EASY EKG INTERPRETATION

7/29/2019 EASY EKG INTERPRETATION

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EKG Interpretation


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Objectives

The Basics

Interpretation

Clinical Pearls

Practice Recognition


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The Normal Conduction System


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Lead Placement

aVF


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All Limb Leads


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Precordial Leads


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EKG Distributions

Anteroseptal: V1, V2, V3, V4

Anterior: V1V4

Anterolateral: V4V6, I, aVL

Lateral: I and aVL

Inferior: II, III, and aVF

Inferolateral: II, III, aVF, and V5

and V6


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Waveforms


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Interpretation

Develop a systematic approach to reading EKGs and use itevery time

The system we will practice is:

Rate

Rhythm (including intervals and blocks) Axis

Hypertrophy

Ischemia


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Rate

Rule of 300- Divide 300 by the number of boxes between each

QRS = rate

Number ofbig boxes

Rate

1 300

2 150

3 100

4 75

5 60

6 50


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Rate

HR of 60-100 per minute is normal

HR > 100 = tachycardia

HR < 60 = bradycardia


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Differential Diagnosis of Tachycardia

Tachycardia Narrow Complex Wide Complex

Regular ST

SVT

Atrial flutter

ST w/ aberrancy

SVT w/ aberrancy

VT

Irregular A-fib

A-flutter w/variable conduction

MAT

A-fib w/ aberrancy

A-fib w/ WPWVT


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What is the heart rate?

(300 / 6) = 50 bpm

www.uptodate.com


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Rhythm

Sinus

Originating from SA

node P wave before every

QRS

P wave in same

direction as QRS


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What is this rhythm?

Normal sinus rhythm


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Normal Intervals

PR

0.20 sec (less than one largebox)

QRS 0.08 0.10 sec (1-2 small

boxes)

QT

450 ms in men, 460 ms in

women

Based on sex / heart rate

Half the R-R interval withnormal HR


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Prolonged QT

Normal

Men 450ms

Women 460ms

Corrected QT (QTc) QTm/(R-R)

Causes

Drugs (Na channel blockers)

Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia

Hypothermia

AMI

Congenital

Increased ICP


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Blocks

AV blocks

First degree block

PR interval fixed and > 0.2 sec

Second degree block, Mobitz type 1

PR gradually lengthened, then drop QRS

Second degree block, Mobitz type 2

PR fixed, but drop QRS randomly

Type 3 block

PR and QRS dissociated


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First degree AV block PR is fixed and longer than

0.2 sec


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Type 1 second degree block (Wenckebach)


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Type 2 second degree AV block Dropped QRS


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3rd degree heart block (complete)


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The QRS Axis

Represents the overall direction of the hearts activity

Axis of30 to +90 degrees is normal


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The Quadrant Approach

QRS up in I and up in aVF = Normal


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What is the axis?

Normal- QRS up in I and aVF


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Hypertrophy

Add the larger S wave of V1 or V2 in mm, to the larger R wave

of V5 or V6.

Sum is > 35mm = LVH


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Ischemia

Usually indicated by ST changes

Elevation = Acute infarction

Depression = Ischemia

Can manifest as T wave changes

Remote ischemia shown by q waves


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What is the diagnosis?

Acute inferior MI with ST elevation in leads II, III, aVF


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What do you see in this EKG?

ST depression II, III, aVF, V3-V6 = ischemia


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Lets Practice


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Normal Sinus Rhythm

Mattu, 2003


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First Degree Heart Block

PR interval >200ms


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Accelerated Idioventricular

Ventricular escape rhythm, 40-110 bpm

Seen in AMI, a marker of reperfusion


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Junctional Rhythm

Rate 40-60, no p waves, narrow complex QRS


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Hyperkalemia

Tall, narrow and symmetric T waves


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Wellens Sign

ST elevation and biphasic T wave in V2 and V3

Sign of large proximal LAD lesion


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Brugada Syndrome

RBBB or incomplete RBBB in V1-V3 with convex ST elevation


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Brugada Syndrome

Autosomal dominant genetic mutation of sodium channels

Causes syncope, v-fib, self terminating VT, and sudden cardiacdeath

Can be intermittent on EKG

Most common in middle-aged males Can be induced in EP lab

Need ICD


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Premature Atrial Contractions

Trigeminy pattern


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Atrial Flutter with Variable Block

Sawtooth waves

Typically at HR of 150


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Torsades de Pointes

Notice twisting pattern

Treatment: Magnesium 2 grams IV


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Digitalis

Dubin, 4th ed. 1989


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Lateral MI

Reciprocal changes


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Inferolateral MI

ST elevation II, III, aVF

ST depression in aVL, V1-V3 are reciprocal changes


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Anterolateral / Inferior Ischemia

LVH, AV junctional rhythm, bradycardia


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Left Bundle Branch Block

Monophasic R wave in I and V6, QRS > 0.12 secLoss of R wave in precordial leadsQRS T wave discordance I, V1, V6

Consider cardiac ischemia if a new finding


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Right Bundle Branch Block

V1: RSR prime pattern with inverted T wave

V6: Wide deep slurred S wave


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First Degree Heart Block, Mobitz Type I (Wenckebach)

PR progressively lengthens until QRS drops


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Supraventricular Tachycardia

Narrow complex, regular; retrograde P waves, rate


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Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction

Found in 1/3 of patients with inferior MI

Increased morbidity and mortality

ST elevation in V4-V6 of Right-sided EKG


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Ventricular Tachycardia


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Prolonged QT

QT > 450 ms

Inferior and anterolateral ischemia


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Second Degree Heart Block, Mobitz Type II

PR interval fixed, QRS dropped intermittently


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Acute Pulmonary Embolism

SIQIIITIII in 10-15%

T-wave inversions, especially occurring ininferior and anteroseptal simultaneously

RAD


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Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

Short PR interval 0.10 secDelta wave

Can simulate ventricular hypertrophy, BBB and previous MI


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Hypokalemia

U wavesCan also see PVCs, ST depression, small T waves


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Thank You

Any Questions?

EASY EKG INTERPRETATION

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