_Ebook - DIY - Archery , The Art of Making Primitive Bows and Arrows - Waldorf - English

8/3/2019 _Ebook - DIY - Archery , The Art of Making Primitive Bows and Arrows - Waldorf - English

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Written by~

THE ART OF MAKIN'G. PRIMITIVE B,OW'S.- ANnARROW'S

D. C. Waldorfwith illustrationsand photos byValerie Waldorf


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TIUE ARTI OF MAKINGPRIMIT1VE B10 'W'SA,NDARROWS

WrlUell by D. C. Wald.or fwith illustradonsand Photos by

Valerie Waldorf


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l'AJIU,,EOF CON' fE[ \lTS

IN'T'Rf}lJUCTION' . ' , .. " . " , " " . " " . " " . " . " " " " . " . , . , , , , .. " :IL TOOLS J\.NU \VOODS FOR BOW MAKING .. " _ " " .. " .. - " ." " 4n, M AKING THE S'IMPLiE SELF B OW "" ." _,,, ,,,, .. ,,,, ,, ,, _ .. "" .. 7

Ill. n o " v DESIGN" __ , , , . ".. " __ , . , ". , .. , - , ., , . , , ' . , 18nr. SIN lEW BACKIN 'G " .. " " " _ .. , , " , .. , , ' , , " , - . , , , - , .. : 2 4 .V. MAKING .o\ HOW STRIN 'G .. " _ , , .. , . " .. , .. , - " . , , , , .. , " 31.VI. !J\oIAKIN',GARRO\'VS .. " " , , . , _ " , .. ,. - - , " " .. , - .. , . " ; . ' 34VII. QlUVERS, __ , , , _ , , , , . . . . . , _ .., , . ".. ".., - - , " " , - , , . , 44

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INT.RODUCTIONS(J:m.~ime ago my Father gave me a shoe boxfull of papers and pictures, these things he had Ioundwhile cleaning house. The paperswere mostly FI8PIWIcards .and those old childhood photos were even l iessinspiring, Save one. n " " ' 8 S a little boy wearing a

cowboy hat, with a toy s, ..or.a at his side and a bowand a rrow inhis ha nds, This was the a u thor tit 7 OF8 years old and the recellt photo nf me with. a . short.powerful Plains bow further documents a life-longinterest in the history of weapons and archery ..Theboy never grew up, he just got bigger. At the age of10 1made lIly first bow consisting of etrips of splitbamboo lashed together with kite string, a sort ofcrude lammation. Its cast was about 90 yardswhenthe wlnd was bIowing in the right direction. 1mademy first Osage bow 'when li was about ]6 and theaquisi t ion of a .22; rifle soon put ]t in the closet, butonly temporarily. As my interest in flint knapping'gre..vIegan to make arrows Upped with flint points.Thes e 1sold at a.rchoologic al society mee Lings andblack powder shoots, and itwasn'tlong before I wasmaking bows and qUiV'8I'S to go alongwith them. Inthe last 10 years we have probubly made over 5,0out-fits, some of them quite elaborate and costly, Mywife is good at sewing and beading and she didmosrof lhe work on lhe qiLUV91'S, \ '\ ' hiLeI made the bowsand the arrows .Much ofwhat we havB learned frUIDour past experiences has gone into this book, whichIs filled with pr actical knowledge gained mostly hytrial and error ..Because this book is about making serviceablearchery tackle, it contains little about hist~II''Yorethnology. I f you are interested in what kind of bowor arrow was used by a particular group uf people,you will have to look at some of the other books writ-ten abon t this subject, sorne of which are listed .inthe bibUography _However; must of them will not pro-vide accurate step-by-step instructions 011 how tomake yOUI' own equipment, Some of the d'BS]~]]S. Iorbows, arrm'l.ls,a.nd quivers are not. authentic(American Indian] while others are, the ones shownin this book are t o o best and most prac tical, The toolsand techniques {OJ: making these can be applied toother designs that the reader may wish to replicate,Also in . this. book youwill fi nd short cu ts and modernsubstitutas for certain raw materials. it is up to youwhether you wish to use them nr nnt, The ancientswould have used power tools and waxed nylon ifthey had had them; However, there is such a thingas going too far.The advent of the compound bow has dea]t acruel blow to teaditionalareheey and to some, usinga "bow with training wheels" is a sacrilegious act.To me, shootinga beautiful Plai[ls bow that has hadits. back covered with sinew and ra ltlesnake skin Or

rhe author ut an early OgH.

The utrther as he is today. He never grew up, hej us t go t b,iggar.

mastertng the power of a yev...]ongbow stirs ancientmemories in a pr imitive soul. 1 am not an Indian, butarch erv Is 8.S much a part of early Europe E li swellas the Americas, One only has to look at the 5000yoar nkl Levantine rock p ..!inUn gs, one of which husbeen reprod uced un the co v ar, to re a] il.fl how mueh,, 1 part of our heritage archery is. If this book servesto return only d few to the way of the trudltional ar-

3 cher, then it wHi have been worth the wI'iting.


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NomaUi[li!'w hal kind of o o ' t \ you. pila8 tomoe,~rt)u~ a cqui fie thBp:roper lools. W r~-ou are a puristthl!JTI the' hds y~ru \ j l; m n need l'll m he those lha ~wereiJsfld b y pruhL~ 1 ,0 r i,~MaD. . i\ pdmi.tiv~ lo oi k it fo r b owmaking would Include a n a xo w llh a h ea d mAde o fper.;1;ed and polished grun ll~~o r !: 1 dtpped flin t o newith aground and l)IJiH:sh~dbll, A square-sac lion,Thmish Hint axetovoMd bc m~~Ichake fur all, axe. TulhisI c o " " 0 1 J d iJdd &0 adze "rDMll.sh~l~.several nllkeknivC$ ro I ' . I ! d@ bOID heall'J h ] a d ~ :!ilmck from 8 COte.h~gr < D J ~ l l r : l V ' Ii!i~~r,a h",\f\1-",OIOOOO~u1 , j i i l n d~mBnJug', [tat ~itJill"ll~r sl.!.'lilias sandStone !!lrpwm ice.The aXle which is usedte cu I dO\Wllltim:h'OO en also'1mused to rough. oti'tllie slave afte:t ihas been spJltf :r~m th e- ~ ~2 wi.th ' ~hew,ediges,armd ma~., The~d~e isn ed fOil fin~f:' 'wo],l! : and th e n A i ke kn ives a nd Semd~slon es a re used fo r th e f i I l ' F d , finiriih,

In m'cl~r to moke and then usa the stU!HI toclsI ha~~e~.[I;!i;~escrtbed, one must be a fhnlL .kn:BpPiJl 'o f OCiInsid; f! l f-Rbte rQ)! ; ;~r~f l ! lT l .ce.Evcnlhnughthase too~sare ~he most e.rici.e.nt of Wheir typs.ilhcy ~ re no thaOOled in the samama nQm" asthese of steel orIn'Iii!~~ BOl' ms~ilfil;le'..[ fue l la!mru~:a:hl ! !.e \' I! il1. ,c :u~ , , , 1 I l ! ! I l K I Io : I l lr m . E m a s: fa 5 ~ O J s 3 r :[Ij[or!.'ems l r e e I D be omdhriM jts edgt:m l 1 c b . i l o l l g e r . I I O \ \ r - C ' o i < - : e r . it c a n 00 quJcUy damagOOIif j I. is not used iN ilh theprn,Per s,tmliic and cuttingan8~g

_ H y fl iU 'r e n o ~ ] 1 i 1 J [01 mFl . t km]p ip ' .~ng you mi~ I I I e o n -skIe r th e too l S l '1 JJ:ed by th e ~rn n A ge \'\1i ~t" . M : e. n nndIn.f:JPlains hldians, 'rhese same t 0018 canst ill hef o ~ m r d at yo u r local hardwa ru flllLore01' in lh~ Sear'!>'ID"oo~ai~a~Qg.An 8J\!B orl ilal,chet. ~ S~jedgebammle raruI \,,,,-edges,a gUl. ld. sharp ~hl;!HUl knifa or largef. liM!k!e~knifv. a smaU. Scn~,L1 \\'000 rasp and somesam!pa,pcr ..~ BI.fuat "s ~eded 't:o imi;)l,e, a b(n~ Oil'l'l.o;:;o.

Jhave a fuUy ,elIi ,[mip'~ shDp mId. m.ybrn ...lIlRk-mg tool::;inrJudeo ,cham ;saw. a draw knile _d 'spIJ!{p.shalle 3Swell aliia band saw .bcU sander, and u lr.is,emollJillllednn rr~yw(Jd;.1i:lUm~d~whi,(;h helds the :s~~wewhile I'm working on u , "Vl~h these rnodemtcols Ihu ve ellt down ihe lime i ~i;tk~sln make a sel f hnw,b 'o :ma week 0 r ma re to


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Osage trees can be found growing in (1)811 COUllI.ry01' near the bank of a small stream as well as inhSQgB rows. The river bottom trees are the ones Iprefer because Lheyare straighter, the growth ringsare larger and easier to follow with. the dl'r~w knifeand they huW ) f e 'Ne!' knn ls beca USH, the small, deadbranches on the trunk may be pruned by flooding,Those tha t grow on bn lei knu bs 0 I open pra ~ries ol tenhnve 'l \Ii,.' is led grain in their trunks, this is ca used byconstant or unevenwindpressure on the tree's bran-ches which forces it to grow in 8 spiral, Because theygrow ina drier environment, trees on high grOlmdwill have more growth rings per inch. this mightmake a stiffer bow if you can overcome the twist inthe longuudinal grain.

Ifyoucan't find an.Osage treethat someonew'Ulllet you cut you might look For' some old fence posts01 " some B:f.l';;.... ones, Sometimes a farm supply storewill have- Osage. or more often, locust posts for' sate.Also, locust trees are more common than Osage'. Onu recent trip through Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, Isaw hundreds of them growing ill hrushy, secondgrowth woods in bel ween the fields. One must beaware that there are two kinds of locust, one thatgrows larger and has small thorns 0n Ihe branchesat the base of each leaf, and one that is armed withb.1ll!.gehree inch thorns 8111over th e trunkand bean-ches, The OO{Wtl,on 10r.UFiL [Robinia pseudoacacia] hassmall thorns and this is the one you wan t beca useits wood is hard, dense and llextble like that ofOsage. In fad i~may be to your advantage to use'locust because it is straighter of grain with fewerknots and will produce larger staves for longbows.Ash and hickory are not as good as Osage andlocust, Iwould consider them as a second choice, Forthose who live on the West COGst. Paralic 'jevj,'maybe a poss: ibumy, although difficult to obtain. Thisrare, slow growing conifer may now be protected insome areas, The yew sta vcs J have were cut 25 yea I'Sago and I W < :J S vE l 1 ' ' 1 lucky to gel them. Though softlike pine; this wood is not as easy tn work as onemight think. The growth rings avert ..ge 40 to the inch,so one has to cons.dee that he may be Gutting a treethat took 200 to 300 years to grow. just for an uldstick bow that, with care, ma.y l,L SL 1 .0 year's,U a n else [ails 01' you don't want to mess aroundcutting your own wood, \'Iihich is followed hy U ()Ierio do f < ~ yea r Or so while you wa it Io r il t 1 . 1 season, thenyou might want to buy a stave or two, Hickory andLocust staves


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The u uUior with O'n n~(Ig,e lQ g and ~ledgeh{ lrn 'n " lle :r

This lo g 8pH~ inti) six stuve'!>. j 'Oll' If of w!lid] m a d ' !bows.


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II. MAKING THE SIMPLE SELF BOWA self bow or stick bow is made froma single

piece of wood and next tu the atl-all is one of Man'soldest projectile weapons . .A self bow has no lamina-tions 01' sinew backing, however, it may be made oftwo pieces of wood joined at Llle handle by a splicewhen good, cleat' staves of suitable length cannot befound. In this chapter Iwil l sho ..v yon how to makea self bO~N from an Osage orange stave. Here we aregoing to concentrate on the basics while the nextchapter will cover various bow designswith detailspertaining to them.

The photographs that accompany this sectionshow the making of ,two bcw S 0 f the same design,They are bo th Pl aius Indian bows of re otangula rcross-section with a recessed grip and recurved Ups.The first stave presented a problem and had to beshortened by six inches, the second stavu '....entwithout a hitch and made a heuutiful 52 inch how.Because the first w;:1$ cut to 46 inches and also hada longitudinal crack in the tip below one nnck, il ,."rasdecided to leavs this bow unfinished and USH it to il -Ius tra te the sec linn on sinew ba cling, 1 could ha \0 ' (1re-s ho~this sequence using another piece of wfJod,but the reader would not have had the benefit 0f see-illg a problem and its solution. 'l,.Vith Osage. suchLl'O Llbles are the rule, not the exception.

Most of my Osage staves run between 4, and 5Vz.feet inlength, are 1.I'~angular in cross-section with thebark sWlclinging to . one side, This bark side, willbecome the back of tho bow and is 1 V o l to3 incheswide, (The k~k of 'I he. bow is the side that fa GBSaway from. the shooter, the belly is the side lheshooter sees when he J raw s the how.] The length andwidth of your slave and the placement of knets andn aw s in it will be the determining < 0 1 C((j~'~Q;when itcomes time to decide whal kind of bow you want tomake, bn L fir st the- ha r k must be rEmlOVC d.

Place the stave in your vise "melsh'ip oli thebark"villi the druw knife 0[' rest one end on the groundand carefully hue off the bark 'with your axe Or' hat-chet. Ifthe trss was cut when the sap was down andhas been d.ying [m- a year the bark should come o ffquite easily, If your stave is too wide to fi l in the viseor it has sharp edges then il [ rnay be necessary to trim< H J . d :flatten lhe side a hit sothe vise willhold it moref i. l'm l y . I have a problem with my O]dviflA in that 1ha vs to really tigh ten up in 0rde l' to keep the stavelevel. To prevent this teeter-tottering Ihave a ropefastened to the leg of another bench not lar Irom thevise. This rope Ioop ove r ' the opposite end of thestave, thus stabilizing it. This way I don't huve tosqueeze the wood so hard that it] S da mag ed. Ref! l~ly , a woodworking vise should be used instead of acorn mon metal vise. 7'

Now Ilhat lhe bark is gone you can study the"longitudinal grain" [fiber direction] und Iook f(lJ'flaws, The longitudinal gnlin will be represented byfine striations 01' pin stripes running parallel to oneanother along thelength of tho stove. These stria-tions will flow around ]nrge knots, humps, and un-dulations in thewood. The plan for your huw mustbe laid out rjmning along ilus grain and missing mostof the major knots and other flaws. Another thing,and perhaps the most important, is th e back of thebow when finisherlmust not have "cross-grain" inH. You. cut across the grain when you cut throughgrowth rings. When in between grnwlh rings, follm"...ing the "radial grain", your tool will cut smoothly.\\'hen e ll tting through a ring the tool will SCru pe andchatter a bit and a darker colored, rough area willbe readily vu~ible. This is the boundary between twolayers [If growth and you have to chase these buun-daries (Iff your stave in order to being [he back intoonesingle ring.

I f the longitudinal grain runsstruighl undlhereare no major knots then yO!] can continue to whittle~W~!y th e while sap ,.mod until you get down to theharder, darker heart wood. I usuullv wN't throughonly vne or two growth rings aFter r>8'moviing the sapwood, however, if a problem arises, such ~IS spl~tsin tho grain due to drying, worm holes. 01' otherblem ishes, then I may have to go deeper, Sometimesthe stave Is so badly flawed that there is nnlhing Ican dow ithit, j\b Oll l 21 1%0f the staves split out endup on the woodpile, An amateur just starting outshould figure half of his slaves wLHmake bows andhulf of these will he good ones.

With ell the heavy work done on the back (I fyour- bow it is now time t o - 1 < . 1 . ' 1 OU~ the plan. first aline is struck down the center of your stave follow-ing the- longitudinal grain, Ifyour S 1 ave has a 10r geknot or t1,\,0 your plan may have to he laid out offcenter in order In miss them 01' if the- tree \\'815 twistedit may have to be laid out diagonally, After the cE~n lerline is drawn, a halh,,;tlYPOin'l if ' , found on it andanuther line is dra wn across it at a right angle, thismarks the exact center of your bow. Now, t ' i ,~;Omorehorizontal lines are d~'awn, nne. 2 inches below thecenter and one 2 inches above. these delineate thohandle or grip area. [I f you ~lt~Ve h~g hands you mightw~":H11 to expand this a bit by adding a half inch orso.] Using these lines as a beginning, you can lay nulanyone of the designs S!WWfI in this book that willfit on your stave,

The next step is the removal of e L 1 1 lhe excesswood off the sides tight up to within US of an inchor so of the outline of your chosen design. In urrierto easily mach the sides you will have t o . turn the


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FINGER .JOINTin handle ofyew longbow"

J/BACK L

'I

A c ro ss -g ra in edDOW or arrowshaft will breakalong the dotte dline.

A bow no.t made lH3.ra11elto the longitudinalgrain" averi though trueto. the rad.i al grain" maybr eak by t wi st in g

8

A hi gh ground! 0 sage.Note t.he spiral growthof longi +ud.i naf gr,ain.

worm hales thai;, ~......r-- go all the waythrough thestave

deep .sp.li+s inLorigf.tudinalgrain

larg-e knot inworking sectionof the limo

?" I I "

, ",, ,

~- bent or twistedso s. everly thatcorrection byhe ating and.bending isdif'ficul t

C ATJSE S FOR REJEC TIO N


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s la ve on Us sid a H1 Ih III vise' SO ~e j aws oomemgel1v.cron the hsekand ben 'if. lithe be~~ys.~dJeCOml\liS~O 8.sharp edge it 'Vii ill ha V~ i( U he flattened to $l,U()W 'for{II k lB tle ~ ' h o ld " Y o u l l , ! ; 1 ] ' ] J saf,e:iy remove! ,~]l o f th e exc ess w oo d d l!) ~? Ii1 E I.tl' W i thJn. a.qtlftf ' ter o :~ an ~nchof thef i IDshoo thick:nes::; Oifthe handle. If~-O!!ll have a ~sa "" '~u cam .grit 1ihf'!' OO~l ~:v..50 1iff i l .e!:sn,;;: la!)'l\6: Ie\!c!lud ' f laj:l . f i w~Itheibo,w b 1a nk , m il1 1e avm g !n !1 im :b OD ,tbfl ' sides, for fm:ishiI:Jg.,

.P rom, : f I l a , ' ! , : ! , T nn ca ['elm and a o cu ra tewM ] ir k wi lhth ~ a:rnw buf! will bersq uirod, This tool wiLl rem~veiii lot o lF wood. f8sl, y~i!l[:8!na c~!l!:~U~r C1lJ1~ I th~ .~]mb ,offo o o w l i f 'me k.meis p~lled into (he \ \ \ t - . : i l C l ! d st the woon;qgme'. If ')'lIubawe DIFJVll,!:F .,edlihis ( 0 0 1 before. J0U,~h_tJu] idlpt8Cit ioo ! 1 D ] i I . ;Isc rn1 !l l j Il ie oe . ~aI:m;g , C < J rom. HOle:of ho"," it follows tbe grf:l~n 'o f cuts l 'h_l'\oqb il as ' ! i f O U'Va~' ilie aq:~e of the blad:e and tbepower and lengtho r the stro1e.The B p O , . ! k eshave is a s


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Lay the braced bow on the floor, place the endof the tiller on the handle while you ::deady the ttllerupright. Then put your foot on Ihe how next to thetiller and draw the string up until it slips in the fit'sl.notch, say twelva inches from the handle. If the curveofthe bow 1 .5 fairly symatrical, deaw the string a f O ' winches more. I f ugain it describes a porfecl ~II.~,aisethe str.ing still farther. A perfect aro for a bow shouldhe a trifle Hat at th e center. Ifon tho other hand,one limb OJ'a part of it does not bend as it should.this must be reduced carefully by shaving it fur aspace of several inches over the spot and the bowtested again,Proceeding vel']' cautiously. at the same limenot keeping the bow drawn mort: Ihan a second. orI.wo at a time, you ulflma le Iy get the two limbs so tha tthey bend ueEII'ly the same and the general distrlbu-tion o r 'Ihe curve is equal throughout.As a matter of Iacl, a great deal of experienceis needed here. By marking a correct fiwm on thefloor with chalk, a novice TIl , I Y fil his bow to hisoutline." (Pope 1923: 51.,62).As D I'. P op e said, tillermg requires some ex-perience and should be done e~llLiously. Here are afew things that 1 havelearned that I wish to passalong, These lips, if followed, might suve you somegdd., Vvnen the bow is fir-sts t rung and a severe bendappears, it should be unstrung immediately. /1 , severebend is found at the weakest spot on lha limb, thisplace wil l bend more than the rest of the bow andit US;UdUy O(:(:Ui"S just below the half way po~nLbet-ween the handle and tho tip. 1["0 correct this, morewood should he scraped off the limb above tho bend


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Henwving Ule baTk with Q dmw kIijfe .

Wor.king into tile' .heart wood, Note the rotlgllarea and the lin bl I drew to c1nrify HIe div.isionbe hve~{i gn)~'Ilth rjngs,

After tho OOGkW(lS brought into a s.lngle grmtl'thring. the sides of'the- st:ave l.rere fudher ,trimm'edfo r Q be rtsr fi t inth.e v is e"

H


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Dro.wing a canter line _following the longitudinul grain.

The 52 Inch stave had u very badbend u t nne end-

To compensate. I sawed . o f f fi .inclles. Sculling I)ffthe end of the stove V!litll the hacksaw.

12


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Th e ( it !s i, gn , lu id 01) (I n the hock o f the shortenedstove. colored in block jot daTU},. Note the curvein the tip of the uppe,r limb, this will hove ,[0 bes l rn fg h ;f,ened h y heating and bending.

. . ,_ - . .- I> . 't--~ '"

I. -

Marking the stave for renH)1lni o f excess 1'U'(JlOao J ! th e I)eJJy. 13

You GUn n;~mve th f: J eX GeS 50 Vi i om) off th ebelly with an axe or a ann...knife,

--,-


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I'Dthis case J remorod it with th.e bo:nd ,a"",l. Ifyan fl!}l~'()'wyour lmcs .r:lIref!!lllly, all ' mojor cutscunb e mucl'! } th Js [.\ ru y.

Work i ng l . . r n n the spo ke s.h ue to sm oo lli th e sides'0' tI1~ limbs- X(I'lc' Irhe'wu;g.~ 'sprJI~ ~USldood' , u f 'Ih ,tool lhls; is wheiNi Oleporn 'Ii\'cnt W'la~liida! > D l c i l l knot The spo e shave and jjJe' Qf-(l lhe oosttool fo r l!;"m1) ou .ngthc~-e rough spars..

Be.forn illleriIlg. the crouked end of the blank hodhJlh f l s ' tro iyJ l ff i ned hy beu!ing UI1i!1 be.nding.lierea is W Qd down so lhnt i r will n o t b e , s ,c oN .: h ed whenheot.(9id.

H~rIDg HiteDo" D'l!r' eooJ!l!rner,o, IB)'gm -e.Onfy Utatpo.-lion (I fhp. limb ,,hetethe bend ilo OCCUF S'hauld be heated. lind Uti:;; should bemo~cd fxIck ond fot lh. in and ont oj the hetd soU!Ii W nU'tiJm' pr9vClfill scorching.


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Using the bending jig; whe'll cool, the hp stayedstraight l .l t. 'hi lG I had tlle jig set up I went on tobend t l l o f : ~ recurves in the tips,

15

Cutting in the recess tor lhe griV

On short bows. before cutting in the necks, 1w,inl ; e8t the hIler by bending it while it is in the vise,


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Cutt ing in I .he necks wHh the hOG ksnw ,

The finished nocks, and jHting th e t.mering st .ring.

- , j "I.

1. . .

CJ e fJ .n i ng t h em ()Id H.rifll the knife. ,

16

Tilis bow~'V(JS l)fH.fecdy tillered lvhen strung.Beenuse it was so short u[ldH hod (lsmoil crockjust below th e flo ck o n the upper limb, .! J e H it I.In-j"i[l.rt;:hed and used jt to ilIustrnte the section onsinelv backing.


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l/llhen nearly finished, this bow needed tiHering.Here 1 nm romovmg Q SUtfIn umount of l ' l ,roud with.th e spoke shnve to f fi (l ke bOo thlim b e . ' ) bend eqUfJ n y .

Another bow st;ove was s,eJeGted and w!Jrkeddown [:}w snmewny os th e Jirst Thelon.gitudil.wlgrain in this stnve was nnu.::h struighter, ullow.ing me to lny OIJt the plan duscr to center ..

finishi:ng W(1S occompiished ht' SCI'tlpi:ng with thejw;k-hI!,ij"e and then scndmg W1t i1 sGlndptipOf,aJter which two coats of Unseed oiiwere rubbedinto the wood ..A If 'mthe.r covering L'(mbe sewn on USi.fiR ei thera spira.! stil,cn VI' C l. bosebnl1 ~titch.


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s :h l@ ! [I gC : r < .l iS lfu~'Uqujd h]d~' g lu e] l[lIs :e db aSE l c . n a f M ! , eto uom~' to full C o !lire., Tb]~ : m E I y~ake uong as 6months, This :~B8 .l'[o(!ldall.SWfi8IiJ.l fa I' lh e USB ofpm!Ll \dQ~ed,hi .d.e I ' : " t i j; ( l W h l c : h cures w~es:s~m :2;we~bjIiIlo"",Bmut this in I.bHchap~ef' onshu~\t.\fLng.

N:lI1.3~ CAUrlO~ FLA." .m:ll]J~1l.This; is.a .~~O I Fbow ' l I I L s O O b y the k t d l a t n S o f NDrl he r~ and [;e,n~.l!\BlCal i fom~H a nd 11 19.one o f th e bes~o:thc primitiVlt~rpe8. 'Fhis (hra. l l7ld: l1g is a co mp osite m lu tl.e up o rsenr'9ill ha ve s S I a n .Mos t ofthe o ld bo ws wo re m ad e of Pa cific Yf! ;; 'W,w,ere l['lom4'@' I~, E U ] , i : [ ! J J [ ; h . e s ] Icn~s, ~ \ ; ~ t h r u l ~ m h . s f : J r i ( l l l I l 1 l 2to 4 \ in ch es w id e a :l1 d fro n'!. ! 5/U I b ) : l I h ~ di!h th iciL T hehandle ''11m; U8UBll~r oval in eruss-saetian amd tb!l~!i.bswere Ra! 'CD ~c ibe l [~f emi l _ThV,e;( Q 1 i l J ' 6 ! E l boJ:d.. I i ! iQ a WFJ ia;~O. The'1m:I:ig, OO}"e!rs ~ ' !OO ~hesa p\\I'oodond seemed. ID igno,.reltbsli'udia1 grains O ! ! l I l J . E : ! w h a l . . pe:rhaps :rel~~nso , ] J J . ~ h e ~~newT h J a d d n g .which was a]w~~y~ wen 8'X(){:U too; the fIDest sin~wwoek I eve r ;~aw WI1IS On one of th ese bows, E ven~houJY~~~hp.b;eckiDJg trI\i'~S ~,rdly ab(1tr l [~B : lncb, l li idk . .U\ .8 .~added Up! tn alu I.witbthew.w .Wim~ 3 to < 1 . incbes""ide. &n:;.a~se: of thE sine~, snd 1II.c :r8CUl' 'olIes bm~i r n m I t o th e t i.,s,.~ '-w.s:~ad a . ~p, l i ' len:eN. \li1Ii~h~r-lainl~ added. to ~lheiFmst

NO.i, SUD:l.UMT SlOW. Pe:irrbaps Ilhe oJIdestl :no 'ViI 'n ~ ' lDd dQcl im"Jimted .Amer~ciiln fudiii lirJi b~WI;,t w~ staken rl~Ol1l1an lIndiHIl who wasshot whUQ mthe pro-cess ~f runsackhig " t hnuse in Sudbury,M_gsacb i~ 'Sen~. l 'l 'l ll fl J ' !:: ve iD l t oo .k p laC lc im 1 G ! ! i ! J I a[]lJd~hQo o w has been m the collection orliml Peabody""tMsoeumail : HaNam :5_0016:2,6. The dil"3\!oTifig,sndTI!leas_~WIe . l ! ! 1 i s of dlcbc,~.' iI!Ii.N! copied rNmNmj~,e'American. fi 'ows. b~T. ~ILfhufiiUmt ..the 'photos aFeen pa,9 3 ,1 and 8 desc:ripHon is fOlund on page 32.n~mnt(lil1l s lltfJ Jt~ sth [lt [) ir _P ttlp e m a d e a n e xS i.c t nd:p~]c~of thts bow and iL was fOllUld~{l have ! \ l , dr~wwei~h:tIO f 46 lbs. ~I iL.2;8inchesa nd a 'cast 'of [:78 ya["d~.(Hamilton t982: 3 t, 32) If yoowa~~ aa aulhellUcEastern Woodlo od bow, this is ~It.

N ow tth ,iil!~~~WllI1iIdP.l'S:htl~'!td the ' hHS~C'i\i (Ir lmw mak -ing, it iA time f m . ' yo u to OIJ!Hlider what lyp~ of b(!wy~u w ~sh to makaand cheese on e or two of [M{% E"~q lPl-s~hfl1l\\: '!l1Iinthis ( )h.aP~'CI- .Ynur choke ~ \ ' I D ! l 1de -pend !II!.po.nthe si7.e or~'{jIur ~Lo.ve.the~iod O:~il\!ood.W:3~ you iN lend to do 1i!il~byov iboll\~.and . o'r ~.1-'0'" me , " , e ~ of sliiU mndipa! i t ienot ' ! ' .

NIIl a, l.IiIOW 'ltVl1'HImC'lANGULAi CROS's,..SIE.{iU[lN. FOIl.' the first. ~~meif.'this ~s t h E ! cals iJE!s . t(1,1a~l ~ypM ~om~~o, '[ have rnude man)f bo ws O I f thisdu~jgn from 40inch~ 11 un up~o 60 iFl(';has, The buwi l~u$trD ~ 'ed~s a. :stro. igh1i:.mat , r .r :!cLBlf iJ ..gi j ~Urplecs nfOs a ~e o ta ng c 4 1 .ir I.c he s 1@ngU:ll8 ~h a s b ee lilli.reCur~ad a:( 'the tips ..J It i s t hi ck e ne d oIidy s~ig'btb'.Ii l the lllUli-dJie wh ere Uisaboul 1:-UBiilmmhes 'W ild e a n d. 5J~16,In-e he s lh lck . E ts sid es tBif'8'f b l' 5..~S,i m I ; h e s v. ' i l i : I S , _d 5/16lhid at a po in t just below l b . l nucb. ThImeasure--F.L~eDt t l m ] E i - . m i l m : ! b i ~ ; 1mx 5!1(;,.This iStDB I1Hl'8!S~[t.:,.mea t nf the wood cnlv, th is how has . a s ~n ew bac lUng1!8 inch thick, which adds to the bow's liI])t'ing and~GI~\ f 'o r .Ithas ;[1 dl'B 'O w ~",'eigll O~r4:0 lbs. ~ I ! . ~ .8i l l l!cbcs.and 1ite limbs [o]]Q\" h' l - '1J 'growth r~s ' f !xBlctly l . l \riU'tunl~ B 1 ! l O r n O l ' ! l ola. '~sibfl"_ at lbeba_rll:He..The g]1 i iE t d : ! ! ~ . lllincal~.ha,vea'l~llrleson~ m.6aL


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NO ., :;

~O. 1

NO . 2 1'9

//J/II//II

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NO.5,. EASTERN \'\'OOULAND FLAT BO\'\!WITH RECURVEU ur-,ms. Perhaps the best allaround design, this bow is a modified version of theSudbury. It has been shortened and recurvcd mak-ing it Iook more like a modern bow as well as beingmade of Osage instead of hickorv. Also, the handleis ve ry na .'l'O'w so Hie arrow will pass closer t o thecenter of the bow, I f the b ~L ndle'of lhis de sign could118 fu rth el; mod iied as shown in 5-A it would shoutcenter and have the added benefit M (In arrow rest.I haven't done this yel.hul I'm giving it some thought.r hnve made many bows like this. some as shortas 4B inches to as long as 63 inches, the one H-istr ated is pro bs lJlym y bes l e[fort to date, It Is 63Inchefl long, 13/16 X 1-3/8 at the center of theh ~nl~dle, i-a /a x % at HI(i:wid ee t poin l a 1)0ve and belowthe handle, 1."1/8X 3.18.at mid-Itmb, and 5/a X 318 atlhe lipsjus t below the nooks. Itwa s hewn {rum u 20year old Osage stave givun to me by aft iend. Whe11he saw the finished product he- had to have it backand I couldn't blame- hfm, He is an avid deer hunter-and all he has to do is wait until ;3 . deer 'with his nameon IlGomes dose enough and I am sure that this 53Ib . poison slinger 'will do its wo r kw ell ,

NO.6, TRADn10NAL FLAT BOW. In the daysbefore fiberglas and wood lamina ted re curves, thiswas the bow everybody had. Since theyh(lvEl notbeen in generaluse fn1'0'1/'8'['30 years they are nowcaned traditional. My Father and Grandfather shdbows just like this one and U . is with some feeling ofnostalgia Ihat I make and shoot them today. Thespecimen illustrated WBIS cut from an old lcmonwoudbow blank that probably came from the Stemler Ar~chary Comp~Lny, now long Gut of business, It is 65 in-elias long, 7i8 X 1-3i8 at the-center ofthe handle, 11!~X % at the widest point < .I hove and below the han-dle , 1-5 /113 X 9/15 a t mid-limb, and 3 /B X 3 /a justbelow the nook..Idon't think you can ge t lemonwood anymore,however. others have come to lake its place,purpleheart, goncalo alves, satinwood, and thehardest of all, 1PB from Brazil. Also, there is nothingto slop you from making a nat how from any of theNorth American woods listed in this book, providong:8 J stave long enough Can he round, Because exoticwoods g enw s leadil y in a tropic al environment thovhave very little, if any ,raciiaJ grain and thelongitu d1n..)1grnin is SO s lra.igh l the staves. come 8i Ssawed hoards about 2 inches 'wide, : Y l J inch thick, andabout 6 feet long. Usually the slave itself is not thickenough, so ~L sheet piece of the same wood is includ-ed and itis glued on the belly to form the handle riser.I recently purchased a purplsheart stave ft'()m\ ,V oo ds U nusua l, a nd .i~really is a beautiful purplecolor, especially 'i.1Vheninished with a coat of W


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NO~ 4NO~ 6

N O . 7


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Centu ry "At this time fhe long bow was still being us-eel and it 'would rem aln a superior wea pOD. un ti l theInvention of the Colt rev(Jhei' find the Henry rifle.However, due to the changes in demographics andpoli tics, the use o f [he longbow was H i ready declin-ing in the time 0f Henry VHI.

To become a rnfli L,H'Yarcher, you had to he ableto 100SB 12 rounds a minute, {In striking a 3 foo tdlameter target 250 yards away. The bow you woulduse would be made of a six foot stove o r Spanish orItalian yew and would have a dra \'l' weight of 80~o100 lbs, at 28 mche S, In order to master such aweapon you would have to have st ...rted shootingalmost as soon as you could walk. In fact, the lawaltha t time required every man to have a bow andPI's. dice wi [h ]t so many h o u rs a week"- ' If you find what I jus [ said hSird to believe thenha ve a look ~tI,VIihat was discove red on the MaryRose, 139 longbows, some In such a state of preser-va lion that they (lOU M be strung and shot once again ..Along with these bows were f ound 2500 arrows andthe skeleton of one of the archers 'iNho used them."Careful analysis of'[this man's] skeleton confirmedthat he was a prcfessionul archer. Two of his mid-dle vertebrae had been pulled forward and twistedto the left ~mggestiug chronic pressere on his spinefrom tha t side, Also, his lower le ft arm bone V Ii asnoticeably enlarged and flattened, the result of pro-longed strain. Obv.iously he had been right handedand ha d spent long hours at th e butts, as archeryra nges 8I'e called." (Ru]e H J8 :1 : 6 oE ii.5 ).Dead men dotell tales!

After r-eading about the bows Iound on. the MnryHose I suddenly becurne interested in the old yewstave I'd been SHying. This was Pacific y 08W, whichis on a pa l'with that from Spa in and Italy, [Eug]]shyew is not as good]. Itwas over 6 feet long andbecause it is hardto find an Oregon yew trss thatdoesn't have any big knots in .it .f0.1" such a length, ithad a fingur join Lsplice in its center. 1 : knew the gluewas old find I worried about it just long enough tog-etthe bow half finished. It broke during tm,ering andli had to re-spl.ice it. thus cutting it down to .')1/2 i B E l tand removing the thicker porfiou of its. center. After. i'e~lmering itweighed in at a disa ppuinttng 40 lhs.Just recenUy I gol some more yew and I'm going totryil again. There is 1 5 ' 0 much yet to be learnedandeach new piece 0 f .l .mod is a lesson in itsel L Yew isvery scarce and difficult to work and the longbowsdesign doesn't help.

Ifyou are going to make a longbow Lsug gest youmake vour first nne out of hickory 01' ash .. Eventhough these are not the bust woods for shorter ho,\ls(neither is yew, for thal matter) they are mnre thanadequate fen' longbows and six fool staves. are easi-ly oht ained ..

,The 72. inch specimen illustrated is a fairly

_:_

.

Slwotillj4 til e yew .longbow. In this photo the ligh tcolored sop wood un ,~he back is: denrJy v.isjble.Also, the arrow I'm shooting is tao long, for IHBis should be 2'fi Inches.

powerful weapon ~Indhe dimensions are based onthose given hy Pope for a yew bow. 14 X t1/8 atIhe cente r, 1-118 X 1 . a t mid-lim b, 1 X % at threE:fourths, and 5 la X 1 . - 1 : at just below the necks. TrueEnglish longbows have a D-shapad cross-section withthe sligh Uy concave ba ck f orm ig the straight partof the D and th e belly the rounded part [Tbts DI.shaped ceoss-secticn is just the opposIte o r that foundon a California Hat U(lw,} H yew is used. the yellowsap wood isIef'l on because this tree has 40 01 ' S IOgrowth rings to the inch and it is ulmost impossible~(D foUow the radial gWID. The sap wood forms a km dof backing .. Also, the heavy longbows found on theMary Hose once had nooks made of COw horn: yewis soft and the hom tips kepi, the, string from cuttingSind splitting the wood, No matter what wood WU use,the U-shaped cross-section musttaper and narroweV1en]ytowards the tips and. the round belly must betillered w ith glf'ea II . C < 'l J' H so too m uoh wood is notremoved in anyone- place. Longbows seem to be moresensitive to tillurblg than flat bows, this is why O J goodon e ]s ha I'd to make and I wouldn't recom mend star-

22 ling one for a first pro] eel.

.1


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1i~(]IU81i\1Jon t on ma~ a Cf!rillinwe or bill"'because it was used by lIf!lives m } I'o u r f .l Fe a O'fY(lU.iIJlS~happen ~JDlike tha l :s~y[e" then .I SU(ggst ~"QU~ryand make it no matter w ha t, bBCi1! use you won' t ]]ehappy until youh avu thet patticular bm.... In yourh ( I ! ] ' J J d s " N O \ i \ o i i~mI BI'Ie o P ( . ' m I I I . r o sU,8ges:tioi!l!S:. F I e < i l J i d ()in.H you have had l il li e e '. !( [l Js ri enoe rug" 'OO d \ :\ fI o rk~inFl'Dll' }"Ouha\..s B mii]]mw:g (!if efJ_1!iJipID!n!lmak.e a 'bow1 ib::)!ol. 1 (IIii' :'\:0l.2.aJiJ.d p 1 ilD 100000.~BdJmg a w,eei: on'mlieprojcct. If )'"flJU a re .~ 10 do 50meUlilng th a t "1(11)M\."!np.lIer doue ber ore.then i~is a!l" '5to feel iigh~.it can hem i i1d ! ! !l b .e il ll ie r ~~ : IB1JH~~g iUl.mdi! ~ 1 1 ' s" o~ f = ,ch U-b_IIOl ' \~~rer. ,il sh nu1 d n e ...er be sho:r~el'lcd 00muchlkai:i . is m l;e r d"{t~, f.!nd l:h is sh flu1 d 0 0 dane .only t o OO'Ol l'Slh.d a] [' t8 ' so . ~urn !: ! :the y iH tv l( :lr .o ( iW l ll .t 'o : sp a re .


25/53

S~D.I'"ac~m::.: abo"~ is not aresl dimc.~,dt ~ob.~lh.ehal'dp.~t pad is oble'lfiing lhi? raw ma~eil."i9Jli!i.~~H!!sinew and tho glue, At the time oitbiA writing, I knowfor c:~rtut n o r only QUO place whet! you can get slnewand [ , ! . ' l I ! l l L aware of ~nly hvt~ brands of hide gluu, ,~ndfhey ! l 1 I _ f o O f a d l ~ c 8 . l t .I . yd H r e r e : D l t ir o m eacc.h o~her. ThesimIlew OOmes f rem yon IJ:iIiGiJsbl~htuf"house Uf youT t ! o 7 C i r e ' ! ! : ! a t J\ilcik}: e 1 ! l D ~ : b ~uhaveJdlloo a door jjjlr' a huf-f8 . ll r rI01 ' lyt)u l i"~a iS1:bu l i1 l~) and1! lI : rn . hide ' ,:lu u I)(lm ~ m 3liquid or a dry. PO, \ \


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completely dry they should be v,ery hard" stiff andtranslucent amber in color, The back strap willhavesome very fins lines in it ..vhich denote th e Hbers,,,dlUe the leg tendons may he clear. Both will turnwhite when. they are pounded vigcrously with a rockor mallet and the fibers will start to separate. Alae,any unwanted tissues thuI are not sinew will peel off.

Pounding and twisting and sepa I_'~Iting shouldcontin ue until the sinew has been split into hundredsof single fibers. COliN leg tend ons win splrt into VHl'yfine, soft hairs without too much work. The backstri ps will spli l even easier, but are coarser [abou Llike mano-filament fishing ]ine]. Deer h!Jgendons arethe hardest to process, those I got [I. 'nm 3 taxider-mist friel1d 'I,\teredried hut not cleaned and this. add-ed to the difficulty because the tough membrane E'8'-qu ired a lot 0 f pounding and pullingto remove fromthe sinew. This isv ....y Lprefer back straps when rcan get them, because both deer and buffalo handlejust as easiliy as those from a cow.

To make lhings easier later on I leave ahou! 1inch on the end unpounded arid start splitting fromthat spot downward, leaving all the strands attach-ad at this end. Thts saves hours of sorting loosepieces. I often leave the Y impounded [on li8g sinew]and split from there downward, The strands a te sointertwined at the Y t h . . . separating them is almostimposslble. 'IIVhenI'm all finished spliUlng I win haveseveral large bunches with hundreds of strands, alla ttached at o:neend ..Now I S1, 1b-di vide these big bun-nhes into smaller bunches ..These will be about %inch in diameter at the end where they are fastenedtogether and may con ~ain ! to 100 strands. Afterthis operation you will no doubt h,we some loosestrands; they can be gathered and sorted accordmgto the length and kno t ted together on one end. Thesewill always make several small bundles of variouslengthsand are good for filling gaps.The amoun l(If sine w it takes to cover the hackof a bow depends on the bow's 1eng ti l and width. (thearea to be covered] and the thickness desired. Thelast bow I sinewed aL the time of this writing was48 inches tong, lY2 inches wide J u~Labove and belowthe recessed gdpwith limbs tapering to !'i/Binc heswide. To COVHl' its back 10


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-..Top: huffalo back strap sine~'v_Bottom, left toright: deer leg tenuorI wilh toUgl1 covering: thesums tendon wi,th the COTler1ngpounded off; splilinto sedkms.; separated into rnony smnH strands;'suhd1vklecl into sIDoll bunches,

Pounding the sinew .dth U J'O(;k.

Sp.litting slnsw into ~muH rhrends, 1eov1ng thernall uUuGhed n~ one end, Two types of hide glue.26


28/53

The ins lructions on the ha nk of the can tell youto mix] ounce of glue to ]_ . ounces of water. this isfo p canvas sizing. Yom ghu3' should be a ]jUle Ihin-nsr than corn syrup, start ,,,rUh half am i half and addmore water or powder as needed until the tight con-sistency is leached, .A water temperature of W Odegrees is recommended for mixing, don't let itboilWht) l l thoroughly mixed and dissolved the glua canhe kept at 120 degrees, this is a comfortable 'w'otk-r n g temperature and the glue will not !~ILA doubleboiler is a big help here, however, if' you don't haveone you wil l have to !keep reheating. Before I got adou b le bo ile r 1 us ed to keep the glue pun inside a hig-gel' pan of hot water, UwI way I wouldn't have toreheat it so often. Still, with each reheating I had toadd more water beceuse the glue was thickening dueto evaporation,When lhi is hot g1ua cools it j ellsand 10s,8'sitsstickiness and thishappens VElry fast, HO when ap-plying your sinew you have to work quickly, You haveless loon V~ In u nLJ!leor so to place each. bundle 0 fsinew on the bow and smooth it out, When"lhe jobis done the glue begins to cool rmmediately, First ilwill be Jelly.like after which it becomes mom like pul..ber and. it gets cold and clammy to the touch, thenit w ill start to harden. A fter tw o w O [J l[:lk stwill b e ro ckhard and the bow will be ready' fo., testing. Becausethe liquid glue dr les slower. you might consider us-ing it on your first bow, this willgive you more Hmeto gain experience in placing the sinew. However,don't expect yOUI' bow to draw up m t o a :n.. I H ' x , fm~some reason the liquid glue effects the sinew's


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is: well coated and soft, puH it through yOUi' Ilngersto remove the excess glue. This firat bundle will belaid down the center of the back of tha how wUh itsend wrapping around the tip of thelimb 8 I J J ! l ! C I runn-ing down the heHy for about " 1 ~ ( ~ inches,: The next twobundles wjll run parallel and down each side of' thelonger first strand, From this bsgirming you will Ii'llWwork towards the grip area by laying down bundleafter bundle, carefullv smoothingthem down as yougo, staggering 1lnd oveda pping sbg flUy so tha it hejoints won't Iall in line with one another, 'Ill/henyoureach th e handle. start (ll the ether til) and worktowards the center again.\~ilU:lJlwOl'Ungwith the hot glue, you will haveto be p,'er.ise.in yourplacement of the sinew, becausethe glue- sets s,o las t the- strand s cannot he movedaround uols.ily GIlDe they ure laid down. The littleboodles ar-e easier to work if the ends whersthostrands are fastened together tIl'fl left on while dip-ping in the glue, These ends ke,sp the strands togetherwhile providing handles for your fingers and as timsinew is laiddown, the so e:nds are snipped off w iththe scissors. During this operation yuur fingers andthe scissors will get sticky so you will have to keepwashing them off. TI1isis vvhyI domy sinewing nearthe kJlchen sink.The first luyer of sinewwill be about i/ie inchthick .vhen i dries, so un 0 lher course VIi ill have tobe added in a day 01' so to bring it up to llm of aninch. Actually. you can let a bow stand for a monthand still add more sinew to j Lr 01' as long as no greaseor Nlinl has been put on the back. A powerful. com-posit bow with rellexed limbs such asths Turkishbowswill have half of their thickness made up ofsine wand it may takeseveral courses to rea el l thisdepth. After the lest course has had lime to dry youmay wish to go back over it again. adding singlestrands to rill in any low spots, this evens everythingup and makes 101"a smoother iob.The slnewing complete, your bow must he curedand then finished, As mentioned before if you usedlhe liquid glue il will be throe weeks to a monthbefore yo L 1 can test it and ~ Should dry an O J deI!tionalmonth before vurniehing. Bows Sinev,redwitnpowdered glue will he-ready for testing and finis hii]gas soon HS the glue guts rock hard. which can he In~b slitle as a week to ten days. Hsa t and high humkHtywill slow the drying process. especially if liquid glueis used, U your house is air conditioned. this w m help.or you may wi~h to sinew your how in Ihe 'winter timewhen the C L i' is drier. Bows wi lh v, ery heavy ba nksmay bkfl as Ionzas a Y00


30/53

Smoothing jt down with the forefin,ger.

First . 1 ay e .r o f s in ew comp1e t e . IiwW dry for 0 doyOr ' two and-then (mother course win he klid on,

ttllering or adding more sinew to the weaker limbmay he the solution. Hawaver-, don't alter the woodor the sinew unril the bow bas been shot a few times,Il rnay s sttl e in and be j ust hoe.Alter the bow has been tested and you'resatisfied with it, the bells and all other areas notcovered by sinew should he sanded and steel-wooledto a smooth finish. after 'which the entire bow canbe varnished if no other decoration is desired, TheIndians used If) grease lheir bows with bear fat ordeer fat, Ibis Is okay and it's authenttc. but if you livein tho aas t where the hurnidi L y is high, I sugges t youuse tw0 coats. 0f Zar varnish ,.BeIter yet, cover thatugly sinew with. a nice rattlesnake skin and then var-nish it.Since rattlesnakes ure never around when 1want them, Ibuy my skins already tanned and 1getthe dry ones, not those that aloecoated with Vaseline.Whl~e the-skins are soaking in a pan of warm waterthe bow isgiveri t'l co 8.t 0f Ilq uid hide glue, TIlt) glueshould be applied only to where you want the skinto stick. this is the bad and the sides of the bow,(Note: If you use thepowdered glue you will have tobr ush it on just ahea d (I f th e skin as yuu roll it outarid you had better make sure you have it lined upbecause you won't he able to move it once it's down ..)Now a skin is removed from the pan and all the ex-csss water is daubed off. then His rolled li p so thatwhen unrolled em the bow, Ihe scale side is out andthe nosh side is in, I use two s,IrlElil30 to 35 inch skinson a 48 inch how. they are large' enough In Cover alimb 1 V2 inches. wide, When placing the-ill on, theyare unrolled starting with the head end at the centerof the handle and ending with the 18 Il at the lip, Arterunrolllng they can be stretched around a bit so thediamond pattern is in line with tht~canter of the bow.Then some of the excess skin is trimmed off So thatonly a Jlttlo bit overlaps onto the- bellv, 'WUh bothskins glued down the whole how is wrapped spirallyin a gauze bandage and left to dry for a week, \!\'hHHcompletely dry tile gauze is.removed ami the remain-ing excess skin is trimmed with fJ razor blade 01" ex-acto krri f 8', Now the bow can be Hnishedw ith tw (IGoats of Zar varnish and a leather covering wrap-ped around lhe handle. The reason Ise Zar varnishis ber:


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.fioWng on th'E!d C : m 1 P skin; after the g!u e hns heen applied.

Trimmmg of f some of thsexcess skin wHh th e~Gr(:;SCH's,

After hein...~wrupped with gauzn, I,he bo w is le f t30 ~odry for (l we.ek.


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Sm:sw t,....M, the ~ m malb : :: r ia i Ule '~MfI !ns~O:Jd r u U '1 I T l o _ st:ll ' i inp un d t he . !! ! !! ll iI !k ing ,or Ihem is anart inirnillll.Tom.ake 8, sl ringiih~f Misted st fa nds uf sifiel."I~together by' :~OmDg mbem on th e t l M s b , . .1 tb the palmof the Ito nd , As the strin,!1! 8mw ~n length .fil.atetlhreadslWler.e splieed m . The ! 5l li1 e~vW~S wo:rledli ,vMlei r L ~w < J ' t : Odamp a n d ~ C:QS[ oniJ,ldo s l u e w~s added wh ' ! , ! 1 1th e s l.l'l .n g w a s finished, Franld 1 ', I huveto 8!dmit, Ihave f1~VEl i , r m ad e a & in c::w bo wsh 'in g, HOWeVfJf, Iha V f : J ta lke d a t l'l;[:n gt.hVi " i tb p co ph ll w h e d id , and th eyS 81 ]d iil~ w as a ]ot O F WO irk ro r S ij1 muth in g that didn ' tlas~ v~:r)r ~R l 1 ! I h![!ii11'llSOO. Sinew 00\",' i !! ~ rings \",e,;n'out.quiclily a.ndthey'.re' not. wo'rth a hoot in the rain, ~n[ad. boots and battles we~['IecaUed n r r when clouds~aIihBfed.

~n, ago ? a . "h . e : ! I1! l wei s ~ i i U 'h"u:;:S:i:oll'Ei' bough~bl!Iw,s.l h ad ~AmbJ.c ,,; j ii lh it ihe! :seni~lgtr iD;g: ooroingUIIlWm.1lltL so 'Ia _ n s ome ~'iIJlil~ ~on led !tg co rd U\'loti'it dI ::I series o :r half .biltD'irles, ~h: s &!t~,ccl the probJem.Wben the rest of the string wen.t to pieces I madea ! I. ') ; ho iJ . ciC!W stri.ng out of Ihe same cord and. lfIis. oned i![ dI! n'~w ea r ( au .t: ,NICI~~1a n of the bows ~ make havestrin gs ju st U l '8 < U - ~a t f ir st o 1 1 J e, a nd l ' I J IO on eha s c O f f i ! ( l lba ck to me yet ~~king F o .r areplaeement. O ne fe llo wdid o:rdE'!'t' : ' 1 . :l:iparG to go aklll.!jJwHh One of my bows"b lJ.l!t t h as b ee l'JJ 5 y e':flfS a nd . idon !'~tMnkhe has 1 J . l J i i I [ [ l ' du R , ~e!t

'Fihe he r d ! B ! : i , tpart of m a . l i l lg ~hf! string is ~ettjn:gtlhe cord. OIl ' . igLoaUy it was msed by l!\\Ileclri(:i!a.Jlsforlyii.ogbuncI1es of wires b)ge1ior ad .m.ay yel ! :Jea'lfa~f;!lible b f l l l u g h :m!iI. O l ! r u J t l l ': i t .lha ~sells elBctrirnl sup-pi.e:5.iBe~~ B it rMlb : S - l f f i l muc.b ru ib si1i1C"1'~".m.]ljj)\~f'ad.iIilg ~s'ts Lm i l!!I1.aclpu",dcf ~. :!ib{l~s h;avcsmrl.ed. lo tilemiit..1 .. mD has abou l 500 yard'S on it anda rt the time o f th is writing ' they w ~'r,e se llin g fo ra nl)und $B ., I 'ha: t :$ ee m:s like a lo t o f 't :w :me and a lo to[mllJll:lley but ,au eaaalso ~!i'~ ~II in place of sinewon ' i{fjJ11l![' 8:i:J)O~'S i A , n d you can s,~" y , Q u r 'rr!l~V,er llog!elhlilrw ilhiL However, this S ttl ff wtll not take the plaO Aof re a l fiiL tLlw whenIt cernes to 'b R,ck ing O J bow, andh id e glu~ w m n(lt slid to 1t v ~r 'y w e ll ,To m~]ko ill b~iWsbh.l!g Olll[ o:Uwu ",~d ]].y].oll l., I usea . e ; x . . ' l i . \\;t~t.htwo nai!; dri\FMI. m . il ]0.1' wra.ppmg posts.T 1 n B . is: my '''strin g jig ". IfI'm going lOmaKe a one loopsL l 'im r ig I se ' l [Ihc nai ls SOiJ l "",:ill be 3 Or 4inch~ lonseri l i a H i i J l . the OO'M ..h e ]oop:d end :is the~mflilro(i! \ il c , cl ii .dwhlilie flu: otl!.er',e~ is sirnJp~~'U O O I . tms~[Ml!k1es an adjm;;mll!ite !!l!lring. 11Ie h'tliIl l!ilmps l ' i " i ng i!S,m.ade5ffiI1or~ef'1haEI. the bo'lf 1 '0 d ~L ermin 8 '1 :.h e p ro pe r .le nm gtlI,sil:rms~hebow with U i ! ! 1 l I ti1leilr!ingsiring and w.easure fromnod to noel. For fI~nnghow., cO:l'~ect)ystrung, thedis t anoe betwe~!l Ih e sb rW g1 md th e belly or th e b()~~a~Il~le I ' I ~ irtdlcsh~u~m 1iJ:f.ihe\>v~ dt h of y Q l 1 l l i f dosed n s : Iplus th e (m I flll'O'l ~hBd th um b (H,'A, bo u I G inches, Th i . ! i l

i i ' !scal l 'ed.a 'rlS~men'_F oil:'a :sh o:r~ P~ ~, H ~' ~Ili'Ii":iUbe: less, ,0 1beut ,4 I~rI~incfues.TIe mine end ofyoill'l"oU of string lo One of theT 1 . .dls ,,;tlli a single hel r hitch lcavms: a tail a bout 3. f:eet 1o:n,g:ha nsing free, NO" "wgo bud : and forth bet-ween thepests unWm~"(luha~"G ,aD!1!mlb~rr of :strands,spann~[ilg ~h:~'cUSt,i~CI8. A bow nf3 0 UJt>.v"mt3ilie 6 ,o n e o f i50 h 'ihs g, 6 0 a nd . a bove " 10 01 ' mo re . W henyou hava I'~9.chedlhe desired number ~)ftrands, un-tie th e t~tilend i'll1!rl bring it a rn IIInd UH:1pes t and c on-f leet i t \ ' '! .I '] lhlh e 'ro U e n d , ThE~i $h mlld h ~ ~ ie d l og :eU 'WJ l';:d about :2 y~jnch~s, llelm~ the post and[ in! ImU oEr:otring cui. fr;ec leaving Wltollier 1.8 ll nbo~t a futd long., ' \itorthis . kno~ ,is ~ed fuc~aik sh ould b e p!llJlU ed00Ihe ... -~od st~ l:!.'HlpuU ~hrough I!b.elmot andtighten an~-l(lfi(!s~:raEtdls.

'ThenE! : l f . l Step is tjjjlil:i:easer~ es ,o f ~1li~rrh~h:::lhnwii l :blWile taimsB~\le a nd W luw the jll ll ining bot.Ua.ybe 1I)U1 ' J 2 : htk:.hes \lo.iIlitle needed ~ooocwre'IDe:sbort~a:i1. tli fL eli 'w h ic h 3 10008 h itch es, !ue m ade andthe lail'rs Gii l Idpa:s~oo.through lhem rno>!:tto the str~n.e.Whif'.n these httches are t~ghtlellle:d. UalL\lI'lfj;!!>t ofthe tallca n be ]:luU er! und ee and it s end snipped o fL

N oW take the long La il and CJlJflUnu.etie ing h~ehes, sude by side, until the loop gets m~nowm" Theh:mp shnu ldbe le ftl.: ;t!tg e' e no ug h so thill!t it slips. [j,[I)WUlha ]]]nb tl3.SUy" hn)l l l . re:veF, il l ~ h o ll ld c l nOl t he s o 1 8 i:r getna t i i l t com es ou l o r th e IUlGb l t I .~b .w: l ,h e ' O O w is sl"'IJ~.Wnw you .MVll' d.elell'mim;!(l the me (lif } ' " " O U ! I ' .Ioop,i~ is made byfoli lol\\.Tjng hal[ lb.e numoor of strandsa'Sthe~' divide and go


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ceeding knots and 'when finishing the last threeshould be left loose and lhe ending tail P.


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Forming tile loop by t ie ing (l8,8'1'ies of h a lj hi tcilest1wt will go around the unit

'.,\l

Bon! string with string HeApeI' GIld finished sinewbacke 'd bow "W ith snakeskin Covel'. Note th e sinewJoshing. This not only dosed the crack just beloli~'the neck, but it oisn served 1;0 protect the,sflaIr'.f>kin from nny nbmsion coused by tllf!string.

Tieing off the ta il so that it won 'r COme tmdone.

The correct woy t o ' string (l bow.

33


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Wha~ good is a l XJ I\ .\ fm c ~he shafts. Fo r m yffiI''"l'OW5, I use re d Q ogw oo d,f3 Il:;o ca lle d @s,iel ' [Cornuss to IO~ l li fe : r~ l ' o r .stiH dogwood rC~JrnU:5 strictu], [havlf 1 ! 'a lso used loth~I.str aig lli!it. b u l I.ul~dentif[ed ha f\d\'\i"O'od'sh oo ts as weU as Cane . J : ]ogwood Ii lioo'l:s (actuaill' 1in ysapJi~~gslcm lJ,e found grt1\,\,ing infue :rkh so il fi r1;.~k.OO1itPII~. ~ r~r0ua.relud;. e.I:lmIgh[u rind fI. ~~ . 1 i hilills lftn.c_ IOY 'Pf "l lm ted .the - re~~~ru~rn~ m.aD~'urtl!U;:5I1:s:ll~ts SCiIlIt 0 l ! 1 ! 1 I . as ithe 'tree aHe:mpEs 'to g F O , " ' "back. T h is h a p,p eoOO 00.00 when my neigh\)()r 'lriml1lredl..his sti r r dogwood hedge, guess "rho got. ~ the CU I~ ,t_g:s:. I~ the ' s o u lt . e J l'U F!E!!gin:ms : f Ute C O l ! H l it l' Y , . , r :~.ne~..as used t; 1 g I IS L ! ! ~ d!~al hythe [1:ld~a:fiSamd I have madusome c.m : a rrcw s with ha~rdwood fOl'eshai 'ts liko th eOne iUu .s tr a .h ; ld . The hardest pm.'t o ff making Ihe ssshah :s t6 $Ur a Jd i [~gdOWJl U ~~ ~o in t" a nd , g ; r i l U l l l B : tht:fOf'ocs.:haft ~o fit properrly.MtOT )-lIlU ha.....cut yuu'!' shoots in . February ofh i1 a ro h ,. th ey should 1 J e S ' l,r ,~P JlOOlu f t h ei r bar':,s;t it i"~ti ig ~ ~le n" ed a lri I, bJ o o ] ' [ d m s : \ I ,; ti l. iJ 'e UID.ey am : 6 J ' L i ! I .mois t 3Jil.d ~llen Ueom ab!!!!ndl:e ollldlc.n in ill w8:FD.My p']aee to seawn. [ka:d s~ cane ~t bali. not~1tId~~me tO I 1"01 enD be cut


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I

II

SIOtJXIlJms.VEN~RES BIN.DBLUNT

35

ESKI:~mFISHING.~RROW

(After .Ma~an)

I

II ,I I

J!!i.' j iI 'I , ~ .1

. 1 1 ' .j

1 1: , n j ,

APACHECANESHAFTESKIMOHARPOONA r m o w


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w no t rU l ll I l i\ r8 ! I1 . t . I ,gCllt.my bronze ~u:W' ; [ (CJfaU f e e l . h ! l \ l l r s ,rrom fit:hw


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Cutting cr dogn.'ood sGl)hng.

Peeling I.ho sa.pIing wH.h (1 knife.

Special sunding blocks for smoothing the .~huft.

Tifl1ng Lf1.eshoots into G bU.ndle in preparation fordrying.

37


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Afr~erbe1ng Gl.ll to length, 00 rough nock is madewith the hncksnrv.

Splitting (l' jenther with I.he exacto kni.fe.

38

FInishing with tile' exocto knife and rnt tnil jde.


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Using ihe template jenlher CIS n guide ..the oIherfeatllers are cut to length ..

Trimming the vein.

Tr lrmnir~.g the !lock end using tlle ternpln tefefJale~[ ' us a WIkle.

On Some o f my arrows 1 JA '( n :e 0 little decorativetoil, wlijd, is .being trimmed to th e propnr length.


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Ci1Uing off tile excess pith with n very sharp ex nctolimife.

L(JsIling the feathers on backwards. SQuthAmerican style. Note the loop le/l lO (;n(dlth,etoi l .

After sorting into .Ief! nnd rigl1t hand piles" thejeothfl.fS ere divided into bundles of three. Notetile tape used D O hold them together.

Usillg t h , p , nm:nl, ie-JH)sed p1iers to pul l the looptmd,er the iashing, ajter Mlflicfl tht! tu.ils or,e cutoff.


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foWing the /authlfS ovt!r.

The f ]e~ch~ng conlplj(~'t&" th~ l e O l l ] is pu.~kd Ul'lderoo.d trimmed off. the ~ume as W(JS done (ur theUIJper I n ' S hmg.

W h en Jo s:m nghhart cnmpjete. !ncteatlll'lrs a re6gM:eJ1P - f~by p :uJ Jj~ an {ileffl t1itltl .~:Il~pfieJrS..

Losh ina ;fea!fmrs on N'orlh Aulp.rican s lyle. Eitherst.rle' t l r fas&U!!Jeem 00 d{lne~ ..-Uh ~ SUIP.IH>; of",cured n vhm_ The lnrxcd nlclhn is be~.r beaHlSH~mu,can use it r:(1nt:iRUI~l,slr iI'llithuut spHejng .andW~wah)rp1"ci(Jf,


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VVit.hlashings complete. 0FttJ{'!bit of the feathermoy protrude, cut these Q jJ with the Hxncio knife ..

~:I ".\ .. '}"

Gluing the _feathers (wd the [ashings. .Ploshc.mode,'cement is used jor waxed nylon (Incl h.rdeghre is used for SiJieIV,

If woxea nylon is used, then the hend is gLuedwith superglue for msurcnce. If srnew was us-ud, then g l i . . !H it with hide giue,

Lnshing on n tHnt armwru'liIJd.


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Three arrows Innde by the nutnor. Top: SouthAUIf.lI'icon .b~tyle f~etchjIi:g. josbed' with nyl()fLCenter: Bains style target crrosv, hJsned TV l l i t hnylon split into fine threads. Bot tom; rmthcntrcP1ains arrow vdth dogwond shoft, lighteningg roovss a n d .fle tc 1ti n g held in place ~..iil sjnewand hide glue.

Papel' JJo_tterns fnr r>teel arrotc .. .I l(e 'uds. steps ,formaI~ing stoel Clrrow~w(l'ds. and tl"lI'CO .flInt()I'1Qwl1,.ead!J.

43

--.-1< ~__ _ _

LigMe'Hing grooves C(m he cut in lviIh a small i/-gouge, alter which they (jTf) painted Lo ' l . i t h redpoint.


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VB. QlllVERSThe two basic types of quivers that win he

covered in this chapter are the woodland and thePlains. These are the two we mos t often S9B inmuseums. the Latter be irug mm:',e common. Thewoodland quivel'S efthe East Co~stwere made ofwoven fibers so th ey lo oked like V 9FYlo ng" U


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'!'

I'IlODERN \!irOODLAND QUIV ER

J'II'1 \Va:ri.ous rrH~th,ods for makinga rlm I,or tbe qui v,e.r

Iar lc , Le a t;ne,ll: 'oval.,Quive'l' wi th r'ound botto,IDt iissewn tog,eth,er insi de, out anda hard 1eather oval is gluedin. lfhen it is turned.,

~~. . .L.!u~.:~". 1

Simole E raigc'lt bottomed.Q u:ver incl udes the' fringeT ; v h e ' n it i sewn to ge the r 45


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O.l1'lmlL'ij rtA~1NS Qun'Ei:.. l ' i !r .fI l 10\1\7 CASE.Thou:;:h ! ' d ] r u r n 8.r ' ~ngmild em'Fe etp~lll~rm ..] J f you.don'llike to d < i loo~ad~\i 'ol 'kLhecmTscan be painted Oli' len plain. ,IDe''stiffener \!\;as lied~ 1 tIm (] I!Itsitifal O J! l ' l)q ~G: se em a nd lhen oo,wl i led ! \,.i~a long Sti'iip 11r~" ,oo~ 'lMdie ,do'I'h, wllid. W


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O LD A PA CH E qU IV ER . This (lIdApache quiverwe found in the Firelnnds Museum in .Norwalk, Ohio,It is made of the hide from an unborn horse [the hal rsUU on) and has narrow and broad serrated fdngBon a wide belt thatgoes around the middle .. Thebroad fringes were painted with red and. b]U9 stripesand spo t s . , 'Jhestiffanerwas tied on with thongs spao-ed about 1 3 \ 1 0 8 ' 1 ' ' 1 ' ' Lwu tuohos, and the strap wa s a lS I )fastened on by thongs. This quiver OnCH had a sim-ple, undecorated. detachable bow case thut wouldhave been tied to the strap thongs ..It is probable thatthe Apaches removed the case when the bow wasin use, and because it Vilas not pf.HmanenUy attach-ed to the quiver, this may explain why this and someother Apache quivers I have seenbod no how eases ..

Detnifs of the brain tanned bLlckskin set s n O t . l , , -ing beadl\1:ork ond doth sewn to tlle sti.ff,ener.

OLD AP AC HE QUIVE R

Detail of bottom andcross-section ofq [ u i v e r .


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Va.Ier ie wit.hfH1 jnot moun tarn lion skJn,

The skin al l strctcheri O!1 l end pegged down. w.Hbtemplate!> l.rl~iIig in place.

KIOWA MOUNTAINLfON QUIVER AND BOWCASE, This is an improved replica. of the magnificentKiowa outfiit shown on pages 434, 435, and 506 ofThe My:stic Warriors v I the Ba1ns [M.~lils1972). It\ . I , i ' < 1 S made hom O J single' (3 V i: foot mountain lion skinusing the body fo p the quiverand bow case, I :he legsfor pnd of the straps and appendages on.the case,und part of the lail for the pendent hanging from themouth of the quiver. 11mhead was later used for theflap on the strike-o-lignt bag which goes with this set.\Ale enlarged H I e hide by dampening It, stretching andtacking it down. Wh!;JB the hide driedwe had gained4 inches on the sides and 'INS used almost every scrapon the constrnchn\U of this set The improvcmen lswemadewere in hacking the hide with red wed dothand sewing it toge 'LhHl ' withwaxed nylon, By gluemgI~d cloth to eve rr y pie-ce bcio ~'e it is. sewn toge lher,U insures strength and long life. The bfdes of catsa:nd other thin-sklnned f 1 ! l ! . I ' bearing animals simplywill not last unless they are backed. The first moun-tain lion set we built over 7 year-s ago fell apart

Details o f the mouths of the bow case cuKi quiver,The bl3(1{iwurk wos done QV,tH"" n round edgG rondeby n .r" strip of clotb thnt was sewn onIo the furs.iide. then roiled over and he]d down W1t11 a spimlstitch.


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because this was nnl done. The hide was an oily"home-tanned affair, not commercially tanned, amithe sst was stored in a h o t closet try its owner, whichonly helped speed Us' deterioration, Fur glnning thecloth to the bide 1 US08 "Aleen's 'facky A n PurposeClua", it'sthe best because it doesn't get stiff and.H wnn"I bleed through the doth. It can he found incraft supply stores or art stores, Because the hideW


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NEZ P'E_RCEOTI'ER QUIVER AND BOW CASE.lhree hig otters and a months work: wen t into theNez Perc s SB't which W as ,pa ~terned after PLA TIELXXX'V1H and PLATE XC of North American Buws,An-OlVS, and Quivers i [Masm:;k-1891J.~g,2}- It has twopendants made from th e otters" tails, one for theQUlLV'8[' and one for the bow casa.Both are cuvered

"...,UhI"ed cknh and a combination of lazy stitch andappliqned bsadwork. It bas an 8 foot wool strapdecorated with a strip of otter fur and a pair of bead-ed awl cases" The bow that belong'S to this set ~s ofOsage backed with sinew andis described in detailin Ghap~er HI, (Nij,. " 1 , Bow with. rectangular cross-section) .

De~t{ . li Jsuf mouths o f quiverand bowcose show.ingbso dwar k o n the ami b1etaus.

Th tee otters and (1mon ths[vor_1twent into this NezPerce outfit.


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D EA LE RS A ND S U]>P LrnRS

MOUND BUILDER BOOKSP.o... Box 702 "Branson, MO,. 65616M . S CH .W A RT Z .& SON45 Hoffman Ave.HaUPPGLi,iga,Lt. N s: 11787

F ora dd itia na l copie s a nd othe r V O O k8 ofin te re st: AU t ypes o f ie thersACME WOOD PRODUCTSB ox 6 .'3 6Mvrtle PCl.in, 0 regen 97458

MOSCOW HIDE AND FURP,O. Box 891[81 ' ' l l 1 G 8 cow, Idaho B31) 43

Port Orford ceda.r orrow sIw.[ts

S \V EETLAND ARCHERY PRODUCTS'1 0'10 Arrowsmi th S t.Eugene. Oregon 97402

HDNES .FURSRf 4, Box 14sr . Maries, ID .8 38 61

VlhB'nwriting to these companies please send u selfaddressed-stamped envelope or enclose $1 for theircatalogs .

.Now that you ' 1 " ' 1 3 ' finished reading th.is (mol;;you should he nblu to make 0 s imple Plcdns OU rM l ikethis n ~te . T he . '52 'nch bo~v is of Osage o ra nge , th e (~tJ'ivE!'rcm .d h ow GOSH is n:l(J.dHo f split cowhide.Ow th roe ta .: rg et cmd tr)l;I' stone t ipped WTCIWS hove Port Orford ceder slmlt.s,!iii]


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-BmUOGRAFHY

19'77" B8'ods: Their Use' By Upper Crcot .Lakes Indlons, Gt'and Rapids Public Museum.Publication N'i); 3" Grand Rapids, Michigan

B ea r, F rE Id1.968 'The Archer's Bibl~, Doubleday and Co., Garden C~Ly,New York

DeaIJ, F,\-"i., L.e, Chadwick and \lViHiam GowenOhio Trees, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture and Ll.S, Forest Service1. n e o Encydopecliu o r vVood , Sterling Publishing Cc., New York

G rimm , W ilHa m C.U::I70Home Guide to Trees, Sjuuos, ~.nJ WildfLowers, Benanzs Books, Nfl'W York

Hamiltml, T.M"1982 Noti,re Amsrzcon Bows. Missouri Archaeological Society, Special Publications No. 5,Columbia, Missouri

Laubin, Regtnald and Gladys1980 A.me1'1C(m Indian Archery, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma

Ma its, Thomas E .1972 The Mystic WarrIors of the P1nins, Deubledav a nd Co 'j GardeJJll City. New York

M ason" OUs. Tufton1972 North American Bows, Arrows (InrI QU1ve'rs, Smithsonian Report of 1893, CarlBugliese, Yonkers, New York

Pope, Sa xton1974 .Hunting with the Bow snd Arrow, Popular Library Edition, New York

Prides UX, Tom'1973 Cro-MogIlon Man. Time, New York

Rule, Margaret1983 Tbe Search Jor the Mnry Rose. Nutiol1(If Geographk VoL Hl3 No. 5" May.Washingiton .. n,c.

Thorn, RichaedH m o OS(lge Orange, Mlssouri Conservotfnnfst VoL 41l,.No, g, SeIJL Iefferson City,M is s o l ! . I . ri

Thompson, . r . .Iaurice1878 The \OVitc .nery of Archery, s,cmU.l,e, Washington

V\laldorf. D.C.1984 Tn(J Art of' FJ1nt Knappi.rlg', Third. Edition, Mound Builder Books, Branson. Missouri

_Ebook - DIY - Archery , The Art of Making Primitive Bows and Arrows - Waldorf - English

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Transcript of _Ebook - DIY - Archery , The Art of Making Primitive Bows and Arrows - Waldorf - English