Human FactorsProject Olympus

Crew A HF Values Crews 1-7 HF ValuesLayoutRadiation RoomSpace SuitECLSSExercise EquipmentGravitational Forces on Humans

Calculations:WasteLights/ThermalRadiationWaterOxygenFood Plant Growth

EAVMass: 2.6 tVolume: 12 m3

EDVMass: 2.6 tVolume: 12 m3

Transit to EarthMass: 45.6 tVolume: 145 m3

MAVMass: 2.6 tVolume: 12 m3

TransHab in Orbit

Mass: 45.6 tVolume: 145 m3

MDVMass: 4.6 tVolume: 17 m3

Transit to MarsMass: 55.2 * tVolume: 170* m3

Crew A (HF only) Mass & Volume

TransHAB

CW

*AG System Mass not included

Diagram by Stephanie Johnston

Cargo AMass: 47.7 t Volume: 207 m3

TransHAB

TransHAB

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Crews 1-7 (HF only) Mass & Volume

* HF Considerations include: Food, water, breathable air, radiation shielding, greenhouse, appliances, equipment, maintenance, crew weights, daily consumables, thermal protection, recycling systems, etc.

Food Specs

Years#

PeopleMass

[t]Volume

[m3]% Self-

Sustaining

Actual Mass

ReductionCrew 1 -7 Launched 8 43.5 143.8 0% 0%

Crew 1 -7 Landed 8 34.0 0% 0%

Cargo 1 0.0 8 34.7 158.7 5-10% 0%Cargo 2 2.1 16 60.6 263.5 15-20% 10%Cargo 3 4.3 24 65.0 301.1 25-30% 20%Cargo 4 6.4 32 84.0 382.0 35-40% 25%Cargo 5 8.6 40 80.1 393.4 45-50% 40%Cargo 6 10.7 48 84.6 425.6 60-70% 50%Cargo 7 12.9 56 60.8 370.4 80-90% 75%Cargo 8 15.0 56 37.4 278.1 100% 90%Cargo 9 17.1 56 37.4 278.1 100% 90%

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.00.0

20.040.060.080.0

100.0

Mass Requirements for Cargo Missions

1-7

Mission Years

Mass [

t]= Large Greenhouse

* Does NOT include: General electronics & computers Return to HF Title

Transit Habitat Layout: Floor 1

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Transit Habitat Layout: Floor 2

Radiation Shielded Room

Radiation Shielded Room•Protects against Solar Particle Event•Does not protect against Galactic Cosmic Radiation

•Arial Density: 9 g/cm2

•Food supplies also have minor shielding (1.2 g/cm2)

•Crew A: 8 crew members share 4 bedrooms

•Crews 1 -7: Each crew member will have his/her own bedroom

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Cancer Risk from Radiaiton

Percent Chance Increase of Fatal Cancer Crew A Crews 1-7

Source and Conditions Man Woman Man WomanGCR With Shielding 0.92 1.62 0.46 0.81GCR Without Shielding 1.70 2.97 0.85 1.49SPE Without Shielding 9.10 15.93 9.10 15.93SPE With Shielding 0.18 0.32 0.18 0.32

GCR: Galactic Cosmic RadiationSPE: Solar Particle Event

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Launch, Landing, & Rover Space Suit Configuration

Earth Emergency O2

G-Suit Parachute Water Survival

Gear

Mass: 40 kgVolume: 0.15 m3

Energy: 30 W

Mars Emergency O2

G-Suit (launch/landing)

Mass: 15 kgVolume: 0.10 m3

Energy: 30 W

Main Features: Modular design with replaceable segments Front diagonal zipper for self ingress/egress Nominal pressure of 8 PSI Nominal operating time is 120 minutes Picture by Stephanie Johnston

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EVA Space Suit Configuration

Main Features: Additional thermal and debris protection

(arms, legs, and chest) Portable life support system (PLSS):

Drinking H2O, O2, CO2 scrubbers, and cooling system

Nominal pressure of 8 PSI Nominal operating time is 240 minutes

Picture by Stephanie Johnston

Specifications Mass*: 70 kg Volume: 0.20 m3

Energy: 50 W

*Note: Mass of PLSS is 20 kg

Why not the MIT Bio Suit? Uses lines of non-extension to

create a mechanical counter pressure suit.› Problem: Suits have to fit

perfectly (must be individually made).

› Problem: Suits are not modular so they cannot be modified for a second person.

Thermal protection, extra layers for dust/rock protection, and other life support issues have not been addressed yet.

Our crew will be relying on rovers most EVAs.

Image Copyright of 2005 Volker Steger / Science Photo Library

Image from 2008 Silver BioSuit™ Mock-up

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Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS)

Humidity

Condensate

Drinking /Hygiene Water

Crew Systems Food

Water Recovery

Air Revitalization

Waste

Meal P

repar

ation

Wat

er

Urine /Hygiene Waste

Water

Recovere

d Waste

Water

Meal Pre

paratio

n

Waste

Water for Oxygen

Generation

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Mass of ECLSS Water Recovery System

› Transit Total Mass Consumed= 6403.2 kg› Recovery Percentage=85%› Total Mass of Life Support System=1906.4 kg

Air Revitalization Subsystem› Transit Total Mass Consumed= 1440 kg› Recovery Percentage=95%› Total Mass of Life Support System=1013.8 kg

Waste Handling and Processing› Total Mass=463 kg

Total Mass of ECLSS= 3.14tTotal Power of ECLSS= 6.4 kWTotal Volume of ECLSS= 13.64

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Exercise Equipment

Cycle Ergometer› Aerobic and Cardiovascular

Resistance Exercise Device› Protects against skeletal muscle mass and

functionMass [kg] Power [kw] Volume [m3]

Cycle Ergometer

28 0.2 0.19

Resistance Exercise Device

272 0.3 0.19

Total 300 0.5 0.38

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Gravitational Forces on Humans Artificial Gravity (Rotational Forces)

› Ideal range for long duration: 1-4 rpm› Spin-up maneuvers: ~23 rpm, < 60 minutes› Maximum: ~60 rpm, < 1 minute

› Gravity gradient is ~9% from head to toe› Coriolis effect is negligible

Re-Entry Forces› Ideal sustained: ±4 gx, ±1gy, ±0.5 gz› Impacts < 1 second: ±20 gx, ±20 gy, ±15 gz

Drawings by Stephanie Johnston Return to HF Titl

e

HF Charts….

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Waste Calculations Waste after 180 Days

# of People and Days ==> 8 180 Mass Units Volume Units Mass [kg] Volume [m3]Waste Food 1.82kg/p/d 0.008m3/p/d 2620.8 11.52WCS Supplies 0.05kg/p/d 0.0013m3/p/d 72 1.872Collection bags 0.23kg/p/d 0.0008m3/p/d 331.2 1.152Hygiene Consumables 0.075kg/p/d 0.0015m3/p/d 108 2.16Disposable Wipes 0.025kg/p/d 0.0005m3/p/d 36 0.72Trash Bags 0.05kg/p/d 0.001m3/p/d 72 1.44Used Tape 0.041kg/p/d 0.0002m3/p/d 59.04 0.288Medical Consumables 83.33333kg 0.41667m3 83.33 0.42Water* 4.1kg/p/d 5904 5.91Air (180 days) 232

TOTAL 9518.4 25.5*Water 4.1 kg/p/d came from 15% waste water a day assuming crew uses 27.6 kg/p/d of water, this does not include a 40 day buffer where no water is recycled which is acting as a buffer for Crew A return mass/volume

Calculations and Table by Stephanie Johnston Return to HF Title

Lights & Thermal Protection Calcs

Lights

Mass [kg] Volume [m^3] Power [W]

22 Units (1 Hab) 74.8 0.246539 660

Thermal Protection/System

Mass (kg) Volume (m^3) Power (W)

Heating 63.72 0.02 49,020Cooling 280.8 0.1 258.58

Total +30% 447.876 0.156 64062.154

Calculations by Joubert Lucas; Table by Stephanie Johnston Return to HF Title

Radiation CalculationsCrew Transit Missions

Surface Area (m^2) Thickness (m)Arial Density

(g/cm^2)Weight (kg) (includes

30% Buffer)Volume (m^3) (based on 30%

buffered weight)2.25 X 2 X 2m room 36.74 0.09 9.00 4298.71 4.48

Crew A Food 51.24 0.02 1.60 1065.89 1.11Crew 1 Food 32.28 0.02 1.60 671.47 0.70

Cargo Missions (to protect food from radiation)

Surface Area (m^2) Thickness (m)Arial Density

(g/cm^2)Weight (kg) (includes

30% Buffer)Volume (m^3) (based on 30%

buffered weight)Cargo A 76.76 0.02 1.60 1596.63 1.66Cargo 1 90.31 0.02 1.60 1878.55 1.96Cargo 2 129.65 0.02 1.60 2696.76 2.81Cargo 3 158.28 0.02 1.60 3292.17 3.43 Cargo 4 172.52 0.02 1.60 3588.33 3.74Cargo 5 179.42 0.02 1.60 3731.89 3.89 Cargo 6 157.37 0.02 1.60 3273.22 3.41Cargo 7 109.77 0.02 1.60 2283.28 2.38

Cargo 8 (and after) 49.03 0.02 1.60 1019.83 1.06*Assuming food (dehydrated, etc) is stored in cubed boxes**Used polyethylene, which has a density of 0.96 g/cm^3

Research by Joubert Lucas; Table by Stephanie Johnston Return to HF Title

Water CalculationsReference Requirement

[kg/p/d]

Water (Rapp 2008) 27.6

Crew A Mission Transit Descent/Ascent Living on Mars Estimated Days 360 40 550Mass Total H20 Consumption kg 79488 8832 121440Percent H20 Recovered % 85 85Mass H20 Needed to Bring with kg 11923.2 18216Total Transit Mass of H20 to Mars kg 20755.2Total Transit Volume of H20 to Mars m3 20.8*Divide kg water by 998.2 for m^3Total Cargo (Surface) Mass of H20 kg 18216.0Total Cargo (Surface) Volume of H20 m3 18.2*Assuming H20 is gathered In-Situ

Crew 1 Mission Transit to Mars Descent Living on Mars Estimated Days 180 20 550Mass Total H20 Consumption kg 39744 4416 121440Percent H20 Recovered % 85 85Mass H20 Needed (Back-Up) kg 5961.6 18216Total Transit Mass kg 10377.6Total Transit Volume m3 10.4Total Cargo (Surface) Mass kg 18216.0Total Cargo (Surface) Volume m3 18.2*Assuming H20 is gathered In-Situ

By Stephanie Johnston

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Oxygen Consumption CalculationsEstimated Consumption

Reference Requirement (kg/day)Oxygen(Rapp 2008) 1

Crew Mission A: Crew Size 8

Crew A Mission Transit Recycled Days Not Recycled Living on Mars Estimated Days 360 40 550MT kg 2880 320 4400Rp % 95 95MB kg 144 220Total Transit Mass of 02 kg 464.0Total Transit Volume of 02 m3 Density [kg/m^3] 1140.99Total Cargo (Surface) Mass of 02 kg 220.0Total Cargo (Surface) Volume of 02 m3 *Assuming O2 is gathered In-Situ

Crew Mission 1: Crew Size 8

Crew 1 Mission Transit Recycled Days Not Recycled Living on Mars Estimated Days 180 20 800MT kg 1440 160 6400Rp % 95 95MB kg 72 320Total Transit Mass of 02 kg 232.0Total Transit Volume of 02 m3 Total Cargo (Surface) Mass of 02 kg 320.0Total Cargo (Surface) Volume of 02 m3

By Stephanie Johnston

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Breathing Air +TanksTank O2: Crew A

Days Crew Size Efficency Mb [kg] # of Tanks Radius [m] Length [m] Volume[m^3] Total Mass [kg]360 8 85 432 9 0.6 2 28.5003 448.27640 8 0 320 7 0.5 2.2 15.7605 331.51847 8 0 8.4 1 0.1 0.5 0.0199 8.5611

Crew 1 Days Crew Size Efficency Mb [kg] # of Tanks Radius [m] Length [m] Volume[m^3] Total Mass [kg]180 8 85 216 4 0.6 2.2 13.5716 230.673920 8 0 160 3 0.6 2.2 10.1787 174.0702

Tank N2: Crew A Days Crew Size # of Tanks Radius [m] Length [m] Volume[m^3] Total Mass [kg] 360 8 2 0.5 2.5 4.9742 411.724 40 8 1 0.1 0.1 0.0073 19.4068 7 8 1 0.1 0.1 0.0073 19.4068

Crew 1 Days Crew Size Mb [kg] # of Tanks Radius [m] Length [m] Volume[m^3] Total Mass [kg] 180 8 18.72 1 0.5 2.5 2.4871 238.0567 20 8 2.08 1 0.1 0.1 0.0073 19.4068

Summary of Tank Mass/Volume:

Mass [kg]

Volume [m^3]

O2+ N2 for Crew A Transit 1210.93 49.24O2+ N2 for Crew 1 Transit 662.21 26.24O2+ N2 for Crew Capsule 27.97 0.0272

By Ashley Davis and Stephanie Johnston Return to HF Titl

e

Food/Plant Growth

Food Dry Food Consumed Earth foodEmergency FoodGreenhouse + Supplies Food Savings% Savings Subtotal

Food Dry Food Consumed Earth foodEmergency FoodGreenhouse + Supplies Food Savings% Savings Subtotal

First Cargo Second Cargo Third Cargo Fourth Cargo 8 800 16 800 24 800 32 800

Mass [kg]

Volume [m3]

Mass [kg]

Volume [m3]

Mass [kg]

Volume [m3]

Mass [kg]

Volume [m3]

14720.0 51.2 29440.0 102.4 44160.0 153.6 58880.0 204.815278.9 53.1 27199.8 94.6 35762.7 124.4 40967.6 142.5

1511.1 5.3 1679.0 5.8 3190.1 11.1 3358.0 11.711000.0 50.0 21000.0 80.0 11000.0 50.0 21000.0 80.0

10.0 0.0 4721.2 16.4 11447.2 39.7 22874.4 79.40.0 0.0 8.6 8.3 18.6 17.6 25.9 25.3

27790 108.4 49878.8 180.448 49952.8 185.488 65325.6 234.176

Fifth Cargo Sixth Cargo Seventh Cargo 8th, 9th, 10th…Etc40 800 48 800 56 800 56 800

Mass [kg]

Volume [m3]

Mass [kg]

Volume [m3] Mass [kg]

Volume [m3] Mass [kg]

Volume [m3]

73600.0 256.0 88320.0 307.2 103040.0 358.4 103040.0 358.441975.0 146.0 32236.8 112.1 14103.6 49.1 0.0 0.0

5037.0 17.5 6380.2 22.2 8395.0 29.2 6720.0 23.411000.0 50.0 21000.0 80.0 11000.0 50.0 6000.0 30.036988.0 128.5 62183.0 216.1 95101.4 330.5 110880.0 385.4

38.9 37.6 51.1 50.2 74.0 72.0 89.7 87.858012 213.52 59617 214.32 33498.6 128.256 12720 53.36

Calculations by Lisa Kurtzhals and Spreadsheet by Stephanie Johnston Return to HF Title