Ebola virus

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Transcript of Ebola virus

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Ebola virus

definition

Symptoms and

Diagnostic

transmissionTreatment

Prevention

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Ebola is a deadly disease caused by a virus.

There are five strains,

and four of them

can make people

sick

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Ebola is a virus in the

family Filoviridae and

the genus Ebolavirus.

Five virus species have

been identified, four of

which are known to

cause disease in

humans

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The virus is transmitted

to people from wild

animals and spreads in

the human population

Through human-to-

human transmission.

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Ebola first appeared in 1976 in a simultaneous

outbreak in the areas that are now Sudan and the

Democratic Republic of the Congo, according to

the World Health Organization (WHO). Since

then, there have been sporadic outbreaks in

Africa.

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The first Ebola case in

the United States was

confirmed by the CDC

on Sept. 30, 2014. The

patient, Thomas Eric

Duncan, who had spent

time in Liberia before

traveling to the United

State

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The most recent Ebola

outbreak began in

March

The total number of

deaths from Ebola in

2014 is 3,865; the

current fatality rate is

50 percent.

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• muscle aches

• fever

• vomiting

• red eyes

• skin rash

• diarrhea

• stomach pain

Early symptoms :--1

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Early

signs & symptoms very similar to

other infections

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Like flu due to fever &sore trough

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2-Acute symptoms

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PCR detection

ELISA (enzyme-linked

immuno-absorbant) assay

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Because the natural reservoir host of Ebola viruses has not yet

been identified, the way in which the virus first appears in a

human at the start of an outbreak is unknown. However,

scientists believe that the first patient becomes infected

through contact with an infected animal, such as a fruit bat or

primate (apes and monkeys), which is called a spillover event.

Person-to-person transmission follows and can lead to large

numbers of affected people. In some past Ebola outbreaks,

primates were also affected by Ebola and multiple spillover

events occurred when people touched or ate infected primates.

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1. Animal -to-person transmission

2. Object -to-person transmission

3. Person -to-person transmission

• Infected fruit bats or primates (apes and monkeys)

• objects (like needles and syringes) that have been

contaminated with the virus

• blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with Ebola

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Ebola has been detected in blood and many body fluids. Body fluids include saliva, mucus, vomit, feces, sweat, tears, breast milk, urine, and semen.

What are body fluids?

There is no evidence indicating that Ebola virus is spread by coughing or sneezing. the virus is not transmitted through the air (like measles virus). However, droplets (e.g., splashes or sprays) of respiratory or other secretions from a person who is sick with Ebola could be infectious

Can Ebola be spread by coughing or sneezing?

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Ebola can survive for several hours; however, virus in body fluids (such as blood) can survive up to several days at room temperature.

Recovery from Ebola depends on good supportive clinical care and a patient’s immune response. Available evidence shows that people who recover from Ebola infection develop antibodies that last for at least 10 years, possibly longer.But scientists don’t know if people who recover are immune for life or if they can become infected with a different species of Ebola

Are patients who recover from Ebola immune for life? Can

they get it again - the same or a different strain?

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Once someone recovers from Ebola, they can no longer spread the virus. However, Ebola virus has been found in semen for up to 3 months.

There is no evidence that mosquitoes or other insects can transmit Ebola virus. Only mammals (for example, humans, bats, monkeys and apes) have shown the ability to spread and become infected with Ebola virus

Can Ebola be spread through mosquitoes?

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One of the key steps in any virus infection occurs very early in an infection cycle. That is the step where a virus binds to and enters a cell in a susceptible host organism. Because viruses are too small to reproduce on their own, they must invade a host cell in order to multiply and produce thousand copies of themselves that can then go on to infect other organisms and continue with its infection cycle. Many viruses require a specific protein or other molecule on the surface of the host cell (the receptor) which allows the virus to pass into a cell of a host organism. If an organism or cell type does not possess this particular receptor, the virus is unable to infect that organism or cell type. After considering that this receptor acts like a ‘key’ for any virus to infect; it is known to be the most hallmark information for scientists. So once they could identify these molecules, they will take steps forward in terms of preventing Ebola virus from entering into a cell and initiating an infection.

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exactly how the Ebola virus enters cells is unknown at

present.

It is known that in humans, the Ebola virus appears to infect

many different cell types.

. Ebola is also thought to have a wide host range, since it is

capable of infecting diverse mammalian species, including

primates, rodents, and bats .

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The virologist Dr. Richard Sutton from Department of

Molecular Virology and Microbiology at Baylor College of

Medicine, Texas ,US; has been studying Ebola virus for a

long time. He studied a group of proteins named the ((Tyro3

family)) that might mediate entry of Ebola virus into cells,

so he thought that if he reduces their levels; he might see a

less infection by Ebola. However, they observed little effect

on Ebola virus infection so he put away those family genes

to be related on Ebola virus entrance mechanism.

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ZMapp. American scientists develop a new compound called ZMapp

which has been tested in two patients in the USA,

ZMapp itself is made up of proteins called monoclonal antibodies,

which bind to the Ebola virus rendering it harmless. The drug is made

by infecting mice with a protein from the Ebola virus, and then

modifying the mice’s antibodies to more closely resemble human ones.

The results then need to be produced in large volumes, so scientists

have turned to an interesting ally: plants. A gene from the modified

antibodies is introduced to the leaves of tobacco plants, The leaves

then produce the intended monoclonal “plantibody” proteins. It only

takes about a week before the leaves can be harvested and the protein

extracted and purified. Plus, it’s inexpensive compared to the traditional

method of growing these genetically modified mouse cells in labs

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An experimental drug called ZMapp, which contains a cocktail of three

antibodies that fight the Ebola virus, has successfully treated 18 monkeys

infected with the deadly disease, researchers reported today. The new

results raise hope that the drug may also work in people who are infected

in the current Ebola in West Africa

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Good outbreak control relies on applying a

package of interventions, a good laboratory

service, surveillance and contact tracing.

Community engagement is key to successfully

controlling outbreaks. Raising awareness of risk

factors for Ebola infection and protective measures

that individuals can take is an effective way to

reduce human transmission.

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-Avoid contact with infected fruit bats or monkeys/apes and the consumption of their raw meat.

-Animal products (blood and meat) should be thoroughly cooked before consumption.

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-Animals should be handled with gloves and other appropriate protective clothing.

* Reducing the risk of human-to-

human transmission:

-Avoid direct or close contact with people with Ebola symptoms, particularly with their bodily fluids.

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-Gloves and appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn when taking care of ill patients at home.

-Regular hand washing is required after visiting patients in hospital, as well as after taking care of patients at home.

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Health-care workers should always take

standard precautions when caring for patients,

regardless of their presumed diagnosis. These

include:

- basic hand

hygiene.

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- use of personal protective equipment

such as clothing and bedding, they

should wear face protection (a face

shield or a medical mask and goggles),

a clean, non-sterile long-sleeved gown,

and gloves (sterile gloves for some

procedures), to block splashes or other

contact with infected materials.

- safe injection practices and safe

burial practices.

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WHO aims to prevent Ebola outbreaks by

maintaining surveillance for Ebola virus disease

and supporting at-risk countries to developed

preparedness plans.

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When an outbreak is detected WHO responds by supporting surveillance, community engagement, case management, laboratory services, contact tracing, infection control, logistical support and training and assistance with safe burial practices.

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In October 2014, WHO and the Liberian Ministry of Health, with support

from USAID created a training program for health workers who are treating patients with Ebola. The program focuses on patient care, infection

prevention and control. Six Ebola survivors are helping with the project, to give an inside look at what it is like to have the disease.

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Companies are also producing machines that will make disinfection easier for clinics and hospitals. For example, medical device maker Xenex, based in San Antonio, Texas, has developed a robot that uses pulses of ultraviolet UV-C rays to disinfect hospital rooms. The device, called Little Moe, is

being used by 250 hospitals in the United States, including the hospital

that treated the first U.S. Ebola patient. The company claims it can rid any

room of Ebola in two minutes.

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