvwvlcdv

Tvpavvov^

ApdTM avveê/SaXov, Kal K.vpr)vaLOtf:

256

PHILOPOEMEN

I. Cleander was a man of the highest lineage and

greatest influence among the citizens of Mantineia,but he met with reverses and was exiled from his

native city. He then betook himself to Megalopolis,

chiefly because of Craugis, the father of Philopoemen,a man in every way illustrious, and attached to him byties of personal friendship. As long as Craugis lived.Oleander's wants were all supplied, and when Craugisdied, Cleander, wishing to requite him for his

hospitality, undertook the rearing of his orphan son,

just as Homer says that Achilles was reared byPhoenix,^ so that the boy's character took on fromthe very outset a noble and kingly mould and growth.But as soon as Philopoemen had ceased to be a boy,Ecdeinus and Megalophanes, of Megalopolis, were

put in charge of him. ^They had been comrades of

Arcesilaiis at the Academy, and beyond all men of

their day had brought philosophy to bear uponpolitical action and affairs of state. They freed their

own native city from tyranny, by secretly procuringmen to kill Aristodemus

; they joined with Aratus in

expelling Nicocles the tyrant of Sicyon ;^ and at the

request of the people of Cyrene, whose city was full

1 Cf. Iliad, ix. 438 ff.

2 A brief biography of Philopoemen may be found in

Pausanias, viii. 49-51. It agrees, in the main, with that of

Plutarch. Philopoemen was born about 252 B.C.* See the Aratus, ii.-x.

257

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ZerjOelai, rerapayfievcov tojv Kara Tr)v itoXlv koI

voaovvTcov, TrXeuaavre^ evvofiiav Wevro koX Blcko-

4 a-firjaav apiara rrjv ttoXlv, avroi ye firjv ev to??

aX\ot,<; epyoi^ Ka\ Trjv ^CkoiToiiievo^ eTroLovvro

iraihevaiVy 0)9 kovvov 6êKo<i TJj 'EWdSt rov dvSpaTOVTOV VTTO ^CKoao<îa^ aire.pyaaojxevoi. koX yap

axTTrep O'îyovov iv yrjpa rat? royv TrdXaicov rjycfjLO-

vwv eTTiTeKovaa tovtov dperaU rj 'EXXa? yyairrjae

Bi,a(f)€p6vTa)<; kol avvr]v^r)ae ttj So^rj rrjv hvvafxiv.

'Va)/jLaL(ov Be rt? iiraiVMV e(T')(arov avrov ^^Wrjvoyv

TTpoaelTrev, ft)9 ovBiva fieyav jiera tovtov €ti t^9

'EXXaSo? dvBpa y€cva/jLevr)<; ovBe ai'Tr/9 dîov.

II. ^Kv Be TO fiev elBo^ ovk alaxpo^j <w9 evioL

vo/JLiôva-iv euKova yap avTOV Biaêvovaav iv

A€\(f)ol<i opwjJLev TT)V Be T7}9 êvTjf; t?)9 MeyapLKT]^;

dyvoiav av/jb^rjvac Xeyovai Bl evKoXiav tlvcl kuI 357

d<f)eX€tav avTov. TrvvOavo/jievr) ydp epx^cOat Trpo^

avTOv<; Tov CTpaTr^yov twv ^K^âLdv iOopvûTo m

TrapaaKevdôvaa Belttvov, ov irapovTO^ KUTa tvxv^'

2 TOV dvBp6<;, iv tovto) Be tov ^CkoTrolfievo^ elaeX-

OovTOî 'xXafivBiov evTskh e%oi^T09, olo/ievrj Ttvd

Tcbv vTTTjpeTCJV elvai /cal irpoBpopôv irapeKaXei tt]':

BiaKOvla^; (TVve(f)dy\rao-daL.Kal 6 fiev evOv^ dirop-

piyjra<; Tr)v %\ayu,u3a twv ^vXwv eaxt'^cv 6 Be

fej/09 i'KeLo-eX6oi>v Kal Oeacrdfievo'^,** Tt toOto,"

e(f ?7,

"0) îXo7roifi7)vr

" Tt yap dXXor ecprj

B(opiô)v iKelvo<;y"

tj KaKa<; oêw^ BUa^ BiBcoficr

3 TOV Be dXXov a-(OfjLaT0<; ttjv ^vaiv iTna-KcoTTTcov 6

»S8

PHILOPOEMEN, i. 3-11. 3

of confusion and political distemper, they sailed

thither, introduced law and order, and arrangedmatters in the city most happily. They themselves,

however, counted the education of Philopoemen also

among their many achievements, believing that their

philosophical teachings had made him a commonbenefit to Greece. For since he was the child, as it

were, of her late old age and succeeded to the virtues

of her ancient commanders, Greece loved him sur-

passingly, and as his reputation grew, increased his

power. And a certain Roman, in praising him, called

him the last of the Greeks,^ implying that Greece

produced no great man after him, nor one worthyof her.

II. In looks he was not, as some suppose, ill-

favoured ; for a statue of him is still to be seen at

Delphi ;and the mistake of hisMegarian hostess was

due, as we are told, to a certain indifference and

simplicity on his part. This woman, learning that

the general of the Achaeans was coming to her

house, in great confusion set about preparingsupper; besides, her husband chanced to be awayfrom home. Just then Philopoemen came in, wear-

ing a simple soldier's cloak, and the woman, thinkinghim to be one of his servants wlio had been sent

on in advance, invited him to help her in her

housework. So Philopoemen at once threw off his

cloak and fell to splitting wood. Then his host

came in, and seeing him thus employed, said :

"What does this mean, Philopoemen?" "Whatelse," said Philopoemen in broad Doric, "than that I

am paying a penalty for my ill looks ?" And once

Titus Flamininus, making fun of certain parts of his

* See the Aratus^ xxiv. 2.

259

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TtT09 elirev,**

'12 ^tXoTroLfjLTjv, o)? Ka\a<i êlpa^

e%€£? Koi aKeXrj' yaarepa S' ou/c e;êi9-" î^ âp6^ Tcoj/ jjbeawv a-repcorepo^;. to fJuevroL crKco/jLfia

7r/)09 Tî^ hvvafJLiV avrov fiaWov eke'xOr]. kol

yap oTrXira^ ^X^^ dyadov^; Kal iTTirel'^ XPVH'^'^^îroWcLKL^ ovK eviropei, ravra fiev ovv iv rat?

(7;ôXat9 irepl rov ^LXoTTOifievo^ Xeyerai.Ill, ToO S* 7]doV<; TO (plXoTLfjiOV OVK r)v TraVTOL-

iraaL (f)iXoveiKLa(; KuOapov ovS* 6pyrj<^ aiTTjXXay-

fjuevov dXXa Kaiirep Ê7rap,€ivcovSov ôvX6p.evo<ielvai /idXiaTa ^7]Xo)Tr)<i, to SpacrTrjpiov /cal GvveTov

avTOV /cal vtto xp^l/^dTcov diTaOeî la')(ypoi<^ ipîfjuelTO,

Tw Be Trpao) Kal fiadel Kal (ûXavOpaiiTw irapd tcl^

TToXiTCKCLfi Sia(t>opd(; ifM/JLeveiv ou Swdfievo^ St'

6pyr)v Kal (j)iXovetKLav /judXXov ihoKCt, arpaTiw-2 TLKt)^ Tj iroXLTiKT}^ dp€Tr}<; olKeLO<^ elvai. Kal yap

€K iraiBcov 6vOu<; rjv îXo(JTpaTL(tiTr}<^, Kal T0t9

7r/0O9 TOVTO ^/3?;a-tVoi9 jubaOtj/jLaatv VTrr/KOve irpo-

dvfi(o<;, oirXo/jiaêlv Kal linreveip. eirel Be Kal

iraXaieLVev(f)V(i)<;

iSoKcc Kal TvapeKdXovv avTov

iirl Ti-jV dOXrjcrtv evtoo tcov îXcdv Kal T(av iirc-

TpoTTWv, TjpcoTrjaep avTOv<i fjufjTt TTpof; Tr]V (7Tpa-

TicoTLKrjv daKTicnv vtto T7}9 d6Xrj(T€w<i ffXa^rjaoiTO.

3 TCOV Be <l)ap.ev(ov, oirep t]V, ddXrjTiKov (TTpaTLcoTLKov

aMfxa Kal fiuov Biacpipeiv tol<; irdat, fidXidTa Be

BiaiTav eTepav Kal dcTKrjcnv elvai, tcov p,ev virvw

T€ iToXXo) Kal irXrjcrp.oval'^ evBeXeêat kul KivrjaeaL

TeTay/jLevaif; Kal r)av)(îat^ avôvTcov re Kal BLa<f>V'

XaTTovTcov TTjv eîv VTTO 7rd<T7]<; poTTTJ^; Kal irapeK-

^daecoî tov avvrj6ov<; dKpoa<paXri irpo^ fieTaôXrjv

ovaav, TCL Be 7rda7]<i fxev TrXdvr)^ epîreipa Kal

260

PHILOPOEMEN, ii. 3-in. 3

figure, said :"Philopoemen, what fine arms and legs

tliou hast; but belly tliou hast not"; for Philo-

poemen was quite slender at the waist. This piece of

fun, however, was aimed the rather at his resources.

For though he had excellent men-at-arms and horse-

men, he was often at a loss for money. However,these stories are told of Philopoemen in the schools of

philosophy.III. But the love of distinction which marked his

character was not altogether free from contentiousnessnor devoid of anger ; and although he desired to

pattern himself most of all after Epaminondas, it wasthe energy, sagacity, and indifference to money in

Epaminondas which he strenuously imitated, whilehis proneness to anger and contentiousness made himunable to maintain that great leader's mildness,

gravity, and urbanity in political disputes, so that hewas thought to be endowed with military rather thanwith civic virtues. For from his very boyhood he wasfond of a soldier's life, and readily learned the lessons

which were useful for this, such as those in heavy-armed fighting and horsemanship. He was also

tiiought to be a good wrestler, but when some of his

friends and directors urged him to take up athletics,he asked them if athletics would not be injurious to

his military training. They told him (and it was the

truth) that the habit of body and mode of life for

athlete and soldier were totally different, and particu-

larly that their diet and training were not the same,since the one required much sleep, continuous surfeit

of food, and fixed periods of activity and repose, in

order to preserve or improve their condition, whichthe slightest influence or the least departure fromroutine is apt to change for the worse

; whereas the

261

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Trd(rr)<; avwjiaXia'^ irpoariKov elvai, fiaXiara ce

4 <j>€p€LV pahlco^ fjuev evSeiav eWtafieva, paUw^ hi

aypVTTViav, aKovam o ^CKoiroipuiqv ov fiovov avro^

€(j)vy6 TO irpdy/jLa koX KareyeXaaeVt aXka koI

arparTjyMV varepov aTip,Lat<i kul irpoirriXaKLapôl^ ,

oaov r)V eV avrS), iraaav dOXrjacv iê/SdXev 009

ra ')(^prj(n/ii(OTaratS)v (Tco/jLarcov eh tou? avayKaiov<;

ayS}va<i dxpr](TTa iroiovaav.

lY.^

KiraWayel^ he SiBaarKoXcov koI TraiSa-

ycoycjv iv fiev lal^ iroXiTLKal^; orrpareiai^, a?

eTTOiovvro K\co7reLa<; evcKa koI Xerfkaaia^ eh rrjv

AaKcovtKTjv e/jiffdXXovTe<;, eWiaev aurov irpcorov

fiev i/carparevovTcov, vcttwov Be aTrep^^ô/nevcov

/Sahlêiv. o-%oX?)9 he ovar)<i rj Kvvrjywv BieTTOvec

TO aoijxa Kol KarecTKevaê Kou(f)ov dp,a kuI pcofjua-

2 Xeov, rj yewpycdv. rjv yap aypo<; avrw KaXb<; aTro

aTaSicov eiKocri tt}? TroXeco?. eh rovrov e/SaSife

Kad^ rj/jiepav /nerd ro dpiaTOV rj fxerd ro helirvov,

Kol KarafiaXoiv eavrov eVl crTLâhiov rov rvxovro^

ooaTrep e/cao'TO? tmv ipyarcov dveiraveTO. irpcol' he

dva(TTd<; koX (Tweâ-^dpevo^; epyov Tot<; dpure-

Xovpyovaiv rj jSorjXarovacVt av9t.<i eh iroXiv dirrjei

Kal irepl rd hrjpôcna roh <piXoL<; kol roh dpôvai

(Tvvr)(TXoXeLro.

3 Ta p.ev ovv eK tmv arpareLOdVirpoalovra Karav-

dXicTKev eh ittttol'? kuI oirXa kol XvaeL<; al)(pa-

Xcorcov, Tov he oIkov diro tt}? yecopyLa<i avêiv

eireLpdro hiKaLordrw rcov ')(^prjp.aTiap,a)v, ovhe rovro

iroLovpevof; irdpepyov, dXXd Kal Trdvv TrpoaijKeiv

262

PHILOPOEMEN, iii. 3-iv. 3

soldier ought to be conversant with all sorts of

irregularity and all sorts of inequality, and above all

should accustom himself to endure lack of food easily,

and as easily lack of sleep. On hearing this, Philo-

poemen not only shunned athletics himself and

derided them, but also in later times as a commanderbanished from the army all forms of them, with every

possible mark of reproach and dishonour, on the

ground that they rendered useless for the inevitable

struggle of battle men who would otherwise be

most serviceable.

IV. And when, set free from teachers and tutors,

he took part in the incursions into Spartan territorywhich his fellow-citizens made for the sake of bootyand plunder, he accustomed himself to march first as

they went out, but last as they came back. Andwhen he had leisure, he would give his body hard

exercise in hunting, thus rendering it agile and at the

same time sturdy, or in cultivating the soil. For hehad a fine farm twenty furlongs from the city. Tothis he would go every day after dinner or after

supper, and would throw himself down upon an

ordinary pallet-bed, like anyone of his labourers, to

sleep for the night. Then, early in the morning, hewould rise and go to work along with his vine-dressers

or his herdsmen, after which he would go back againto the city and busy himselfabout public matters with

his friends or with the magistrates.As for what he got from his campaigning, he used

to spend it on horses, or armour, or the ransoming of

captives ; but his own property he sought to increase

by agriculture, which is the justest way to make

money. Nor did he practise agriculture merely as a

side issue, but he held that the man who purposed to

263

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

oi6/jL€VO<; olicela KCKTrjaOaL rov aXkorpitov dêô-

fievov, rjKpodro 8e Xoycov /cal (TvyypdfjL/jiaai, <f)L\o-

a6(f>(ov GveTvyâvev, ov irdaiv, dXX! a<p^ o)v iooKet

4 irpo^ dpeTTjv ai(f)eket(j6aL. Kalro)v'Op,rjpiKO}v oaa

nraî 7rpo<; dvhpeiav eyeipeiv koX irapo^vveLV ivofiLê

(âvraaia^, tovtol<; Trpoaetxe- tmv 8' aXkwv dva-

ryvoya/jLCLTcov /laXiara rot? EvayjiXov TaKTLKOL<;

ive^vero koI ra^ irepl ÂXeâvBpov laropia^

Karelye, to 1)9 X670U? iiri to. irpdyfiara Kara-

aTpe(f)€LV olofJievo^, el fir) a')(ôX'f]<;evexa /cat XaXidî

5 d/cdpTTOv TvepaivoLVTO. zeal yap tcop tuktikcov

Oewprjfidrwv ra? eVt roi? irivaKloi^ Btaypa<pa';

eo)v -xciipeLv, eirl TOiV tottwv avrwv iXdjiâvev

eXeyxop kuI pbeXerrfv iiroielro, ')(0)pL0)v (7vyKXLvia<;

Kol irehiwv diroKoird^, koX oaa irepl pelOpoi'^ rj

rd^poif; 7) (TTevwTTol^ irdOrj kol aîj/jLara BtaaTrco-

fievrj'i Kal irdXiv o-vaTeXXo/nivrjf; <^dXayyo<;, iiri-

(TKOircdv avTO<; 7rp6<i avrov ev rat? ohoLiropiaL^ Kal

6 Tot9 pLeO^ eavTOV irpofiaXXcov. eocKe yap ol'to?

o dv7]p TTepaiTepay t?)? dvdyKT)^ i/x(l)i,XoKaXrj(Tac

TOt? arparicoTLKol^;, kol top TroXe/nov co? ttolkiXco-

rdrijv vTToOecriv Trj<; dpeT7]<; ddirdaaaOaiy Kal

oXa)9 Kara^povelv rcop djroXeLiroixevwv ft)9 dirpd-

KTO)V.

V. "HSt] Be avTOV rptdKovra err] yeyovoro^

K.Xeoiii€Pr)<^ 6 ySao-iXeu9 AaKeBaLpLOVicov vvkto<^

€âL(j)V7](; TTpoaTrecrcov rfj îeydXr) iroXei Kal Ta9

<f>vXaKa<; fiiaadjuevo^; ivrbî iraprjXOe Kal rrju dyo-

pav KareXaêv. iKôrjOr/a-a^ Be î,Xo7roip.7jv toi'9

264

PHILOPOEMEN, iv. 3-v. i

keep his hands from the property of others ought byall means to have property of his own. He also

listened to the discourses and applied himself to the

writings of philosophers—not all of them, but those

whom he thought helpful to him in his progresstowards virtue. And as for the poems of Homer,whatever in tliem was thought by him to rouse andstimulate the activities of the soul which made for

valour, to this he would apply himself Among other

writings, however, he was most of all devoted to the

"Tactics" of Evangelus, and was familiar with thehistories of Alexander, thinking that literature wasconducive to action, unless it were prosecuted merelyto while away the time and afford themes for fruitless

small talk. Indeed, he would ignore the charts and

diagrams for the illustration of tactical principles, and

get his proofs and make his studies on the grounditself. The ways in which places slope to meetone another, and level plains come to an abrupt end,and all the vicissitudes and shapes of a phalanxwhen it is elongated and contracted again in the

vicinity of ravines or ditches or narrow defiles, these

he would investigate by himself as he wandered about,and discuss them with his companions. For it wouldseem tliat he brought more zeal than was necessaryto the study of military science, setting his affections

on war as affording a most manifold basis for the

practice of virtue, and despising as unsuccessful menthose who left it to others.

V. He was now thirty years of age, when Cleomenes,King of the Lacedaemonians, suddenly attacked

Megalopolis by night, forced the guard, made his wayinto the city, and occupied the market-place. Philo-

poemen came to the help of tiie citizens, but had not

265

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

fi€v iro\€fMiov<; ov KaTi<7')(ya€v eêkdaai, Kalirep

ippco/jbevcoî Kol 7rapa/36\(o^ SiaycovKrafjievo^, tou9

Se TToXija^ rpoirov rtva t?}? TroXeo)? iêKXeyjre,

7rpo(T/jiax6p'evo<; rol'i iiriBiooKova-i, /cal top KXeo-

fievTjv TrepLo-TTcbv i(f>^ iavrov, co? âXeTrw? Kal fjLoXi^

vararo^ aireXdeiv, aTroâXoDv rov Xinrov Kal

TpavfiaTLaf; ryevofievo^, eTrel Be TrpoaiTrefiyjrev

avTol^ 6 KX€o/jLivrj<; eh Meo-arjvrjv arreXdovac r^vre ttoXlv fiera twv

')(^pr)fjLdT(i)V aTroBiBov^ Koi rrjv

')((M)pav, 6po)v 6 îXo7roLfjL7)v tou9 TroXiTa^; aapbevcof;

Beôfievovi Kal a7revBopTa<; iiraveXdelv eviarTj Kal

BceKcoXvae rat Xoyo), BiBdcKcov q)<; ovk aTroBlBwcTi

T7]v iroXiv KXeo/JL€pr]<;, Trpoa-Krarai Be tov<; TroXtra?

eirl TO) Kal rrjv ttoXlv exeiv ffejSaioTepov' ov yapeêiv avTOV ottco? olxia^ Kal relxv f^^vd <f)vXd^€L

Ka6i]/jL€V0<;, dXXd Kal tovtcov vn eprjfua<i eKirea-el-

aOai. ravra Xeycov rov^ fiev TroXlra^ dTreTpeyjre,

TO) Be KXeo/juevei irpocpaa-cv Trapeaxe XvfirjvaaOaiKal KaraâXelv rd TrXelara t?}? iroXeax; Kal XPV'p^drcov ev-TToprjaavTi, fieydXayv direXOelv.

VI. 'ETrel Be*

AvrLyovo'i 6 âaiXeix: ôrfdSiv

eirl Tov KXeofievrjv pberd rcop *Axai(ov icTTpdrevae,Kal ra? Trepl XeXXaaiav dKpa<; Kal ra? ifiôXdî

KaTexovTO<i avrov irapiraê rrjv Bwafitv €771"?

eTTLX^tpelv Kal îdêadat Btavoovfievo^;, rjv fiev ev

roh liTTrevai fierd t<ov eavrov ttoXitojv reraypbevo^6 îXoiroip^riv, Kal irapaaTdrafi elxev ÎXXvpiOv^,oU ra Xijyovra t^9 7rapaTdêcopaKT0

^ See the Cleomenea, xxiv.^ Cf. the ChomeneSy xxvii. and xxviii. 1?he battle of

Sellasia was fought in 221 B.C.

266

PHILOPOEMEN, v. i-vi. i

force enough to drive the enemy out, although he

fought with vigour and daring. He did, however,steal the citizens out of the city, as it were, byattacking their pursuers and drawing Cleomencs

against himself, so that with the greatest difficultyhe got away last of all, after losing his horse and

receiving a wound. Moreover, when Cleomenes sent

to them at Messene, whither they had gone, andoffered to give them back their city with its valuables

and their territory, Philopoemen, seeing that the

citizens would be glad to accept the offer and were

eager to go back home, opposed and dissuaded themfrom it, showing them that Cleomenes was not so

much offering to restore their city as he was tryingto win over to himself its citizens, that so he mighthave the city also more securely in his possession ; for

he would not be able, Philopoemen said, to remain

there and guard empty houses and walls, but the

solitude would force him to abandon these also. Bythis speech Philopoemen diverted the citizens from

their purpose, but furnished Cleomenes with an excuse

for devastating and demolishing the greater part of

the city and marching offloaded with booty.^

VI. Soon, however, Antigonus the king marchedwith the Achaeans to give aid against Cleomenes, and

finding that his enemy was occupying the heightsand passes about Sellasia, he drew up his forces near

by with the purpose of attacking him and forcing a

passage.2

Philopoemen was stationed among the

Macedonian cavalry with his own fellow-citizens,^

and had as a support the lUyrians, a large body of

^According to Polybius, ii. 66. 7, a thousand Achaeans

and as many Megalopolitans were stationed with the

Macedonian cavalry.

267

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

2 TToXXot? ovcTL Kol /ia%//xot9. ecprjTO Be avTot^

iêSpevovatv ijav^îav e^^LV d^pL av airo darepov

K6po)<; VTTO Tov âatXecix; apdfj (J)olvikI<; virep

aapiarj^ hiarerafjievT]. tmv Se rjyefjLovayv roL<;

^lWvpiOL<i Treipcofiivayv iK^tdêadai TOv<i AaKcSai-

fjbovLOVi;, fcal tcov 'Aâtwi^, Mcnrep nrpoaereraiCTO,

Tr)v ecpeSpeiav iv rafet SLa(f)v\aTT6vTcov, Eu«:Xe/8a9

o TOV KXeo/ierou? aSeX</)09 KarafiaOwv to fytvofxevov

BidaTraa-fia irepX tol'9 TroXe/ttou? Ta^^ tol/? eka-

(j^poTaTOVf; TMv y^CkSyv 'iTepLerreiM'>\rev, eôinaOev toI^

^lWvpioL<; eTnireaelv Ke\evaav '^friXcov tov<; 'iXXu-

piOV^ irepLCFlTWVTWV KoX SiaTapUTTOVTCOV, avviSoDV

6 î\oTTOL/j,7]V ov fieya bv epyov einOeaOai rot?

'y]ri\oi<i KoX TOV Kaipov vcprjyovfievov tovto, irpcoTov

fiev e^paê tol^ âcriXtKOLS, ft)? ^'e ovk eireiOev,

dXkd ixaiveaOat Sokmv KaT€(j)pov€tTO, ovheirw

fieydXijî ovBe dîoirLaTOV irpo^ TrfkiKovTO aTpaTij-

yrjfjba B6^rj<; wepl avTOV ovar)<;, avTOf ip^ffdWec4 avve7na7raad/jL€V0<i tov<; TToXtra?. yevo/ii6vr]<i Be

Tapa')(7)^ TO irpodTOv, eiTa <f)vyrj<; koL (povov ttoWovT(ov \jri\,Mv, Povk6fJLevo<; ctl /jloXXov eiTLppMaaL

Tou? âcrtXtK0v<; real Trpoa/juiâi kuto, Tdô<; Oopv-

/30V/JL€V0L^ T0L<; TTOXeflLOL'i TOV flkv ITTTTOV d(f)r]K€V,

avTO? Be 7rpo<; 'X^copua aKoXid Kal fieaTa pelOpcovKal (papdyycov Trefo? iv i7nTLKa> OcopuKc koI (TKevfj

fiapvTepa pâXeTroi? Kal TaXaiircopco^ dpîXXoufievo^

BieXavvsTai Bia/jL7r€p€<i o/iiov tov<; /jLrjpov<; €KaT€pov<;

268

PHILOPOEMEN, vi. 2-4

good fighters, who closed up the line of battle.

They had been ordered to lie quietly in reserve until,from the other wing, a signal should be made by the

king with a scarlet coat stretched upon a spear. Butthe Illyrians, at the command of their officers, tried

to force back the Lacedaemonians,while the Achaeans,as they had been ordered to do, kept quietly waitingat their post. Therefore Eucleidas, the brother of

Cleomenes, who noticed the gap thus made in the

enemies' line, quickly sent round the most agile of

liis light-armed troops, witli orders to attack the

Illyrians in the rear and rout them, now that they hadlost touch with the cavalry.

These orders were carried out, and the light-armed

troops were driving the Illyrians before them in

confusion, when Philopoemen perceived that it wouldbe no great task to attack the light-armed troops,and that the occasion prompted this step. At first he

pointed this out to the king's officers. Then, whenthey were not to be persuaded by him, but lookeddown upon him as a madman (since his reputationwas not yet great enough to justify his being entrusted

with so important a manoeuvre), he took matters into

his own hands, formed his fellow-citizens into a

wedge, and charged upon the enemy. At first the

light-armed troops were thrown into confusion, then

put to rout with great slaughter. And now Philo-

poemen, wishing to encourage still fuither the king's

troops and bring them swiftly upon the enemy thusthrown into disorder, quitted his hors -, and with

grievous difficulty forced his way along on foot, in his

horseman's breastplate and heavy equi])ment, towards

ground that was irregular and full of water-coursesand ravines. Here he had both his thighs pierced

269

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

€vl fiecrwyKvXa), Kaipia^; fiev ov yevofiivrj^;, iax^pa^Be rijf; 77X777^9, were rr)v alxP'V^ eVl ddrepa

6 Bi&aac. TO jjuev ovv irpcorov eva-'XêOel^ wcnrep

he<TiM(p iravrdiraaiv diropa)^ ^Zê* to âp epa/jufia

tt}? djKvXrjf; yaXeirrjv iiroUi rod dKOvriafxaTO'^

dvekKOjievov 8t.a tcjv Tpav/j,dT(ov ttjv irdpohov co?

he (OKVovv ol irapovre^ d-âaOav koX tt)? P'dxv^

aK/Jirjv oêlav ixovcTTj^ icr^dSaêv viro Ou/jlov koX

<pL\oTi/JLLa<; irpo'i rov dycjva, r^ Trapa^daeL kol

rfj irapaWdêi rcav (tkcXcjp Bid fieaov K\daa<; ro

aKovrca/jLa %o)pt9 cKekevcrev ek/cva-ai rcov dyfidrcov6 eKdrepov. ovrco Se diraWayel^ kol airaadfjuevo^TO ^L(f)o<i ixd)p€i Std Tcov irpoiJid^cDV iirl tov^

7roXe/jLLOv<;, wcrre ttoWtjv Trpodv/iLav koI ^tjXov

dpeT7]<; irapaor')(eiv to?9 djo)vi,ô/jLevoi<i. viKrjaaôvv ÂvTLyovo'i direTreipaTo toop Ma/ceSopcop,

epcoToyp Btd tI, firj KekevaaPTO<; avTOV, to Ittttlkop

7 €KLPr](Tap. TCt)P Se aTroXoyovflipcop 0)9 irapd yvu>ixr)p

piaaOelep eU %6t/)a9 iXdecp tol<; TroXefiioi,^ /jueipa-

Kiov M.eyaXoTToXiTLKOV Trpoe/juffaXopTO^;, yeXdcra^6

^

AvTiyopo^"^¥iK€iPO TOLPvp TO fictpdKiop/^ eliTep,

"epyop r}y€ix6po^ fieydXov TreTroirjKep^*

YII. 'E/c TOVTov Boâp eax^P, wairep elxoî, 6

^tXoTTOLfJiTJP. fCal TOV fJLCP ÂpTiyOPOV (TTTOvBd-

aaPTO^ 07rQ)9 crTpaTevoiTO /jL6T avTOV, kol BcBoPTOî

rjye/jiOPLap koX %/)?J/iaTa, TraprjTijaaTO, fidXiaTa

TTjp eavTOV (pvaip /caTafiaOcop 7rpo<i to dpx^crOaiBv(TK6Xa}<i Kov xP'XeiTO)^ eôvaap, dpyelp Be /cal

aôXdêiP ov ôvXojjLepo^ d(TKrjae(o<i epexa kol

/jLeXeTTjf; tcop rroXefiiKcop eh K.p^T7)p eirXevaep iirl

2 aTpuTeiap. KaKsl av^vop xRopop iyyvfipaadfiepo^

270

PHILOPOEMEN, vi. 4-vii. 2

through by a thonged javelin. The wound was not

fatal, though severe, and the head of the weaponcame out on the other side. At first, then, he washeld fast as by a fetter, and was altogether helpless ;

for the fastening of the thong made it difficult to drawthe weapon back through the wound. But since

those about him hesitated to attempt this, and since,

now that the battle was at its hottest, the ardour of

his ambition made him impatient to join in the

struggle, by moving his legs backward and forward hebroke the shaft of the weapon in two in the middle,and then ordered each fragment to be drawn out

separately. Thus set free, he drew his sword andmade his way through the front ranks against the

enemy, thereby greatly animating the combatantsand inspiring them with a desire to emulate his valour.

After his victory, therefore, Antigonus put his

Macedonians to the question, and asked them why,without his orders, they had brought the cavalry into

action. They defended themselves by saying that

they had been forced against their will to attack the

enemy, because a young man of Megalopolis hadfirst led a charge against them. At this, Antigonusgave a laugh and said :

"Well, then, that young

man behaved like a great commander."VII. This naturally brought Philopoemen into high

repute. Antigonus was eager that he should takeservice under him, and offered him command and pay.These Philopoemen declined, chiefly because he well

knew that it was naturally unpleasant and hard for

him to be under another man's orders. Not wishing,however, to be inactive and idle, for the sake of

training and practice in war he sailed to Crete in

search of military service. In Crete he practised

271

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

avhpdcn /jua'xî/jioif;icaX ttoiklXol^; /xera'XêLpCaaaOai

nrokefxov, en Se adx^poai koX KeKoXao-fjuevoif; Trepl

hiairav, iiravrjXdev ovtco XafjL7rpo<; et9 tov<; 'Aât-3 ov? wcrre evOv<; Xinrapxo^ a7rohei')(6rivai. irapa-

Xaffcov Be tov<; iTrvrei? <j)avXoi^ fiev iTrirapiOKi

CK rod 7rpO(TTV)(^6vTO(:,ore av/jLâlvoi arpareiay

TTpoa'X^pwiMevov^, avrov^ Be ra? TroXXa? tmv arpa-reitav airoBiBpdaKOVTa^, erepovf; Be irefxirovTa'^

dv6' eavrayp, BeivrjV Be direLpiav /xera droXfxia^;

Trdvrcov ovaav, irepiopodvra^; Be ravra rov^; dpôv-

Ta9 del Bid re to irXela-Tov ev tol<; 'A^dLoU rou^

i7r7reL<; Bvvaadai kol /judXtara Kvpiov^ elvai tiixtj^;

4 KoX KoXdaew^, ov')(^ viretêv ovBe dvrjKev, dXXd kov

ra? ir6Xei<i cTnobv koX Kar dvBpa rcov vecov eKaarov

iirl TTjv îXoTLjJbiav crvveôp/jicov, /cal KoXd^wv tou?

dvdyKr]<; Beo/xevovî, /jLeXirai^ re kov irofjurai^ /cat

7r/0O9 dXX7]Xov(; d/jLiXXai^; ^/ocoyu-eiô?,ottov irXelaroL

dedadai fiiXXoLev, ev oXiya) XP^^^ Trdcn pco/jLrjv re

5 davfiaarrjv koI irpoOv/iiav Trapecrrrjo-e fcai, o

fxeyiarov rjv ev rot? raicTLKol^, eXa<j)pov(: kol ofet? 3gQ

7r/309 T€ Ta9 Kar^ ovXa/nov i7rL(TTpo(f)d<; kol irepi-

airacTfiov^ koI Ta9 Ka6^ lttttov eiTi<jrpo(^d<^ koI

KXi,aet<i direipydaaro, Koi avveiOicTev ax; kvl crcafxarv

Kivov/jLevat Kad^ opfJLrjveKOvatov eoiKevai rrjv oXov

Tov (TvaTTJixaro^ ev toI^ fieraPoXah evx^p^^civ.

6 Xvard(T7)<; Be T779 irepl tov Adptaaov avrol<$

TTora/jLov l(TXvpd9 /xa%?79 7r/909 AlrooXovfi koX

*H\€tou9, o ro)v ^Wkeiwv XTnrapxo^ Aa/jLocfyavro^

272

PHILOPOEMEN, vii. 2-6

himself for a long time among men who were not onlywarlike and versed in many kinds of warfare, but also

still moderate and restrained in their ways of living,

and he came back to the Achaeans with such distinc-

tion that they at once made him commander of their

cavalry.i But he found that the horsemen whomhe was to command used worthless animals acquiredat random, whenever a campaign was to be under-

taken;that they shirked most campaigns themselves,

and sent others out in their places ; that they were

all characterized by a shocking lack of experience,

together with its resultant cowardice ;and that their

commanders always overlooked these things because

the knights had the greatest power and influence

among the Achaeans and the chief voice in the

assignment of rewards and punishments. Philo-

poemen, however, did not yield or give way to them.

He went round to the different cities and roused the

spirit of ambition in each young man individually,

punished those who needed compulsion, introduced

drills, parades, and competitive contests in placeswhere there would be large bodies of spectators and

thus in a short time inspired them all with an

astonishing vigour and zeal, and, what is of the

greatest importance in tactics, rendered them agile

and swift in wheeling and deploying by squadrons,and in wheeling and turning by single trooper, makingthe dexterity shown by the whole mass in its

evolutions to be like that of a single person moved

by an impulse from within.

Moreover, in the fierce battle which they fought at

the river Larissus against Aetolians and Eleians, the

commander of the Eleian cavalry, Damophantus,1 For the year 209-208 B.C.

^73

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

(op/j,rj(r€v iirl rov ^LKoiroiêva irpoeêXdaa^.

he^dfievo^ Se tî^ opfirjv eKelvo^ avrov koX (Ôdaa^rw Sopari TraUi koI Kara^dXXeL rov Aa/uL6(f)avT0v.

7 €v6v(; Be rovrov ireaovro^; ecpvyov ol TroXcfiioc, koI

Xafinpo^; rjv 6 ^c\o7roLp,r}v, co? ovre Kara %et/?a.

TMV V6C0V Ttvo'i ovTC (TVV€(T€i tS)V TrpeajBvTepcoi'

d7To\€0TT6/x6vo<;, oXXa KoX fid'êaOac koX arpa-

rrjyeLV iKavcoraTO^.

VIII. To he Kotvov T(OP^

Kâiuiv tt/ocoto? fiev

Aparo? eU d^Lco/jua Koi hvvapnv rjpeVy €k raTreivov

Kal BieppifM/jLepov Kara TroXei? avvayaycov koi

7ro\,LT€vadijL€vo<; '^WrjViKrjv kol (f)i\dv0po)7rov

TroXirelav' eireLra, coairep ev toI<^ vBaaiv, dpâ-

jxevwv oXiycov vcpiaracrOai kol fiiKpcov aco/idrcov,

r]B7] ra iirippeovra rot? 7rpd)T0i<; evL(T')(pp.€va koI

irepLTTLTrrovTa ttyj^lv la'xypav Kal (TTepe6Tr)Ta

2 TTOiel Sl dXX'^Xcov, ovrco tt)? 'EXXaSo? dcrOevovf;

KoX evBtaXvTov <f)epoiJbev7}<^Kara iroXeif; ev rS> rore

'X^povw irpSyrov avardvre<; ol *A')(âiol, Kal rwv

kvkXo) TToXecov ra? fiev ck rov jSorjOelv Kal avve-

XevOepovv diro roov rvpdvvcov viroXaji^dvovre^;,

ra^ Be ojjôvoia Kal iroXireia Karapnyvvvreî eh

eavrovîi ev awjia Kal fiiav Bvvafiiv KaracTKevda-ac

3 Bievoovvro rrjv TleXoirovvqaov. dXX! Âpdrov /j,ev

fooi^TO? ere rot? âKeBovayv OTrXoi? vireBvovro rd

iroXXd, Oepairevovre^; UroXefMalov, eir ai>0i<; 'Ai/rt-

yovov Kal ^lXlttttov ev fiiaaif; dvaarpe(f)o/jLevov(;

rah 'EXXrjviKaif; irpdêaiv eTrel Be ^t,Xo7roLfi7}v

el^ rb irptoreveLv irporjXOev, rjBrj Kad^ kavrov^

274

PHILOPOEMEN, vii. 6-viii. 3

rode out from the ranks and charged upon Philo-

poemen. But Philopoemen received his onset, wasfirst to drive home a spear-thrust, and threw Damo-

phantus to the ground. Their leader fallen, the

enemy at once took to flight, and Philopoemen wasin high renown, as one who yielded to none of the

young men in personal prowess, and to none of the

elder men in sagacity, but both in fighting and in

commanding was most capable.VIII. The commonwealth of the Achaeans was

first raised to dignity and power by Aratusj whoconsolidated it when it was feeble and disrupted, and

inaugurated an Hellenic and humane form of govern-ment. Then, just as in running waters, after a fewsmall particles have begun to take a fixed position,others presently are swept against the first, adhereand cling to them, and thus form a fixed and solid

mass by mutual support, so the Achaeans, at a timewhen Greece was weak and easily dissolved and

drifting along by individual cities, first united them-selves together, and then, by receiving into their

number some of the cities round about which theyhad aided and assisted in shaking off their tyrants,and by uniting others with themselves in a harmoniouscivil polity, they purposed to form the Peloponnesusinto a single political body and one power. As long,

however, as Aratus lived, they were dependent for

the most part on Macedonian armies, paying court to

Ptolemy, and then again to Antigonus and Philip, all

of whom busied themselves in the affairs of Greece.But when Philopoemen was advanced to leadership

among them,^ they were at last capable of contending

» In 207 B.o. ; Aratus had died in 213.

275

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

a^LQfia')(pt 'ô'i'i i(r')(yov(Ti, TrXelarov 6Vt69 iirav-

4 aavro XP^M'^ÔLTrpoa-rdTai,^ iTreiauKTOif;. "Aparof;

fxlv 'yap, apy6r€po<; elvat Bo/ccov tt/jo? toi;9 ttoXc-

fiLKOv^ a'yodva^y ofJLikia xal irpaoTTjri kuI <^L\ia(,<;

âaiXiKal'; ra TrXelara Kareipyda-aro rSdu rrrpay-

fidrcov, o)? iv rocf; irepl eKeivov yeypaiTTai, îko-

iroLfirjv Be dyaOb<; 7roX€jjLtaTr]<; oov kol Blol tcov

oirXdiv €vepy6<;, en 8' evTV)(7]^ koI Karop8Q)riKo<i

€vOv<i iv rat? 7rpcoTa(,<; yev6fjL€Vo<; fjLd)(ât<;, dfia 7fj

Bvpdfiei TO <f)p6v7]jiia tcop Ââiojv 7)v^r)ae vlkclv

edicrOevTwv jxer avrov kol KaTevTV')(elv ev tol<;

TrAeiorroi? dySxri,

IX. l\p(t)TOv fiev ovv ra irepl ra<; rdêi^ Koi

TOv<i ottXktfjLov^; (ftavXco^; exopra roU 'A'xciiol<i

€KiVi](T€u. expiovTO fxev yap dvpeol^; fiev evTrereai

Sia XeiTTorrjTa Kal <TT€VCDTepot<s rov TrepLareXXeivra (Tco/LLara, Sopaai Be /xLKporepoL<; ttoXv t6)v

aapiacov Kal Bia rovro TrXij/crai fcal [xd^t-P'OL

rroppcodev rjaav viro Kov(f)6T7]To<i, Trpoa/julâvre^

2 Be Tot9 7roX€fiLot<; eXarjov el^pv elBo^ Be rafeo)?Ka\ (Tx/jlâTO^ €i9 crirelpav ovk rjv (rvvijde^, cfydXayyiBe

;^/3Ct)/x€i/ot firjre Trpo/SoXrjv exovarj jM-qre crvv-

aaiTLcrfiov &)9 r] MaKeBovcov, paBiw'^ iêOXiôvjoKal BieaTTcjvTo. ravra 6 îXoiroLfjLrjv BcBdâ^:

eTreLcrev avrov^ dvrl (jlIv Ovpeov Kal Boparo^; d<T7riBa

Xaêlv Kal adpiaav, Kpdveai Be kol dcopaî Kal

irepiKVTjfxlaL ire^payfievov^ jmovljjlov kuI ê^rjKvlavdvrl Bpo/xiKTJf; Kal TreXraaTiKrj^ t^X'l^ daKtlv.

276

PHILOPOEMEN, viii. 3-ix. 2

alone with their most powerful neighbours, andceased to rely upon foreign protectors. Aratus,

indeed, who was thought to be too sluggish for

warlike contests, accomplished most of his under-

takings by conference, urbanity, and royal friendships,as I have written in his Life ;

^ whereas Philopoemen,who was a good warrior and effective with his

weapons, besides proving himself fortunate andsuccessful in his very first battles, increased not onlythe power but also the courage of the Achaeans, whowere accustomed to be victorious under him and to

win success in most of their contests.

IX. In the first place, however, he changed the

faulty practice of the Achaeans in drawing up and

arming their soldiers. For they used bucklers whichwere easily carried because they were so light, and

yet were too narrow to protect the body ; and spearswhich were much shorter than the Macedonian pike.For this reason they were effective in fighting at a

long distance, because they were so lightly armed,but when they came to close quarters with the

enemy they were at a disadvantage. Moreover, a

division of line and formation into cohorts was not

customary with them, and since they employed a solid

phalanx without either levelled line of spears or wall

of interlocking shields such as the Macedonian

phalanx presented, they were easily dislodged andscattered. Philopoemen showed them all this, and

persuaded them to adopt long pike and heavy shield

instead of spear and buckler, to protect their bodieswith helmets and breastplates and greaves, and to

practise stationary and steadfast fighting instead of

the nimble movements of light-armed troops. After

* See the Aratus, x.

VOL. X. K ^^^

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

3 TreLcra^ Be KaOoifkiaaGOai TOv<i iv rjkiKia irpcarov

fjLev iirrjpe Oappelv ct)9 ap,d')(pv^ yeyovora^;, eireira

Ta<; rpvcpaî avrcov koI ra? TroXfreXeta? dpiara

fjL€T€fc6ap,r}(Tev. a(f)e\elv yap ovk r]v iravTairaaiv

€/€ TTOXXOV VOaOVVTWV TOP K6V0V Kol fjbdraiov ^TjXov,

ior6T]Ta<; dyaTroovrcov Tre/otTra? a-Tpw/jLvd^ re/SaTrro-

fxevwv d\ovpj€L(f KOL irepl helirva (j)t\oTi,p,ovfi€va)v 361

4 Kal rpaireâ^. 6 he dp^djievo^ i/crpiirecv diro rcov

OVK dvayfcaiwv iirl ra '^(^pâifjLa Kal Kokd rrjv

<f>i\oKO(Tixiav, ra')(y irdvra^ eireiae Kal Trapcop/jurjae

Ta? KaO' r)/jLepav irepl awpâ ha7rdva<; Ko\ovaavTa<;

iv ral^ o-TparicoTLKat<; Kal TTokep.iKal^; irapaaKev-5 ah hiaiTpeireh opaadai K€Koa/jir]/jL€VOv<;. rjv ovv

IBelv rd fiev ipyaarrjpLa pLecrra KaTaK07rTop,€vcov

kvXlkcov Kal SrjpiKXeicov, ')(^pvaovpL€P(ov Be OcopdKcov

Kal Karapyvpovpievcov 6upecbv Kal 'XâXivcov, rd Be

GTdBia TTcoXcov Bapaôjjbivcov Kal veaviarKwv oirXo-

/xa')(ovvT(ov, iv Be rat? %6/9o-t twz^ yvvaLKWv KpdvqKal Trrepd âtâh Koap.ovp.eva Kal ^trcoi/wi; Ittttl-

KMV Kal arpaTLWTLKOiv 'xX.apLvBwv BirjvOcapevcov,

Q T) B^ 0A/rt9 avrr) to Odp(TO<; avôvaa Kal irapaKa-Xovcra ttjv opprjv iiroiet (piXoirapdôXov Kal Trpo-

7 OvpLov eVt T0U9 KivBvvov^. rj pev yap iv toi<;

dXXoL<; OedpLaaL iroXvreXeLa rpvcjyrjv iirdyerat Kal

pLaXaKiav ivBlBw(Ti toi<; y^prnpievoL^, wairep viro

vvypLcov Kal yapyaXca-pcov rfj(; alcrOrjaeo)^ avveiri-

KXcoa7]<; Tr)v Bidvoiav, rj 8' eh rd roiavra pcovvvai

Kal pbeyaXvvei rov Ovpov, (oairep "Opi7]po<^ iirolrjcre

Tov Â')(iXXea tmv Katvcov ottXcov irapareOevTcov

278

PHILOPOEMEN, ix. 3-7

he had persuaded those of military age to arm them-selves in this manner, in the first place he inspiredthem with confidence that they had thus become

invincible, and then made most excellent reforms in

their luxurious and extravagant ways of living. Forit was not possible to remove altogether their emptyand idle emulation from a people long addicted to it.

They were fond of costly apparel, the coverings of

their couches were dyed purple, and they vied with

one another in banquets and table array. But hemade a beginning by diverting their love of showfrom what was unnecessary to what was serviceable

and honourable, and speedily persuaded and incited

them all to check their daily expenditures uponbodily wants, and to find their chief adornment in

military and warlike equipments. And so one mighthave seen the workshops filled with goblets and

Therycleian plate^ which were being broken up, with

breastplates being gilded, with shields and bridles

being silvered over, while in the places of exercise

colts were being broken in and young men were

learning the use of heavy armour, and in the handsof women there were helmets and plumes for dyeing,and horsemen's tunics or soldiers' cloaks for em-

broidering. The sight of all this increased men's

courage, called forth their energies, and made themventuresome and ready to incur dangers. For extra-

vagance in other objects of display induces luxury and

implants effeminacy in those who use them, since

something like a pricking and tickling of the senses

breaks down serious purpose ;but when it is seen in

the trappings of war it strengthens and exalts the

spirit, just as Homer represented Achilles, when his

^ See the Aemilius Paulus, xxxiii. 2,

279

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

677U? vTTO T?}? o-v/reo)? olov opywvra koX (I)k€y6/JL€V0V

7r/0O9 rrjv Be avroiv ivepyeiav.

OvTCO Se KocTfirjaaf; rou? veov<; iyv/nvaê Kal

ZLSirovei, rat? Kivrjaeai TrpoOvixwi viraKovovra^

8 Kal ^LkoTifxoa^, Kal yap rj raft? 6av/jLa(TToo<;

rjyaTrdro dOpavarov tl Xafx^dveiv irvKVwiJba So-

Kovaa, Kal ra oirXa tol<; (Toofxao-iv iylvero 'xeiporjOr)

Kal Kovâ, jieO' rjBovijf; Sia XafnrporrjTa Kal

KdWo<; cLTTTOixevcdv Kal (f)opovPT(ov, ivaycovlaaa-daL

T€ ôvXofjLevcov Kal BLaKpiOrjvat rd^cara tt/oo?

TOV(; TToXe/jLLOVfi.

X. ^Hv 8e Tore roL<;^

A')(âLol<; 6 tt/jo? Ma')(avl8av

TToXeyuo? TOP AaKcSaifMOvlcov rvpavvov, diro irdWrjf;

Kal fieydXrjf; hvvdfie(o<; iinfiovXevovTa irdai IleXo-

TTOPVija-Lot^. CW9 ovv eh rrjv MavTLvetav €fil3e-

^\7]Kcb<; dirr-jyyeXOrj, Kara rdô^; 6 ^LXoiroL/jLrjv

€^7]yay€ rrjv arpaTiav eir avrov. 6yyv<; Be t^9

TToXeo)? iraperdâvTO iroXkol^ fiev êvoL^ CKdrepoi,

TTacrat? Be ofiov tc Tat^; iroXtriKat^; Bvvdfieai.

2 yevo/jievov Be tov dyo)Vo<i iv x^pcriv, 6'M.a')(âviBa<;

T0i9 êvoL^ Tov<; Tcov Â')(aL(ov irporerayfievovi

dKOVTL(TTa<; Kal Tapavrlvov^ Tpe-^dfjLevo^; dvrl

TOV ')(copelv €v6v<; iirl tou9 fia'Xô/xevovf; Kal

TrapapprjyvvvaL to (TvveaTTjKO^ iêireae BicoKoyv Kal

TraprjXXaê ttjv (f)dXayya tcov \\^)(âL(ov iv Tdêi

3 fievovTcov. 6 Be îXoTrol/jLrjv ttjXlkovtov TTTaia-

/xaT09 ev dp^f} yepo/Jiipov Kal tcop Trpay/jidrcop

diroXcoXepat KopuBfi Kal BiecÔdpOai Bokovptcop,

TovTO fieu 6/jLCi)<i TTpoaeTTOieLTO irapopdp Kal fjirjBep

280

I

PHILOPOEMEN, ix. 7-x. 3

new armour was laid down near him, as exulting at

the sight and all on fire to get to work with it.^

After he had thus arrayed and adorned the youngmen, Philopoemen exercised and drilled them, and

they eagerly and emulously obeyed his instructions.

For the new order of battle pleased them wonder-

fully, since it seemed to secure a close array that

could not be broken ; and the armour which theyused became light and manageable for them, since

they wore or grasped it with delight because of its

beauty and splendour, and wished to get into action

with it and fight a decisive battle with their enemiesas soon as possible.

X. At this time the Achaeans were carrying onwar with Machanidas the tyrant of Sparta, who,

relying upon his large and strong forces, was schemingto get control of the whole Peloponnesus. Accord-

ingly, when word came that the tyrant had invaded

the territory of Mantineia, Philopoemen quickly led

his army out against him. They drew up in battle

array near the city, both parties having many mer-cenaries and almost all their citizen soldiery. Whenbattle was joined, Machanidas with his mercenaries

routed the javelineers and Tarantines who had beenstationed in front of the Achaean line, and then,instead of advancing directly against the main bodyof the enemy and breaking up their close array, hedashed off in pursuit of the fugitives, and so passed

by the phalanx of the Achaeans, which remaineddrawn up in position. Then Philopoemen, althoughso great a disaster had occurred at the outset and his

cause was thought to be utterly lost and ruined, pro-fessed to ignore and make light of it, and seeing what

»Iliad, xix. 15 flf.

281

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rjêladai Beivov, /cariBoyv Be tou? TroXe/xtou?, ocrov

Tj/xapravov iv rfj Blcoêi, t?;? (fxiXayyo'; airop-

prjyvv/iievov^; kol Kevrjv 'Xôopav BiBovra^, ov/c airrjv-

Tr)(T€v ovB^ ivi(7T7j (f>epo/jL€VOL<; avrol<^ eVl tou?4 êvyovTa<;, oTOC idaa<; rrapekOelv koI Bcd(77raa/j,a

iroirjaai, fiiya 7rpo<; tou? oTrXtra? evOvf; yye r&v

AaKeBai/MovLcov, opcop rrjv ^dXayya yvfjuvrjv dwo-

XeXei/jLfiivrjv, Koi Kara /C€pa<; irapaBpa/jLcbv eve-

ySaXe, /x'lJTe ap%oi^T09 aurot? irapovro^ firjre

fidêcrdai TrpoaBexofievoif;' vlkuv yap rjyovvToKol Kparelv iravrdiraai, BicoKovra rbv M.a'âvlBav

5 6pcovT€<;. oD(Td/jL€vo<; Be rourou? <l)6va) ttoXXw (Xe-

yovrai yap vrrep tou? r€rpaKia')(îXLOv<; dirodavelv)

atp/jbrjaev eVl top M.a')(avLBav e/c rrj<; Bicoêcof;

dvaarpeôvra fierd rcov êvcov. rdcppov Be fie-

ydXr]<; /cal paOeia^; iv fieaa) Bieipyovar)^, irape^rj-Xavvov dXXrjXoL'i eKarepcoOev, 6 fiev Bta^rjvai, koX

6 (pvyelv, 6 Be rovro KcoXvcrat ôvXa/xevoî. yv Be

6y]rt,<; ou% cb? arparrfycov fiaxojjLevcov, dXX^ coairep

6r}pi(p TTyOO? dXKtjv VTT dvdyKrj(; rpeTTO/iievq) Beivov

Kvvrjyerov rov îXoTroi/jievo^ avveorra)To<i. evda 6

fiev tTTTTO? Tov TVpdvvov p(0[JLaXeo<^ o)V Kol Ovp,oeLBrjf;

/cat Tot? fjLvw'^Lv ai/jLax0€l<; eKarepco6ev iireroX-

pi,7]a€ Tjj Bia^daei, /cal irpoaâXcbv rfj rd(j)pa) to

arrjOo^ eîdêro tol<; irpoaOloL'; irepav ipeLaacrOac7 aKcXecriv. iv Be tovtm StyLtta? /cal TioXvaLvo^;,

oiirep del tS> îXoTToiixevL Traprjaav /jLaxo/JLeva) /cal

avv7]0'7rcôv, o/iov irpoarfKavvov d/KJôrepoi, ra?

alxP'^^ /cXivavre<; ivavTLa<;. (j)6dveL Be avTOv<; 6

^lXottol/jltjv diravTrjaa^; tm MaxctviBa, Kal rbv

Ilttttov avTov /nerecopiôvra ttjv Ke<f)aX7)v irpo rov

282

PHILOPOEMEN, x. 3-7

a great mistake the enemy had made by going off in

pursuit, thus breaking away from his phalanx and

leaving a vacant space there, did not oppose or resist

their chase after the fugitives, but let them pass him

by and make a great gap. Then he led straight

against the Lacedaemonian heavy-armed, seeingthat their phalanx had been left exposed, and fell

upon them in a flank attack, while their commanderwas away and they were not expecting to fight ;

for

they thought they were victorious and getting the

upper hand altogether, since they saw Machanidas

pursuing. After Philopoemen had routed these with

great slaughter (more than four thousand of them are

said to have fallen), he set out against Machanidas,who was returning with his mercenaries from the

pursuit. But a broad and deep ditch stretched

between them, along which the two leaders rode

opposite each other, one wishing to get across and

escape, the other to prevent this. The spectaclewas not that of two commanders fighting, but that

of a powerful hunter attacking a wild beast that has

been forced to turn at bay, and Philopoemen was the

hunter. And now the tyrant's horse, which was

vigorous and high-spirited and felt the bloody spursin his sides, essayed to make the leap across, and

striking against the edge of the ditch with his breast,

was struggling with his fore-feet to extricate himself.

At this point Simmias and Polyaenus, who were

always at Philopoemen's side when he was fightingand protected him with their shields, rode up both

at the same time and levelled their spears at the

horse. But Philopoemen was before them in attack-

ing Machanidas, and seeing that the tyrant's horse

was lifting its head up in front of its rider's body, he

283

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

<ra>/jLaTo<; opMV fiiKpov ive/cXive rov tSiov, Kal Bia-

XajScov TO ^varop i/c')(€Lpo<i oodel /cal irepiTpeirei

8 Tov dvBpa crvv€7r€pe[<Ta<;. tovtoe')((ov to o-^rj/xa

yâXKov^; iv AeXôt? eaTijKev vtto tcjv Âyaicov

daviMaadvTcav fidXccTTa koX ttjv irpaîv avTov /cal

Tr]v aTpaTrjyiav ifceivrjv.

XI. AeYerat Be t^? tojv NefieuMv Travrjyvpeo)^

avv6o-T(0(Tt]<;^ (TTpaTrjyovvTa tov ^LXoTrolfieva to

BevT€pov Kol veviKTjKOTa fJL€V ov TToXat Tr)v iu

M.avTiv€[a ixd')(7]Vit6t6 Be ayoXrjv dyovTa Bid

T?)v eopTTjVy TTpMTOv /jL€V eiriBelâi rot? "^Wrât,

K6K0(T/j,i]/jLevr]p T7JV ^dXajya koX KLVovfxev7}v,

u)(T7rep eWi<TTO, tov? TaKTiKov<; pvOpLovf; fieTa2 Ttt%of9 Kal

p<t)/j,rj<;'ciretTa KiOapwBcop dyoypcô-

jjuevcov eU to OeaTpov irapeXdelv 'iyoPTa tov<;

P€avi<XK0v<^ iv rat? <TTpaTL(OTLKal<; ')(Xafxvcn Kal

TOt? ^0LPiK0L<; vTroBvTai^;, aK/xdôvTaf; t€ rot?

aco/jLacTip diravTa<s Kal ra?? 7]Xi,KLaL<; rrapaXXi]-

Xov<;, alBcj Be TroXXrjv tt/oo? tov dpyôvTa Kal

<pp6vr}fjLa veavLKov viToâiPOVTa^ ck ttoXXcop Kal

KoXoiv dycopcop' dpTU 8' avTcov elaeXrjXvdoToavKaTa TV)(^r]v UvXdBijv tov KidapqyBov aBovTa tol'9

TifModeov Hepaa^ ivdpâadai

KXeivov eXev6epia<^ revy^^v p.eyav *RXXdBi,

Koa/xov

3 dfia Be Ttj XafMirpoTrjTi rr)? (f>covfj<;tov irepl ttjv

TTOLrjaiv oyKov avfjiirpeyâvTO^ eTTi^Xeyjrcp yeveadauTOV OedTpov rravTaxoOev eh tov îXoTrolfieva kol

KpoTOV (xeTa pâyoa?, to)V '^XXrjvoav to iraXaibv

*cvviffr(i}<n\s Bekker has ivfffTwarjs, after Bryan.

284

PHILOPOEMEN, x. 7-xi. 3

gave his own horse a little swerve to one side, and

then, clasping his spear firmly in the middle, pushedit home with all his weight and overturned his enemy.This is the attitude in which he is represented by a

bronze statue set up at Delphi by the Achaeans, whoadmired especially both his deed of prowess and his

generalship on that day,XI. Moreover, we are told that at the celebration

of the Nemean games,^ when he was general of theAchaeans for the second time and had recently wonhis victory at Mantineia,* but was at leisure the whileon account of the festival, Philopoemen in the first

place displayed before the assembled Greeks his

phalanx, with its splendid array, and performing its

tactical evolutions, as it was wont to do, with speedand vigour. Then, while the minstrels were con-

tending for the prize, he came into the theatre withhis young men. They wore their soldiers' cloaks andtheir purple tunics, were all in the prime of their

strength and of the same age, and showed not only

great respect for their commander, but also that highspirit which young men have after many honourablecontests. And just as they made their entrance it

chanced that Pylades the minstrel was chanting the

opening verse of the Persians of Timotheus—" Glorious the crown of freedom which he fashioneth

for Hellas"

;

whereupon, as the splendid voice of the singer fitly

sustained the majesty of the poet's words, all the

spectators turned their eyes upon Philopoemen and

gave him glad applause ; for in their hopes the

^ In the summer of 205 B.C.

In the spring of 206 B.C.

285

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

aîco/xa Tat9 ekirlaiv avakajjbâvovTwv koI tov

Tore (jypovrj/jiaTO^; eyyicTra ru) Oappelv ytiôfievoiv.^

XII. Uapa Be Ta? pid')(a^ fcal tou? klvBvvov^,

wcTrep ol TTwXoL tov<; (Tvvrj6eL<; eiri^draf; tto-

6ovvre<^, iap dWov <j)epco(Ti, Trrvpovrat koX êvo-

iradovo-Lv, ovrw<; r} Bvva/ji,L<; T(ov Âûlmv erepov

(TTparriyovvTo^ rjdvjiei, koX iTpo<; eKelvov eirdirraive

KoX pLovov 6^devT0<; €vOv<; opOrj kol BpaaTrjpLo<;

Tjv Bed TO Oappelv, are Br} koI tou? ivavriov;

alaOavofievoi 7rpo9 €va rovrov t5)V (7Tparrjya)V

dvTLJSXeTreLv ov Bwa/Jbevovî, dWd /cal Tr)v BoâvavTOv /cat rovvo/jia BeBotKora^;, co? ^v âvepov i^

2 cjv eirpacaov. ^lXltttto^ /jl6V yap 6 rcov Ma/ce-

Bovoov ffa(TiXev<; ol6/i6Vo<;, dv eKiroBcov 6 îko-

TTOi/jLrjv yevrjraL, irdXiv viroTrrijêtv avrw tou?

*A;âiou9, eTrepuyjrev et? "A/3709 Kpixpa tov^ dvaiprj-

(Tovra^ avTov eTriyvwadeiar]'^ Be rrji; €7nôvXrj<i

iravrdwao-iv iêfjuarjOr] fcal Bc6l3Xr]6r} 7r/309 tou9

3 "EXXTjvaf;. Botojrot Be iroXiopKovvTe^ Meyapa Kal

Xi^êaOat raîcoî eXirifyvTe'^, eâi(^vr)<; Xoyov

irpoa-TreaovTO^ avroh, 09 ovk r)V dXriOrj'^, ^CXo-

iT0Lp.6va fiorjOovvra tol(; 7roXtopKov/jL€Voi,<; iyyv^;

elvat, Ta9 KXi/jLaKa<; d(f>evTe<; 7]Br] TvpoaepijpeKT-

4 jxeva^ rol<s Teixeaiv a>')(Ovro êvyovre^. Nd^cBof;

Be TOV fierd Max^vlBav TvpavvovvTO<; Aa/ceBat-

piovlwv Mecrcrrjpyv dcjivo) KaraXaôvro^;, ervyxâve

/jL€v lBi(t)Tr]<; o)v Tore 6 îXoTTOip.7]v Kal Bvvdfieco'i

ovBe/jLLd<i Kvpio^, eireX Be tov (TTpaTrjyovvTa tcov 36

Â.')(aL(iiv KvaLTTTTov OVK eiTetOe ôrjOelv tol^ Mec-^

yivofjLfvuv Bekkcr after Coraes : yeyofityuv,

286

PHILOPOEMEN, xi. 3-xii. 4

Greeks were recovering their ancient dignity, and.'n their courage they were making the nearest

approach to the high spirit of their fathers.

XII. But when it came to perils and battles, justas young horses long for their accustomed riders, andif they have others on their backs, are shy and wild,so the Achaean army, when someone other ihan

Philopoemen was commander-in-chief,^ would be out

of heart, would keep looking eagerly for him, and if

he but came in sight, would at once be alert andefficient because of the courage he inspired. For

they perceived that he was the one general whomtheir enemies were unable to face, and whose nameand fame they feared, as was evident from what theydid. For Philip the king of Macedon, thinking that

if Philopoemen could be got out of the way theAchaeans would again submit abjectly to his sway,

secretly sent men to Argos who were to assassinate

him;but the plot became known, and Philip was

utterly condemned and hated among the Greeks.

Again, the Boeotians were besieging Megara andhad hopes of its speedy capture, when suddenly a

report reached their ears (and it was a false report)that Philopoemen was coming to the aid of the

besieged and was close at hand; so they abandoned

their scaling-ladders, which were already plantedagainst the walls of the city, and fled away. Andonce again, when Nabis, who succeeded Machanidasas tyrant of Sparta, suddenly seized Messene, it

chanced that Philopoemen was out of office and hadno force under his command

; but since Lysippus,the commander-in-chief of the Achaeans, could not

be persuaded by him to go to the rescue of the

^ A.S a rule, the same man could not be general of theAchaean league two years in succession,

287

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

arjvLOL<;, arrokwiXevai ko/jliBtj ^da/covTa Tr]V ttoXiv

evhov ye'yovoTOiyv rSiv TToXejiicov, auTO? iôrjOei

T01/9 eavrov TroXtra? avaXaficov ovre vofiov ovt€

')(^€iporovLav 7r€pLfi€Lvavra<;, dXX' &>? Bid Travro^

dpxovri TO) KpeirTOvi Kara <f>vaLv €7ro/iievov^.

5 rjSr) 8' avTov TrXrjaLov 6vto<; dKovaa<^ 6 Na^t?

ovy^ vTrecTTT], Kaiirep ev rfj iroXei (TTparOTreSevcov,dXX^ vireKSixi Sid nrvXSiV irepcov /card rd'Xô';

d'7r7]yay€ rrjv hvvafjiiv, evTV^la ')(^pi](TaaOaL Bokoov

el Biacj)vyoL' Kal Biecjjvje, Meaarjvr) B' rfXevdepcoTO.XIII, TaOra jxkv ovv KaXd rov îXoiroLfievo';'

7]S' et? Kprjrrjv avOi^ dTToBrj/jiia Toprvvicov Berj-

devrcov, (w? j^prjaaivro iroXepLOVixevoi <TTpaTr]ya>,

BiaôXr)V €cr')(€Vy on tt)? irarpiBof; avrov rroXe-

/jLOv/jLepr}<i VTTO NdîBo^ dirijv (l)vyoiLia')(â}v r)

(îXoTifMovixevo^ df€aLpco<; ttjOo? eripovi. Kairoi

avpTovQx; ovTco<; eiroXefjurjOricrav MeyaXoTroXlraiKard TOP ')(p6vov CKeivov uicne rot? jMev rei'êcriv

ivotfceiv, aireipeiv Be tou? <TT€vco7rov<i, irepc/ce-

ko/jL/j,6V7]<;^ TTj^ ')(copa<; Kal tmv TroXejjuLcov a')(eBov2 ev raU TrvXac^; (TrpaTOTreBevovTcov. 6 Be Kprjal

TToXeixoiv rrjvifcavTa kol a-TpaTijycov BiairovTiO^

eyKXriixaTa 7ra/)et%e KaO^ eavrov rot? e'xOpol'i &)?

diroBiBpdaKcov rov oXkoi iroXefxov. rjaav Be rive^

ol Xeyovre<;, krepov^ roov 'Axclimv yp7]/jL€vcov

dp-)(ôvra<i, IBLoirt-jv ovra rov îXoTroi/jLeva ')(^prj(Tai

rr]V eavrov (r)(ôXr)v eÊ)' '^yefjiovla Berjdelai rol^

*TrepiKfKOjiix4v7)s Coraes and Bekker, with the vulgate :

TrepiKeKoixixivovs.

288

PHILOPOEMEN, xii. 4-xiii. 2

Messenians, because, as he said, the city was utterlylost now that the enemy were inside, Philopoemenhimself went to their rescue, taking with him his

fellow- citizens of Megalopolis, who did not wait for

any law or commission, but followed tlie man whomnature had made superior as though he were alwaysin command. And when Nabis heard that Philo-

poemen was already close at hand, he did not wait

for him to come up, although he was encamped in

the city, but stole out by an opposite gate and led

his forces off as fast as he could, thinking that he

would be fortunate if he should escape ;and he did

escape, and Messene was set free.

XIII. All these things, then, made for the honour

of Philopoemen ; but his going away to Crete againat the request of the Gortynians, who wanted himto be their general in their war, brought calumnyupon him, and it was said that when his native city

was at war with Nabis, he was away, either to avoid

fighting or to show kindness out of all season to

others. And yet so continuously were the Megalo-

politans under hostile attack all that time that theylived upon their walls and planted their grain in the

streets, since their fields were ravaged and the

enemy were encamped almost in their gates. Philo-

poemen, however, was waging war in Crete all that

while, and serving as general across the sea, and so

afforded his enemies a chance to accuse him of run-

ning away from the war at home. But there were

some who said that since the Achaeans chose other

men as their generals and Philopoemen was without

public office, he merely put the leisure which belongedto him at the service of the Gortynians when they

289

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

3 ToprvvLOi';. rjv yap aWorpio^; (J^ôXt}?, KaOdirep

aWo TL KTrjixa rrjv arpaTrjjtKrjv koL TroXefiLKrjv

dperrjv exîv Bia iravTO^ iv XPW^'' "^^^ '^pf'^fl

l3ovX6fji€vo<;, ft)? Kot TO) irepl UroXe/jLaLov irore

prjOevTL Tov âaiXecof; aTreSrjXcoaev. iiceivov yap

iyfcayfMcaôvTcov tlvmv 009 ev jxev eâaKovvra to

arpdrev/jLa /cad^ rjfiepav, eu Be yvfivdôvra Kal

^tXorrovw^ Bca tmv ottXwv to aMfjua," Kat tw

dv,^* €<j)7],

*'âaiXia Oavfidaecev iv tovto) t?;?

r)Xi,KiaepovT€^

€7rl TOVTO) Kal TrpoBeBoaOai vofiLôvT€<; e7r6%€f^y9770'av

aTToêvovv avTov ol S* *A;âtot BieKooXvaav 'Apt-

(TTaiVov 7refjiy\ravTe^ et? yLeydXrjv ttoXlv o-TpaTrjyov,

09 Kaiirep wv Bi,d<popo<; tm ^LXoTToifievL rrepl ttjv

TToXiTeiaVt ovk etaare TeXeaOrjvai. ttjv KaTaBlKtjv,

5 eK Be TOVTOV 7rapopcofi€vo<; crvvTjyoDVLaaTo Kal o-vyKaTeaTaaiace ttjv

ttoXlv iirl TCdv 'Aâtwz^. raOra fxev ovv vaTepov,6 'Ei/ Be TJj K.p^Tr) avveTToXefiei tol^ TopTVvioi^,

01^% CW9 TleXoTTOvvijo-io'; dvrjp Kal ÂpKa<; dirXovv

Tiva Kal yevvalov iroXefjiOv, dXXd to K.pr]TiKov

rjOo^ evBviaixaaL Kal B6Xoi<;

KXcoTTelais T€ KalXo)(î(r/jLol<i 'x^putjievo'^ eir avTov<s

290

PHILOPOEMEN, xiii. 2>-^

asked him to be their leader. For he was averse to

inactivity, and wished to keep his skill as a commanderin war, like any other possession, all the while in use

and exercise. And he made this evident by what heonce said about King Ptolemy. When certain personswere extolling that monarch because he carefullydrilled his army day by day, and carefully and

laboriously exercised himself in arms," And yet

who," said Philopoemen, "can admire a king of his

years for always practising but never performinganything?

"

The Megalopolitans, nevertheless, were displeasedat this absence, and looking upon it in the light of a

betrayal, undertook to make him an exile ; but theAchaeans prevented this by sending to MegalopolisAristaenus, their commander-in-chief, who, althoughpolitically at variance with Philopoemen, would notsuffer sentence of condemnation to be passed uponhim. In consequence of this displeasure, Philo-

poemen was ignored by his fellow-citizens, andtherefore induced many of their outlying villages to

secede from them, instructing them to say that theydid not belong to the city and were not under their

rule; and when they made this plea, he openlysupported them in their contention and helpedthem to raise a faction against the city in the

assembly of the Achaeans. This, however, was at alater time.

In Crete he waged war in the service of the

Gortynians ;not the straightforward and honourable

warfare of a Peloponnesian and Arcadian, but one in

which he adopted the Cretan practices, and turningtheir tricks and wiles and stolen marches and am-buscades against themselves, speedily showed them

291

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Ta%u TratSaf; airiBeLêv avorjra koI Keva 7rpb<;

ifiireipiav aXrjOivrjv Travovpyovvra^;.

XIV. 'EttI TouTOt? Be OavfiaaOeh kol XaftTT/oo?

irapa rcov eKel Trpdêoav avaKoixtaOei^ et? IleXo-

irovvrfcrov evpe rov fxev ^CKittitov vtto tov Tltov

KaraireiroXefirj/iiivoVy rov he l^d/3iv viro twv^

A.')(aiwv Koi rcjv 'Vcofxaicov TroXe/nov/xevov. e'^'

01^ evOv<; alpeOel^ dp')(^covkol vav/jLa)(îa irapaâ.

\6fievo<; TO rov ^FiTra/jieivcovBov iraOelv eSoê, ttoXv

tt)? Trepl avrov dperrj^ kol ho^rj^ iv rf} OaXdacTT}

2 Kd/ciov dy(ovLa-d/jb€VO^. 7r\r]v ÊiTrapieivcovBav fiev

evLOL Xiyovaiv OKVovvra yevaai rwv Kara OdXaa-

aav Q)^6\6L(ov rov<; iroXira^, 07rco<; avrw /nrj

XdOcacnv dvrl fjuovi/jicov oirXirodV, Kara YlXdrcdva, 364

vavrai yevojjbevot Kal 8ca^6ap€vre<;, drrpaKrov eK

rijf; 'Acrta? Kal roiv vrjawv direXOelv eKovaLco^'

3 îXoTTOi/JLrjv Be rrjv iv roL<i 7r6fot9 iiriar'^firjv Kal

Bid OaXdrrr]<; apKecreiv avrw tt/jo? to KaX(b<;

dywviaaaOaL ireTreLo-fJievo^;, eyvco rrjv dcTKi-faLV

rjXiKOv fiepo<; earl rr}<; dperrj^ Kal iroarjv eirl

rrdvra rot? eOicyOelai BvvajJLiv irpocrridrâiv. ov

yap fiovov iv rfj vavfia'îa Bid rrjv drreipiav

eXarrov ecrx^v, dXXd Kal vavv rtva, iraXaidv

fxev, evBoôv Be, Bi ircov reaaapdKovra Kara-

(TTracra? iirXrjpwaev, ware fxrj (Treyov(rr)<i klvBv-

vevaat tou9 irXeovra^.

^ In the battle of Cynoffcephalae, 197 B.C. See the

Flamininus, xiii.

292

I

PHILOPOEMEN, xiii. 6-xiv. 3

that they were children opposing foolish and vain

mischievousness to genuine military experience.XIV. Having thus won admiration, and having

come back to Peloponnesus with a brilliant re-

putation from his exploits in Crete, he found that

Philip had been defeated and subdued by Titus

Flamininus,^ and that the Achaeans and the Romanswere waging war upon Nabis. He was at oncechosen general against Nabis, and by hazarding theissue on a naval battle would seem to have fared a.«

Kpaminondas once did, since he fought on the sea in

a manner which fell far short of his great reputation.

Epaminondas, however, as some say, was reluctant to

give his fellow-citizens a taste of the advantagesaccruing from naval superiority, in order that tliey

might not surprise him by becoming, instead of" steadfast hoplites," to use Plato's words,^ degeneratemariners

;and therefore he purposely came back

from Asia and the islands without achieving any-thing.3 Philopoemen, on the other hand, was per-suaded that his skill in handling laqd forces wouldsuffice to give him success in fighting also on the sea,

and therefore learned to his cost how large a part of

superior excellence consists in practice, and howmuch additional power it gives to men who haveaccustomed themselves to all methods of fighting.For not only was he worsted in the sea-fight, owingto his lack of experience, but he actually launchedan old but famous ship after forty years of disuse,and manned her, the result being that her seams tookin water and her crew came into peril of their lives.

-Laws, iv. p. 706. Cf. the Themistodes, iv. ,3.

' In .364 B.C., two years before his death, Epaminondassuccessfully inaugurated a naval policy for Thebes, whichenabled her to cope with Athens on the sea.

293

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

4 IT/)09 ravTa ytvcotTKcov Kara^povovvTa<; avrov

Tov<; TToXe/LLiov^ 009 TravTCLTTaai irecpevyoro^ €K tt}?

Oa\drTr]<;, KOi iroXiopfcovvra^; V7r€p7](pdvci}<;to

TvdioVy €v6v<; eTTeirXevcrev avroL<; ov TrpoaBoKMaiv,dXX^ iK\€Xvfievoi<; Bia rr)v vLKrjv. koI vvkto<;

iK/Stfidaa^ roi)^ aTparicoTa<i koX irpoaa'yaydiv,

iTvp €vr]K€ Ttti? (TKrjval^ Ka\ to (TTpaTOTreSov KaTe-

6 Kavae koI ttoXXov^} BiecpOeipev. oXiyai^ 5' varepov

r)/ji6pat<i Ka6' oSov iv hva'^wpiai^ tlctIv a^vco tov

NayStô? eiTKâvevTO^ avT& kol (pofirjaavTOf; tov<;

'Aâfoi;? dveXiriaTOV r}<yovixevov<^ Tr}V awTr]piav

eK TOTToov ')(âXeiTO)vKal yeyovoTCOv virox^tplcop

TOt? TToXe/jiioi^, oXiyov ')(p6vov €7riaTa<; koX irepi-

Xaficov oyjret Tr]v tov 'Xjcopiov (fyvaiv eVeSeife ttjv

TaKTLKTjv TMV ciKpcov Tr]<; iToX€fj,iK7]<; Te-)(vr}v ovaav

ovTO) fUKpa f€Lvr]aa<i ttjv eavTov (jidXayya koI irpo^

TCL irapovTa jJueOapixoaaî dOopvjSw^ kol pahiw^

^Le/cpovaaTO T-qv diroplav, kol Trpoa-fiaXcov tol^

6 TToXe/xtot? TpOTTTjv la')(ypav iiroLrjaev. iirel Be ov

7r/909 Tr)v TToXiv ecopa <êvyovTa<^, dXXa tt}? ^(aipaî

aXXov aXXr] BtaaTretpo/JLevov (vXcoBr}<; Be Kal irepi-

ôvvo<i Tjv iraaa koX Bva-Liriro^ viro peiOpcjv kul

(j)apdyycov), Trjv jiev Blco^lv eVecrê koI KaTcaTpa-ToireBevaev ctl <^(uto9 6vto<^' T6KfiaLp6/jL€V0(; Be

T0U9 iToXepiiov^ i/c Trj<; (pvyi]^ KaO' eva koI Bvo

7r/)09 Tî^ iToXiv virdêiv aKOTaiov^;, eXXo')(ilêi tol<:

irepl TO acTTv peiOpot^ kol Xocpoi^; TroXXovg eôvTa^7 ey)(êipiBia TcovÂâiMV. evTavOa irXeiaTOV^; utto-

davelv (TvvejSr) tcov tov Na/3t8o9" utc yap ovk

294

PHILOPOEMEN, xiv. 4-7

Understanding that in consequence of this disaster

his enemies despised him, thinking that he had

altogether given up activity on the sea, and that

they were insolently besieging Gythium, he promptlysailed against them when they did not expect it andwere careless because of their victory. He landedhis soldiers by night and led them to the attack, set

fire to the enemy's tents, burned down his camp, andslew many of his men. A few days afterward, as hewas marching through a rough country, Nabis came

suddenly upon him and threw the Achaeans into a

fright ; they despaired of saving themselves from a

position which was difficult and already commandedby the enemy. But Philopoemen waited a little

while, surveyed the nature of the ground, and thendemonstrated that skill in drawing up an army is the

crowning feature in the art of war. For by changinghis order of battle a little and adapting it to the

present exigency, with no confusion and no troublehe evaded the difficulty, and charging upon the

enemy put them to utter rout. Then, observingthat they were not fleeing towards the city, but

scattering themselves hither and thither throughthe region (which was woody, entirely surrounded byhills, and impracticable for cavalry owing to water-courses and ravines), he checked his pursuit and

encamped while it was still light. But judging that

the enemy after their flight would steal back to the

city by ones and twos under cover of the night, he

placed large numbers of his Achaeans armed withswords in ambush among the water-courses and hills

about the city. Here very many of the followers of

Nabis met their death ; for since they did not make

295

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

aOpoav 7roiOV/jL€Voi> rrjv ava')(^(£>p-q(Tiv, aX}C £09 e/ca-

<7T0i9 al <^v<ya\ (TVveTvy)(âvov, coairep opviOe'i

rfkiaKOVTo irepX rr)v ttoXlv et? Ta^ twv irdXeixicov

'êlpa^ KaraipovTCf;.

XV. 'EttI tovtol<; aya7ra)fJLevo<; Koi Ti/ii(Ofievo<i

€K7rp€7ra)<; viro tmv *EiWi]V(i)v iv rot? Oedrpoi'^

(piXoTLfiov ovra top Tltov r)av)(^fj irapekvirei,. fcal

yap a)9 'Feo/JLaioov v7raT0<; dvSpo<; ÂpKahoq tj^lov

davjjLCLêo-Oat fjuaXXov vtto tmv 'Aâtwz^, koX raU

€V€py€aLai<; vweppdWeiv ov irapd ficKpov yyelro,

Sl* 6vb<; KT]pvy/JbaTO<i iXevOepcoaa^; rrjv 'EXXa8a,

ocrrj îXiiTTrm koI MaKeSoatv ihovXevaev.

2 'E/^ Se TOVTov KaraXverat fiev 6 TtT09 tm

NdîSt, Tov TToXe/jLOV, diTo6vrj(JK6L he 6 Ndfii<; vtto

AItcoX&v Bo\o(f)Ovr)0€L<;. reTapay/xevrj^; Be Trj<;

'^7rdpT7j<; 6 îXoiroLfjLrjv dp7rd(Ta<; rov Kaipov eiri-

TTiTTTei fierd Bvvd/JL€co<;, koi tmv jjlIv dfcovroov, tov<;

he (7vp,TTel(Ta<^ irpOGriydyeTO Kal puereKOfjiLo-ev eh

3 TOL'9 *A;âiou9 Tr)v iroXtv. ov yevopievov Oavpba-

(JT(W9 puev €vBofclpir](Te irapd T0t9 Ââiol^, irpoa-

KTrjcrdpêvo^ avTOL<; dîcopia iroXecof; Tr]\LKavTr]<;

Kal BvvapiLV (ov yap r^v puiKpov 'A;)âta9 /xe/309

yevecrdai Tr)v îrdpTrjv), dvekaê Be Kal AaKcBai-

pLOVLcov T0U9 dpicTTov^, (f)v\aKa T779 e\ev6epia<;

4 eKelvov eXiriaavra^ eêiv. Btb Kal rrjv Ntt/9«So9

OiKiav Kal ovalav eâpyvpiaOelaav Kal yevopLev>]v

^ Cf. the Flamininus, chapter x.- Cf. the Flamininus, ix. 6.

296

PHILOPOEMEN, xiv. 7-xv. 4

their return in a body, but as the chances of flight

disposed them severally, they fell into the hands of

their enemies and were caught like birds about the

city.

XV. In consequence of this exploit Philopoemenwas beloved by the Greeks and conspicuouslyhonoured by them in their theatres, thus givingsecret umbrage to Titus Flamininus, who was an

ambitious man. For as Roman consul he thoughthimself more worthy of the Achaeans' admiration

than a man of Arcadia, and he considered that his

benefactions far exceeded those of Philopoemen,since by a single proclamation he had set free all

those parts of Greece which had been subject to

Philip and the Macedonians.^After this Flamininus made peace with Nabis,^

and Nabis was treacherously put to deatli by the

Aetolians.^ Sparta was therefore in a state of con-

fusion, and Philopoemen, seizing his opportunity,fell upon the city with an armed force, and partly

by compulsion, partly by persuasion, brought it over

to his purposes and made it a member of the

Achaean league. This achievement brought him an

amazing repute among the Achaeans, since throughhis efforts they had acquired a city of so great

dignity and power (and indeed it was no slightmatter that Sparta had become a member of the

Achaean league) ; moreover, Philopoemen carried

with him the principal men among the Spartans,who hoped to have in him a guardian of their

liberties. Therefore, after they had confiscated the

house and property of Nabis and obtained thereby a

^ In 102 B.C. Nabis had called in the Aetolians to help him

against the Achaeans and Romans (Livy, xxxv. 35-37).

297

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

eiKoai, Kol eKUTOv raXavrcov i'\jr7)(jiLaavT0 Bcopehv

avTa> Bovvai, 'npeaêiav virep rovrmv TrefiyjravTefi,

€v6a Bt) Koi Siecpavrj KaOap(o^ iKclvo^ 6 avrjp ov

BoKMV fiovov, aWa Kal ct)V dpiaTO<;. irpcorov fxev

yap ovBelf; iôvXero rwv 'îrapriaTCJv dvBpl rot- 365

ovTO) BiaXiyeaOai "Trepi BcopoBoKia^;, dWa BeBoiKo-

Te9 Kol dvaBvo/jievoL irpoeâXovTo rov êvov avrov

6 TifioXaov. eireiTa Be avro^ 6 Tc/jioXao^, &)? rfkdev

eh M.eydXrjp iroXiv, eariaOeh irapd rw ^lXottol-

fievt Kol rrjv ae/uLvorrjTa t^? o/jLiXta^ avrov Kal

rr)v d(f)€\ei,av t% Biairr]'^ Kal to 7]do<; iyyvOev

ovBafiy TTpoaLTov ovBe evdXcorov vivo')(^p7]fidr(ov

KaTavoTjcra^y direcncoTrrja-e nrepl t^? Bcoped<if krepav

Be TLva irpoâaiv t^9 Trpo? avrov oBov rroirâd-

fievo^ ^%€T0 dTTLcov. Kal rrdXiv €k Bevrepov

6 TrefKpOeU ravrov eiraOe. rpirrj Be oBw fioXif;

evrv')(wv eBrjXoiae rrjv rrpoOvp.iay ttJ? iroXeco'i. 6

Be ^LXoiToifir]v rjBeco^ dKovaa^ rjKev avro^ eh

AaKeBal/jLova, Kal avveôvXevaev avroh /jlt] tou9

(pLXov<; Kal dyaOov^ BeKaêiv, (ov rrpocKa t?}9

dperrjf; eêanv diroXaveiv, dXKa rov<; irovrjpoij'i

Kal rrjv ttoXlv ev rai crvveBpiw Karaaraaidiôvra^

oivelaSai Kal BLa(j>Oeipeiv, Xva rat Xapelv eiTLarO'

jjLiaOevre^ rjrrov ivo)(XoL6V avroh' fieXriov yapelvat, r(ov ex^podv irapaLpelo-Oac rrjv irapprjaiav

* See the Aristides, iii. 4.

298

I

PHILOPOEMEN, xv. 4-6

hundred and twenty talents, they voted to make a

present of the money to Philopoemenj and to sendan embassy to Megalopolis on the matter. Here,indeed, it became perfectly clear that Philopoemennot only seemed to be, but actually was, a mostexcellent man.^ For, to begin with, no Spartan was

willing to confer with a man of his character aboutthe acceptance of a gift, but they were all so reluc-

tant and afraid to do it that they entrusted the

business to a guest-friend of his, Timolaiis. And in

the second place, Timolaiis himself, when he came to

Megalopolis, having been entertained at the houseof Philopoemen, and having learned thoroughly how

dignified he was in his converse with otiiers, how

simple his ways of living, and how his character

was nowhere to be approached and much less easyto be overcome by bribes, held his peace aboutthe gift of money, and after giving some other

excuse for his visit to him, went back home. Andwhen he was sent a second time on the same errand,he did as before. On his third visit, however, he at

last got so far as to acquaint Philopoemen with the

earnest desire of his city. Then Philopoemen, whowas pleased by what he iieard, went in person to

Sparta, and counselled the people there not to tryto bribe good men who were their friends, and bywhose virtues they could profit without payment of

money, but rather to buy up and corrupt the badmen who were ruining the city by their factious

conduct in the assembly, to the end that such mighthave their mouths stopped in consequence of their

venality, and so be less annoying to their fellow-

citizens ; for it was better, he said, to take awayfreedom of speech from their enemies rather than

299

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

T) TMV (pLXcjv, ovT(o<; fih rjv tt/oo? ')(^priijbara

Xa/Jb7rp6<;.

XVI. 'Evrel Be ttoXlv tou? KaKehaifiovlov^;

vecoTepiêiv aKovaa^ o aTparr]<yo<; roiv^

KyaiwvAio(f)dv7]<; iôvXero KoXdêiv, ol Be et9 iroXefJiOV

KaOicrrd/JLevoi Bierdpaaaov rrjv UeXoirovvrjaov,

eTTetparo irpavveiv fcal Karairaveiv rov AiO(f)dvri

tt}? 0/37779 6 ^LXoiroijjbrjv, BiSda/ccov rov fcatp6v>

ft)9

^

AvTi6)(ov Tov PaaiXew^ /cal 'Pco/Jbaicov iv rrj

'EiXXdBi t7jXlkovtoi<; alcopov/xevcov GrparoireBoi'^

iK€i(T€ XPV '^^^ dpôvra rrjv yvco/j,7]v e%6tr, ra Be

ol/ceta/jLt) klvelv, d'KXd /cal irapiBelv re koX Trapa-

2 Kovaat rcov djuLapravofjuevcov. ov 7rpoae')(ovTo^ Be

rov Aiocpdvovf;, dXX' eh Tr)v Aa/ccovi/crjv ifjLâ-

X6vT0<; d/jba rep Ttro) koi fiaBiôvrcov €v9v<i iirl

Tr]V ttoXlv, dyavaKrri(Ta<i 6 ^tXoTTOi/jirjv, epyov ov

vo/jiifiov ovS* diTTjKpL^wiJievov eK Toyp Bifcaicov, dXXd

/jL€ya Kal /jueydXw (f^poprj/jLari ToXpLrjaaf;, eh rrjv

AaKehaiixova TraprjXOe /cal rov re arparrjyov rcov^

K'yaiOiV Kal tov virarov rcov ^Fay/iauayv IBicorr)^;

Oiv diri/cXeLae, rd<; 8' iv ry rroXei rapa^d<; eiravae

Kal Karearrjae rov<; KaiceBaifioviovî •ndXiv eU to

Koivov, oicnrep e^ dp^Yj<; rjaav.

3 ^p6v(p Be varepov eyKaXeaa<i n roh AaKeBao-

/JLOVLOL^ arparriySiv 6 îXoTroifjLrjv ra<; fiev (f)vyd<i

Karijyayev eh rrjv itoXlv, oyBorJKovra Be îrap-

ridraî direKreLvev, 0)9 JIoXv^lo^ (f)7)aiv, 0)9 Be

*Philopoeraen was for the sixth time general in 188 B.o.

300

PHILOPOEMEN, xv. 6-xvi. 3

from their friends. Such was his splendid spirit in

matters of money.XVI. Soon, however, Diophanes, the general of

the Achaean league, hearing that the Lacedaemo-nians were once more agitating for a change, deter-

mined to punish them, and the Lacedaemonians

determining upon war, were throwing the Pelopon-nesus into confusion. Here Philopoemen tried to

mollify Diophanes and put a stop to his wrath,

showing him what the occasion demanded, and that

since King Antiochus and the Romans were hoveringabout in Greece with armies so great, it behoved the

general of the league to pay attention to them, andnot to stir up domestic troubles, but even to be

somewhat oblivious to the transgressions of his

colleagues. Diophanes, however, paid no heed to

this advice, but invaded Laconia along with Titus

Flamininus, and marched directly upon the city of

Sparta. Incensed at this, Philopoemen ventured

upon an act which was not lawful, nor even exactly

just, but great and prompted by a great spirit. Hewent on past them into Sparta, and, private man

though he was, shut out therefrom both the generalof the Achaean league and the Roman consul, putan end to the disorders in the city, and brought the

Lacedaemonians back again into the league, as theywere at the outset.

At a later time, however, when he had some

ground for accusation against the Lacedaemonians,as general of the league

^

Philopoemen broughtback its exiles to the city, and put to death eighty

Spartans, according to Polybius,^ or according to

' In a passage not extant. Livy gives the same number

(xxxviii. 33).

301

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

4 *Api(7T0KpdTrj<;, TrevTiJKOvra fcal TpiaKoaiov^. rh

he T6i^7) KaOeZKe, ')(^Q)pavSe iroWr^v dTrorefio/Jievo^

TTpoaeveifie TOt? M.eya\o7ro\iTaL^y oaoc Be rjcrav

VTTO TOiV Tvpdvvcdv dTToBeBeiyfievot iroXlrai t?)?

XirdpTT]^, lxeT(i)KLêv diravTafi dirdycov ek *A%aiai^

irXrjV Tpia'XîXiwv' toutou? Be aTreidovvra^ /cal fxr)

pov\o[xevov^ direXOelv ifc t?}? AaKeBaifiovo'^ eirco-

Xrjaev, eW olov et^v^pit^wv dirb rwv j^p-t-jpidrwv

rovTCJV ev MeydX-p iroXei arodv (pKoBojjbTâev,

6 efjLiriirXdpevo^ Be rwv Aa/ceBaLpLOVLcov koI Trap"

dîav ireirpa-yoGiv tTrepâiucov, to Trepl Tr]v ttoXi-

reiav epjov oofioraTOV iêipydaaro koX TrapavofJid)'

rarov. dvelXe yap koX Bie<f)0€tpe ttjv AvKOvpyeiov

dyayyijv, dvayKdaa<s tou? iralBa^ avrcov Koi TOvpovr)aovra^,

6 Tore fJLev ovv vtto avp,ôp(av iieydXwv axTirep

vevpa T^? TToXew^ eKTe/JLelv tw ^LXoTTOLfievi irapa-

axovTe<;, iyevovro 'xeiporÔeiî kol raireLPoi, ')(^p6v(p

3' varepop alrTjad/jievoL irapa 'Fcofialayv rrjv fxev

*Axci'Lfcr]v e<f)vyov iroXiTeiav, dveXafiov Be koX

KajeaTYjaavTO rrjv Trdrpiov, ax; rjv dvvarov €K

KUKMV KOl (fiOopa^: T7]XLKaVT7J<;.

XVII. 'ETret Be 'Pcofiaioif; 6 7r/309 'Avrio'Xôv ev 366

TT) 'KkXdBL avvecTTr) 7roXe/i09, ^v fiev IBlcdtt]^ 6

^lXottol/jltjv, opMV Be Tov ÂvTiO'Xpv avrov ev

'KuXklBi KaOrjiievov Trepl ydp.ov<; koX TrapOevcov

1 In 184 B.C. (Livy, xxxix. 34).

303

PHILOPOEMEN, xvi. 4-xvii. i

Aristocrates, three hundred and fifty. He also tore

down the walls of the city, and cutting off a large

part of its territory, annexed it to Megalopolis ;

moreover, in the case of those who had been madecitizens of Sparta by the tyrants, he removed themall into Achaia, with the exception of three thousand

who would not obey him and were unwilling to go

away from Sparta. These he sold into slavery, and

then, as if in mockery of their fate, erected a porticoin Megalopolis with the money which they brought.And now, glutting his anger at the Lacedaemo-nians and unworthily trampling upon them in their

misery, he treated their constitution in the mostcruel and most lawless fashion. For he took awayand abolished the system of training which Lycurgushad instituted, and compelled their boys and their

young men to adopt the Achaean in place of their

hereditary discipline, being convinced that while

they were under the laws of Lycurgus they would

never be humble.For the time being, then, owing to their great

calamities, the Spartans suffered Philopoemen to

cut away, as it were, the sinews of their city, andbecame tractable and submissive ; but a while after-

wards,^ having obtained permission from the

Romans, they abandoned the Achaean polity, andresumed and re-established that which had comedown from their fathers, so far as was possible after

their many misfortunes and great degeneration.XVn. When the Romans went to war with

Antiochus in Greece,^

Philopoemen was without

command, and seeing that Antiochus himself was

sitting idly down in Chalcis and spending his time

* In 191 B.C. Cf. the FLamininus^ xv.

303

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

e/ocora? ov kuO^ Mpav a)(ô\dôvTa, tov<; Se %vpovîv dra^la ttoWtj koX %«/3t9 r]'yeii6va)v ev rat?

iroXeai TrXaôfievov^ koX Tpv(j>(jiiVTa^y rjÔero fit)

arpaTTjycov Tore tcov ÂâLcov, /cal 'P&)/xatoi9 eXeye

(f)6ovelv r7J<{ vikyj^s."'Eô) yap aV," ecftrj,

"arpa-

Trjycdv iv rot? KairrfkeioL^ KareKoyjra rourou?

2 Trai^ra?.'* iirei Be VLKTjaavre^; ol 'Vcofialoi tov

*AvTLO)(ôp 6V6(j)V0VT0 TOL<i 'K\X7)VLK0L<; fidWov rjBr]^

Kol irepiejBaXkovTO rjj hwdfiei rov^ 'Aâtou?

v'TrofcaraKXivo/jLevcov avroc^ to)v Brj/jtaycoycov, r] S'

tcr;û9 €7rl irdvra TroWrj fierd rod 8ai/iiovo<; i)((op€C,

Kal TO Te\o9 iyyv<; rjv eh o rrjv TV')(r}v eBei irepi-

êpoixevrjv e^LKeaOai, KaOdirep dyado^ Kv0epv^Tr](;

7rpo<; KVfMa BcepeiBofjievo^; 6 îXoTroL/jbrjv ra /lev

ivBiBovai Kal TrapeiKeiv '^vayKdêro tol<; Kaipol^,

Trepl Be TOiv TrXeiaTOdv Biaêpofievo^ tol'9 too Xeyeiv

/cal wpdrreiv la-^vovra^ dvTiairdv eTrevpaTO wpo^

TTjv ekevOepiav.

3 ÂpiaTaivov Be rov MeyaXoTToXirov Bwafxevov

liev ev T0t9 'A;âtor9 ixeyLcrrov, tol'9 Be 'V(ofiaiov<i

del 6epa7revovTO(; Kal tol'9 'AâiOL'9 y"-^ olofievov

Belv evavTLovadai fjurjBe djâpiaTelv eKeivoL^, ev

Tft) avveBpifp Xiyerac rov îXoiroL/jLeva accoirdv

dicovovTa Kal /3ap6a)9 (pepeiv, TeXo<; Be vtt 6pyrj<;

Bv(Tavaa')(eTovvTa 7rpb<; rov^

Apio-raivov eiTrelv

"'-fit dvOpcoTre, tl aTrevBetî ttjv TreTrpco/jLevijv t^94 EA,XaSo9 eTTtBeiv;^^ M.avLov Be rov 'Vcofiaucov vird-

Tov veviKr]K6T0<i fiev *AvtCo'ôv, alrovjjLevov Be

304

PHILOPOEMEN, xvii. 1-4

in a courtship and marriage which were not suited

to his years,^ while his Syrian troops, in great dis-

order and without leaders, were wandering about

among the cities and living luxuriously, he wasdistressed because he was not general of the

Achaeans at that time, and kept saying that he

begrudged the Romans their victory." For if I had

been general," he said,"

I would have cut off all

these fellows in their taverns." But soon the

Romans, after conquering Antiochus, applied them-selves more closely to the affairs of Greece. Theyencompassed the Achaean league with their power,since the popular leaders gradually inclined to their

support ; their strength, under the guidance of the

heavenly powers, grew great in all directions ;and

the consummation was near to which the fortunes

of Greece must come in their allotted revolution.

Here Philopoemen, like a good helmsman contend-

ing against a high sea, was in some points compelledto give in and yield to the times ; but in most he

continued his opposition, and tried to draw to the

support of freedom the men who were powerful in

speech or action.

Aristaenus the Megalopolitan*^ was a man of the

greatest influence among the Achaeans, but he

always paid court to the Romans and thought that

the Acliaeans ought not to oppose or displease themin any way. As this man was once speaking in the

assembly, we are told that Philopoemen listened to

him a while in silent indignation, but at last, over-

come by anger, said to him :" My man, why art

thou eager to behold the fated end of Greece ?"

Again, Manius, the Roman consul, after his victory

^ Cf. the Flamininus, xvi. i.* Cf. chapter xiii. 4.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

irapa tS)v ^K'XâiMV ottco'; idawaL tou? Aa«:eSat-

fjLoviwv (pvydSa^ KureXOelv, kol Tltov ravro rco

MavLfp irepl tmv cjyvydBcov cl^lovvto^, BicKcoXvaev

6 îXoTToL/irjv ov roL<; ^vydai iroXefiMv, dX\a

ôv\6fjL€Vo<; St* avTOV koX tcov *A')(âLcbv, dWd fir)

Tltov /jltjBc 'Vcofiaioyv %a/)tT* tovto irpa'X^drjvar

Kol crTparr)ya)v et9 rovTriov auro? Kar'^yaye tov<;

<f)vydha<;. ovt(o<; elê tl ivpo^ xa? iôvaia^ viro

(f)povi]/JLaTo<; Bvaepi koX (piXoveiKov.XVIII. "HBtj Be yeyovcb<; €T0<; e^Bofirj/coaTop,

oyhoov Be rwv 'Apâtcoi^ a-Tparrjycov, rfkivLêv ov

fiovov eKeLvrjv rrjv dp')(r]v aTToXefJiw^ Btdêtv, dWctKal Tov fflov TO XoiTTov avT(p fied^ Tjav^Laf; xara-

jSicavai ra Trpdy/iara irapeêiv. <h<; yap al voaot

Tal<^ TO)V (Tco/jbdrcov p(op,aL<; cyvvairopiapaiveaOai

BoKOvatv, ovTQjf; iv rah 'RXkr]VLKaL<; irokeaiv iiri-

2 XeLTrovtTrjf; r?)? Bwafxeco^; eXrjye to (f)t\6v€LKov. ov

fjurjvdWa Neynecrt? Tt? coairep dOX7)rr}v evBpo-

fiouvra TTyOo? repfiaa-i rov îov /careâXe. Xeyerac

yap ev tlvl avXXoym rcov Trapovrcov eTraivovvTcov

dvBpa Becvov elvai Bofcovvra irepl crrpan^yiaveliretv rov îXoTrotfieva,

** Kal ttco? d^tov i/ceivov

Xoyov "x^^^ "^^^ dvBp6<i, 6aTi<; rjXco ^cov vtto tmv

3 TToXefjiicovr P'Ô' r)p,€pa<; Be 6XLya<; AeivoKpdrrj^6 Me(T(n]vio^, dv6pa)iT0<^ IBia t6 t& îXoiToip,evL

TrpocrKeKpovfcay^ Kal tol<; dXXoi,<s eVa;^^^? Bid

TTovripiav Kal dicoXaa-iav, ttjv re Meadtjvrjv dire-

* Cf. chapter xiii. 3.

306

I

PHILOPOEMEN, xvii. 4-xviii. 3

over Antiochus, asked the Achaeans to permit theexiles from Sparta to go back home, and Titus

FlMmininus joined Manius in making this request.But Philopoemen successfully opposed the request,not out of hostility to the exiles, but from a desire

that they should owe this favour to himself and the

Achaeans, and not to Flamininus and the Romans;

indeed, as general for the following year he restored

the exiles to their city.^ To such a degree did his

lofty spirit lead him to strive and contend againstmen in power.

XVIII. But being now seventy years of age,and for the eighth time general of the Achaeans,^he hoped not only to pass that year of office without

war, but also that affairs would permit him to spendthe rest of his life in peace and quiet. For as ourdiseases seem to lose their virulence as our bodilystrength declines, so among the Greek cities the

spirit of contention lapsed as their power waned.

Nevertheless, some divine displeasure threw himdown, like an all but victorious runner, at the verygoal of his life. For it is recorded that at someconference, when others present were lavishing

praise upon one who was reputed to be a redoubtable

general, Philopoemen contemptuously said :" Yet

why should any account be made of this man, whohas been taken alive by his enemies ?

" And a few

days afterwards Deinocrates the Messenian, a manwho had a private quarrel with Philopoemen

^ andwas obnoxious to everybody else because of his

baseness and unbridled life, induced Messene to* In 182 B.C. Plutarch passes over the years 187-183,

during which the Achaean league and Philopoemen cameincreasingly into collision with the Roman power.

* Of. the FlamininuSf xvii. 3.

307

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

aTTjcre tmv Ââicov, real kco/jLtjv rrjv koXovfjLevrjv

K.o\coviSa Trpoa-T^yyeXOrj /jueWcov KaraXafi/Sdvecv,

6 Se îXoTTOL/jLijv ervx^ Aêi^ ivÂpyei irvpecracov,

irvOofievo^ Se ravra avvereLvev eU êycLkr]v ttoXiv

rj/iiepa fiva crrahiov<^ ifKeiova^ rj rerpaKoabov^,

4 fcafceWev evOv<; eôrjOev tov^ liriTel^; dvaXa^cov,

oiirep Tjcrav ivhoôraroi fiev rwv TroXirMVy veoi he

KopîSfj, Bi evvotav rov îXo7roLpi€VO<; kol l^rfXov

iOeXovToX (TvaTpaT€vovT€<;. iTrTraadfievoL Se Trpo^

rrjv MecTCTijvrjv kuI irepl rov ^vdvBpov X6(f)ov

5 d'lravrwvTi rw AeivoKpdreL avfiireaovref; eKelvov 367

fxev irpeyâvro, rcov he TrevTaKoaicov, oc rrjv ')(^cjt}pav

rcov Mecrarjjficov TrapecpvXarrov, €âL(f)vrj^ eiTLêpo-

fxevwv KOL Tcov irpojepov '^rrrjfjuevcov, &)? rourov^

Karelhov, avOi^; dva tov<; X6(pov<; ddpoiôfievcov,

heL(Ta<; 6 îXoiroipLrjv KVKXcoOrjvac koI t(ov linTewv

<j)eih6fi€V0' eavrov, ov

ToXfi(t)VTO)v dvrefjbâXeLv 6K€lv(ov, dXXd Kpavyat<;

6 fcal TrepihpofiaU %/3ft)yLteVct)i^diroOev. d(j>L(TTdfi€Vo<;

ovv TToXXdKL^ hid TOv<i veavLaKov<; kol KaO' eva

irapaTTepu'TTCdv eXaOev iv iroXXolî dirofjuovcoOeU \

TToXepioi,^. Kol (Tvvd-âi, fikv eh %€t/oa9 ovSeh

iroXp^rjaev avrw, iroppwOev he fiaXX6fievo<; /cal

^Laô/Jievo^ TT/oo? ')(^wpia Trerpdohr] /cal TrapdKprj/jLva

'XâXeircoî fierexeipi'êTO kol Kareâive rov iTnrov.

7 avrto he to fiev yr]pa<; viro d(TKr)(Te<jd^ 7roXXr]<i

€Xa<l)p6v rjv /cal 7r/509 ovhep einrohiov eh to

308

PHILOPOEMEN, xviii. 3-7

revolt from the Achaean league, and was reportedabout to seize the village called Colonis. Philopoe-men at the time lay sick of a fever at Argos, but

on learning these facts, he hastened to Megalopolisin a single day, a journey of more than four hundred

furlongs. From there he at once set out for the

rescue, taking with him the horsemen. These were

the city's most prominent men, but altogether

young, and serving as volunteers under Philopoemenout of good will and admiration for him. They rode

off towards Messene and encountered Deinocrates,who came to meet them at Evander's hill. Himthey put to flight; but the five hundred men whowere guarding the open country of Messene suddenlyattacked them, and when those who had before

been worsted saw this, they collected together alongthe hills. Then Philopoemen, fearing that he would

be enveloped, and trying to spare his horsemen,withdrew over difficult ground, bringing up the rear

himself and frequently riding out against the enemy,and trying to draw their attacks entirely upon him-

self. They did not venture, however, to return his

attacks, but merely shouted and threatened his

flanks. Withdrawing from the line frequently, then,to spare his young men, and sending them one byone into safety, before he was aware of it he was

left alone among numerous enemies. Even then no

one ventured to come to close quarters with him,but he was pelted with missiles from a distance and

forced upon rocky and precipitous places, so that hehad difficulty in managing his horse and kept tearinghim with the spur. His age, owing to his generousexercise, was not burdensome, and in no wayimpeded his escape ; but at that time his body

VOL. X. 309

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

(TcaOrjvai, rore Sk koI Slo, rr)v appayarlap rov

<TcofiaTO<; eVSeoO? yeyovoTO^; Koi Bia rrfv oBoiiro-

pLav KaraKOTTOV, fiapvv ovra kol BvcrKLvrjrov ijBr}

a-<â>iel9 o Ttttto? eh ttjv yrjv KUTefiaXe. crK\r)povBe Tou 7rTa)/xaT09 yevo/juepov Kal r?}? KecfyaXrjf;

7ra6ov(Tr]€iv to (Tcofia Kal aKvXeveiv. CTrel Bk

TTjv K€(paXr)v e7rdpa<; BLe^Xe-yjrev, dOpooi TrepiTre-

aovre^ direaTpeôv avrov rd^ ')(elpa<i oiriao) KaX

Br)aavTe<i rjyoVy v^pei ')(^pd)/jLevoi TroXXfj Kal XoiBo-

pia Kar dvBpo^ ovBe ovap dv irore nraOelv vtto

AeivoKpdrovf; ravra irpoo-BoKrjaavro^.XIX. Oi 8' ev rfj TToXeL rfj fiev dyyeXCa Oav/ia-

CTft)? iirapOevre'; r}6poiôvTo Trepl Ta9 TruX-a?* (09

Be elBov eXKOfievov top îXoTroi/jLeva irap d^lav

t/)? t6 5ofi79 Kal T(OP e/jLTTpoadev epycop Kal Tpo-

nraiwp, r)Xeq(Tap ol irXelaTOL Kal (TVpr)Xy7]aap,

oâT€ Kal BaKpvaai Kal ttjp dpOpwTrivrjp eKcpXav-

piaat, BvpafXLP 0)9 diricTTOP Kal to /jLtjBcp ovaap,

2 ovT(o Be Kara jiiKpop eh 7roXAoL'9 (f)iXdpOpco7ro'i

e^dipei X0709 0)9 /Jbprj/jbOPevTeop elrj twp irpoaOep

evepyecricop, Kal Tr]<; e\evO€pia<; fjp direBcoKep

avToh ^d^LP eêXdaa^ top rvpavpop. oXlyoi Be

rjaap 01 tw AecpoKpdTei x^piôp.epoL arpe^XovpTOP dpBpa Kal KT6LpeLP eKeXevop &)9 fiapvp iroXe-

fiLOP Kal BvdfxeiXiKTOP, avT& re AeiPOKpdTei

(po/Sepcorepop el Biaf^vyoi, KaOv^pLafiepo<; vrr

3 avTov Kal yeyopcb*; alxP'dXwTO'i. ov /irjp dXXcL

Ko/jLL(raPTe<; avTOP eh top KaXovfiepop Srja-avpop,

0LK7)fjLa KaTayeiov ovts TTPevfia Xajx^dpop ovre

(^0)9 e^coOep ovTe Ovpa<; eyov, dXXk fieydXq) Xl6(^

310

PHILOPOEMEN, xviii. 7-xix. 3

was enfeebled by sickness and worn out with

a long journey, so that he was heavy and stiff,

and at length his horse stumbled and threw

him to the ground. His fall was a heavy one and

his head was hurt, and he lay for a long time

speechless, so that his enemies thought him dead

and tried to turn his body over and strip it of its

armour. But when he raised his head and openedhis eyes, they threw themselves in a throng uponhim, tied his hands behind his back, and led him

av/ay, treating with great insolence and contumelya man who could never have even dreamed that he

would suffer such a fate at the hands of Deinocrates.

XIX. The people of Messene, wonderfully elated

at the news, gathered in throngs at the gates. Butwhen they saw Philopoemen dragged along in a

manner unworthy of his fame and of his former

exploits and trophies, most of them were struck with

pity and felt sympathy for him, so that they actuallyshed tears and spoke with bitterness of the incon-

stancy and vanity of human greatness. And so,

little by little, many were led to say humanely that

they ought to remember his former benefactions,and especially how he had restored to them their

freedom by expelling the tyrant Nabis. But there

were a few who, to gratify Deinocrates, urged that

the captive should be tortured and put to death as

a stern and implacable enemy, and one more than

ever to be feared by Deinocrates himself in case hemade his escape after having been taken prisonerand loaded with insults by him. However, theycarried Philopoemen into the Thesaurus, as it was

called, a subterranean chamber which admitted

neither air nor light from outside and had no door,

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

irepiayofxevip KaraKXcLOfievov, evravOa KareOevro,

Kol rov \i6ov i7nppdâvT€<; avhpa^ ivoirXov^

KVKk(p irepUcTTrjarav.

4 Ot 3' iTTTreh tS)v Â'Xûlmv €K rrj^; (f>vyrj(;avaka-

^6v7€<; avTOv<^, &>? ovhajiov (pavepo^ rjv 6 ^l\o-

7roi/ji7)v, aXV iSoKec reOvdvaL, iroXvv fxev 'X^povov

iirecTTrjaav dvaKa\ovixevoi rov dvhpa fcal SiSoi^re?

dW')]Xoi^ Xoyov o)? alo")(pav acorrjpiav koI aBifcov

acoôvrai Trpoefievot tol^; TroXe/i-tot? rov arparrjyov5 d(f)€iBrjaavTa rov ^rjv 8i avTOv<;, eireira irpolovre^

dfia fcal 7ro\v7rpay/iiovovvT€<; eirvOovro rrjv avWrj-

yfnv avrov koI hi^yyeWov et? Ta<; TroXet? rcov

ÂycLLMV, oi he av/i(j}opdv iroiovfjievot, fieydXrjv

aTraireiv fiev eyvcoaav rov dvhpa irapa rwv

MeaarjvLcjv irpeaêiav ire^'âvre^, avrol he irape-

aKevdôvTO aTpareveiv.XX. OvTOi fiev ovv ravra eirpaTTov. 'O he

A€ivofcpdrr)<; fidXcara rov 'x^povov co? awn^piov Ta>

^tXoiTQifjuevi hehoiKco<; Koi (fiOdaai rd irapd rcov

Â^îcov fiovX6fjLevo<;, iirel vv^ eTTrfkOe koX to

7rXr]0o<; a7re%ft)/37;cr€ rcov Mea<Tr]VLcov, dvoiâ<; to

hecr/j.(OTijpcov elaeTrefiyjre hrj/iocnov olKerrjv (pdpfia-

Kov KOfiLôvra, irpocreveyKelv kol TrapaarrjvaL 368

2 MxP'' ^^ i/ciriri KeXevaa<^. eVf^jê fiev ovv ev Ttp

XXap-vhiw KaraxeLfievof;, ov KaOevhcov, dXXd Xvirrj

Koi 6opvp(p KarexopLevoî, ihcov he<f)Oi<;

koI irape-

tTTcora ttXtjctlov tov dvOpcoirov exovra rrjv KvXtKa

rov <f)ap/jLd/coVf (Tvvayayobv yuoXi? eavrov vir

aaBevela<i dvefcdOiê, kov he^dfxevo'i rjpcoTrjaev et

31a

PHILOPOEMEN, xix. 3-xx. 2

but was closed by dragging a huge stone in front of

it. Here they placed him, and after planting the

stone against it, set a guard of armed men roundabout.

Meanwhile the horsemen of the Achaeans re-

covered themselves after their flight, and whenPhilopoemen was nowhere to be seen, but was

thought to be dead, they stood for a long time

calling aloud upon their leader and reproaching oneanother for having won an unlawful and shameful

safety by abandoning to the enemy their general,who had been prodigal of his life for their sakes.

Then they went forward in a body, and by diligenteffort learned of his capture, and sent word of it to

the cities of the Achaeans. The Achaeans felt that

they had suffered a great calamity, and determinedto send an embassy and demand Philopoemen fromthe Messenians, while they themselves prepared an

expedition against the city.XX. The Achaeans, then, were thus engaged. But

Deinocrates, who feared that delay was the one

thing most likely to save Philopoemen, and wishedto forestall the efforts of the Achaeans, when nightcame on and the multitude of Messene had dis-

persed, opened the prison and sent in a publicofficial with poison, ordering him to give it to Philo-

poemen and to stand by his side until he had drunkit. Now, Philopoemen was lying down wrapped in

his soldier's cloak, not sleeping, but overwhelmedwith trouble and grief. When, however, he saw a

light and a man standing by him holding the cup of

poison, he pulled himself together as much as his

weakness permitted and sat up. Then taking the

cup he asked the man if he had heard anything

313

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Ti irepl Ta>v linricov kclI fiaXio-ra AvKopra ireirv-

3 afi€PO<i ecTTLV. eiVwro? Se ravOpcoirov hiaiTeêv-

^kvai TOL'9 7roWov<;, eirevevae rfj KecpaXr}, koI

BiafiXeyjraf; Trpaax; irpo^ top dvOpcoirov," E5

X67et9," elirev,**

el fir) Trdvra kukco^ ireTrpd'â/jLev.^'

dXXo Be firjSev eliroav /jurjBe (j)de'y^d/uLevo<; eêine fcal

irakiv avTOP aTrifcXivev, ou ttoWcl Trpdy/jLara tm

âpfjidKO) '7rapa<7')(^d>v,aXV dirocrpeaOelfs ra^v Blcl

rrjv daOevetav.

XXI. 'n? ovv 6 irepl t?)? reXeur^ X0709 rjKev

€t9 Tou? 'AâiOL/?, Ta? fxev 7r6\eL<; avrcjv /coLvrj

KaT^(f>eia kol irevOo^ elêv, ol 8' ev rfKiKLa fierdTcov TTpo/SovXcDV (TVpe\66vTe<; eZ? MeydXrjv woXivovB* rjvTLVOVP dvajSoXrjv iirotrjaavTO rr]<; nfxcopia^,dXlC eXofievoc aTparriyov AvKoprav eU rrjv Meaa-T]-vlav evejSaXov koX Kaxeo^ eTroiovv Tr)v '^(apav, d'X^pL

2 ov (TV/jL(j)povT]aavT€<; eSeâvro rov<i Ââiov^. /cat

AeLVOKpdrrjî /lev avro<i avrov (j)Odcra<; Bte^priaaro,TCOV Be dXXcov 6aoi<; jxev dveXelv eBoê îXo-

TTOi/JLeva Bl* avTCdv ^diredprjaKov, 6croi<; Be kol

âaavLdat, tovtov<; eir* alK[aL<; diroXovfievov^

avveXd/jLâvev 6 AvK6pTa<;. to Be aSyfia Kav-

aavTe<; avTOV /cal to, Xeiyfrava avvOevTe^ eU

vBplav dveêvyvvaav, ovk ara/CTft)? ovBe co? eTVêv,dXX! eTTLviKiov irofjbirrjv Tiva d/jua tol'^ Ta(/)ai?

3 /jLLâvT€<;. ^v fiev yap €(TTe(j)ava)fjLevov<i IBetv, rjv

Be T0U9 avTov<; kol BaKpvovTa<;, yv Be tov<; e')(9pov^

BecT/jLLOVf; dyofi€Vov<i. avrrjv Be Tr]v vBpLav vtto

ttXtjOov^; TaLVLwv re Kal are^dvcov /ioXt? opco/jLevrjv

ifco/jLiêv 6 Tov (TTpaT7]yov T(jdv *Aâta)V iral^

^ Si avTMv Bekker and Blass have 5*' avruv {died by their

otvn hands), with Stephanus.

PHILOPOEMEN, xx. 2-xxi. 3

about the horsemen, and particularly about Lycortas,and on being told by him that the greater part of

them had escaped, he nodded his head, and with a

kindly look at the man said to him :" That is good

news, if we have not wholly lost." Without another

word and even without a sigh he drained the cupand laid himself down again. He did not give the

poison much to do, but breathed his last speedily, so

weak was he.

XXI. Accordingly, when the report of his death

reached the Achaeans, their cities were filled with

general dejection and grief, and the men of military

age, together with the members of the council,

assembled at Megalopolis. With no delay whatso-

ever they proceeded to take revenge. They chose

Lycortas general, invaded Messenia, and ravagedthe country, until the Messenians with one consent

received them into their city. Deinocrates antici-

pated their vengeance by making away with himself,

but all the others who had voted to put Philopoemento death they slew, and as for those who would have

had him tortured also, these Lycortas seized andheld for a more excruciating death. Then theyburned Philopoemen's body, collected his ashes in

an urn, and set out for home, not in loose or pro-miscuous order, but with a blending of triumphal

procession and funeral rites. For their heads werewreathed with garlands while their eyes were full of

tears, and they led their foes along with them in

chains. The urn itself, almost hidden from sight

by a multitude of fillets and wreaths, was borne by

Polybius, the son of the Achaean general, and about

315

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rioXuySto? Kal irepl avrov ol rrpcorot tmv Â'^âiMV.

01 he aTpariMTai MTrXiafiivot fiev avrol, roc<; 8*

ITTTTOl^ K€/C0O-fl7J/lieV0L^ iTTTJKoXovOoVV, OVTC, olov

iirl TTevOei roaovro), fcaT7](f)€L<; oure rrj vikyj

4 yavpicovref;. e/c Se rcov Sia fxecrov iroXeayv Kal

/cco/jlojv d7ravTwvT€<;, wairep avrov diro arpaTeiaqiwaviovTa Beîov/jLevoi, rrj<; vBp[a<i i^'^TrrovTO, Kal

avp.TrpoTjjov et? Meyakrjv iroXiv. co? ovv avvave-

fjii')(d7]Gav avTol's ol irpea^vrepoi fiera yvvaiKcov

Kal iralBcov, 6\o(j)vpfio<; ijSr) Bia iravrb^; e')((i)peL

rov aTpaT€V/jLaTO<; et? ttjv itoXlv eTTLTTodovdav top

avhpa Kal /3ap€0)<; (pepouaav, olofiivrjv avvairo-

fie^XrjKevai, to irpcoreveiv iv rol^ ÂxaioL*;,

6 'Era^t; fjiev ovv, co? €lk6(;, ivho^cn^, Kal irepl to

fivrj/ji€Lov ol TMV MeaarjvLcov al'^fxaXaiTOL KareXev-

aOrjaav, ovaa>v Be ttoXXoov fiev cIkovcov avrov,

/jLcydXwv Be rifiMV, a? al 7roXet9 e^jr7)(j)Laavro,

'Voyfialof; dvrjp ev rol^ rrepl KopivOov drv')(î]/jLaai

T?}? 'EX-XttSo? eTT€')(€ip'r}aev dveXelv diTd(Tadvrr)v

dvreiTTOvrof; ovO' 6 Mo/iifiio^ ovre ol irpeaêi'^

vrrepêivav dvBpo'^ ivBoôv ri/jLd<s d(f)avLcrai,, KaiTrep

ovK oXiya rot? irepl Tlrov Kal M.dviov evavrico-

Oevro<;, dXXd ttj? %/06ta9 rrjv dperrjv eKelvoL Kal to

^ In 146 B.C., at the close of Rome's war with the Achaean

league.

316

PHILOPOEMEN, xxi. 3-6

him were the chief men of the Achaeans. Thesoldiers followed after, in full armour themselves,and with tlieir horses decorated ; they were neither

dejected in view of their great affliction nor exultant

over their victory. Moreover, the people from the

cities and villages on the way came to meet them,as if receiving Philopoemen on his return from an

expedition ; they laid their hands upon his urn, and

accompanied him to Megalopolis. And so when

they had been joined by the old men and by the

women and children, a lamentation at once spread

through the entire army and into the city, which

longed for the presence of Philopoemen and was

grievously cast down at his death, feeling that withhim it had lost its supremacy among the Achaeans.He was buried, then, as was fitting, with con-

spicuous honours, and at his tomb the captiveMessenians were stoned to death. Many statues of

him were erected and many honours decreed him bythe cities. All these a Roman, in the disastrous

days of Greece following the fall of Corinth,^

attempted to have removed, and he attacked the

memory of Philopoemen himself, accusing him, as if

still alive, of having been a malevolent enemy of the

Romans. After the proposal had been discussed

and Polybius had spoken in opposition to Philopoe-men's detractor, neither Mummius nor the membersof the commission 2 would consent that the honours

paid to an illustrious man should be obliterated,

although he had made no little opposition to Flami-

ninus and Manius. These judges distinguished, as

^ A commission of ten, appointed by the Roman senate to

settle the affairs of Greece. It was before this body that

Philopoemen's memory was attacked and defended.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

KoXov, CO? eoLKe, rov Xva-treXov^ Sccopiôv, 6pO(09

Koi TrpoarjKovTcoî rot? fjuev axpeXovai fMiadov Koi

X^P^^ TJ'Cipa Tcov €v iradoPTcov, tol^; 8* ayaOoh

rifirjv ocfyeiXea-Oai irapa tS)v ayaOSdV aei vofxi-

Tavra irepl îXoTroLfievos,

318

PHILOPOEMEN, xxi. 6

it would appear, between virtue and necessity,between honour and advantage. They rightly and

fitly considered that benefactors ought always to

receive reward and gratitude from their beneficiaries,and good men honour from the good.

So much concerning Philopoemen.

3»9

TITUS FLAMININUS

1TIT02

I. 'Ô^* Se irapapdWoiiev avrat, Tito? KoiVrto? 369

^\afjLt,p2vo<;, IBiav fiev 6'iroio<i rjv irdpeart Oedaa-

<j6aL T0?9 ôv\ofJL€voL<; diTO Trj<; ev 'Pco/xt^ âX/c?}?

elKovo^y rj KelraL irapa top fiiyav ÂiroWcopa top

€K Kap^r}S6po<; dpTLKpv tov liriroZpopLOVy ypapLpLa-

aiv '^Wr)viKol<i iTTiyeypa/jifMepr], to Se rjOo^ ofu? fli

XeysTai yepeaOai Ka\ Trpo^ opyrjp koX iTpo<i "X^dpip.

2 ov firjp 6fioia)<iy aXX* e\a^po<; fikp ip tw KoXdêip

Kol ovK eTrlfjLovof;, irpo^ Se Ta^; x^P'''^^^ TcXeaL-

ovpyo<i Kol To2<; evepyeTrjdetac Bia irapTo^; axrirep

evepyeTai^ evpov^^ kol Trp60vfjLo<;, o)? KdXkiaTa

TCJP KTr]/JLdTO)P, TOU? €V TTeTTOpdoTaî vii aVTOV

irepLeireiP ae\ koX acoêip. ^tXoTt/toTaTo? Be koX

<\)L\oho^6TaTO<; cop i/SovXcTO tcop dpuaTcop koX

fieylaTcop trpdêwp avTovpyo<; elpat, kol rot? Beo-

fiipoL^ ev iraOelv fidXXop rj rot? ev TroLrjaai Svpa-

fi€Poi<; exaipe, tou? fJêp vXrjp r?)? dpeTrj^, to 1)9 Be

(oairep dpTi7rdXov<; tt/jo? Boâp ^yov/jLepo<;.

3 HaiBevOel^; Be iratBelap ttjp Bia tcop iOwp twv

CTpaTiayTifcuv, ttoWou? Tore /cal fieydXov^ rrj^

322

TITUS FLAMININUS

I. In parallel with Philopoemen we shall putTitus Quiiitius Flamininus. What his outward

appearance was may be seen by those who wish it

from the bronze statue of him at Rome. It stands

by the side of the great Apollo from Carthage,

opposite the Circus,^ and has upon it an inscriptionin Greek characters. As to his disposition, he is

said to have been quick to show anger as well as to

confer favours, though not in like extent. For he

was gentle in his punishments and not persistent,whereas in his favours he was unremitting, alwayswell disposed towards his beneficiaries as though

they were his benefactors, and eager to protect at all

times and preserve those who had ever met with kind-

ness at his hands, as though they were his choicest

possessions. But since he was covetous of honour

and fame, he desired that his noblest and greatestachievements should be the result of his own efforts,

and he took more pleasure in those who wanted to

receive kindness than in those who were able to

bestow it, considering that the former were objects

upon which he could exercise his virtue, while the

latter were his rivals, so to speak, in the struggle for

fame.

From his earliest years he was trained in the arts

of war, since at that time Rome was carrying on

* The Circus Flamininus is meant, which was erected in

221 B.C. by the censor Flamininus Nepos.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

*Pct)/j,r)^ dy(i)viô/jL€vr}(; djMvaf; /cal tmv vewv evOv^

i^ dpXV'^ ev Tft) arpareveadai aTparTjyelv SiSaa-KO-

fievCdV, TTpMTOV JJikv iv TW ITpO^^

AvvlâV TToXi/JLO)

')(^CkLap')(o<;virarevovTi MapKeWo) avvearpaTev-

4 aaro. /cal MdpKeWo<i /juev iveSpa TrepnreaoDP

irekevTTjae, Tiro? Be t^9 Trepl Tdpavra '^copa*;

Kal TdpavTOî avTov to hevrepov rfKayKoro^; €7rapxo<i

tt7roS€t%êi9 evBoKLfirjaep ov^ "^ttov inl roU BiKai-

0L<i Tj Kara ttjv arpaTeiav. Slo /cat TrefjUTro/Jbivcov

diroLKcov €t9 Bvo 7ro\€i9, ISidpveidv re kol Yiwvaav,

apX'^v ypedrj /cal oi/cicTT'^f;.

IL TovTO Be avTOV eTrrjpe fidXcara Ta9 Bed

fxeaov Kal avvrjOei^ roL<; veoiî dp')(jd<; virep^dvTa,

Br)piapxi'0'V icoX o-rpaTi-jyiav Kal dyopavofiiav, evOvf;

avTov u7raT€ta9 dîovv Kal Karêc tov<; diro rcov

kXtjpov'xI'^v €%o)^' TTpodvpLov^. Toov Be irepl

ôvXjSiov /cal Mdviov Brjp.dpxoiv eviarapêvcov Kal

Beivop elvai Xeyovrcop dvBpa veov eh rrjp fieyiarr^v

dpxv^ ela-fitdêaOai irapd tov^ v6fjLov<;, olov dre-

Xearov en tS)v irpcorcov lepcov Kal p,v(TT7]pia)v rrj<i

2 TToXiTeiaî, 17 piev crvyKXr}TO<i direBcoKC ro)Brjpifp

rr]v yjrrjcpov, 6 Be BrjpLO<; direBeiêv avrov virarov

fierd Ze^TOU AiXlov, Kalirep ovttco rpidKOvra errj

yeyovora. KXrjpo) Be Xay^dvec top 7rpo<; îXLinrop

Kal lS/iaKeB6pa<; TroXepLOP, €UTi^%ta ripl tcjp 'VwpLal-

(op GvXXa^j^v irpdypuacn Kal dpOp(07roi<; ov Trdpra

TToXepLW Kol jSla ^^wyLteiôu Beopepoi^ dpôPTo^,

324

I

TITUS FLAMININUS, i. 3-11. 2

many great contests and her young men from the

very outset were tauglit by service as soldiers howto command soldiers. To begin with, then, heserved as military tribune in the war againstHannibal under Marcellus the consul. Marcellus

fell into an ambush and lost his life/ but Titus was

appointed governor of the country about Tarentumand of Tarentum itself, now captured for the secondtime. Here he won a good name, no less for his

administration of justice than for his conduct in the

field. For this reason he was also chosen director-

in-chief of the colonists sent out to the two cities of

Narnia and Cosa.

n. This success more than anything else so

Exalted his ambition that he ignored the interveningoffices which young men generally sought, the offices

of tribune, praetor, and aedile, and thought him-self worthy at once of a consulship ;

so he became a

candidate for that office, with the eager support of

his colonists. But the tribunes Fulvius and Manius

opposed his course, and said that it was a monstrous

thing for a young man to force his way into the

highest office contrary to the laws, before he hadbeen initiated, as it were, into the first rites and

mysteries of government. The senate, however,referred the matter to the votes of the people, andthe people elected him consul 2

along with Sextus

Aelius, although he was not yet thirty years old.

The lot assigned him to the war with Philip and the

Macedonians, and it was a marvellous piece of goodfortune for the Romans that he was thus designatedfor a field of activity where the people did not

require a leader relying entirely upon war and

^ In 208 B.C. Cf. the MarcelluSy xxviii. f.^ In 198 B.C.

325

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

aXXa iretOol kuI 6/it\ia fidWov aXaxrcfioifi*

3 îXiTTTro) yap tjv aro/jicofia fi€v et? fjid^rjv airo-

XP<*>v T)âKeôvcov cupx^li pcop/rj he iroXcfiov

TpL^rjv e%oi/T09 Kal ôyor^^ta Kal Kara(f)vy7j Koi

opyavov 6\co<; t?}? (j>d\ayyo<; rj rcov ÊXk^vcov

Svva/JLL<;, oivfirj SiaXvOivrcov cltto tov ^tXiTnrov

fiid<; ii'd'XV^ ov/c rjv epyov 6 7rpo<; avrov 7r6\6/jiO<i,

4^5' 'EWa? ovTTG) TToWa (Tvvevrjveyfiivrj 'Pft)yLtatoi9,

dXX^ Tore irpdrov emfjuyvvfiivq ral<; irpdêaiv,

el firj (j)va6i T€ %p?;(TT09 rjv 6 dp^J^v iccil Xoyo)

fjLoXXov rj TroXe/jLO) %/3(o/a€i/09, ivTvyxdvovri re 370

irpoarjv 7rL6av6T7j<; koX 7rpa6r7)<; ivTvyxavo/iivo)

Kal t6vo<; 7rXeto'T09 virep rcov BcKaLwv, ovk dv

ovTa)<; pahi(0<; avrX rcop avvyOcov dXXocpvXov dp^r^v

rjydirrjae, ravra fiev ovv iirl Tcav irpdêcov avrov

BrjXovrat.

III. Tlvvdavo/jLePoî Bk 6 TtT09 roixs rrpo eavrov

arparr)yov^y rovro p,lv XovXttlkiov, rovro Be

UoirXiov, 6^jre t^9 a>pa<; epi3aX6vra<; eh MaKe-

Bovlav Kal rov iroXefiov ^paBe(o<; d^lrapLevovf;

KararerptcpOaL roirofjbaxpvvTaî Kal BtaTrXrjKTiô-

fievov<; dKpoôXicr/jLoh virep oBmu Kal airoXoyiafi

2 7r/309 rov îXlttitov, ovk wero Belv, WGirep eKelvoi

KaravaXdxravreî oikoi rov iviavrov iv rifiai<; Kal

TToXcreiaL^ varepov iôop/jbrjaav iirl Ta9 arpareia^t

ovroa^ Kal avr6<; iviavrbv iiriKepBdvai, rfj dp^^trov fjiev virareiKTa^t rqt Be rroXejxriaa^, dW* ofJLOv

326

TITUS FLAMININUS, ii. 2-111. 2

violence, but were rather to be won over by per-suasion and friendly intercourse. For the realm of

Macedonia afforded Philip a sufficiently strong force

for actual battle, but in a war of long duration his

phalanx was dependent for its vigour, its support,its places of refuge, and in a word for its entire

effectiveness, upon the states of Greece, and unless

these were detached from Philip, the war with himwould not be a matter of a single battle. Greece,

however, had not yet been brought into muchcontact with the Romans, and now for the first time

was drawn into political relations with them. Unless,

therefore, the Roman commander had been a man of

native goodness who relied upon argument morethan upon war, and unless he had been persuasivewhen he asked an audience and kind when he

granted one, ever laying the greatest stress uponwhat was right and just, Greece would not so easilyhave been satisfied with a foreign supremacy instead

of those to which she had been accustomed. How-ever, this will be made clear in the story of his

achievements.

III. Titus learned that the generals who had

preceded him in this field, first Sulpicius, and then

Publius Villius, had invaded Macedonia late in the

season, had prosecuted the war slowly, and hadwasted time in manoeuvring for position or in long

range skirmishes with Philip to secure roads and

provisions. These men had squandered the year of

their consulship at home in the honours and political

activities of their office, and afterwards had set out

on their campaigns. But Titus did not think it

right to imitate them and thus add a year to his

term of office, acting as magistrate during one, and

327

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

(l)t\orifjLOVfJL6vo<; ivepybv tw TroXefiw rrjv cLp')(r)v

iTapa(T')(eZvy raf; fiev ev rrj TroXec 7ifxa<^ Kai irpo-

3 ehpla^ a(\)rjK€V, alrrjo-d/Jievof; 8e irapa rrj^ ôvXtj^

TOP aSeXcjibp avra> KevKLOv dpxovra ve&v avarpa-reveiv, koI tmv fiera Xfcr)7ria)vo<; ev ^l^rjpia fxev

Âahpovfiav, ev At^vrj Be 'Avvlfiav avrov Kura-

/jL€fjLa')(7}fi€V(ov TOv<i aKjioLôvTa^ en koI 7rpodv/iiov<i

avaXa^Mv Mairep arofKOfjia, rpiaxi^^ôv^ yevo-

/xej/ou9, €69 Tî/ "Hireipov aacfâXayf; hieiTepaae.

4 Koi Tov UottXiov evp(bv fiera rrj<; SuvdfjLeo)<; dvrc-

crrparoTreBevovTa tw ^cXiTriTq) ra? irepl tov

^'Ayjrov TTOTa/jLov €fi0oXa<s /cat ra areva <f>vXdT-

rovTi TToXvv rjSr} T^poi/oz^,ovBev Be TrepaivovTa

Blcl ttjv ox^pOTTjra rcbv ^wyotcoi', TrapeXaffe to

(TTpaTev/jLa kol top YIottXlov diroTrep/â^ KaTe-

aKeiTTeTo tol'9 tottou?. elcrl Be oxypol fiev ou%

rjTTOV TOiV irepl to, Tefiirrj, kuXXt] Be BevBpcov, co?

eKelvoiy KOL x^copoTTjTa vXrjf; Kal BiaTpiffaî Kal

5 Xei/uL(bva<; rjBeU ovk exovat-v. opcbv Be fieydXayv

Kal vylrr)X(ov e/caTepoodev eh fiiav ^dpayya jxe-

yiaTr)v Kal jSadecav (Tv/jLcpepOfjievcov BieKTrLTTTCDV

6 "A-v/ro? Kal (TXVf^^ '^^^ Ta%09 eô/jLOLOvrai, 7r/?09

TOV Tlrjveiov, Tr]v jxev aXXrjv diracrav diroKpvTTTcov

VTTcopeiav, eKTOfir)v Be Kprj/jLvcoBrj Kal aTevr)v irapaTO peWpov diroXeiTTcov aTpairoVy ovBe dXXo)vXdTTOiTo,

nravTeXcb'; diropov.

IV. ^Haav fiev ovv ol tov TItov dyeiv kvkXwBia T?5? Aacraap^TtBof; kuto, Avkov eviropov

328

i

TITUS FLAMININUS, iii. 2-iv. i

as general for a second. On the contrary, he wasambitious to prosecute the war at the same time

that he served as consul, and therefore renouncedhis honours and special privileges in the city, andafter asking the senate that his brother Lucius

might accompany him on his expedition as naval

commander, he took with him as the main part of

his force those of Scipio's soldiers who were still in

full vigour of body and spirit after conqueringHasdrubal in Spain and Hannibal himself in Africa

(they were three thousand in number), and crossed

safely into Epirus. He found Publius Villius

encamped with his forces over against Philip, whofor a long time now had been guarding the narrow

passes along the river Apsus. Publius was makingno progress, owing to the strength of his adversary's

position, and Titus therefore took over his army,sent Publius home, and began an examination of the

ground. It has no less natural strength than the

Vale of Tempe, but is without the beautiful trees,

green woods, agreeable haunts, and pleasant meadowswhich there abound. Great and lofty mountains on

either side slope down and form a single very largeand deep ravine, and through this the Apsus dashes

with a volume and speed which make it the equalof the Peneius. Its water covers all the rest of the

ground at the foot of the mountains, but leaves a

cut, precipitous and narrow, for a path along pastits current ; this path would not be easy for an armyto traverse at any time, and when guarded, it would

be utterly impassable.IV. There were some, therefore, who tried to have

Titus lead his forces by a roundabout way through

329

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

oBov Kol paBlav iinxîpovvTe^. 6 Be BeBoLKco^ fir}

TTOppCO ddkcLTTT]^ iflfiokoOV kaVTOV eh TOTTOV;

y\[(TXpov<i Koi, aTrecpofievovf; irovTjpSi^ rov '^lXltt-

irov ^vyopa'XpvvTO^ aTropâr) aLTLcov /cal iraXiv

aTTpa/cro^;, axnrep 6 irpo avrov arpaT7jy6<;, ava-

yjapelv ava^yKaaOfj irpo<s rrjv OoXaaaav, eyvay

7rpoa^dXot)v ava Kpdro<; Bia rcov ciKpcov îdaa-2 adai TT)V irdpoBov. eireX Be ra opr] rov îXlttttov

TTJ (fydXayyi Arare^ôi^TO?, ifc tmv irXayicov iravra-

yoQev eirX tov<; 'V(opaiov<; d/covriajv koX roêv-

fidrcov (j)€pofi€V(t)v, TrXrjyal p,ev eylvovro /cal

dy(ov€aivero, irpoarjkOov

avdpwiTOi Tcov avToOi ve/Jbovrcov <^/3afoi^T69 riva

kvkKwglv dfieXovpAvr)v viro tcov iroXepîcov, y tov

(TTpaTov aêiv vinaxvovvTO koi KaTaa-TriaeLV3 pdXi(TTa TpLTOLOv iirX tmv dfcpcov. yvcodTijv Be t^9

TTLaTeco^ TrapeixovTO koX ffeâicoTrjv Xdpoira tov

Ma%aTa, TrpcoTevovTa fiev ^HireipcoTcov, evvovv Be

'Vcopaioc; Svra kol Kpvcjia cfyoffo)tov (îXLTnrov

avvaycDvtôfJLevov. w incrTeva-a^ 6 T/to? eKirepîrei

XCXlapx'^'^ ^va 7reôv<; exovTa TeTpaKiaxi'^f'OV^Koi linreZ^ TpiaKoaLov^. rjyovvTO Be ol vofieL<;

€K€Lvoi BeBepevor Koi ra? piev r^pepaf; dveiravovTo

KOLXov<i TrpoâXXopevot, koX vX(oBec<; tottov^,

coBevov Be vvKTCop tt/oo? tî/ aeX^vrjv /cat yap rjv

Bixop'Vô^'4 'O Be T/to9 tovtov<; dirodTeiXa'; tcl^ puev dXXa^ 371

r)pepa<; Biaveirave tov aTpaTov ocra p,r] irepiairavT0t9 aKpoôXiapolfs tou9 7roXe/itoi;9, Kad^ fjv Be

€peX7u)v VTrepcpavijaea-daL tcov aKpcov ol irepuovTe^,

330

TITUS FLAMININUS, iv. 1-4

Dassaretis towards Lycus, a safe and easy road. Buthe was afraid that if he went far away from the sea

and got into regions that were poorly tilled and

barren, while Philip avoided a battle, lack of pro-visions would compel him to come back again to the

sea with his task undone, like the general who had

preceded him. He therefore determined to attack

with all his might, and force his passage through the

heights. But Philip was occupying the mountainswith his phalanx, and on the flanks of the Romans

javelins and arrows came flying from all directions

against them. Sharp encounters took place, menwere wounded and men fell dead on both sides, andno end of the war was in sight. But at last someherdsmen of the vicinity came to Titus and told himof a roundabout path which the enemy was neglect-

ing to guard ; over this they promised to lead his

army and bring it, in three days at the farthest, to

a position on the heights. As surety and voucher

for their good faith they brought Charops the son

of Machatas, a leading man in Epirus, who was well-

disposed to the Romans and was secretly co-operatingwith them through fear of Philip. In him Titus putconfidence, and sent out a military tribune with four

thousand foot-soldiers and three hundred horsemen.

They were conducted by the lierdsmen, who were in

bonds. By day they rested under cover of caves or

woody places, and they travelled in the night, bythe light of the moon, which was at the full.

After sending off this detachment, Titus kept his

army quiet for two days, except so far as he drew off

the enemy's attention by skirmishes ; but when the

day came on which the enveloping party were ex-

pected to show themselves on the heights, at daybreak

331

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

cLfi Vf^^P^ ™^ M'^^ I3apv, iTCLV he yvfivijTiKov

ottXov i/civer koI Tpcxv veifjua'^ rrjv Bwa/ntv avTo<;

fjuev eh TO crrevcoTarov irapa to peWpov opOia^

avTjye raf; aireipaf; fiaXk6[M6vo^ viro rcov Maxe-Bovcov Koi av/jL7rXeKop,€vo<i rot? airavroiiaL irepX

5 ra? 5ucr;^ct)/3ta9, Toyv he dWcov i/caripcoOev ap.a

ireipdopevayv afiCXXaaOai Kal Tat? rpa^^vrrjaiv

ep,(f)VOfjiev(i)V 7rpodvfi(t}<;, 6 re 77X^09 avk<Tye xal

KaiTVo^ ov y8e/3af09, aXX! olov opeio^ ofiu^Xr] irop-

pcoOev avareXkcov koI BLacpaivofievo^ tou9 pLev

TToXepLov; iXdvOave, Kara vcotov yap rjv avTol<;,

rjhr) Twv CLKpcov e')(ppbev(DV, ol he ^VcapaloL Boâv

eayôv ap(j)bôkov ev aywvi /cal irovo) rrjv eXTTiha

6 7r/909 TO ôvXopevov Xapbl3dvovT€<;, eirel Be paX-Xov avâv6p€vo<; Kal BcapueXaivcov rbv depa fcal

7roXv<; av(o yôapiav eBif)XovTO Trvpabf; elvai ^tXto9,

ol pbev dXaXdâvTe<; eireâivov eppcopevw^; Kal

avveorreXXov eh ra Tpa')(yTaTa tov<; nroXepiov^, ol

Be oTTtadev aTTO t&v aKpcov dvrrjXdXaâv.Y. ^vyrj pbev ovv rjv evdm bêla iravrcov, eire-

(Tov Be Bi(T')(^tXLa)vov TrXeiOv;' d<f)r)povvTO yap at

Bvcr'XCDpiaL rrjv Blcoîv. ')(pi]pLaTa Be Kal (TKijvdf;

Kal Oepdirovra^; ol ^Vcopaloc BcapTrdaavre^ CKpd-

rovv TOdv arevcov, Kal BicoBevov rrjv "Hrreipov ovrw

Koa-pbiw^ Kal pber eyKpareiaf; roaavTTj^ oKj-re, rcov

ttXolwv Kal T^9 OaXdaar)^ puaKpav ovra^ avrov<;,

Kal TOV ewtfJL'^VLOV (TLTOV pLT] p€pL€Tp7]peV0V<; OvB^

332

TITUS FLAMININUS, iv. 4-v. i

he put all his heavy-armed and all his light-armed

troops in motion. Dividing his forces into three

parts, he himself led his cohorts in column formation

up into the narrowest part of the ravine along the

stream, pelted vi^ith missiles by the Macedonians

and engaging at close quarters with those who con-

fronted him at each difficult spot ;the other

divisions, one on either side, strove to keep pacewith him, and grappled eagerly with the difficulties

presented by the rough ground. Meanwhile the

sun rose, and a smoke—not clearly defined, but re-

sembling a mountain mist—lifted itself and came into

view from afar. The enemy did not notice it, for it

was behind them, where the heights were already

occupied, and the Romans were of doubtful mindabout it, but as they struggled and laboured on,

they let their wishes determine their hopes. Futwhen the smoke increased in size and darkened the

air, and ascending in great volume was clearly seen

to be a fire-signal from their friends, then the

Romans below raised shouts of triumph and dashed

upon their foes and crowded them together into the

roughest places, while the Romans behind the enemysent down answering shouts from the heights.

V. At once, then, the enemy fled precipitately,but not more than two thousand of them fell ;^ for

the difficulties of the ground made pursuit impossible.

However, the Romans made spoil of their money,tents, and slaves, mastered the pass, and traversed

all parts of Epirus, but in such an orderly mannerand with so great restraint that, although they werefar from their fleet and the sea, and although their

monthly rations of grain had not been measured out

1 So livy, xxxii. 12.

333

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

€V7ropovvTa<s aypopa^, airk'êGdai rrjf; %ft)/)a9 a/m-

2 (piXaêh oi)(j)€\€ia<; 6%ou<r7;9. o yap TtVo? rrrvv-

6av6p,6VO^ TOP îXiTTTTOV, ft)? OfJLOLa (pevyOVTL TTJV

SeTTaXuav hiep'xôpbevofi rov<; p.ev av0pcoTrov; €k

Tcov TToXecov aviarrjaiv €t9 Ta opr), ra? he iroXei^

KaTaTTL/jLTrprja-t, rSiv Be ')(p7]/xarcov ra XetTTopieva

Bia ttXtjOo'^ Tj ^dpo^ dpTTayrjv irpOTiOeraiy rpoirov

TLva TTjf; %ft)/?a9 iîcrrdpLevo^; i]8rj 'Pcoyitatot?, i<f)c-

XoTcpelro Kal irapeKaXei tou9 (TTparicoraf; axnrepoiK€La^ Kal irapaKex^^pVf^^^V^ Krjhopevov^ fiaBb-

3 ^€LV. Kol fjievTOL KoX 'jrapel')(ev avrol^ rd jivopueva

T779 evraîa^ acadrja-iv ev6v<;. Trpoaexdipovv pev

yap at TroXet^;, dyjrapivoif; ©erraXta?, ol B' €vto<;

HvXcjv ^ÊiXXr]v€<} iiroOovv Kal BieTrrorjvro ratfi

6ppal<; 7rpo<; top Tltov, *A%a£ot Be rrjv ^tXiTTTrov

avpipaxâv direcirdfjievoL iroXepelv e^7]<f)iaavro

4 yLtera 'PcopâCcov irpo^ avTov. Ôttovvtiol Be, Kai-

irep AItcoXcov rore 'Pft)/>tatot9 avvayaviôpevcov

TTpoOvpLoraTa Kal rrjv ttoXlv dîovvroov irapaXa-

êlv Kal (j)uXdTreiv, ov irpoaeo-'yôv, dXXd peTairep-

ÎrdpevoL rov Tltov eKeLvw BieiTLarevo-av eavTov<;

Kal irapeBcoKap,

Hvppov pev ovv Xeyovcnv, ore Trpcorov diro

cFKOTTrj'i KarelBe to arpdrevpâ t&v *P(i)p,aicov

BtaKeKoapbTjpbevoVy elirelv ov fiapâpiKrjv avra>

(\)avrivai. rr)v tcov âpfidpcov irapdra^LV ol Be

TiTft) TTpcoTov ivTvy')(^dvovTe^ r)vayKdôvTO irapa-

6 TTX'qcria^ dcpievat (jxovd^. dKovovT€<s yap rcov

âKeBovwv 0)9 dv6panro'i dpôyv ffap^dpov arpa-

334

TITUS FESMININUS, v. 1-5

to them and they could buy little, they nevertheless

refrained from plundering the country, which offered

abundant booty. For Titus had learned that Philip,in passing through Thessaly like a fugitive, was

driving the inhabitants from their cities into the

mountains, burning down the cities, and allowinghis soldiers to plunder the wealth which was too

abundant or too heavy to be carried away, thus in a

manner ceding the country already to the Romans.Titus was therefore ambitious, and exhorted his

soldiers accordingly to spare the country in march-

ing through it, and to treat it as though it had beenhanded over to them and were their own. Andindeed the results showed them at once the advan-

tages of this orderly conduct. For as soon as theyreached Thessaly the cities came over to them, theGreeks south of Thermopylae were all eagerness andexcitement to find Titus, and the Achaeans, renounc-

ing their alliance with Philip, voted to join theRomans in making war upon him. The Opuntians,moreover, although the Aetolians, who were at that

time fighting most zealously on the side of the

Romans, asked permission to take Opus in chargeand protect the city, would not grant the request,but sent for Titus and gave themselves with thefullest confidence into his hands.

Now, we are told that Pyrrhus, when for the first

time he beheld from a look-out place the army of

the Romans in full array, had said that he saw

nothing barbaric in the Barbarians' line of battle ;^

and so those who for the first time met Titus were

compelled to speak in a similar strain. For theyhad heard the Macedonians say that a commander

» Cf. the Pyrrhus, xvi. 6.

335

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Tid^ eireKTi hC ottXoov iravra fcaTa(TTp6<f)6/jL€vo^

Koi Bov\ov/iievo<;, elra airavrSivre^ avBpl ttjv t€

TjXiKLav via) koX rrjV oyjnv (j>t\avdpco7ra), ^wvrjV

Tfi Kol BiaXefCTOV ^'^Wtjvl koX TiiJbr)<^ a\r]Oov<;

ipacrry, dav/jLa(TL(o<; iKrjXovpro, /cat Ta<; TroXet?

awLovje^ iveTTifJiifkaa-av evvoia<; rrj^; irpo^ avrbv

6 (09 i'Xpvaa^ r^fyefMova rrj'^ iXevOepla^. iirel Be koI

îXltttto) BoKovvTi avfi^ttTiKm c'êiv €69 ravrov

i\doi)V TTpovreivev elpijvrjv koX îkiav iirl rat to 1/9

^ÊW7)vapovpa^ airaX- 372

Xdrreiv, 6 Be ovfc iBeâro, iravrdiraaLv r)B7] rore

KoX TOt^ depairevovai rh rov îXlttttov irapearrj

^VcDfiaiov^ TToXe/i'âovTaf; rjKetv ov^ ''^XXrjaLv,

dXX* virep ^^XXtjvcov 'M.aKeBoai.

VI. Ta fiev ovv dXXa Trpoo-e^co/jci Kad' rjavxiav

avrco, T7]V Be Boitwrtaz^ aTroXefjico^ eTrnropevofiivo)

SrjâLcov dirrjVTTjcrav ol irpcdroi, ^povovvTe<; fiev

rd Tov M.aK€B6vo<; Bid Bpa')(^vXX7]v, d(T7ra^6p,€voi,

Be Kol TifiSiVTe^ rov Tltov, 0)9 </)fcXta9 7r/309 d^cô-

2 T€pov<; viTap')(pvar]<;,6 S*

evTV')(ôi)v avTol^ îXav-

dpcoTTO)^ Kol Be^Lcoadfievo^; Trporjjev ô'V')(y Ka0*

oBov, rd fiev ipcoTMV Koi Trvvdavofievof;, rd Be

BLTjyovfievo^, fcal Trapdymv eiriTrfBe^ ^XP^ "^^^^

3 (TTpaTt(OTa<; dvaXaêlv eic rrj^ iropeLa^;, ovtw Be

TTpodycov avveiarrjXOe T0t9 SrjâiOL<; et? Tr)v iroXiv,

ov Trdvv fJL€V '^Bofievoif;, OKVOvau Be KwXveiv, iirel

336

TITUS FLAMININUS, v. 5-vi. 3

of a barbarian host was coming against tliem, whosubdued and enslaved everywnere by force of arms;and then, when they met a man who was young in

years, humane in aspect, a Greek in voice and

language, and a lover of genuine honour, they were

wonderfully charmed, and when they returned to

their cities they filled them with kindly feelingstowards him and the belief that in him they had a

champion of their liberties. After this Titus had a

meeting with Philip (who seemed disposed to make

terms), and proffered him peace and friendship on

condition that he allowed the Greeks to be indepen-dent and withdraw his garrisons from their cities ;

but this proffer Philip would not accept. Then at

last it became quite clear even to the partisans of

Philip that the Romans were come to wage war, not

upon the Greeks, but upon the Macedonians in

behalf of the Greeks.

VI. Accordingly, the other parts of Greece cameover to the side of Titus without any trouble ;

but as

he was entering Boeotia without hostile demonstra-

tions, the leading men of Thebes came to meet him.

They were in sympathy with the Macedonian cause

through the efforts of Brachyllas, but welcomed Titus

and sliowed him honour, professing to be on friendlyterms with both parties. Titus met and greetedthem kindly, and then proceeded quietly on his

journey, sometimes asking questions for his owninformation and sometimes discoursing at length,and purposely diverting them until his soldiers

should come up from their march. Then he led

them forward and entered the city along with the

Thebans, who were not at all pleased thereat, but

hesitated to oppose him, since a goodly number of

337

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

aTpariojraL ye fjuirpLoc to ttX-^ô? eLTTOvro, fcal

fiePTOL irapekOoiv 6 Ti,to<;, 0)9 ovk e'X^v rrjv ttoXlv,

eireiOev eXeaOau tcl 'I^cofiaicovy ÂrraXov rod fiaaL-Xeo)? (TvvayopevovTO<i avrw koI avveôpp.S)VTO<iTOV<i Srjâlov<;. dW* "AttoXo^ ijuev, co? eoLKC,

Tov yrjpa)<; irpoOvp.oTepov eavrov tw Ttrw prjropa

7rapaa')(êtv (fnXori/jLovpevo^, iv avro) tw XiyeLv

7rpo<T7r6cr6vTO<i IXLyyov tivo<; t] pevpuaro^ ac^vco rrjv

aXadrjaLV i'mXric^del'i eirecFe, koI per ov iroXv ral^vavorlv et9 Âaiav diroKopLcrOel'; ireXevnâev' ol

Be BoicoTOt 'iTpoae')(^ctipr]aav rol^ 'Fcopaioif;.

YII. ^CXiinTOv he irpeaêLî rrepbyâvro^; et?

'V(ji)p,r}v direareiXe kol 6 Ttro9 Trap* avrov tou9

irpdôvra^ 07ro)9 i7rL'^r](f>i(Tr]rai 77 (TvyKXt]ro<;

Xpovov avra> rou iroXepov p,evovro<^, el hepbrjy hC

eiceivov rr)V elprjvqv yeveadac, (j)tX6ripo<; yap cov

l(T')(yp(jd<;eSeSiei 7rep(f)0evro<; irrl rov irokepov

2 erepov arparrjyov rrjv Soâv dcfyaLpeOrjvai. Bia-

7rpaâp,ev(ov he rcov (piXcov avr& purfre rov ^lXltt-

rrov cjv €XPV^€ rv')(êlv Kal rov iroXepuov rr)v

r)yep.ovLav eKeivw <j)vXa')(6r]vai, he^dpêvo^ ro hoypaKal ral^ eXiriaiv eirapOeU ev6v<; €t9 @erraXiaveVt rov îXlttttov iroXepLOv wppbrjaev, virep eâKCcr-

')(^tXLov^ Kal hLcrpuvpiov<; e^fov arpancora^, a)v

AlrcoXol ireôvt; eâKia')(îXiov<; Kal lirirel^ rerpa-KoaLOV<i irapel'xpv. rjv he Kal rov ^lXLttitov ro

arpdrevp,a rep rrXijOec m-apairXrjcnov.3 'ETrel he l3ahiôvre<; eV* dXX7]Xov<; Kal yevopêvoi

Trepl rr)v ^Korovaav evravda hiaKcvhwevetv €p,eX-

^ Cf. Livy, xxxiii. 1 f.

^ So Livy, xxxiii. 4.

338

I

TITUS FLAMININUS, vi. 3-vii. 3

solaiers were in his following. Titus, however, justas though the city were not in his power, came before

their assembly and tried to persuade them to side

with the Romans, and Attalus the king seconded

him in his appeals and exhortations to the Thebans.

But Attalus, as it would appear, in his eagerness to

play the orator for Titus, went beyond his agedstrength, and in the very midst of his speech, beingseized with a vertigo or an apoplexy, suddenly fainted

and fell, and shortl}'^ afterwards was conveyed by his

fleet to Asia, where he died. The Boeotians allied

themselves with the Romans.VII. Philip now sent an embassy to Rome, and

Titus therefore dispatched thither his own repre-

sentatives, who were to induce the senate to vote

him an extension of command in case the war con-

tinued, or, if it did not, the power to make peace.For he was covetous of honour, and was greatlyafraid that he would be robbed of his glory if another

general were sent to carry on the war. His friends

managed matters so successfully for him that Philipfailed to get what he wanted and the command in

the war was continued to Titus. On receiving the

decree of the senate, he was lifted up in his hopesand at once hastened into Thessaly to prosecute the

war against Philip. He had over twenty-six thousand

soldiers, of whom six thousand infantry and four

hundred cavalry were furnished by the Aetolians.^

Philip's army also was of about the same size.^

The two armies advanced against each other until

they came into the neighbourhood of Scotussa, and

there they proposed to decide the issue by battle.^

' On the same battleBeld Pelopidas had been defeated andslain by Alexander of Pherae, in 364 B.C. Cf. the Pelopidas,xxxii.

339

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

\ov, oy%, oTTep et/co9 rjp, irpcx; Seof? eXaôv ol

OTTparol Tr)v dWtjXcov ycLTVLaaLP, dWa real fxdWov

6p/jLr]<iKoX cpL\oTifJLLa<: infK'ijpovvTO, 'Pfo/jialoL /ler,

el MaKeSovcov Kparijaovaip, o)v ovofia Sc 'AXef-

avhpov dXfcr]<; koX Bwd/jLeco^ irkeiarov rjv irap

auTOt?, Ma/êSozê? ê 'Vco/iaLov<; Tlepa-cop r]<yov-

fievoi Bi,a(j)ipetv tjXttlôv, el nrepLyevoiVTo, \afjL7rp6-

4 repov dTToheiêiv^

AXe^dvBpov ÎXlttttov. 6 jxev

ovv Tlto(} Trape/cdXet tou? arpariooTa^ dvSpa<;

dyaOov<i yeveaOac koI Trpodvjiovf;, &)<? iv rw

KoXXiaTCp Oedrpw rfj '\LXXdBi /jbeXXovra^; dycovi-

êcrOai irpos tou? dpicTTovi Toi)v dvraycoviaTayv 6

Be ^tX-tTTTTo?, etre diro rv^V^ ^'^'^^ ^'ô o-7TovBi]<;

Trapd rov Kaipov dyvorjcra^, rjv ydp ri iroXvdvBpiov

vyfrrjXov eô) tov ')(dpaKO<iy eirl rovro 7r/30ySa?

rjpâro /JLev, ola irpo /xa;)^?;? îXel, BiaXeyecrOai

KoX TTapopjJbdv, d0vfiLa<; Be Betvrjf; tt/jo? tov olwvov

€/jL7reaovar]<; Biarapax^^h eirea'xe rrjv rjixepav

eKeivrjv,

VIII. T§ 3' varepaia irepl tov opOpov, ix

fiaXaKTJ^ Kal votlov vvkto^, et? ofiixXv^ "^^^

vecpMV Tpeirofjievcov, dveTrlpLirXaTo ôcpov â6eo<;

irdv TO ireBioVy koX KaTrjei Traî/? e/c rciyv d/cpcov

drjp eh TO fiera^v tmv aTpaToireBcov, evOv^; dpô-

fievr)<; rj/jLepaOTepo)v diTOcnaXevTe^ e(êBpeia^ evefca Kal

KaTaaKoirrjf; iv irdvv /3pa%€t irepiTreaovTe^ aXXr}-

XoL^ e^dôvTO irepl ra? KaXovpbeva^ Kt>fo? Ke<f>a-

Xa9, Oil X6<f)(ov ovcrai irvKvcav Kal irapaXXrjXwv

340

i

TITUS FLAMININUS, vii. 3-viii. i

Their mutual proximity did not inspire them with

fear, as might have been expected ; on the contrary,

they were filled with ardour and ambition. For the

Romans hoped to conquer the Macedonians, whose

reputation for prowess and strength Alexander hadraised to a very high pitch among them ; and the

Macedonians, who considered the Romans superiorto the Persians, hoped, in case they prevailed over

them, to prove Philip a more brilliant commanderthan Alexander. Accordingly, Titus exhorted his

soldiers to show themselves brave men and full of

spirit, assured that they were going to contend

against the bravest of antagonists in that fairest of

all theatres, Greece ; and Philip, too, began a speechof exhortation to his soldiers, as is the custom before

a battle. But, either by chance or from ignorancedue to an inopportune haste, he had ascended for

this purpose a lofty mound outside his camp, beneathwhich many men lay buried in a common grave, anda dreadful dejection fell upon his listeners in view of

the omen, so that he was deeply troubled and refrained

from battle that day.VIII. Towards morning on the following day, after

a mild and damp night, the clouds turned to mist,the whole plain was filled with profound darkness, a

dense air came down from the heights into the spacebetween the two camps, and as soon as day advancedall the ground was hidden from view. The partiessent out on either side for purposes of ambush andreconnaissance encountered one another in a veryshort time and went to fighting near what are called

the Cynoscephalae, or Dogs Heads. These are the

sharp tops of hills lying close alongside one another,

VOL. X. M 3^*'

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

CLKpai XcTTTal Zi o}xoio'T'r]Ta tou (TXV/â'TO<; ovrco<; 373

2 Qivo/uida-drja-av. yevofxevwv he olov cIko'; iv totto^?

(TKk7]poLvya<i koI Sicoêi^,

eKarepoc roi^ irovovaiv ael koI VTroxôpovatv iirt-

irepbTTOvreî ffoijOeiav ck tmv aTparorrreScov, koX ijSr)

Tov aepo^ avaKaOaipojjbevov KaOop(bvT6<; ra yivo-

fieva TravcTTpaTia crvveâXov.

To) pev ovv heîcp irepirjv 6 OtXtTTTTO?, ck tottcov

Karacpepcov o\r]v iTrepeiaaî rrjv (f)d\ayya TOL<i

^F(opaCoi<;, to ^dpo<; tov a-vpaaino-p.ov koX ttjv

Tpa'XvTTjTa T»)? 7rpo0o\'fj<; tcov aapia-cov ou% vttq-

3 pûvdvTwv TOV 8' evwvvpLOv Siao-iraa-pov dvd tou?

\6(j)0v^ KoX irepiicXaaLV \ap,ffdvovTO<;, 6 Ttro?, to

uev r)TT(t)pievov d7royvov<;, ttô? Be Odrepov ofeo)?

7rape\daa<;, TrpoaeâXe tol<; MaKeSSa-i avaTpjvai

pev eh (pdXayya koX Trv/cvcoaai ttju tu^lv eh

I3d0o<;, TjTrep rjv d\Kr) tt)^ eKeivcDV hvvdpew^, fccoXvo-

pevoi<i Slcl ty)v dvaypLokiav koX Tpa')(VTriTa tmv

'X^copLcov, 7rpo<; B^ to KaT dvBpa GvpirXeiceGBai4 âpeZ KoX Bvaepy<p 'y^pwpevot^ oTrXicrpo). ^ww yap

T) cj)dXay^ eoiKevdp,d')(^(p ttjv Ict^vv, e&)<? ev eVrt

(Tcop,a Kol TTjpel TOV avvaaTTLapjOV iv Tdêi pid.

BiaXvOeiar}^ Be fcal ttjv KaG" eva pd)p7]V aTToXXvcTi,

TMV pa)(pp,eva)v efcaa-jo^ Bid re tov Tpoirov Trj^

OTrXtcreci)? Kal oti iravTo^ oXov Toh Trap dXXrjXwv

pepeo-L pidXXov rj Bi avTOv la')(veL. Tpa7rop,€v(ov

Be TovTcov 01 pev eBiwKOV tou? (fyevyovTa^;, ol Be

rov<; pbaôpêvovi twv Ma/ceBovcov irapeKBpapovTe^

342

TITUS FLAMININUS, viii. 1-4

and got their name from a resemblance in their shape.As was natural on a field so difficult, there werealternations of flight and pursuit, each party sendingout aid from their camps to those who from time to

time were getting the worst of it and retreating, until

at last, when the air cleared up and they could see

what was going on, they engaged with all their

forces.^

With his right wing, then, Philip had the advantage,since from higher ground he threw his entire phalanx

upon the Romans, who could not withstand the

weight of its interlocked shields and the sharpnessof its projecting pikes ; but his left wing was broken

up and scattered along the hills, and Titus, despair-

ing of his defeated wing, rode swiftly along to the

other, and with it fell upon the Macedonians. Thesewere unable to hold their phalanx together andmaintain the depth of its formation (which was the

main source of their strength), being prevented bythe roughness and irregularity of the ground, while

for fighting man to man they had armour which wastoo cumbersome and heavy. For the phalanx is like

an animal of invincible strength as long as it is one

body and can keep its shields locked together in a

single formation ; but when it has been broken upinto its parts, each of its fighting men loses also his

individual force, as well because of the manner in

which he is armed as because his strength lies in the

mutual support of the parts of the whole body rather

than in himself. This wing of the Macedonians

being routed, some of the Romans pursued the fugi-

tives, while others dashed out upon the flank of the

^ For a fuller description of the battle, cf. Livy, xxxiii. 7-

10 (Polybins, xviii. 20-27). .

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

€K nrXayiwv €KT€ivov, cjo-tc raxv koX to 1)9 vtKMVTa^

irepiaTraadav koI (pevyeiv ra oirka Karafiak-

XovTa<;. eireaov fiev ovv o/craArtcr^j^tXtft)!' ovfc

iXdrrovfi, iaXcoaav Be Trepl irevTaKt,a')(^bkiov<;, rod

Be TOP ÎXiTTTTOv a(T(f)a\(o<; aireXOelv rrjv alrlav

eXaffov AltcoXol, nrepl apira'yrjv jevofievoi Koi

TTopOrjaiv Tov ')(dpaKO<; ert tmv ^PcofMaicov Blco-

Kovrcov, coare /nijOev evpelv ifceuvovi iiraveXOovra';.

IX. IJpMTov fiev ovv iyivovTO XotBopiaL xal

Bia(j>opal TTpo? dWijXov^ avrol^- i/c Be rovrcov

fiaXkov del rov Tltov iXvirovv eo-urot? dvanOevTe^

TO vUrjfia Kol rfi (1>}]/Jir)irpoKaraXajx^dvovre^ rov^

^'KXXrjvaf;, ware /cat ypdêaOat koi aBeaOai irpo-

repovi eKeivov^ viro irotrjTCJV koX IBlcotcov i'/xvovv-

rcov TO epyov, 0}v /uLdXiara Bia aTOfiaro^; rjv tovtI

TO iTTLjpafJLpLa'

"AKXavoTTOt Kal dOairroi, oBoiirope, twS' eVl vd)T(p

S€<TcraXLr]<; Tpiaaal KeufieOa jjLVpidBe^;,

AiToyXcov B/JLr)0evTe<; vir "Apeo^ rjBe AaTivoav,

01)9 TtT09 evpelrj^ rjyay dir *lTaXt^9,

^Hfjiadirj fjbiya irtjixa. to Be Opaav Kelvo ^LXiinrov

TTvevfia 6o(t)V iXd(f)(ov ft)%6T* eXa^porepov.

TovTO eiroLTjcTe jxev 'AX^rato? e<l)vfiplô)v îXiTrira)

KoX TOV dplOfJLOV TMV dlTo9avOVTCOV i'7Tl'\jreV(Td/UL6V0(;,

Xeyo/ievov Be iroXXaxov koi vtto ttoXXcov jjuaXXov

rjvia TOV Tltov rj tov ^lXittttov. 6 jnev yap dvTt-

Kco/jLoyBcjv TOV ÂXkolov T(p eXeyei(p irapeâXev

344

TITUS FLAMININUS, viii. 4-ix. 3

enemy who were still fighting and cut them down, so

that very soon their victorious wing also faced about,threw away their weapons, and fled. The result wasthat no fewer than eight thousand Macedonians were

slain, and five thousand were taken prisoners. Philip,

however, got safely away, and for this the Aetolians

were to blame, who fell to sacking and plunderingthe enemy's camp while the Romans were still pur-

suing, so that when the Romans came back to it theyfound nothing there.

IX. This, to begin with, gave rise to mutual

quarrels and recriminations ; but afterwards the

Aetolians vexed Titus more and more by ascribingthe victory to themselves and prepossessing the

minds of the Greeks with the fame of it, so that

they were mentioned first in the writings and songsof poets and historians who celebrated the event.

Of these the one most in vogue was the following

epigram in elegiac verses :—

*'

Unwept and without graves are we, O traveller,

who on this ridge of Thessaly lie dead, in number

thirty thousand, subdued by the sword of the

Aetolians, and of the I^atins whom Titus led from

spacious Italy, Emathia's great bane. And the bold

spirit that Philip had displayed was gone ; it showeditself more agile than swift deer."

This poem was composed by Alcaeus in mockeryof Philip, and its author exaggerated the number of

the slain ; however, being recited in many placesand by many persons, it gave more annoyance to

Titus than to Philip. For Philip simply made fun of

Alcaeus with an answering elegiac distich :—

345

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

A<^Xoô9 Koi a<ûXXo9, oSoLirope, rwS' iirl vcotg)

*AX«atft) aTavpo<; irrjjvvraL i^XCffaTO^;'

4 Tov Be TiTOV <f>L\oTiixoviievov irpo^ Tov(;"^X\'r]va<;

ov jjberpiu)^ irapoo^vve ra Toiavra. Bio koX ra

viToXonra tmv Trpayp^drcov eirparre fcaO^ eavTov,

eXa%fo"Ta (ppovrl^wv rcov AItwXmv. ol Be ij')(^6ovro,

Kol irpocrBeâjxevov Xoyovf; avrov real irpecrêiav

eirl crvfi/Sdaeai irapa tov Ma/ceSwo?, touto

€K€tvoi^ 7repu6vTe<i iirl ra? dXXa<; iroXeL^ i/Socop,

7r(oX6L(T0at Tr)v elprjvrjv ^LXiinTcp, irapov €K/c6yjrai

TOV TToXe/jiov dpBrjv Kul dveXelv dp^V^ y^^ '5?

5 7rpcoTr]<; iSovXcoOr) to *KXXt-)VLK6v. Taura t&v

AlroyXcov XeyovTcov koI StarapaTTOvTcov tov<;

avjxfxd'xpv^, auTO? 6 ^lXiittto^ iXOoDV tt/oo? rd^ 37

BiaXvaet^ dvelXe ttjv viro'^lav, 67rLTp6-yfra<; rat

TiT(p fcal 'Pco/xatot? Ta Ka0* avrov. koI ovtco

fcaraXveraL tov iroXefiov 6 Ttro?* kuI T7jv fxev

MaKeBovtfcrjv direBcoKev avrw âaiXeiav, ttj^; Be

'KXXdBo^ TTpoaeraêv aTToaTrjvai,, %fXtOi9 Be ra-

XdvTOL^ i^rjfjLLQxre, ra? Be vav^ 7rdaa<; TrapeiXeTO

7rXr]v BeKa, tcov Be TraiBcov tov erepov, Arj/jbiJTpLov,

ofitjpevaovra Xaffcov el<i 'Fco/irjv dTrea-recXev, dpiara

Tcp Kaipw ')(prjadiJL€V0<;koI irpoXa^cDv to /xeXXov,

6 'Avvl/Bov yap tov Aipvo<i, dvBpo<; ixOla-rov t6

'P(op,aLoi,<; Kal (^vydBo<iy 7]Br] tots tt/DO? Âvtloxov

rjKovTO^ tov fiacnXea Kal irapo^vvovro^; avTOV eU

^ toGto iKe7yoi CoraSs, with the MSS. : tovto iKUvo after

Reiske.

346

11

TITUS FLAMININUS, ix. 3-6

" Leafless and without bark, O traveller, on this ridgeA cross is planted for Alcaeus, and it towers in the

sun"

;

but Titus was ambitious to stand well with the

Greeks, and such things irritated him beyondmeasure. For this reason he conducted the rest of

his business by himself, and made very little accountof the Aetolians. They on their part were displeasedat this, and when Titus received an embassy fromthe Macedonian king with proposals for an agree-ment, they went round to the other cities vociferously

charging him with selling peace to Philip, when it

was in his power to eradicate the war entirely and

destroy a power by which the Greek world had first

been enslaved. While the Aetolians were makingthese charges and trying to make trouble among theRoman allies, Philip himself removed all grounds for

suspicion by coming to terms and putting himselfand his realm in the hands of Titus and the Romans.And in this manner Titus ^

put an end to the war;

he returned to Philip his kingdom of Macedonia, butordained that he should keep aloof from Greece,exacted from him an indemnity of a thousand talents,took away all his ships except ten, and taking one ofhis sons, Demetrius, to serve as hostage, sent him off

to Rome, thus providing in the best manner for the

present and anticipating the future.

For Hannibal the African, a most inveterate

enemy of Rome and an exile from his native country,had already at that time^ come to the court of King

*Rather, the ten commissioners sent from Rome to settle

the affairs of Greece (chapter x. 1). Cf. Livy, xxxiii. 30(Polybius xviii. 44).

• In 196 B.C., according to Nepos, Hannibal, vii. 6.

According to Livy (xxxiii. 47), it was in the following year.

347

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TO irpoaOev irpoievat, r^ 't^^XV '^V^ Bvvdfi€a)<; ev-

poov(T7j<;, r)hr) kol Ka$^ eavrov viro irpayâTcov

/jLcydXcop, a Karepyaadfjievo'^ jxeya^ eTrcovo/Jidadr),

7rpopovco<i eveBooKe 7rpo<;

ra? BiaXv(Tei,<i, dXXa rov ^cXittwikov 6 Âvtio-

'XLKo<^ /caTeiX'^(f)€i TToXejiio^; ev rfj 'EiXXdBc, kol

(TwecTTTjaav vir alricov dfiôrepou Koivoiv ol

êyicTTOL Tcov Tore Kal BwarMraroL âcnXecov eVl

TTjv '^(o/jLTjV, ea^^v av dySiva^ ef vTrapxfl^ kol

8 KivBvvov<; Twv 7rpo<;

^

Kvviâv ovk eXdrrov^;. vvv

Be T(ov TToXifKov fiearjv Kara Kaipov ifMâXayv ttjv

elpijvrjv 6 TtT09, fcal Trplv dpâaOai top jiieXXovra

BiaKo^^ra'^ rov irapovra, rov fiev rrjv ia'^drrjv

eXTrlBa, rov Be rr^v irpMTTjv vcpelXev.X. Êirel Be ol BeKa TrpeafieL^, ov<; rj avyKXrjTO^;

eirefjuy^ret& Tlto), (TweôvXevov rou? fiev dXXov<;

"KXXr]va<; iXevOepovv, K.6pivdov Be Kal XaXKiBa koI

ArjfiijrptdBa BtarrjpeLv eix^povpov^ eveKa tt)? Trpo?

ÂvTioxop d(T(f)a\eia<i, evravOa Br) rat? Karrjyo-

piai<; Xa/uLTTpol Xafxirpcaî rd^ 7r6Xei.t\t7r7ro9 elcoOei ra?

2 irpoeLprj/jLeva^ TroXet^ ovojxdêLv), tov<; B' ''KXX7)va^

epcoTcovre'i el kXolov eôvTe^ Papvrepov flip,

XeLorepop Be rov irdXai top pvp, x^lpovai, Kal

OavfidlôvaL top Tltop oo? evepyiTTjp, otl tov ttoSo?

Xu<ra9 Tr]v 'YAXdBa tov Tpa^Vôv BeBcKev.e<^'

oh d')(96iMepo<;6 T/to? kol /3apeco<; (})epa)P, koI

Beojxepo^ TOV avveBpioVt t€\o9 eêireiae Kal Tavra<i

348

TITUS FLAMININUS, ix. 6-x. 2

Antioclius, and was trying to incite him to further

achievements while fortune gave his power successful

course. Antiochus himself also, in consequence of

the magnitude of his achievements, by which he hadwon the title of Great, was already fixing his eyes onuniversal dominion, and had a particular hostility to

the Romans. Therefore, had not Titus, in view of all

this, made favourable terms of peace, and had the warwith Antiochus in Greece found the war with Philipstill in progress there, and had a common cause

brought these two greatest and most powerful kingsof the time into alliance against Rome, that citywould have undergone fresh struggles and dangersnot inferior to those which marked her war with

Hannibal. But as it was, by interposing an oppor-tune peace between the two wars, and by cuttingshort the existing war before the threatening war

began, Titus took away the last hope from Philip,and the first from Antiochus.

X. And now the ten commissioners, who had beensent to Titus by the senate, advised him to give the

rest of the Greeks their freedom, but to retain Corinth,

Chalcis, and Demetrias under garrisons, as a safeguard

against Antiochus. Thereupon the Aetolians stirred

up the cities with the most vociferous denunciations,

ordering Titus to strike off the shackles of Greece

(for that is what Philip was wont to call these three

cities), and asking the Greeks whether they were

glad to have a fetter now which was smoother than

the one they had worn before, but heavier; andwhether they admired Titus as a benefactor because

he had unshackled the foot of Greece and put a

collar round her neck. Titus was troubled and dis-

tressed at this, and by labouring with the commission

349

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Ta? 7roX-€i9 avetvai rrj^ (f)povpd<;, otto)? 6\6K\r]po<!

17 %a/3t9 VTrdp^y Trap' avrov rot? ^'EXkrjaiv.

3 ^laO/jLurov ovv aÔfievcov ttXtjOo^ fxev avdpcoTrcov

iv tS> (Tjahiw KaOrjaro rov yv/iviKov aycova Oeco-

jievoav, ola hrj Sia ')(p6v(t)v ireiTav[xev7)<; fxev ttoXg-

fxcdv Trj<; 'EX\,dBo<; iir iXiriaLV eKev6epia<;, aacpel

Se elprjvr} 7ravr]yvpiôvar)<;' rfj GaXiriyyi 5e Gioa-

4 TT^}? €t9 a7ravTa<; hiahoOelar]^, irpoekOoov eU fJieaov

6 KTJpu^ dvelirev on 'Vaj/iabcov r] (rvy/cXt^ro^; Kal

Ttro? KoLVTio<; arparrjyo^ viraTO^ KaraTTciXeiirj-

cravre^ âcriXea îkiTTiTov Kal Ma/ceSozâ?,

d<j>id(Tiv d(f)poupi]rov<i Kal iXevOipov^; Kal d(f)o-

po\oyj]Tov<;, v6/jlol<; %/C)a)yu,eiôu9 tol<; irarpioiît

K.opLv6iov<;, AoKpou<i, ^(OKel^;, Evj3oia<;, *A%afOL'9

ÔLcaTa<^, Mdyvi]Ta<;, S6TTa\ov<i, Il€ppai,/3ov<;. to

jjuevovv TTpodTov ov irdvu 7rai/Te9 ovhe aa<f)(t)^

€7r/]Kovaav, aXV dvcofiaXoî Kal Oopv^cohr)^ klptj-

(Ti^ r}V iv T(p (TTaSiM Oavfiaôvrcov Kal hiairvv-

5 Oavofxevcov Kal irdXiv dveiirelv KeXevovrwv 009 3'

av6i<; rjcrvx^ci'i yevopêvrj^; dvayaycov Krjpv^ rrjv

(jxovrjv Trpodv/xorepov 6t9 diravTa^ iyeycovet Kal

SiPiXOe TO K-qpvyiia, Kpavyr] fiev ciTTiaTO^ to jxeye-

6o<; Slo, ')(apav ey^fjopeL P'^XP'' OaXdTTr]<^, opOov h^

dveKTTrjKei to OeaTpov, ovBeh Be X0709 ^v tmv

dycoviôfievcov, ecnrevBov Be irdvTS'i dvairrjBtâaL

Kal Beîd)(Taa9ai Kal irpoaenrelv tov acoTrjpa t?}9 375

'EXXa8o9 Kal 7rp6/jLa')(ôv.

6 To Be 7roXXdKi<} Xeyo/Jbevov elf; virepôXi^v Tr)9

(jycovrjf; Kal /jbeyeOoî coÔr] t6t€. KopaKe^ yap

350

TITUS FLAMININUS, x. 2-6

finally persuaded it to free these cities also from their

garrisons, in order that his gift to the Greeks mightbe whole and entire.

Accordingly, at the Isthmian games, where a great

throng of people were sitting in the stadium and

watching the athletic contests (since, indeed, after

many years Greece had at last ceased from wars

waged in hopes of freedom, and was now holdingfestival in time of assured peace), the trumpetsignalled a general silence, and the herald, comingforward into the midst of the spectators, made procla-mation that the Roman senate and Titus QuintiusFlamininus proconsular general, having conqueredKing Philip and the Macedonians, restored to free-

dom, without garrisons and without imposts, and to

the enjoyment of their ancient laws, the Corinthians,the Locrians, the Phocians, the Euboeans, the Achae-ans of Phthiotis, the Magnesians, the Thessalians,and the Perrhaebians. At first, then, the proclamationwas by no means generally or distinctly heard, but

there was a confused and tumultuous movement in

the stadium of people who wondered what had been

said, and asked one another questions about it, andcalled out to have the proclamation made again ; but

when silence had been restored, and the herald in

tones that were louder than before and reached the

ears of all, had recited the proclaniation, a shout of

joy arose, so incredibly loud that it reached the sea.

The whole audience rose to their feet, and no heedwas paid to the contending athletes, but all were eagerto spring forward and greet and hail the saviour and

champion of Greece.

And that which is often said of the volume and

power of the human yoice was then apparent to the

351

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

vTrepTTero/ievoi Kara rv^V^ eireaov eh to ardSiov,

atria Se r) rov aepo^ pr]^L<i' orav yap 17 <t>(i>vrj

'rroWrj Kal fieydXr] (fteprjrat, Biaa7ra)/jL€P0<i vir

avrrjti ovk dvTepeihet, roh Trcro/ieiôt?, a\V oXi-

aOrjfia iroLel KaOdirep Kevefiârovariv, el firj vr)

Ala TrXrjyfj tivl fidWov co? vtto îXovi SieXavvo-

/x€va TTiTTTet Kal d7ro6p7]<TfC€L. Bvvarat. Be Kal

7r€pt,S[v7j(7L^ elvai rov depo<;, olov eXiy/iov ev

TreXdytc Kal TraXippvfiTjv rov adXov Bid fieyeOo^;

Xa/i/3dvovTO<;,

XI. 'O 8' ovp TtT09, elfjLT) rdîa-ra tt}? dea^

BcaXvOei(T7j<; vTrtBofievo^; ttjv (f>opdv rov 7rXr]6ov<;

Kal rov Bpo/iov eêKXivev, ovk av iSoKei Trepi-

yeveaOai roa-ovreov o/iov Kal irdvroOev avrtp

irepLêofievoyv, tw? 3' direKapLov irepl rrjv o-ktjvtjv

avrov ySowi^re? -^St) vvKro<? cIko^, tjBo-

pipoKi eTryet XoylêaOai Kal BiaXeyeaOai irepl t%'EWaSo?, oaov^ iroXep^rjaaaa rroXepLOVi Bid rr)p

eXevOepiap oviro) rvyoi êâiorepop ovBe rjBiop

avrrjf;, erep(OP rrpoaycopiaapiepwp oXiyov Belp

dpalfjLaKrof; avrrj Kal direpdrjf; (fyepofievr) to KdX-

Xiarop Kal Trepc/jLa'^rjrorarop ddXop. rjv B* dpaandpiop fjLev dpBpeia Kal (f>p6prjai<; ev dvOpcoTroif;,

airavLcorarov Be r&v dXXeov dyaOcov 6 BIkulo^.

3 ol yap ÂyrjaiXaoi Kal AvaavBpot Kal ol NiKCai

352

1

I

TITUS FLAMININUS, x. 6-xi. 3

eye. For ravens which chanced to be flying overheadfell down into the stadium. The cause of this wasthe rupture of the air; for when the voice is bornealoft loud and strong, the air is rent asunder by it

and will not support flying creatures, but lets themfall, as if they were over a vacuum, unless, indeed,

tiiey are transfixed by a sort of blow, as of a weapon,and fall down dead.^ It is possible, too, that in suchcases there is a whirling motion of the air, whichbecomes like a waterspout at sea with a refluent flow

of the surges caused by their very volume.

Xl. Be that as it may, had not Titus, now that the

spectacle was given up, at once foreseen the rush

and press of the throng and taken himself away, it

would seem that he could hardly have survived the

concourse of so many people about him at once andfrom all sides. But when they were tired of shoutingabout his tent, and night was already come, then,with greetings and embraces for any friends andfellow citizens whom they saw, they betook them-selves to banqueting and carousing with one another.

And here, their pleasure naturally increasing, theywere moved to reason and discourse about Greece,

saying that although she had waged many wars for

the sake of her freedom, she had not yet obtained a

more secure or more delightful exercise of it than

now, when others had striven in her behalf, and she

herself, almost without a drop of blood or a pang of

grief, had borne away the fairest and most enviable

of prizes. Verily, they would say, valour and wisdomare rare things among men, but the rarest of all

blessings is the just man. For men like Agesilaiis,

or Lysander, or Nicias, or Alcibiades could indeed

* Cf. the Pompey^ xxv. 7.

353

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

KoX ol ÂXKl^ldBuL TTOXe/XOU? fl€V €V Bl^TTClP KOt

[idâ^ vLfcav Kara re yrjv kol OaXaacrav ap'xpv-T69 TjirlcTTav'TO, ')(prjaOai Bk irpo^ X^P^^ evyevrjKal TO Kokov oh KaTcop9ovv ovfc eyvcoaav, dWel TO Mapadcoviov rt? epyov dcpeXoi teal ttjv

iv XaXapLLvi vav/xax^civ Kal UXarata<; kol 06/3-

/jLOTTvXa^ Kal TO, TTyoo? ^vpv/jiiSovTi Kal rd irepl

KvTTpov Kl/jLcovo<; epya, irdaa^ Ta? /xaâ? 97

'EXXa? eVt BovXeia fie/jbdxv^^^ tt/jo? avrrjVj Kal

TTCLV Tpoiraiov avTTJf; avjxcôpd Kal oveiBo^ eir*

avTTjv €(TT7)K€f TO, TrXciaTa KaKLo, Kal (piXoveiKia4 T(ov rjyovfjLevcov irepiTpaTreicrrjf;. dXXocpvXoi, Be

dvBpe^y ivavcT/jLara fiiKpd Kal yXia^pa kolvwvtj-

fiara iraXauov yevovf; exîv BoKovvre^, a<jf)'oiv

Kal Xoym rt, Kal yvcofirj rcop 'x^prjaiixcdv virdpâi

rfi *¥jXXdBt OavfiadTov rjv, ovroL toI<; ixeylaroi^KLvBvvoi<i Kal irovoL^ eêXopevoi rrjv 'EXXaSaBeaTTOTCdV 'XpiXeTraiv Kal rvpdvvcov iXevdepovort.

XII. Tavra Brj tov<; "EXXrî/a? vTTêr Kal rdTMV epycov ofioXoyovvra rot? Kr]pvyp,aaiv, d/ma

yap iê7r€p,7rev 6 Ttro? AevrXov pev eU^

Kaiav

lâpyvXi,7]Ta<; i^êvOepcoa-ovra, ^repTLviov Be eh

SpaKrjv Ta9 avroOt iroXei^; Kal vâov<; diraXXd-

ôvra rcov îXlttttov <f)povp(t)v. IIoTrXfco? Be

OvlXXlo<; eirXei, BiaXeôfievo^ Avtlo^w irepl rijs

2 TO)v vir avTOV *EXX'^vcov eXevOepiaf;, auro^ Be 6

Ttro? eh XaX/ct3a TrapeXOcov, elra irXevaa';

eKcWev eirl Mayvrjo-uav, e^rjye ra? <^povpd^ kclI

Td^ 7roXLT€ia<; direBLBov roh Bi]/j.ol(;. dywvoOeTrif;Be Nepeicov diroBeix^^h iv "Apyei ttjv re iravr)-

yvpiv api(TTa BiedriKey Kal irdXiv eKei roh"EXXrjai T7)v iXevdeplav viro K7]pvK0<s dvelireV'

354

TITUS FLAMININUS, xi. 3-xii. 2

conduct wars well, and understood how to be victori-

ous commanders in battles by land and sea, but theywould not use their successes so as to win legitimatefavour and promote the right. Indeed, if one exceptsthe action at Marathon, the sea-fight at Salamis,

Plataea, Thermopylae, and the achievements of Cimonat the Eurymedon and about Cyprus, Greece has

fouglit all her battles to bring servitude upon herself,

and every one of her trophies stands as a memorial of

her own calamity and disgrace, since she owed her

overthrow chiefly to the baseness and contentiousness

of her leaders. Whereas men of another race, whowere thought to have only slight sparks and insignifi-

cant traces of a common remote ancestry, from whomit was astonishing that any helpful word or purposeshould be vouchsafed to Greece—these men under-

went the greatest perils and hardships in order to

rescue Greece and set her free from cruel despots and

tyrants.XII. So ran the thoughts of the Greeks ; and the

acts of Titus were consonant with his proclamations.For at once he sent Lentulus to Asia to set Bargylia

free, and Stertinius to Thrace to deliver the cities

and islands there from Philip's garrisons. Moreover,Publius Villius sailed to have a conference with

Antiochus concerning the freedom of the Greeks whowere under his sway. Titus himself also paid a visit

to Chalcis, and then sailed from there to Magnesia,

removing their garrisons and restoring to the peoplestheir constitutions. He was also appointed master of

ceremonies for the Nemeian games at Argos, wherehe conducted the festival in the best possible manner,and once more publicly proclaimed freedom to the

355

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

3 iiT1(1)0

LT&v T€ Tat9 TToXcaiv evvojiiav a/jua /cal

8LKi]V TToXXrjv ofiovoidv T€ Koi <f>L\.0(^poavv'r^v

irpo^ aXkrfXov^ 7rap6t)(^€, Karairavwv jxev ra?

ardaeiî, Kardycov Be Ta<; ^vyd<;, dyaWofievo^; Be

TO) ireiOeLV /cat BtaWdcra-etv rov^ "EWt/zâ? ou;^

rjTTov rj TO) KeKparrfKevai rcov MaKeBoveov, coare

fiiKporarov r^Brj rrjv eXevOepiav BoKelv tav evepye-

TOVVTO.

4 'B.evoKpdrrjv puev ovv rov (piXoaocftov, ore Av- 376

Kovpyo<; avTOV 6 prjToyp viro rcov reXcovoov dyofie-

vov nrpo^ to /jLeroifctov dêiXero Koi rot? dyovaiv

iiTeOrjKe Blktjv t^9 daeXyeia^, Xiyerai toI<; Traialv

diravrriaavra rod Av/covpyov,"KaXtp ye v/ulmv,

ft) TratSe?," cfidvai,**

too jrarpl x^P''^ diroBiBoyfJiL*

irdvre^ yap avrbv eTraivovaivi(f)^ oh etrpaê**

TiT<p Be /cal 'F€op,aioi<; mp tou9 ''^XX7]va<; evepye-

rrjaav ovk et? eiraivov^ fiovov, dXXd Kal iriaTiv

ev TTaaLV dvOpcaiTOi^ Kal Bvvafiiv r) %a/o«9 dirijvra

5 Bi,Kaiw<;. ov yap nrpoaBexopievoL pôvov tov<;

r}yep.6va<s avrcov, dXXa Kal p.eTaiTep.Tro/ievoi Kal

KaXovvT€<; evexîpLôv avTov<;. ovBe Brjpôi Kal

TToXeiî, dXXd Kal âaCXel'i v(^^ erepwv dBiKov-

fievoi âaCXewv KaTe(êvyov eU Ta9 eKeivwv

X€tpa<;, b)(ne ev fipa^cl %poi^ci), ^dâ irov Kal

Oeov avveâirrop.evoVj irdvra avrot<; vTrrJKoa

yeveadai. Kal avTO<; Be /jLeyiaTOV ecppovrjcrev eVi

6 rf) Tr)9 *EXXaSo9 iXevOepdoaei. dvariOeU yap eh

AeX(j)ov<; dairlBa^ dpyvpd<i Kal top eavTov Ovpeov

€7reypayf/e*

356

TITUS FLAMININUS, xii. 3-6

Greeks. Then he visited the different cities, estab-

lishing among them law and order, abundant justice,

concord, and mutual friendliness. He quieted their

factions and restored their exiles, and plumed himselfon his persuading and reconciling the Greeks morethan on his conquest of the Macedonians, so that their

freedom presently seemed to them the least of his

benefactions.

Xenocrates the philosopher, as the story runs, wasonce being haled away to prison by the tax-collectors

for not having paid the alien's tax, but was rescuedout of their hands by Lycurgus the orator, who also

visited the officials with punishment for their impu-dence. Xenocrates afterwards met the sons of

Lycurgus, and said :" My boys, I am making a noble

return to your father for his kindness towards me ;

for all the world is praising him for what he did."

In the case of Titus and the Romans, however,

gratitude for their benefactions to the Greeks broughtthem, not merely praises, but also confidence amongall men and power, and justly too. For men not onlyreceived the officers appointed by them, but actuallysent for them and invited them and put themselvesin their hands. And this was true not only of

peoples and cities, nay, even kings who had been

wronged by other kings fled for refuge into the handsof Roman officials, so that in a short time—and

perhaps there was also divine guidance in this—everything became subject to them. But Titus him-self took most pride in his liberation of Greece.For in dedicating at Delphi some silver bucklers

and his own long shield, he provided them with this

inscription :—

357

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Z7jvo<; lob fcpaLTTvatcn yeyadore'; lirTroauvaKTi

KOvpoL, Ico ^TTapra^ TvvSapiSac âaiXel^t

Klvedha^ Tiro^ v/jL/jLIV virepTarov co-jraae Bcopov,

*EW7]V(ov reufa? Traialv ekeudepiav.

7 avedrjKC Se Koi ')(^pv(TOvv Tq> 'AiroXKoyvi arecpavov

eTnypdyfra^.

TovSe roi dfiffpoa-ioKTiv iirl irkoKafioiaiv eoiKe ^

Keladai, AarotSa, 'X^pvaocjâi} aTe(f>avov,

ov'^ iropev AlveaBdv Tayo<; fjLeya<;. aXX\

^FjKaepye,

dXKd<; TM deiw kvSo^ oiraê Ttro).

8 T^ S' ovv^ KopivOicov TToXei tt/oo? TOv<:"EXXr]va<;

TO avTO 8t9 TjBr} avixê^r^KS' koX yap Ttro? ev

Kopiv6(p Tore koX Nepcov avOi^ KaO^ rjP'dfi iv

Koptvdtp irapaifkiâiwî ÎcrO/xicov dyofxevcov tou?

"EX\.r]va<i iXevOepovq koi avrovofiov^ d^rJKav, 6

jjbkv Sea Kt^pvKo^, ft)9 eiprjraL, Nepcov Be avrof; iirl

rrjfi dyopd<; diro /37]/xaTO<; iv T(p iTXrjOet hrjjxrjyo-

pijcra^. dWa ravra fiev varepov.XIIL 'O Be TiTOf; rore KaWiarov Kal BiKaio-

Tdrov Tov TTpo^ Ndîv dp^dfxevo^ iroXe/nov, rov

AaKeBaifiovicov i^coXea-rarov Kal iTapavopi(i}TaTOV

Tvpavvov, iv T(p reXei BLeêvaaTO rd^ t?}? 'EXXaSo?

eX-TTtSa?, eXelv Trapacrxov ovk i6eXijaa<i, dXXa

(T7r€L(Td/j,€Vo<; Kal irpoifjievo^; rrjv XTrdprrjv dvaîax^

BovXevovaav, etre Beio-a^ firj tov iroXepLOV /jLrJKO<i

Xafi^dvovTo<; dXXo<; diro ^PaofJir)^ iireXOcov aTpa-1 ioiKf an anonymous correction adopted by Sintenis^ and

Blass ; Coraes and Bekker retain the vulgate €<?7j«:€.

^ hv Bekker corrects to 8s, after Jacobs.'

8' ovv Bekker and Blass : yovv,

358

TITUS FLAMININUS, xii. 6-xiii. i

"O ye sons of Zeus, whose joy is in swift horse-

manship^ O ye Tyndaridae, princes of Sparta, Titus,a descendant of Aeneas, has brought you a mostexcellent gift, he who for the sons of the Greeks

wrought freedom."

He also dedicated a golden wreath to Apollo, and it

bore this inscription :—

'*

This will fitly lie on thine ambrosial locks, Oson of Leto, this wreath with sheen of gold ; it is

the gift of the great leader of the children ofAeneas. Therefore, O Far-darter, bestow upon the

god-like Titus the glory due to his prowess."

It follows, then, that the city of Corinth has twice

now been the scene of the same benefaction to the

Greeks ;for it was in Corinth that Titus at this time,

and at Corinth that Nero again in our own times—in

both cases at the Isthmian games—made the Greeksfree and self-governing, Titus by voice of herald, but

Nero in a public address which he delivered in person,on a tribunal in the market-place amidst the multi-

tude. This, however, came at a later time.^

XIII. Titus now began a most honourable and

righteous war, the war against Nabis, that most

pernicious and lawless tyrant of Sparta, but in the

end he disap})ointed the hopes of Greece. For thoughit was in his power to capture the tyrant, he refused

to do so, and made peace with him, thus leaving

Sparta to the fate of an unworthy servitude. He wasled to this step either by his fear that a protractionof the war would bring another general from Rome

1 In 67 A. D.

Z$9

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rrjyo^ aveXyrai rrjv Boâv, etre (J)i\ov€iKia koI

2 ^rjXoTVTTLa rwv îXoiroifievo^ ri/JLMV, ov ev re Tol<i

aWoi<i airadiv avhpa heivorarov tS)v *KK\rjV(ov

ovra Kal irepl e/celvov rov ttoXe/hov epya davfiaaTct

toX/xt;? Kal Beivorrjro^ airoêi^dfievov laa t& TtTW

KvBaivovT€<; 'A%a«ot /cat TifM(0PT€<; iv rot? Oedrpoifi

iXvTTOvv eKelvov, ovk dîovvra 'Fco/uLaiwv vTrdro)

TrpoTToXefiovvTi t^9 'EXXaSo? dv6pQ)7rov ÂpxdSa,

fiLKpoiv Kal ofiopcov TToXefMcov (TTparrjyov, Ofioia

3 Oav/jbdêadai Trap* avTOL<;. ov /nrjv aW* avTo<; 6

TtT09 V7r€p rovTcov dircXoyelro, KaradeaOai rov

TToXe/iiov ft)? icopa avv KaKco /iieydXtp tmv dXXayv

îrapTiarMV diroXovfievov top rvpavvov.

Tmv Be ÂâiMV avro) TroXXd Trpo? rtpr^v

y^r)<^L(Tap,ev(i)v ovBev iBoKct tt/jo? rdf; cvepyea-ia^

iîaovaOaL ttXtjv p.id<; B(oped<;, fjv iKetvo<; dvrl

4 TrdvTCDV rjyd'iTrjcrev. rjv Be TOidBe. *Fo)p.aio)v ol

BvaTV')(rj(javTe<; ev tm tt/Oo? 'Avpl/3av iroXefXfp

TToXXaxov pêv mvlol yevopevoi Kal BLadirapevre'^

iBovXevov iv Be rrj 'EXXdBc')(îXioi Kal BiaKoo-ioi

TO TrXrjOof; rjoraVy del pev oiKTpol Trj<; p,eTaôXrj<^,

Tore Be Kal pdXXov, &>? elKoî, evTvy')(^dvovre<^ ol

p,ev vloL<;, ol Be dBeXcpol^;, ol Be avvrjOeaiv, eXevOe-

5 poL^ BovXoi Kal VLKoxTLV al)(pdX(i)T0t. rovTov<; 6 377

p,ev TtT09 OVK d<f)eiXero tmv K€KT7]p,€vcov, Kalrn-ep

dvioapievo^ iir avroU, ol Be 'Aâiol XvrpwcrdpbfvoL

*Cf. the Philopoemen, xv. 1-3.

360

TITUS FLAMININUS, xiii. 1-5

to succeed him and rob him of his glory, or by his

jealous displeasure at the honours paid to Philopoe-men. For in all other matters Philopoemen was a

most capable man among the Greeks, and in that war

particularly he displayed astonishing deeds of abilityand daring, so that he was extolled by the Achaeansas much as Titus, and equally honoured in their

theatres. This annoyed Titus, who thought it out of

keeping that a man of Arcadia, who had held com-mand in small border wars, should receive just as

much admiration from the Achaeans as a Romanconsul, who was waging war in behalf of Greece.^

However, Titus himself had this to say in defence of

his course, namely, that he put an end to the warwhen he saw that the destruction of the tyrant wouldinvolve the rest of the Spartans also in serious

disaster. 2

The Achaeans voted Titus many honours, none of

which seemed commensurate with his benefactions

except one gift, and this caused him as much satis-

faction as all the rest put together. And this wasthe gift : Tlie Romans who were unhappily taken

prisoners in the war with Hannibal had been sold

about hither and thither, and were serving as slaves.

In Greece there were as many as twelve hundred of

them. The change in their lot made them pitiful

objects always, but then even more than ever, natur-

ally, when they fell in with sons, or brothers, or

familiar friends, as the case might be, slaves withfreemen and captives with victors. These men Titus

would not take away from their owners, although hewas distressed at their condition, but the Achaeans

^ Titus offered this defence of his course to the congress of

Greek states at Corinth (Livy, xxxiv. 48 f.).

361

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

irevre fivMV eKacrrov dvBpa koX avva^âyovre'; ehravrb 7rdvTa<; yBrj irepl ttXovv ovti tw T^rft) irape-

ScoKav, coare avrov €V(f>paLv6fjLevov airoTrXelv, airo

/caXcov epycov Ka\a<; d/juoLâ^ /cal Trpeirovaa^ dvhpi6 p,€yd\(p KoX (f>L\o7ro\iTr) /ceKOfjua/jbevov o 8r] ho/cel

7r/309 TOP OpLafjifiov avTO) irdvTwv virdpâi XafiTrpo-

rarov, ol yap dvBpe<; ovroi, KaOdirep e6o<; earl

TOL<!: OLKeTai^ otuv iXevOepcoOcoaiv, ^vpeaOai re

rd<; Ke(paXd<; koI inXia ôpelv, ravra hpdaavT€<iavrol 6pia/j.êvovTt rw Tltw irapeLirovTO.XIV. KaXXtoj Se kcu rd Xdcpvpa irofiTrevo/ieva

'iTapel')(êv o-îv, 'EXXrjvcKa Kpdvrj Kal TreXrai,

MaKeSoviKol Kal adptaat. to t€ tcov xPVf^^'^^^

TrXrjOo^: ovK oXiyov rjv, ft)? avaypdfôvaiv ol irepX

TovBiravop iv rw Opidfju^cp KO/jLta-drjvat ')(^pvaiov

p,6V (Tvyfce^wvevpievov Xirpaî rpia')(LXia<i eirra-

Koaia<i Be/carpels, dpyvpov Be rerpaKLajJivpia'^

2 Tpiaj(iXia<^ BiaKoaias e$Bo/jLrJKOvra, (^LXiinreiovsBe 'x^pvaovs /jLvpiuvs reTpaKLa)(îXiov<; 7revTaKoaLOV<;

BeKajeaaapa^;, %ft)/)t9Be tovtwv rd %t\ta rdXavra

<1>tXi7r7ro9 a)(j)eLXev.dXXd ravra p.ev varepov

€'7reia6r]aavrci)iJLaL0i,/jLdXiara rovTlrov av/jLirpd-

âvro<;, d(f)elvai rat ^LXiirirWy Kal cvpipia'Xpv

eyfrrjîaavro, Kal rov vlov dirrjXXaâv avrw rrj<;

6pir)peias.

XV. 'EttgI Be 6 Âvrioxos eU rrjV *EXXdBa

paval 7roXXa2<; Kal arparcp TrepaL(o6eU dcpiarr)

ra? 7r6Xei<; Kal Biearaauaêv, AlrcoXcov avra>

avve7riXajJLâvop.ev(ov Kal irdXat BiaKeipêvcov irpos

1 The mina was one sixtieth part of a talent, or one

hundred drachmas.

362

TITUS FLAMININUS, xiii. 5-xv. i

ransomed them all at five minas ^ the man, collected

them together, and made a present of them to Titus

just as he was about to embark, so that he sailed for

home with a glad heart; his noble deeds had broughthim a noble recompense, and one befitting a greatman who loved liis fellow citizens. This appears to

have furnished his triumph with its most gloriousfeature. For these men shaved their heads and wore

felt caps, as it is customary for slaves to do when

they are set free, and in this habit followed the

triumphal car of Titus.

XIV. But a more beautiful show was made by the

spoils of war which were displayed in the procession—Greek helmets and Macedonian bucklers and pikes.

Besides, the amount of money exhibited was large.

Tuditanus records that there were carried in the

procession three thousand seven hundred and thirteen

pounds of gold bullion, forty-three thousand twohundred and seventy pounds of silver, and fourteen

thousand five lunidred and fourteen gold coins bear-

ing Philip's effigy.2 And apart from this money

Philip owed his fine of a thousand talents.^ This

fine, however, the Romans were afterwards persuadedto remit to Philip, and this was chiefly due to the

efforts of Titus; they also made Philip their ally, and

sent back his son whom they held as hostage.XV. Presently, however, Antiochus crossed into

Greece^ with many ships and a large army, and

began to stir the cities into faction and revolt. TheAetolians made common cause with him, a peoplewhich had long been most inimically disposed towards

2 These "Philips" were nearly equivalent to sovereigns.Cf. Livy's description of the triumph (xxxiv. 52).

» Cf. chapter ix. 5.* In the autumn of 192 B.C.

363

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TOP *Fa)/j,aLcov Brjfiov ix^p(*>'i /ecu TToXefJUKCti^, viro-

Oecriv Tov iroXefiov koI irpocpaa-ip hihovrcov iXev-

Oepovv Tou? "YiWr)va<i ovhev heofxevovî (ikevOepoi

2 fyap rjaav), aXX! evirpeirecrTepa'^ alTLa<; airopia t©

KaXkiGTw TMV ovo/jLcircov ')(p7]a6ai BiBaaKovTwv,

KoX aôBpa heiaavre^ ol 'Vco/jialoL ttjp dvdaTaatv

KoX hoâv avTOV t?)? Bwdjiea)^, arparrjyov fiev

VTrarov rod TroXefiov ÎdvLov^

AklKlov KaTeirepi'âv,

ITpeapevTT^v Be Tltov Bca TOv<;''E\Xrjva<;, mv tov<;

fxev evOv^ ocpOeU eTToirjae êâiorepovf;, tou? he

dpôfJievovî voaelv wairep n ^ ev Kaipw (pdpfjiaKOv

evBiSoif^ Tr]v irpo^ avrov evvoiav earrjae koX

3 Bi€Koo\v(Tev eâfjuaprelv. oXlyoc Be avrov iîcpvyov

tjBt) 7rpoKar€L\7)ibifjL€voL Kol BLe(j)Oapfievoi iravrd-

TracTiv viTO rcov AlrcoXcov, ou? Kaiirep 6pyicrOel<;

Koi TrapoûvOel^; o//.&)9 fierd rrjv iJ'd')(r}V irepie-

TTOLTjaev. 'Ai/Tto%09 yap rjrrrjOeU ev êpfJbOirvXai^

Ka\ (fyuycDV euû? eh^

Aaiav dTreirXevaey Ma^/to?

S' o viraro^ rov<^ fiev avro<; eTricov ro)v AlrwXwv

iiroXiopKei, tou? Be rw fiaaiXel OtXtTTTra) avve')(^(o-

4 prjarev eâipecv. dyofievcov Be KaX <f)epopbev(ov vtto

rov M.aK€B6vo<i rovro fiev AoXoircov Kal Mayvrjrcov,

rovro Be ÂOafidvcov Kal^

AirepavrSyv, avrov Be

rovMavLov rr]v fiev'HpdKXeiav BiaireiropOr^Koro^^

rr)v Be lâvrraKrov AlrwXcjv i'xpvrcov iroXiopKOvv-

TOî, olKreipwv rov<; "FiXXr)va<; 6 Ttro? BierrXevaev

^wa-n^p ri Coraes, Bekker, and Blass, after Stephanus :

&anep tis.

TITUS FLAMININUS, xv. 1-4

the Romans, and they suggested to him, as a pretextthat would account for the war, tliat he should offer

the Greeks their freedom. The Greeks did not wantto be set free, for they were free already; but for

lack of a more appropriate ground for his action the

Aetolians taught Antiochus to make use of that fair-

est of all names. The Romans, greatly alarmed by

reports of defection among the Greeks and of the

power of Antiochus, sent out Manius Acillius as

consular general for the war, but made Titus his

lieutenant to please the Greeks. The mere sightof him confirmed some of these in their loyalty to

Rome, while to others, who were beginning to be

infected with disloyalty, he administered a timelymedicine, as it were, in the shape of good will

towards himself, and thus checked their malady and

prevented them from going wrong. A few, however,

escaped his influence, having been already won over

beforehand and totally corrupted by the Aetolians,but even these, in spite of his vexation and anger,were spared by him after the battle. For Antiochus

was defeated at Thermopylae^ and put to flight, and

at once sailed back to Asia; while Manius the consul

went against some of the Aetolians himself and

besieged them, leaving others to King Philip to

destroy. And so it came about that the Dolopiansand Magnesians here, the Athamanians and Aperan-tians there, were harried and plundered by the

Macedonians, while Manius himself, after sackingHeracleia, was engaged in the siege of Naupactus,which the Aetolians held. Then Titus, out of pityfor the Greeks, sailed across from Peloponnesus to

^ In 191 B.O. For a description of the battle, cf. Livy,xxxvi. 14-21.

365

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

eK TiekoiTovvrjaov irpo'^ rov virarov, koI irpMrov

fiev i7T6TL/jir]a-€v el veviKTjKCD'^ auro? ra eiraOXa rov

TToXefMOV îkiTTiTOV id (pepeaOat, koI Tpifiofxevo^

irepl paa nrokei KdOrjTai St opyyv, eOvr] he ov/c

oXiya Kol âcrCkeia<; Ma/ceôj'e? alpovaiv. eireira

TMV TTOXlOpKOVflivCOV, CO? elBoV aVTOV, CLTTO TOV

reiXov<; avaKaXovvrcov koX %6rpa9 opeyovTwv koI

Beofjuevcov, Tore fxev ovBev eLTTcov, aWa (TTpa(f)el<;

KoX SaKpvaa<^ airrjXdev, vcnepov he SLa\e')(Oel<; jm

Mavup /col KaTairavcra^ rov dvfiov avrov BienTpd-

âro T0£9 AtTwXot? dvo)(â^ BoOrjvai, Kal ')(^p6vov

iv w 7Tpe(T^6vaavTe<s eh *V(ojul^]v fierplov tlvo^;

TV')(êlv d^LcoaovcTL.

XVL TLXelcTTov Se dycjva kol ttovov avrw

irapel'Xôv al irepl ôkKiSecov S6r]aei<; TTpo? rov

Mdviov, iv opyfj yeyovoTcov Sid rov ydfiov ov irapavTCOv eyrjixev *Ai/Ttoô? tjBt) tov TroXe/xov avve-

0-TCOT09, ov KaO' odpav ovhe /card KUtpou, dXk*

ipaaOeh dvrjp TTpeaPvrepo^ ic6pr]<^, 7) Ovydrrjp fiev

rjv KXeoTTToXe/jiOV, KaXk,i(TTr) he Xeyerac irapOevcov

yeveaOai. rovro toi)? XaA-«:i5et9 iTToirjae âaiXl-(Tac TrpoOufxoraTa koX ttjv irokiv avrSt Trpo? tov

TToXejuLov 6p/ir]T7]piov irapaa-^êlv. i/cecvof; fiev ovv

ci)9 rd^KTTa ixerd rrjv /j,dxvv êvycov irpoaejJLLê

TTJ XoXklBi, TlfjV T€ KOpTJV dvoXa/ScDV KOL TU

'X^p}]/jLaTa Kal tov^; (f>LXov<; eh ^Kcriav direTTXevae'

rov he M.dvLov evOit^ iirl rov^; XaXxiheh <rvv opyy

366

TITUS FLAMININUS, xv. 4-xvi. 2

the consul. At first he chided Manius because,

although the victory was his own, he was permitting

Philip to carry off the prizes of the war, and to

gratify his anger was wasting time in the siege of a

single city, while the Macedonians were subduing

many nations and kingdoms. Then, when the be-

sieged citizens caught sight of him from their walls

and called aloud upon him and stretched out their

hands to him imploringly, he turned away, burst into

tears, and left the place, without saying anythingmore at the time ; afterwards, however, he had an

interview with Manius, put an end to his wrath, andinduced him to grant the Aetolians a truce, and time

in which to send an embassy to Rome with a plea for

moderate terms.

XVI. But the hardest toils and struggles fell to

Titus when he interceded with Manius in behalf of

the Chalcidians. They had incurred the consul's

wrath because of the marriage which Antiochus hadmade in their city after the war had already begun,a marriage which was not only unseasonable, but

unsuitable for the king's years, since he was an elderlyman and had fallen in love with a girl (the girl wasa daughter of Cleoptolemus, and is said to have beenmost beautiful among maidens).^ This marriage in-

duced the Chalcidians to take the king's side most

zealously and allow their city to be his base of opera-tions for the war. Antiochus, therefore, fleeing with

all speed after the battle at Thermopylae, came to

Chalcis, and taking with him his girl-wife, his

treasure, and his friends, sailed back to Asia ; butManius immediately marched against Chalcis in a

rage. He was accompanied, however, by Titus, who

* Cf. the PhUopoemerif xvii. 1.

367

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TTopevofievov 6 Ttro? irapaKoXovOcov efiakarTe Koi

Trapyrelro koX t6\o? eiretae koI Kareirpavvev,avTov re /col twv iv rekei 'Vcofiaiwy heofxevo^;.

3 OwTft) hia(TwdevTe<; ol yiaXf€ihel<^ ra KaWia-raKol ixe'yiara roov Trap* avroL<; avadrj/jLarwv rcS

TtTft) KaOiepcoaav, wv i7rLypa<f)a<; eari TOLavra^;

dxpi' ^vv opav **'0 Sf]/iio^ Tltw Kal^HpaKXel to

<yviJLvdaLovr eripcoOi Se ttoXiv,'* O

B7)/j,o<; Tlto)

4 Kol WiroWcovi TO Aekcftiviov.^' en Be Koi Kad^

r)ixa<i lepev'i %et/30Toi'7;T09 aTreSeUvvro Tirov, kol

dvaavre^ avrw tmv airovSayv yevofievcov ahovai

nraiCLva ireTTOLrjfiivov, ov raXXa Bia firJKOf; i)ixel^

7rap€vT€<; avejpd'\lra/j.€v a '/ravofiepoi tt)? wSr}?

Xiyovo'L'iricTTiv Be ^Pcofiaicov <Te/3ofjL6v,

rav /jLeyaXevKTOTiiTap opKOL^ (f)vXdaa€iv'

IxeXirere Kovpai,

TjTjva jjueyav 'Pcofiav re TItov 0^ dfjua 'Vco/jLatcov

T€ TTiaTLV

Irjle YLaidv, co TtVe crcorep,

XVII. '^Haav Be kol irapd tmv aXXwv ^^XXyvcov^

Ti/jLol irpeTTOvaai, kol to to.^ r^/xa? dXrjOivd^;

TTOiovv, evvoia 6av/jLaaTr) Bl* eineiKeiav tjOov^. koi

yap el Tiaiv eK Trpay/iaTcov rj (ptXoTLfiia^ eve/ca,

KaOdirep îXoirolixevL kol irdXiv Aiocpdvei, aTpuTTj-

yovvTL TCJV Â)(aicov, TrpoaeKpouaev, ovk rjv âpv<;ovB' eh epya BiaTelvcov 6 ^t'/xo?, dXX^ iv Xoyo)

TTapprjaiav tlvcl ttoXltlkt^v eôvTi iravofievo';.

2 7riKpo<; fiev ovv ovBevi, vroXXot? Be ofv? iBo/cei kqI

* T«v &\\wy 'EWiivwv Coraes and Blass, after Bryan : ruv

'EW-fiyuy.

368

TITUS FLAMININUS, xvi. 2-xvii. 2

tried to mollify and intercede with him and at last

won him over and calmed him down by entreaties

addressed both to him and the other Romans in

authority.

Having been thus saved by Titus, the Chalcidiansdedicated to him the largest and most beautiful of

the votive offerings in their city, and on them such

inscriptions as these are still to be seen :

" This

gymnasium is dedicated by the people to Titus and

Heracles/' and again in another place, "This Del-

phinium is dedicated by the people to Titus and

Apollo." Moreover, even down to our own day a

priest of Titus is duly elected and appointed, andafter sacrifice and libations in his honour, a set hymnof praise to him is sung: it is too long to be quotedentire, and so I will give only the closing words of

the song :

"And the Roman faith we revere, which wehave solemnly vowed to cherish ; sing, then, yemaidens, to great Zeus, to Rome, to Titus, andto the Roman faith : hail. Paean Apollo ! hail,

Titus our saviour !

"

XVn. He also received from the rest of the

Greeks fitting honours,and these were made sincere bythe astonishing good will which his equitable nature

called forth. For even if the conduct of affiiirs or

the spirit of rivalry brought him into collision with

any of them, as, for instance, with Philopoemen, and

again with Diophanes the general of the Achaeans,his resentment was not heavy, nor did it carry himinto violent acts, but when it had vented itself in

the outspoken language of free public debate, there

was an end of it. However, he was never bitter,

369

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Kov(po<; elvai rrjv (j^vaiv, aXXo)? Be avyyeviadairravrcov 7]BLaT0<; koX elirelv iTrL^âpif; fiera Beivo-

T77T09. 'Aâfou? ii€V yap acperepLôfievovî ttjv

ZafcvvOlcov vrjaov aTTOTpiirxov e^rj KtvSuvevaeiv, av

atairep at ^(êXoivaL Troppcoripco rr)v K€(j)aX7)v Trj<;

UeXo'irovv'â-ov irporelvcoaf îXiTnrov Be, oirrjviKa

irepX (TTTOvScov /cat elprjvr]^ to irpcorov eh \6yov<;

avvrjeaav, elir6vT0<i /xera ttoWcov rjKeiv eKelvov,

avTov Be fiovov, vTroXaficbv 6 TtVo?," Avrov yap^

e^T),"/xovov e7roi7jaa<; a7roKTeiva<^ tov<; ^tXou?

3 Kal (Tvyyevel<;^^ eircX Be AeLvoKparrjî 6 Meo-aijvio^;

ev ^Fcofirj irapa irorov ê6v(T6e\<; Qop^^^âaTO Xaôov

IfiaTLOv yvvaiKCLov, rfj S' varepaua tov Tltov rjîov

fiorjOecv avTM BiavoovjJbevM rrjv Meaaijvrjv dc/)t-

ardvai tmv Â'Xâccov, ravra jxev €<ji7j GKeêaBai^

Oavjudêiv Be eKelvov^ el TrjXtKavraLf; eiriKeêL-

prjK(o<; irpdêcnv 6p')(êla6ai Bvvarai irapa irorov

4 Ka\ aBeiv. irpo'^ Be tol'9 ^Kyâiovî rwv irapa

ÂvTLo'Xôv irpeaêwv itXtjOo^ tl ^rrj<i PaatXiKri^;

arpaTid<i KaraXeyovrcov Kal KarapLd/jLov/jievtos/

TToWa? irpoa-rjyopLa^, 6 Ttro? ecjirj BeLirvovvTO<;

avrov irapa roS feVw /cal fjue/xcpo/jievov ro ir\'r]do<;

rwv Kpeoyv koI dav/jLdôvro<; iroOev ovrco iroiKiXrj^

dyopa<i eviroprjcrev, elirelv rov êvov, co? veca irdvra

earl rjj a/cevaaia Bta<f)epovra Kal roL<; rjBvafiacTi,

5 " M^ roivvvr €^V»''

P'VB^ vfjiet^;, co dvBpe<; ^Kyâioi,

^7r\r\Qo% ri Coraes and Bekker have irXr^Qos re, after

Brjân.

TITUS FLAMININUS, xvii. 2-5

although many imputed hastiness and levity to his

nature, and in general he was a most agreeable

companion and able to say a graceful thing with

force. For instance, when he was trying to dissuade

tlie Achaeans from appropriating the island of Zacyn-thos, he said it would be dangerous for them, like a

tortoise, to stick their head out of its Peloponnesianshell. ^

Again, when he held his first conference

with Philip concerning a truce and peace, and Philipremarked that Titus had come with many attendants

while he himself had come alone, Titus answered,''Yes, thou hast made thyself alone by slaying thy

friends and kindred." ^Again, when Deinocrates

the Messenian, who had taken too much wine at a

drinking-party in Rome, and after putting on a

woman's robe had executed a dance, on the following

day asked Titus to assist him in his plan to separateMessene from the Achaean league, Titus said hewould consider the matter ;

'' But I am amazed," said

he," that when thou hast matters of so great moment

in hand, tliou canst dance and sing at a drinking-

party."^ And once more, when an embassy from

Antiochus was recounting to the Achaeans the vast

multitude of the king's forces and enumerating themall by their various appellations, Titus said that once,when he was dining with a friend, he criticised the

multitude of meats that were served, wonderingwhere he had obtained so varied a supply ; where-

upon his host told him they were all swine's flesh,

and differed only in the way they were cooked anddressed. " And so in your case," said he,

" men of

^ Cf. Livy, xxxvi. 32; Plutarch, Morals, p. 197 b.3 Cf. Morals, p. 197 a (Polybius, xviii. 7).^ Cf. the Philopoemen, xviii. S. (Polybius, xxiii. 5).

371

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

davfidêre Tr)v *Avtl6ôv Bvpa/xiv Xojx^^^P^^'i '^^^

^vaTOôpovî Kal TreêraLpov; aKovovTe<i' Travre^

yap ovroi ^vpou elcrlv 6ir\apiOL<i BiacpipovrayXVIII. Mera Be ra? 'RWyviKa^; TTyoafet? Kal 37

TOP ^KvTLOxi'fôv iroXefjbov direBei'^dr] Tt/u-i^r?;?, yri^

earrlv apxv p^^yiaTr) Kal rpoirov riva Trj<; TroXt-

T€ia<i iTTLTeXeLcoaif;. xal (TVVTJp^ê jjiev avrw Map-KeWov Tov TrevTCLKL^ {jTTarevcavTO'i vl6<;, iêffa\ov

Be tt}? ôvX7]<; tmv ovk dyav iirKfyavcov reaaapa^;,

irpoaeBeâvTo Be 7ro\iTa<; diToypacpopepov^; 7rdvTa<;,

oaoL yovewv iXevdepcov rjaav, dvayKaaOevre^ vtto

TOV Bij/Jidpxov TepevTLOv KofX-ewi/o?, 09 eTrrjped^cov

Tot9 dpia-TOKpaTLKolf; eTreiae tov BrjpLOV TavTa

yjrrjcpuaaaOai.

2 Twi/ Be yvcopificoTaTcov xaT avTov dvBpoiv Ka\

fieylaToyv ev ttj iroXet BiacêpopLevwv irpo^ clXXr;-

\ov<i, Â(f)pLKai'ov XKijTrltovof; Kal MdpKov KaTwi'o?,

TOV fiev TTpoeypayfre rrj<; /3ouX?)9, ct)9 dptcTTOV dvBpaKal irpcoTOv, KaTcovc S' ek ex^pav r]\de avpcjiopd

ToiavTT] ')(^p7](Tdp.evo<;. dB6X<po<; rjv Ttrct) KevKLO^;

^\apîvlvo<^y ovTe to, dWa irpocreoLKw^ eKeivra

TTjv (pvaiv ev re rat? rjBovaU dve\ev0€po<; Becvco'^

3 Kal oXiycopoTaTO^; tov irpeTTOVTO'^. tovtm avvrjv

pLeipaKiaKO^ €pcofi€vo<;, ov Kal cTTpaTid^ ^PX^^

eiTTjyeTO Kal BUirwv e'rrapX'^CL^; elx^v del irepl

avTOV. ev ovv ttoto) tivI Opv7rTOfjLevo<; irpoî top

1 Cf. Morals, p. 197 (Livy, xxxv. 49).

372

TITUS FLAMININUS, xvii. 5-xviii. 3

Achaia, do not be astonished when you hear of the

Spear-bearers and Lance-bearers and Foot-compan-ions in the army of Antioclius ; for they are all

Syrians and differ only in the way they are armed."*XVIII. After his achievements in Greece and the

war with Antiochus, Titus was appointed censor.^

This is the highest office at Home, and in a mannerthe culmination of a political career. Titus had as

colleague in this office a son of the Marcellus^ whohad been five times consul, and the two censors

ejected from the senate four men of lesser note, andreceived into citizenship all who offered themselvesfor enrolment, provided they were born of free

parents. To this step they were forced by thetribune Terentius Culeo, who wanted to spite the

nobility and so persuaded the people to vote themeasure.

The two men of his time who were most notableand had the greatest influence in the city, ScipioAfricanus and Marcus Cato, were at variance with oneanother. Of these, Titus appointed Scipio to be Deanof the Senate,* believing him to be its best and fore-

most man; but witli Cato he came into hostile

relations, owing to the following unfortunate circum-stances. Titus had a brother, Lucius, who wasunlike him in all other ways, and especially in his

shameful addiction to pleasure and his utter contemptof decency. Tiiis brother had as companion a youngboy whom he loved, and took him about and kepthim always in his train, whether he was commandingan army or administering a province. At some

drinking party, then, this boy was playing the coquet

2 In 189 B.C. » Cf. chapter i. 3.* Cf. the Tiberius Gracchus, iv. 1 ; Cato the Elder, xvii. 1.

vol.. X. 373

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

AevKLov ovTco^ e(j)7j acjioSpa (îXelv avrop, ware6eav juLOVOfjLd)(^cov aTroXnTelv ovirw yeyovco'; dvdpco-TTOv ipovevofievov OearTj'^, to tt/oo? i/celvov rjBv rov

7rpo<; avTOv iv irXeiovL Xoycp Oifjuevoî. o Be Aev/cio'^

iqaOeU"OuSev,^^ ecpij,

'* heivov Idao/Jiai yap eyco

4 (Tov Tî/ emOvixiav.^^ /cal Ke\evaa<i eva rcov /cara-

Bifccov ix TOV SeafiwTrjpLov TrpoaxdyjJ^cit, fcal tov

v7r7jpeTy]v /ii€Ta7re/jL-\jrdfM6vo<;, ev tw avjjuToaiw irpoa-

CTaêv diTOKoylrai tov dvdpoDiTov tov Tpd^rfkov.

OvaWepLO^ he 'Aivrta? ovic ipcofiivq) (fiijaiv, dXX

epco/xevT) tovto 'yyapuaaaOai, tov AevKwv. 6 Be

At/9io? ev Xoycp KdT(ovo<; avTOv y€ypd(f>0ai cfirjalv,

ft)? TdkdTr]v avTo/uoXov eXOovTa fxeTa iraiBwv koI

yvvaiKO<; irrl Td<; 6vpa<; Be^dfievo^ eh to dvixirocnov

6 Aev/cio^ drreicTeivev IBia %et/)l tS> epwfxevw X^P^~5 ^6p.evo<;. TOVTO /JL€V ovv el/co<; ct? Belvcoaiv elprjaOat

T?)? KaTrjyopia<; vtto tov Karwi/o?* otl Be ovk

avTOfioXo^; yv, dXXd Beo-ficoTrj^ 6 dvaipeOelf; Kal

€K Tcov KaTaBiKcov, dXXoi T€ TToXXol Kal KlKepdOV

6 prjTwp ev T(p Trepl y7]p(o<^ avT(p KdTcovL ttjv

hirjy-qaLV dvadeU e'iprjKev.

XIX. *E7rl TOVTO) KdTcov Tifjir}Tr)<; yevojuevo^

Kal KaOaipwv Tr]v avyKXrjTov dirrjXaae Tri<; ôvXr)<;

TOV AevKLOv, viraTiKov fiev d^tco/jLaTO<; ovTa, avva-

TifJbovaOai Be tov dBeX(f>ov Bokovvto^ avTM. Btb

Kal TrpoeXOovTes eh tov Brjfxov dfiôTepoi TaTreivoX

* Cf. Livy, xxxix. 43.

374

TITUS FLAMININUS, xviii. 3-xix. i

with Lucius, and said he loved him so ardently that

he had come away from a show of gladiators in order

to be with him, although he had never in all his life

seen a man killed;

and he had done so, he said,

because he cared more for his lover's pleasure thanfor his own. Lucius was delighted at this, and said :

*' Don't worry about that ! I will give thee thy heart's

desire." Then ordering a man who had been con-

demned to death to be brought forth from his prison,and sending for a lictor, he commanded him to

strike off the man's head there in the banquet-hall.Valerius Antias, however, says it was not a lover, buta mistress whom Lucius thus sought to gratify.^ AndLivy says that in a speech of Cato himself it is

written that a Gaulish deserter had come to the doorwith his wife and children, and that Lucius admittedhim into the banquet-hall and slew him with his ownhand to gratify his lover. This feature, however,was probably introduced by Cato to strengthen theforce of his denunciation ; for that it was not a

deserter, but a prisoner, who was put to death, andone who had been condemned to die, is the testimonyof many others, and especially of Cicero the orator in

his treatise " On Old Age," where he puts the storyin the mouth of Cato himself.^

XIX. In view of this, when Cato became censor ^

and was purging the senate of its unworthy members,he expelled from it Lucius Flamininus, although hewas a man of consular dignity, and although his

brother Titus was thought to be involved in his

disgrace. Therefore the two brothers came before

the people in lowly garb and bathed in tears, and

' Cf. Cato the Elder, xvii. 1-4 ; Livy, xxxix. 42.» In 184 B.C.

VOL. X.j^ 2

^^^

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Kol SeSafcpv/JiivoL fiirpia BecaOai Toyv iroXtrcov

iSoKOVv, a^LovvT€<i alrlav elirelv top J^drcova koX

\6yov, (p ')(^p7}(Td/jL€vo<;oIkov evSoôv drifila TocravTr)

2 irepijSefiXrjKev, ovSev ovv v'li oorreiXdjJLevo^; 6 ILdrwv

TTporjXde, KoX KaTaaTa<; fiera tov awdpôvTOf}

rjpcorrjae tov Tltov el yivcoafcei to avfjiiroaLov.

dpuov/jL6uov Be eKeivov, Bir]yr](Tdp,evo<: et? opiafjiov

irpoeKokelro tov Aev/ctov el tl (prjao tmv elprjfievcov

jXT] dXi-jOh elvai. tov he Aevfclov aiwirrjcravTOf;,

6 fiev Br]jiio<; eyveo BiKaiav yeyovevai ttjv aTL/jLiav

Koi TOV KdTcova Trpoeirefxylre XafXTTpw^ diTO tov

3 îjiJLaTo<i, 6 Be TtTO? Trj crv/icpopa tov dBeX(f>ov

irepiiraOcov avveaTt] pueTa twv irdXac pnaovvTcov

TOV KdTcova Kal 7rdcra<i fiev a? ifC€LV0<; iTroirjaaTO

TMV Br]jiio(Ti(ov eKBoaec^ kol /xLadcocreLf} kol oiva<i

rjKvpcoae Kal dveXvaev iv tj) jBovX^ KpaTtjaaî,

7roXXa<; Be Kal pieydXa^ BiKa<^ KaT avTOv irape-

aKevaaev, ovk olB^ ottcos: ev xal ttoXitikco^ tt/oo?

apxovTa vopLL/jLOV Kal ttoXlttjv dpidTOv vnep

dvBpo'i OLKeLOV pLev, dva^lov Be Kal tcl TrpoaijKovTa

4 ireiTOvOoTO^ dvrjKeaTOV 6%^/oai^ dpdpuevo^. ov pirjv 380

dXXa TOV 'Po)pLai(ov iroTe BrjpLOV Oeav eôvTo^; ev

T(p OedTpo) Kal T?)? ôvXr]<;, wairep etwOe, K6api(p

7rpoKa6qpLevr)<^, 6<j)delf; 6 KevKLO^ eV* ia)(^dTOi<; irov

Kadr)pLevo<^ aTipLCi}^ Kal TaTrecvcof; oIktov eaê' Kal

TO 7rX7]0o<; OVK rjv€a)(^€TO ttjv 6'^lv, dXX' e/Socov

pLera^TjvaL KeXevovTe<;, ew? pieTefirj, BeâpLevcov

avTov el<i eavTov^ t(ov viraTiKcov,

376

TITUS FLAMININUS, xix. 1-4

made what seemed a reasonable request of their

fellow citizens, namely, that Cato should state the

reasons which had led him to visit a noble housewith a disgrace so great. Without any hesitation,

then, Cato came forward, and standing with his

colleague before Titus, asked him if he knew aboutthe banquet. Titus said he did not, whereupon Catorelated the incident and formally challenged Luciusto say whether any part of the story told was nottrue. But Lucius was dumb, and the people there-

fore saw that he had been justly disgraced, and gaveCato a splendid escort away from the rostra. Titus,

however, was so affected by the misfortune of his

brother that he leagued himself with those who had

long hated Cato, and after getting the upper hand in

the senate, revoked and annulled all the publicrentals and leases and contracts which Cato had

made, besides bringing many heavy indictments

against him.^ That he acted the part of a good manor a good citizen I cannot affirm, in thus cherishingan incurable hatred against a lawful magistrate anda most excellent citizen on account of a man who,though a kinsman, was nevertheless unworthy andhad suffered only what he deserved. However, as

the Roman people was once enjoying a spectacle in

the theatre, and the senate, according to custom, hadseats of honour in the foremost rows, Lucius wasseen sitting somewhere in the rear among the poorand lowly, and excited men's pity. The multitudecould not bear the sight, but kept shouting to himto change his place, until he did change his place,and was received among their own number by themen of consular rank.

* Cf. Calo the Elder, xix. 2 ; Livy, xxxix. 44.

377

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

XX. To 5* ovv <j>vaet. Tltov (j)tX6TCfiov, oi')(^pi jêv

iKavTjv elêv vXrjv irepl tou9 elpriiievov<^ iroXeixov^s

BtaTpLff0VT0<;, €u8oKijJL€L' Kol JCLp i'X^LXtdpXV^^^

av6i<i fiera rrjv virareiaVy ovBevo^ iirel'yovro^*

txTTaXkayei^ he rov ap')(eLv Koi irpe<T^VTepo<i cov

rfKeyX'^'^^ lôXkoVy iv ov/c eôvTi irpdêiî en toS

XotTTft) yStft) (TTrapycovTa tt/oo? Boâv koi veaviôvTa

2 Tw TTadei Karexîv eavrov ov Bwdfievof;, TOiavrrj

*ydp TiVL Kol TO irepl *A vviâv ôpa iBoKCL irpdâ^

i'TTa')(9r)<i tyeveaOai toI<; ttoWoU. 6 yap Âvvil3a<;

otKodev fJLev i/c Kapxvôvo<; v7r€/cBpa<i ÂvTiox^p

GvvrjVt €K€LVOV Be fxeTCL T7JV iv ^pvyta jjidxv^

elprjV7]<; dyairTjrS)^ rvôvTO^, avOi^; <êvy(ov koX

irXavrjOel'; iroXka reXo^ ev rrj "QiOvvia KaridTT}

Tlpovalav OepuTrevcov, ovBevo<; ^Pay/jiaLcop dyvo-

ovvTO<i, dWa Trapopcovreov dirdpTcov Bl dadeveiav

Kol yr}pa<; oyairep ipptfifievov vtto t^9 tvxv^'3 TiT09 Bh TTpeo-êvTT)^ Bl erepa^; Brj Tiva<; irpdêu^

VTTO T?}<? fiovXr]<; tt/oo? tov Upovaiav dîK6fi€vo<;

KOL rov Âvvlâv IBcov avroOi BiaLTcofievov, rjyavd-

KTYjaev el ^fj, xal ttoXXcl tov UpovaLOV BeoêvovKoX Xi7rapovvTO<; virep dvBpo<^ iKerov Kal avvr}9ov<;

ov TraprjKC. ^PV^f^^^ ^^ Tivo^y co? eoi/ce, iraXaiov

irepl T^9 Âvviôv TeXevTr)^ ovt(o<; eôi^ro?,

Alpvaa-a Kpv\jrei ySwXo? Âvviôv Beâ<;,

^ The battle at Magnesia, in Lydia, 191 B.C. Under the

terms of peace, Antiochus was to deliver Hannibal to the

Romans. Cf. Livy, xxxvii. 45.

378

TITUS FLAMININUS, xx. 1-3

XX. Now, the native ambition of Titus, as longas it had sufficient material to gratify it in the wars

which I have mentioned, met with praise, as, for

instance, when he served a second time as militarytribune after having been consul, though there

was no necessity for it ; but after he had ceased to

hold office and was well on in years, he met the

rather with censure, because, although the portion of

life which still remained to him did not admit of

great activity, he was unable to restrain his passionfor glory and his youthful ardour. For by some such

fierce impulse, as it would seem, he was led to his treat-

ment of Hannibal, which made him odious to most

people. Hannibal had secretly fled from his native

Carthage and spent some time at the court of Anti-

ochus ; but when Antiochus, after the battle in

Phrygia,^ had gladly accepted terms of peace, Hanni-bal took to flight once more, and after many wander-

ings, finally settled down at the court of Prusias in

Bithynia. No one at Rome was ignorant of this, butall ignored him on account of his weakness and old age,

regarding him as a castaway of Fortune. Titus, how-

ever, who had been sent by the senate as ambassadorto the court of Prusias on some other business,^ andsaw that Hannibal was staying there, was incensed

that he should be alive, and although Prusias made

many fervent intercessions in behalf of a man whowas a suppliant and familiar friend, would not relent.

There was an ancient oracle, as it would appear,

concerning Hannibal's death, and it ran as follows :—

"Libyssan earth shall cover the form of Hannibal."

*According to Livy (xxxix. 51), Hannibal's presence in

Bithynia was part of Rome's complaint against Prusias.

379

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

o fi€v apa Aiffvrjv virevoet /cal t^9 iv Kapxvôvi4 Ta(f>d<;, w? eKei /cara^Lwcro/bLevof;' iv he "BiOuvia

TOTTO? ecTTt Oipcohrj^; iirl 6a\daarj(; koX 7rpo<; avT(p

kco/jLT} Tf9 fJLeydXrj Kipvaaa Kakelrai. irepl rav-

rrjv erv')(e SiaTpi^cov^

A.vviâ<^, del he diTKTTMv

rfj rov Upovalou iiaXaKia fcal (f)oôv/j,evo<i TOu<i

VwjJLaiovs TTjv OLKLav ere irporepov iôBois: CTrrd

KarayeLOL<; a-vPTerprj/jLevrjv i/c r?}? eavrov 8ialTr]<;

elx^v, dWov /car aXXo tcov viTovofxwv, iroppo) he

5 irdvrcov dhrjXo)^ ifcêpovrcov. 009 ovv rjfcovae rore

TO Trpocrrayp.a rov Tltov, (pevyeiv fiev copjjbrjae hid

Tciyv VTTovoficov, evTV)(^cbv he (f)vXaKai<; l3acnXL/caL<;

eyvco ht avTOV reXevrdv. eviot fiev ovv Xeyouaiv

ft)9 Ifidriov TO) rpaxvX(p irepiâXcov koI KeXevcra^

olfcerrjv OTnaOev ipelaavTa Kara rov Icrxôu to

yovv fcal (7<ôhpSi<; dvaxXdaavTa arvvTelvat kuI

TreptaTpe-ylrai, fie^pi' civ eKdXi->âi to TTvevfia,

hia(pdeip€L€v avTov cvioi he fMifjL7)adfievov Sepui-

aTO/cXea Kal Mihav alfia Tuvpeiov irielv At/Sco^;

he <^7](TL <f)dpixaKov eôvra Kepdcrai Kal Tr}V KvXi/ca

he^dfievov elirelv*** ^

AvairaverMjjuev •tjhr] ttotc ttjv

TToXXrjV (ppovTiha ^Vajfjiaiwv, 01 puaicpov r]yriaavTO

Kal papi) /jLLaovfievov yepovTO<; dvafjuelvai OdvaTOv.

ov fjbrjvovhe TtT09 d^LoîfXwTOV diroiaerai vlktjv

ovhe tcov TTpoyovcav d^tav, at Hvppq) TToXepiovvTi

Kal KpaTovvTi Ttjv /jLeXXovaav v7ro7repLyjravT€<i KaTe-

fjLrjvvcrav (pap/xaKelav.'^

380

TITUS FLAMININUS, xx. 3-6

Hannibal thought this referred to Libya and a Durial

at Carthage, and believed that he would end his daysthere ;

but there is a sandy tract in Bithynia on the

sea-shore, and on its border a large village called

Libyssa. Near this village Hannibal was living.

But he had always distrusted the weakness of

Prusias and feared the Romans, and therefore even

before this time his house had been provided with

seven underground exits leading from his ownchamber. These ran in different directions beneath

the surface of the ground, but all had secret issues

far away. Accordingly, when he now heard of the

behest of Titus, he set out to make his escape byway of the underground passages, but encountered

guards of the king, and therefore determined to

take his own life. Some say that he wound his

cloak about his neck and then ordered a servant to

plant his knee in the small of his back, pull the ropetowards him with all his might until it was twisted

tight, and so to choke and kill him ; some, too, saythat he drank bull's blood in imitation of Themis-tocles ^ and Midas; but Livy says

^ that he had

poison which he ordered to be mixed, and took the

cup with these words :" Let us now at last put an

end to the great anxiety of the Romans, who have

thought it too long and hard a task to wait for the

death of a hated old man. Nevertheless, Titus will

not bear away an enviable victory, nor one worthyof his forefathers, who sent secret information to

Pyrrhus, when he was at war with them and a victor

over them, of the poisoning that was going to be

attempted."^

* Cf. the Themistocles, xxxi, 5.^Livy, xxxix. 61. ' Cf. the Pyrrhua, xxi. 1-3.

381

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

XXI. OvTco fiev TOP^

Kvvipav airoOavelv Xe-

rôvaiv. cLTva'yêkOevTwv he tovtcov 7rpo<; ttjv

(TvyKXrjTOv, ov/c 6\iyot<; irrax^V^ ehoêv 6 Ttro?

Kai rrrepcTTO'i ayav kol cw/xo?, MCirep opviv viro

ryijpayf; airryva kol KoXovpov d(f)€ifêvov ^r)v %efc-

porjOi) TOP^

Avviâv anoKTeiva^, ovBevb^; eirel-

rfovTOfjf aWa hta Boâv, o)? iircovvfio^ rov Oavdrov

2 fyevoLTO. koI rrjv 'A(f)piKavov XfC7]7rLQ)vo<; i/cTL-

6evT€^ TrpaoTTjra /cal fieyaXo-^v^îav en /xdWov MiOavfjiaôv, co? dijrrTjTov ovra koX <f)ol3epov iv

Ai^vrj KaTairoXefirjaa'i Âvviâv ovre i^rfKaaev 38]

ovre i^rjrrjaaro irapd roov ttoXitojv, dXkd kol irpo

Trj? /-icLXV^ ^^^ X6jov<; iXOoav eheîaxraro /cal fxera

TTjv fjid'xrjvaTrevh6fjL€vo<; ovBev iTreroX/jurjo-ev ovB'

3 eireve^r) ttj tv^V 'ôv dvhpo^. Xeyerai he avOi<;

iv 'EêcTft) GVjxjâXelv avTov<;' kuI irpcorov fiev iv

Tw (TVfMTrepiirareLV TOV*Avvi/3ov ttjv irpocTrjKovaav

iv d^KOfjLarc tcl^lv i/ceivo)^ 7rpo\aff6vro<; dvexe-orOai KoX irepLTrareiv d(f)€\co<; tov Â^piKavov,eireira Xoyov irepl arparrjywv ifjuirecrovro'; /cal rov

*Avviôv KpaTLcrrov d7ro(f)r]va/j,€vov yeyovevat rcov

(Trparrjycov ÂXeâvSpov, elra Hvppov, Tpirov Be

avrov, r)crvx^ fietBtdaavTa rov ÂcppiKavov elirelvy

" Tt B\ el puTj ere iyco vevifcrjKeiv;^^

koX tov Âvvifiav,

4" OvK dv, (o X/crjiTLcov,^^ (pdvai,

"Tpirov ifxavrov,

dXXa TTpcoTov iTTOLovfirfv Toiiv GTpar7]ywvrTaura Bi) tov X/crjirLCiyvof; ol iroXXol OavfidôvTC^

îKeivcf Coraes and Bekker, after Reiske : dvat. Blass

corrects to irpo-ijKovffav iu a. rdîv.

382

TITUS FLAMININUS, xxi. 1-4

XXI. Such are the accounts of the death of

Hannibal. When the story of it was brought to the

senate, many of them thought the conduct of Titus

odious, officious, and cruel ; for he had killed Hanni-

bal when he was like a bird permitted to live a tameand harmless life because too old to fly and without

a tail, and there had been no necessity for his doing

this, but he did it to win fame, that his name mightbe associated with the death of Hannibal. Men also

pointed to the clemency and magnanimity of ScipioAfricanus and admired it all the more, since after

defeating a Hannibal who had not been conqueredbefore and was filling Africa with fear, he neither

drove him from the country nor demanded his

surrender by his fellow citizens, nay, he actually

gave him a kindly greeting when he held conference

witli him before the battle, and after the battle, in

making terms of peace, he did not insult or trample

upon the fortunes of his foe.^ Moreover, we are told

that the two men met again at Ephesus, and in the

first place, that when, as they were walking about

together, Hannibal took the side which more properly

belonged to Scipio as the superior, Scipio suffered

it and walked about without paying any heed to it ;

and again, that when they fell to discussing generalsand Hannibal declared Alexander to have been the

mightiest of generals, and next to him Pyrrhus, andthird himself, Scipio asked with a quiet smile,

" Andwhat wouldst thou have said if I had not conqueredthee }

" To which Hannibal replied," In that case,

Scipio, I should not have counted myself third, butfirst of generals.

" ^

Such conduct on the part of Scipio most people»Cf. Livy, XXX. 29 ff.

« Cf. Livy, xxxv. 14.

N3^ '

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ifcaKiôv TOP Tirov o)? aXkorpi^ veKp5> irpoae-

vey/covra ra<; x^Lpa<i. evtoi Be âav ol to ireirpa-

fîxkvov e-naivovvT^^ koI tov Âvvifiav, e-ô? e^rj,

5 TTvp riyovjiievoL heofievov tov pLTruôvTO^' firjBe yapaKjJidôvTO^ avTov to acopâ *Fo)paiOL<; koI ttjv

%eipa (ôpepdv, aXka ttjv SetvoTrjTa kuI ttjv ipîret-

piav yeyovevai peTO, tt}? epL(f>VT0v 7nKpia<; kol

hvapieveia^y 03V ovSev d(j)aip6iv to yr]pa<;, dXX

viropieveLv ttjv ^v(tlv iv tm ijdei, ttjv Be tv^V^ ou

Biapêveiv opLolav, dWa peTairiirTOVcTav ifCfcaXel-

aOai rat? iXjrLai, 7r/)09 ra? e7rc6e(T€i<; rou? del tw

6 pîaelv Tcd\€p>ovvTa<;. koX tcl vaTepd ttw? ctl

p,dXkov ep,apTvpr](Te Tcp Titw, tovto p,ev 'A/okjto-

VL/co*; 6 TOV Kidap(pBov Bid t^z/ Eu/zez/oO? Boâv

ip,7r\rjaa<i aTraaav diroaTaaeoyv Koi rroXepcov ttjv

Âaiav, tovto Be MiOpt,BdTr}<; /xera XvWav Kal

îpffplav fcal ToaovTov okedpov (TTpaTevpaTcov

fcal (TTpaTTjycjv av6i<; eirl AevKoXkov eK yrj<^ opovKal OaXaTTT]^ dvaaTd<; tijXikovto^,

7 Ov p7]v ovBe Vatov Mapiov TaireivoTepo^^

Kvvi-

ySa? eKCLTO. tw puev yap âaiX€v<; (f)L\o<; uTr^pêKal pio^ rjv o-vvrjOrj'; Kal BtaTpipal irepl vavr} acpaTTO-

pLevoi KoX p,a(7TLyovpevoi irpoaeKvvovv, ovT(o<i

1 In 131-130 B.C. 2 In 88-84 b.O.

TITUS FLAMININUS, xxi. 4-7

admired, and they blamed Titus for having laid

violent hands on one whom another had slain. Butsome there were who praised what he had done and

thought that Hannibal, as long as he was alive, wasa consuming fire which needed only to be fanned ;

for when he was in his prime, they said, it was not

his body nor his arm that had been formidable to

the Romans, but his ability and experience coupledwith his ingrained bitterness and hostility, and fromthese naught is subtracted by old age, but the

natural characteristics remain unchanged : whereasfortune does not remain the same, but changes sides,

and summons with hope to fresh undertakings those

whom hatred makes perpetual foes. And sub-

sequent events were perhaps still more a justificationof Titus ;

for Aristonicus, the son of a harpist's

daughter, used his reputed connexion with Eumenesto fill all Asia with wars and rebellions,^ and Mithri-

dates, notwithstanding his defeats by Sulla andFimbria and his great losses in armies and generals,^rose once more to be a formidable antagonist of

Lucullus by land and sea.^

However, not even Hannibal was reduced to a

lower level than Caius Marius. For Hannibal had a

king as his friend, and his days as usual were occu-

pied with ships and horses and the care of soldiers ;

whereas Marius in his misfortunes was a laughing-stock to the Romans as he wandered about and

begged his way in Africa, though after a little while

he was in Rome with his axes at their necks and his

rods at their backs, and they were humbly begginghis mercy. So true is it that nothing in the present

3 In 74-67 B.C. The argument is that if so great dangersto Rome were latent in Asia, the presence of Hannibal therewas a menace.

38s

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ovSkv ovT€ fii/cpov ovre ixeya rcov Trapovrcov 7rpo<;

TO jxeWov icTTiv, aXka fiia rov /xera^dWeiv

reXevTrj /cal rov etvai. Bio Kai <j)aaiv eviot Tlrov

ovK d(f>' eavTov ravra irpaâi, irepcÔrjvai he irpecr-

êvTTjv fxera AevKiov ^/ctjitlcovo^, ovSev dWo T779

7r/9€CT/36ta9 i)(ovar}(; epyov rj rovÂvviôv Odvarop.

'EttsI Be ovBe/jLiap en rovTcov KaroirLv ovre

•jtoXltlktjv tov Tltov TTpd^Lv ovre TroXe/jLiKrjv laro-

prjKaixeVy dWd koX TeXevrrj^ eTV')(ev elprjviKrjî,

Mpa Trfv (TvyKpiaiv eino-KOTTelv.

^lAOnOIMENOS KAI TITOY ^YrKPUU

I. yieyeOei jxev ovv rcov et? rov^; '^KkXrjva^;

evepyeaioiv ovre îXoiroLfieva T/to) irapaBdWeivovre irdvv 7roX\ov<; rcov ^cXo7rotfjL€vo<; dfjueivovcov

dvBpcbv d^Lov eari. rol'^ /jlcv yap ''^XXrjai tt/oo?

"KXXr]va<i 01 TToXe/xot, tw Be ov^"KXX'qvL koX virep

'EXXtJvmv koX ore îXoiroifJLrjv djjLr}')(âv(bv Toi<i

iavTov TToA-tTai? dfjLvpeiv 7roX€fiov/jLevoL<; el<i Kpijrrjv

aTrrjpe, Tore viKrjaa^ Tirof; ev pêarj rfj 'EXXdBc

îXcTTTrov TjXevOepov xal rd eOvrj /cal iroXei^

2 dirdaa^. el Be Ti? iêrdôi ra? P'd')(â<;exa-

repov, irXeiov^ "EXXr}va<; îXoTTOijiirjv Â)(âi(ov

aTparrjycov rj M.aKeB6va(; TtT09 "EXXrjaL fiorjOcov

dvelXe.

Ta Toivvv dfjiapTrjiJbaTa tov fxev <pi,XoTipîa<!f

386

i

PHILOPOEMEN, TITUS COMPARED, i 1-2

is either small or great in view of what may happenin the future, but change, like life, can only end

with death. For this reason some say that Titus

did not take this step on his own account, but that

he was sent as ambassador with Lucius Scipio, and

their embassy had no other object than the death of

Hannibal.

We do not find that Titus was active after this,

either as statesman or soldier, and his end was a

peaceful one. It is therefore time to think of our

comparison.

COMPARISON OF PHILOPOEMEN ANDTITUS

I. Accordingly, in the magnitude of their bene-

factions to the Greeks, neither Philopoemen nor anyone of the Greeks who were better men than

Philopoemen is worthy of comparison with Titus.

For they were Greeks and waged their wars againstGreeks ; whereas Titus was not a Greek and wagedwar in behalf of Greeks ;

and at a time when Philo-

poemen was unable to defend his own countrymenfrom the attacks of their enemies, and had gone off

into Crete, at that very time Titus won a victoryover Philip in the heart of Greece and set her

peoples and all her cities free. And if we examineinto the battles which each fought, we shall find

that the Greeks slain by Philopoemen as generalof the Achaeans were more in number than the

Macedonians slain by Titus as helper of the Greeks.

And then as to their errors, in the one they were

J87

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Tov Be (fiiXoveifCLag yeyove, Koi 7rpb<i 6pyr]v 6 fjuev

evKLvrjTo^, 6 he koI BvaTrapairrjTO^. Tlto^; fiev 382

yap KoX îXiiTiTcp TO a^lco/JLa tt}? ySacrtXeta?

€(f)v\aê Kol 7r/909 AlrcoXov^ evyvco/jiovyjo-e, 0«Xo-

7roi/jir]v Be tt}? irarplBof; Bi* opyrjv dcpeCXeTo ttjv

3 irepLOLKiBa avvTeXetav. en Be 6 jxev toI<; ev

iraOovffiv aeX fieâio<;, 6 Be dvfjiw Xvaai %a/3i^'

eTOifjLO<i. AaKeBaLjiiovicov yap evepyerrjf; irpojepov

cov vo-repov /cat ra rei^rj /careaKayjre Kal rrjv

')((opav irepieKo^ê fcal reXof; avrrjv fiereâXe /cal

BieÔeLpe rrjv TToXiTeiav. eBofcei Be Kal rov îov

opyfj TTpoecrOaL Kal ijuXoveiKia, fxr] Kara Kaipov,

aXX! o^vTepov rov BeovTO<; eh Mecra-Tjvrjv iireix'êi';,

ovx ^(^'^^P 'î'TO<; irdvTa XoyLa/jLO) Kal 7rpo<; dacfxi'

Xetav (TTparr)yri(Ta^.

II. 'AWa irXriOei ye iroXe/jLcov Kal Tpoiraicdv rj

^LXoTTOL/iievo'i efjureipla êâtorepa. Ta> fjuev yapTO, 7r/309 ^lXittttov eKpiOrj Bvolv dyd)voiV, 6 8k

fivpia<; fjLd)(â<; KaTopOa)aa<; ovBe/iiav dfi^La^rjTrja-LV

Ty TVXV '^po^ '^V^ €7n(TT'^/j,r)v aTroXeXoiTrep, eri.

Be 6 fiev TTJ 'VcofiaLcov aKfirjv expvcFr) Bwdjuei

XPV^dp.evoîi 6 Be t^9 *EXXa§09 r}Br) (ftdcvovai^fi

eTTaKfjidaa'i, Boâv ecrêi^, worre rod fiev cBlov, rov

Be KOLvov epyov elvai ro KaropOovfievov 6 fxev

yap rjpxev dyadSiV, 6 Be dpx(>>v dyadov<! eiToieL.

2 Kal firjv ro ye 7rpo<i''EXX7jva'; rovrcoyeveaOai rov<i

dycova^ ovk eurvxv H'^^* Icrxt^pav Be t?}9 dperri<i

388

PHILOPOEMEN, TITUS COMPARED, i. 2-11. 2

due to ambition, in the other to a spirit of conten-

tion. For Titus preserved Philip's royal dignity andshowed favour to the Aetolians ; whereas the angerof Philopoemen led him to rob his native city of its

supremacy over the surrounding villages. Andfurther, the one was always constant towards his

beneficiaries, while the other, to indulge his wrath,was ever ready to cancel a kindness. For instance,

though he had once been a benefactor of Sparta, heafterwards tore down her walls, reduced her terri-

tory, and finally altered and destroyed her veryconstitution. And it would appear that he threw

away his life in a fit of anger and contentiousness,

by hastening to attack Messene before occasion

offered and more quickly than was feasible;for he

did not, like Titus, conduct all his military opera-tions with deliberation and a due regard for safety.

II. But surely the multitude of his wars and

trophies put the military experience of Philopoemenon a firmer basis. For the campaign of Titus

against Philip was decided by two conflicts, whereas

Philopoemen was successful in countless battles andleft no room for the claim that his victories weredue to fortune rather than to skill. And besides,

Titus, in his quest of fame, availed himself of the

culminating power of Rome; whereas Philopoemen

flourished when Greece was already in declension.

Therefore the success of Philopoemen was his ownwork, while that of Titus was the result of a com-

munity of effort;for the latter was commander of

good soldiers, while the former, as commander, hadto make his soldiers good. And surely the fact that

Philopoemen's conflicts were with Greeks furnished

a proof of his valour which was convincing even

389

I

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

airoheL^LV 7rap6L)(êv' ol<; yap ojxoLa TaWa, tw

TTpovxeiv apery Kparovai. Kal yap Srj iroXe-

/jLi/ccordroi'^ 'FtXXrjvoyv Kprjal Kol AaKeSaLfiovioi^

7roX€/jL7]aa<;, rcov jxev iravovpyordrcov hoXw, rcov

S' aXKL/jLcordrcov roXfir) irepieyevero.

3 Ilyoo? he TouTOt? TtT09 pêv i^ vno/ceipîvcov

ivi/ca, 'X^p(op,evo<; ottXktpol<; /cal rdêaiv al<^ rrape-

Xaffe, îXo7roLp,r]v Be avro^ eiTeLaeveyKwv Kal

pêraffaXoDv top irepl ravra Kocrpov, odare to

vtKrjTiKcoTarov v<^^ ov fiev ovk ov euprjaOac, rw Be

V7rdp)(ov ôrjdelv. Kara %et/)a roivvv îXoiroi-

p>evo<i piev epya iroXXa Kal pueydXa, darepov Be

ovBeVy dXXa Kal tcov AItcoXcov tl<; avrov 'Ayo;^€-

BrjpLO^ eirecTKayiTTev o)?, ore avro'i e<nTaapLevo<i rrjv

p^dâcpav eOei BpopLw irpo<; tou? p,aôp.evov<i Kal

T0U9 arvve(TT(t}Ta<i t(op MaKeBovcoVf rov Tltov Ta<i

X'^^P^^ €^? Tov ovpavov V7rTLa<; dvaT€ivavTO<; ecrrcd-

T09 Kal Trpoaev'xop'evov.

IIL Kal p,r)v T/tco p,€V dpôvTi (Tvve/3rj Kal

TTpea-êvovTt, Tvavra irpaâi ra KaXd, ^LXoTToipbrjv

Be ov xîpova irapeax'^v ovBe dirpaKTOTepov eavrov

IBLcorrjv rj a-Tparrjyov tol<; *A%aioi9. lBicoTYj<i p,ev

yap cbv Nd^LV eêâXev Ik yie(T<Trjvri<; Kal êaai)-

VL0V<; T^Xevdepcoaev, iBt,ci)Trj<; Be Aiocpdvrjv rov

arpaTTjyov Kal Tltov eTrepôpêvov^; direKXeKTe Ti79

2 XTrdpTT]^ Kal AaKeBacpLOPLov<i Bilacoaev. ovTO)<i

390

PHILOPOEMEN, TITUS COMPARED, ii. 2-111. 2

though unfortunate : for where other things are

equal, they prevail who surpass in valour. And so

it was that although he carried on war with the

most warlike of the Greeks, namely, the Cretans

and Lacedaemonians, he surpassed the first in wiles,

though they were most crafty, and the second in

daring, though they were most brave.

In addition to this it may be said that Titus wonhis victories by using what lay ready to his hand,since he availed himself of styles of armour andformation which had come down to him, whereas

Philopoemen won his successes by making contribu-

tions and changes of his own in these matters, so

that in the one case what was most essential for

victory did not exist and had to be discovered,

while in the other it lay ready for service. In

the way of personal prowess, moreover, Philopoe-men performed much that was great, but Titus

nothing at all ; nay, an Aetolian named Archedemusmocked at him because, when he himself had drawnhis sword and was running at full speed against the

Macedonians who were holding together and fight-

ing, Titus was standing with his hands stretched uptowards heaven and praying for help.

III. And further, Titus was either a commanderor an ambassador when he did all his noble deeds,whereas Philopoemen showed himself no less active

and effective for the Achaeans when he was a

private citizen than when he was their general.For it was as a private citizen that he expelledNabis from Messene and set the Messenians free,

and as a private citizen that he shut the gates of

Sparta against the coming of Diophanes the generaland Titus, and so saved the Lacedaemonians.

391

I>LUTARCH\S LIVES

Tjye/noviKTjv (jivaiv e%ft)j' ov Kara rou? v6fjLov<i, dWaKOI TOivvofKOv ap'XêLV rjTTidTaro irpo^ to avfKpipov,

ov Beofievo^; irapa rcov dp)(ôfjL€V(ov Xaêlv to dpx€tv,

aWa')(p(t)/jb€vo^ auTOt?, ottou Katpo<; eor}, tov virep

avTcov (fipovovvra /jLoXXov rjtov vii avTOJV rjprj/jie-

vov r)yovfi€VO<; cTTpaTrj'yov.

Tevvala fjuev ovv Ttrou Ta 7rpo<; Toij<i" EiWr)va<;

iineLicrj KOI (piXdvOpcoTrafyevvatoTepa Be ^lXoitoi-

fjL€vo<i TCL 7rpo<; TOi)? 'Pft)/xatof9 o'xypa koX ^CkeXev-

6epa' paov yap x^piêaOac rot? Beoîevoiî rj

Xvirelv dvTLTeivovTa tou? BvvaTcoTepov^;. iwel Be

ovTco<i i^CTaÔfJuevcov BvaOecopTjTO^; rj BLa(l)0pd,

(TKoireL, fiT) T(p fxev ^'KWr]Vi tov e/jL7r€cpLa<; iroXe-

fitK7]<iKul (7TpaTTjyia^ (TTecpavov, tw Be *F(Ofiaia)

TOV BiKaioavv7]<^ koX ^/orycrTOTT^TO? dTroBiBovTe^ ov

âvX(D^ BcacTav Boôfiev,

392

PHILOPOEMEN, TITUS COMPARED, iii. 2-3

Having this natural gift of leadership, he not on\jknew how to use it in accordance with the laws,but also how to dominate the laws for the commongood ;

he did not think it necessairy to be appointedcommander by the people, but took them under his

command when occasion required it, consideringthat he who took wise counsel in their behalf, rather

than he who had been elected by them, was their

real general.

Nobly generous, then, was the clemency and

humanity which Titus showed to the Greeks, but more

nobly generous was the firmness and love of freedomwith which Philopoemen opposed the Romans ;

for it is easier to confer favours on suppliants thanit is to vex with opposition those who are more

powerful. But since, after this examination, thedifference between the two men is hard to define,I leave it to my reader to say whether, if we awardto the Greek the crown for military experience and

generalship, and to the Roman that for justice and

goodness of heart, we shall not make t, fair decision.

393

A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OFPROPER NAMES

A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OFPROPER NAMES

Acrotatus, 11, elder son of Cleo-menes King of the Lacedae-monians, died before coming tothe throne.

Acrotatus, 11, grandson of above,became King of the Lacedae-monians ca. 265 B.C. ; defeatedand slain at Megalopolis, 11.

Agathocleia, Mistress of PtolemyIV Philopator, her influence. 125.

Agesilaiis, uncle of King Agis,supported him in his reforms, 15 ;

his motives corrupt, 17 ; ap-pointed ephor, 29 ; liis deceptionof Agis, 31 : tampered with the

calendar, 35 ; driven into exile,37.

Agesilaiis, king of the Lacedae-monians, his descendants in theroyal line, 9.

Agesipolis, 9, king of the Lace-daemonians in 395 B.C.

Agesipolis, 9, king of the Lace-daemonians after Cleombrotus.

Agesistrata, 11, mother of KingAgis ; supported him in his re-

forms, 17 ;her death, 47.

Agiatis, wife of King Agis, marriedCleomenes. son of King Leoni-das, 51 ; his great love for her,her death, 99.

Agis, 9, third in descent fromAgesilaiis, slain by Antipater at

Megalopolis in 330 B.C.

Agis, 9, king of the Lacedae-monians, sixth in descent fromAgesilaus.

Agis, 9, king of the Lacedaemoniansfrom 244 B.C. ; his qualities andachievements, passim in liis Life.

Amphares, betrayal of Agis, 41.

PLUT. X.

Antigonos Doson, king of Macedon,intervened in Peloponnesianaffairs by invitation of Aratus,83 : captured Argos, 97 ; victoryover Cleomenes at Sellasia, 113,267 ; captured Sparta, 119.

Antiochus IT, king of Syria, madewar with the Romans in Greecein 191 B.C., 303, 349 ; defeatedby Titus Flamininus, 365.

Antipater, second son of Cassander,regent of Alexander, attempt tocorrupt Phocion, 5 ; slew Agisat Megalopolis in 330 B.C., 9.

Aratus, general of the AchaeanLeague, was assisted by Agis in

opposing the Aetoiian invasionof the Peloponnesus, 33 ; attemptto bring Sparta into the League,55 ; captured Mantineia, 61 ;

refused the generalship of theLeague after the defeat at Dymae,81 ; invited the intervention of

Antigonus, 83 ; dependence ofthe League upon Macedonianhelp during his life, 275.

Arcesilaiis, betrayed Agis, 41.

Archidamia, 11, grandmother of

King Agis ; supported him in his

reforms, 17 ; her death, 47,

Archidamus, son of Agesilaiis kingof the Lacedaemonians, slain bythe Messapians at Mandurium in

Italy in 338 B.C., 9.

Archidamus, brother of King Agis,placed on the throne of Sparta byAratus, but put to death by themurderers of Agis, 61.

Areus, 11, son of Acrotatus, kingof the Lacedaemonians, 11

;fell

in battle at Corinth about 265B.C.

Argos, occupied by Cleomenes, 89 ;

397

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES

successfully revolted from Cleo-menes and joined Antigonus,95, 97.

Aristomenes, king of the Messen-ians, wounded and slew theSpartan king Theopompus in

battle, 49.Attalus Philometor, king of Per-gamum, made the Roman peoplehis heir, 177.

B

Corinth, occupied by Cleomenes,92.

Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi,her demeanour after the deathof her sons, 241.

Cratesicleia, mother of Cleomenes,61

;went to Egypt as hostage,

99; executed by Ptolemy, 139.

Cynoscephalae, defeat of Philip Vby Titus Flaminmus, 341 fi.

Belbina, precinct of Athena on theborders of Arcadia and Lace-daemon, 57.

Cassandra, daughter of Priam,supposed to give oracles as Pasi-

phae at Thalamae in Laconia, 21.

Centaurs, begotten by Ixion, whoembraced a cloud, not Hera, 3.

Chalcis, saved by Titus Flamininus,367.

Chilonis, daughter of Leonidas andwife of King Cleombrotus, herloyalty to both father and hus-band, 37.

Claudius, Appius, marries his

daughter to Tiberius Claudius,151.

Cleombrotus, 9, king of the Lace-daemonians after his brotherAgesipolis.

Cleombrotus, only Spartan king tobe slain in battle, 49.

Cleombrotus, son-in-law of Leoni-das, became king of the Lace-daemonians in his stead ca. 242B.C., 29 ; was deposed, 37 ; hislife spared by the supplicationsof his wife Chilonis, 40.

Cleomenes, 9, king of the Lace-daemonians after his brotherAgesipolis.

Cleomenes, son of Leonidas,married the wife of Agis, 51 ;

came to the throne of Sparta in235 B.C., 53

;his character and

achievements, passim in his Life.Cleonymus, 11, son of Cleomenes

king of the Lacedaemonians, didnot succeed to the throne.

Daphne, daughter of Amyclas,tlecing from Apollo, was meta-morphosed into a tree, becomingthe oracular Pasiphae, 21.

Demochares, betrayer of Agis, 41.

Diophanes, general of the AchaeanLeague, opposed to Philopoemen,301.

Drusus, I,ivius, popular tribunewith Caius Gracchus, took theside of the Senate in the conflictwith Caius, 215.

Dymae, battle at, between Cleo-menes and the Arcadians, 81.

Ectrephes, ephor at Sparta, cutout two of the nin« strings in theharp of Phrynis, 25.

Epitadeus, ephor at Sparta, changedthe law regulating inheritance,13.

Eudamidas, 9, king of the Lace-daemonians after the death of

Agis in 330 B.C.

Eudamidas, 9, king of the Lace-daemonians after Archidamus.

Flamininus, Titus, defeated PhilipV of Macedon at Cynoscephalae,293 ; became jealous of Philo-

poemen, 297 ; his character andachievements, passim in his Life.

398


Fulvius Flaccus, friend and sup-porter of Cains Gracchus, 219 ;

murdered by the agents of Opi-miu3, 235 ff. ; his high char-

acter, 239.

Gracchus, Caius, character andachievements, passim in his Life.

Gracchus, Tiberius, character andachievements, passim in his Life.

Leuctra, rout of the Arcadians byCleomenes there, 61.

Lycurgus, founder of the Spartaninstitutions, 13 ; his memorydetested by Spartans in later

times, 15.

Lysander, supported the reforms of

King Agis, 15 ;became ephor,

and introduced a bill for theabolition of debts, 19; indicted

Leonidas, 25 ;was indicted in

turn, 29.

M

Hannibal, Carthaginian general,stirred Antiochus against the

Romans, 347 ; his death throughthe persecution of Titus Flamin-inus, 381.

Hera, loved by Ixion, 3.

Hippomedon, supported the re-

forms of King Agis, 17.

Ixion, embraced a cloud instead of

Hera and begat the Centaurs, 8.

Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta,defeated and killed by Philo-

poemen at Mantineia, 281 ff.

Mancinus, Caius, campaign againstNumantia, 153.

Mandrocleidas, supported the re-

forms of King Agis, 15 ; indictedfor this, 29.

Megalopolis, captured by Cleo-

menes, 103.

Megistonoiis, step-father of KingCleomenes of Sparta, assisted thelatter in overthrowing the

ephors, 65.

N

Laelius, Caius, attempted withoutsuccess to remedy the social andeconomic condition of the

Romans, 161.Leonidas. king of the Lacedae-

monians, eighth in descent fromthe Pausauias who defeatedMardonius at Plataea in 488 B.C.,

9.

Leonidas, 11, became king of theLacedaemonians ca. 256 B.C.,

luxury-loving and weak ; assisted

the rich in opposing the reformsof Agis, 19, 24 ; was indicted for

having children by a foreignwoman, 27 ; deposed as kingabout 242 B.C., 29 ; was broughtback to Sparta by his partisans,37 ; expelled the ephors fromoffice, 41.

Nabis. tyrant of Sparta, yielded to

Philopoemen at Messene, 289 ;

defeated Philopoemen at sea,293 ; was defeated at Sparta byPhilopoemen, 295 ; assassinated,297.

Nasica, P. Cornelius Scipio, leader

of the Senate in the murder of

Tiberius Gracchus, 193 ; in-

curred thereby the popularhatred, 195.

Nicanor, Messenian, enemy of KingCleomenes of Sparta, plottedagainst him in Egypt, 129.

Octavius, Marcus, popular tribune.,

opposed the m'^asures of Tiberius

Gracchus, 167 ;was ejected from

his office by Tiberius, 173.

399


Opimius, Lucius, as consul led in

the opposition to Caius Gracchus,223, 227, 229, 233 ; restored the

Temple of Concord, 239 ; guiltyof corruption, 239.

him asylum after his defeat at

Sellasia, 123.

Ptolemy IV, Philopator, his char-acter and his attitude towardKing Cleomenes of Sparta, 125.

S

Pasiphag, her temple and oracle atThalamae in Laconia ; she wasdaughter of Atlas and mother byZeus of Hermes, or else wasanother name for Cassandra,daughter of Priam, or else

identical with Daphne, 21.

Pausanias, 9, king of the Lace-daemonians, defeated Mardoniusat Plataea in 488 B.C. ; his suc-cessors on the throne down to

Agis, 9.

Pausanias, 9, son of Pleistoanax,king of the Lacedaemonians,went in exile to Tegea.

Pherecydes, though a foreigner, washonoured in Sparta, 25.

Philip V, king of Macedon, opposedPhilopoemen, 287 ;

the campaignof Titus Flamininus against him,329 ff., 839 If. ; his defeat at

Cynoscephalae, 341 ff.

Philopoemen, successor of Aratus asleader of the Achaean League, hischaracter and achievements,passim in his Life; aroused thejealousy of Titus Flamininus,361 ; kept Megalopolis faithful tothe League, 105, 265.

Phrynis, harpist, was obliged in

Sparta to modify his harp of nine

strings, 25.

Pleistoanax, king of the Lace-daemonians after his father

Pausanias, 9.

Ptolemy II, Euergetes, aided KingCleomenes of Sparta, 99 ; gave

Sellasia, decisive defeat of KingCleomenes there by Antigonus,113, 267.

Sosibius, minister of Ptolemy IV,Philopator, hostile to KingCleomenes of Sparta, 125.

Sparta, the two lines of kings in

descent from Agesilaiis and Pau-sanias, 9 ff . ;

after its overthrowof Athens became wealthy andcorrupt, 11 ; decline in Spartanfamilies and concentration of thewealth in the hands of a few. 15 ;

its wealth in the hands of the

women, 17 ; economic and social

condition when Cleomenes cameto the throne in 235 B.C., 54;defeated by Philopoemen andforced into the Achaean League,297.

Terpander, though an alien, washonoured at Sparta, 25.

Thalamae, in Laconia, seat of theoracle of Pasiphae, 21.

Thales, though a foreigner, washonoured at Sparta, 25.

Theopompus, king of the Lace-

daemonians, wounded (or slain)

by Aristomenes in battle, 49.

Xenares, friend of King Cleomenesof Sparta, 56.

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2nd Imp.)6

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Edgar. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Literary Selections.

(Poetry). D. L. Page. (3rd Imp.)

Pabthenius. Cf. Daphnis and Chloe.Pausanias: Description of Greece. W. H. S. Jones. 5

Vols, and Companion Vol. arranged by R. E. Wycherley.(Vols. I. and III. 3rd Imp., Vols. II., IV. and V. 2nd Imp.)

Philo. 10 Vols. Vols. I.-V.; F. H. Colson and Rev. G. H.Whitaker Vols. VI.-IX.; F. H. Colson. (Vols. I-II., V.-VII., 3rd Imp., Vol. IV. 4f/» Imp., Vols. III., VIII., and IX.2nd Imp.)

Philo: two supplementary Vols. (Translation only.) RalphMarcus.

Philostrattts : The Life of AppoiiLONnrs op Tyana. F. C.

Conybeare. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. Uh Imp., Vol. II. 3rd Imp.)Philostratxjs: Imagines; Callistratus : Descriptions.

A. Fairbanks. (2nd Imp.)Philostratus and Eunapius: Lives of the Sophists.Wilmer Cave Wright. (2nd Imp.)

Pindar. Sir J. E. Sandys, (Sth Imp. revised.)Plato: Charmides, Alcibiades, Hipparchus, The Lovers,Theaoes, Minos and Epinomis. VV. R. M. Lamb. (2ndImp.)

PiiATO: Cratylits, Parmenides, Greater Hippias, LessebHiPPiAs. H. N. Fowler. (Uh Imp.)

Plato: Euthyphro, Apology, Cbito, Phaedo, Phaedbus.H. N. Fowler, (llth Imp.)

Plato: Laches, Protagoras, Meno, Euthydemus. W. R. M.Lamb. (3rd Imp. revised.)

Plato: Laws. Rev. R. G. Bury. 2 Vols. (3rd Imp.)Plato: Lysis, Symposium Gorqias. W. R. M. Lamb. (5^Imp. revised.)

Plato: Republic. Paul Shorey. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. t>th Imp.,Vol. II. Uh Imp.)

Plato: Statesman, Philebus. H. N. Fowler; Ion. W. R. M.Lamb, (^th Imp.)

Plato: Theaetetus and Sophist. H. N. Fowler. (Uh Imp.)Plato: Timaeus, Critias, Clitopho, Menexenus, Epistxtlab.

Rev. R. G. Bury. (3rd Imp.)Plutarch: Moralia. 14 Vols. Vols. I.-V. F. C. Babbitt.

Vol. VI. W. C. Helmbold. Vol. VII. P. H. De Lacy andB. Einarson. Vol. X. H. N. Fowler. Vol. XII. H.Cherniss and W. C Helmbold. (Vols. I.-VI. and X. 2nd Imp.)

Plutarch: The Parallel Lives. B. Perrin. 11 Vols.

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PoLYBius. W. R. Paton. 6 Vols. (2nd Imp.)Procopius: History op the Wars. H. B. Dewing. 7 Vols.

(Vol. I. 3rd Imp., Vols. II.-VII. 2nd Imp.)Ptolemy : Tetrabiblos. Cf. Manetho.QuiNTUS Smyrnaeus. a. S. Way. Verse trans. (3rd Imp.)Sextus Empiricus. Rev. R. G. Bury. 4 Vols. (Vol. I. 4<A

Imp., Vols. II. and III. 2nd Imp.)Sophocles. F. Storr. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. \Oth Imp. Vol. XL 6<*

Imp.) Verse trans.

7

Strabo: Geography. Horace L. Jones. 8 Vols. (Vols. I., V.,and VIII. 3rd Imp., Vols. II., III., IV., VI., and VII. 2nd Imp.)

Theophrastus : Characters. J. M. Edmonds. Herodbs,etc. A. D. Knox. {3rd Imp.)

Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants. Sir Arthur Hort,Bart. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.)

Thucydides. C. F. Smith. 4 Vols. (Vol. I. 5th Imp., Vols.

II. and IV. ^th Imp., Vol. III., 3rd Imp. revised.)Tryphiodorus. Cf. Oppian.Xenophon: Cyropaedia. Walter Miller. 2 Vols. (Vol. I.

4th Imp., Vol. II. 3rd Imp.)Xenophon: Hellenica, Anabasis, Apology, and Symposium.

C. L. Brownson and O. J. Todd. 3 Vols. (Vols. I. and III3rd Imp., Vol, II. 4:th Imp.)

Xenophon: Memorabilia and Oeconomicus. E. C. Marchans{3rd Imp.)

Xenophon: Scripta Minora. E. C. Marchant. {3rd Imp.)

IN PREPARATION

Greek AuthorsAristotle: History of Animals. A. L. Peck.Plotinus: a. H. Armstrong.

Latin AuthorsBabrius and Phaedrus. Ben E. Perry.

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