East Central Khoisan etymologystarling.rinet.ru/ekhet.pdf · East Central Khoisan etymology...

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East Central Khoisan etymology Compiled by George Starostin The etymological database for the East Central Khoisan language subgroup, linked directly to the general Central Khoisan database. The relative scarcity of data here is explained by the fact that, as of now, not a single detailed and up-to-date dictionary of any East Central Khoisan language has been published. The same scarcity also affects the exactness and reliability of the overall classification. Data sources: the primary, and the only fully reliable, source is Vossen 1997 ("Die Khoe Sprachen") as well as occasional additions from several of R. Vossen's articles that deal with East Central Khoisan material (Vossen 1998, etc.). Data on several other idioms comes from Dornan 1917 and sources in Dorothea Bleek's dictionary, but the transcription quality for these, as usual, leaves a lot to be desired. The database consists of the following fields: 1. Proto-East Central Khoisan: the reconstructions more or less follow the system of correspondences as laid out in Vossen 1997, with a few minor modifications. 2. Meaning: the general meaning of the reconstructed stem. 3-7. |Xaise, Deti, Cara,Tsixa, Danisi: lexical data from the Shua subgroup, mostly taken from Vossen 1997. 8-10. Cua, Kua, Tsua: lexical data from the Tshwa subgroup, mostly taken from Vossen 1997. (NB: information on the Cua dialect is extremely scarce). 11. Hietshware: lexical data from Dornan 1917. This is the only more or less extensive vocabulary of an ECK idiom, belonging to the Tshwa subgroup but with some peculiarities of its own (Dornan's "Hietshware" is sometimes mistaken for Deti, since the title of the article is "The Tati Bushmen and their Language", but the phonetic, lexical and grammatical peculiarities of that idiom show that it is definitely closer to Kua and Tsua than to Vossen's Deti). Unfortunately, neither the transcription nor the given meanings of the lexemes can be deemed completely reliable. 12-13. Sehura, Mohissa: data extracted from brief notes by S. Passarge ("Die Buschmänner der Kalahari", Berlin 1907) on two idioms that unquestionably belong to the ECK subgroup due to sharing the same phonetic features (most importantly, palatalized non-click reflexes of the PCK palatal click). However, the quality of the transcription is even worse than in Dornan 1917, and the amount of material very small,

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so no definitive conclusions can be made on the subclassification of either. 14. Notes: additional comments and considerations. 15. References: bibliographical links. Notes on transcription: Clicks: | = dental click, ǂ = palatal click, ! = alveolar click, ǁ = lateral click. For Sehura and Mohissa, the sign $ denotes an unidentified click influx in Passarge's notes (only "guessable" through comparison with external data). Click effluxes include zero (no special marking), voiced articulation (, etc.), nasalisation (, etc.), aspiration (|h, etc.), velar fricative (|x, etc.), uvular stop (|q, etc.), and the glottal stop (|ʔ, etc.). Non-click consonants: c, ʒ = hissing voiceless and voiced affricates (= ts and dz in Vossen's original transcription); č, ǯ = hushing voiceless and voiced affricates (very rarely met, usually local varieties of hissing affricates); ć, = palatal voiceless and voiced affricates (= c and j in Vossen's original transcription); q = uvular voiceless stop; ḱ, ǵ = palatal velars (= ky, gy in some transcriptions); ń = palatal nasal; ʔ = glottal stop. Vowels: ɛ, ɔ = open correlates to closed e, o. The tilde sign denotes nasalisation; á, à, ǎ, â = tonal markings. As in all other Khoisan databases, original transliteration is mostly retained for all sources older than 1980 for fear of incorrect interpretation of the data. In the case of Dornan 1917, it must be said that his transcription almost certainly confuses the dental and lateral clicks (| and ǁ), as well as constantly features the palatal click (ǂ) despite the fact that it could not have been present in the corresponding Hietshware entries. Notes on reconstruction and classification: East Central Khoisan is the most innovative of all CK subgroups, having for the most part dispensed with both the alveolar click (simply dropping it regardless of the efflux) and the palatal click (with the basic development *ǂ- > *ć- and subsequent multi-directional evolution depending on the former click efflux). However, from time to time several ECK languages feature deviant forms that seem to have irregularly preserved either the alveolar or the palatal click. For the most part, they have to be judged as re-borrowings from neighbouring West Central Khoisan languages. One particular problem concerns the position of Tsixa. While it does share some features with the rest of the Shwa group, certain isoglosses on all levels speak strongly in favour

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of its re-classification as a West rather than East CK idiom. These include (a) the preservation of the palatal click in most cases (R. Vossen [Vossen 1997] thinks that the palatal click has been reintroduced into the language due to WCK influence, but this scenario is very hard to imagine); (b) some minor grammatical isoglosses, e. g. tí 'I' (as in WCK) vs. the common Shwa form ta; (c) some lexical isoglosses, e. g. ǂú 'head' vs. common Shwa mâ. Unfortunately, there is simply too few Tsixa data available to reach a final conclusion (even within the 100-wordlist; lexicostatistical calculations currently group Tsixa with the rest of Shwa, but it is possible that a more complete wordlist might change the situation), so for now we will stick with R. Vossen's classification. Number 1 Proto-East Khoe *a Meaning that Khoe etymology 2 Hietshware a References Dornan 66. Number 2 Proto-East Khoe *ábà Meaning 1 to carry (esp. child on the back) 2 to bear (child) Khoe etymology 3 |Xaise ʔábá Deti ʔábá Cara ʔábá Tsixa ʔábà Danisi ʔábà Kua ʔábà Tsua ʔábà Hietshware aba 1; abaa, abaho 2 References Dornan 88; Vossen 440.

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Number 3 Proto-East Khoe *ábà Meaning dog Khoe etymology 4 |Xaise ʔábà Deti ʔábá Cara ʔábà Tsixa ʔábá Danisi ʔábá Kua ʔábà Tsua ʔábà Hietshware aba Sehura aba Mohissa aba References Bleek 5; Dornan 80; Vossen 453. Number 4 Proto-East Khoe *ḱhùí Meaning to lift Khoe etymology 6 |Xaise khùí Deti khùí Cara khùí Tsixa khùí Danisi khùí Hietshware šui References Dornan 109; Vossen 448. Number 5 Proto-East Khoe *á Meaning to agree

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Khoe etymology 7 |Xaise ʔá Cara ʔá Tsixa ʔá Danisi ʔá Kua ʔá Tsua ʔá Hietshware am chu "to agree", am chuu "agreement" References Dornan 89; Vossen 429-430. Number 6 Proto-East Khoe *ama Meaning dish, pot, plate Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware ama Sehura ama Mohissa ama References Bleek 9; Dornan 89. Number 7 Proto-East Khoe *anV Meaning to clothe, dress Khoe etymology 8 |Xaise ʔáná Deti ʔ Cara ʔáná Tsixa ʔ Danisi ʔ Kua ʔ Hietshware anēe; ane kakho "to dress another" References Dornan 89; Vossen 498.

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Number 8 Proto-East Khoe *a (?) Meaning with, etc. Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware a References Dornan 88. Number 9 Proto-East Khoe *au Meaning tarantula Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware auu References Dornan 89. Number 10 Proto-East Khoe *au Meaning quiver Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware auu References Dornan 89. Number 11 Proto-East Khoe *bàrá Meaning to swim Khoe etymology 13 |Xaise bàdà Deti bàdá Cara bàdá Tsixa bàdá Danisi bàdá

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References Vossen 490. Number 12 Proto-East Khoe *bara Meaning harvest, rainy season Khoe etymology 14 Hietshware bara References Dornan 89. Number 13 Proto-East Khoe *bé Meaning bull Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise bè Deti bè Cara bé Kua ʒú-bé Tsua ʒù-bé Sehura be References Bleek 15; Vossen 478. Number 14 Proto-East Khoe *b Meaning to move/run away Khoe etymology 15 |Xaise bè Deti bè Cara bè Tsixa ɛ (?) Danisi bè Tsua bě

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References Vossen 431. Number 15 Proto-East Khoe *bie Meaning horse Khoe etymology 16 Sehura bie References Bleek 16. Number 16 Proto-East Khoe *bó Meaning hatchet Khoe etymology 17 Deti bǒ Hietshware boo ǁka "an axe handle" References Dornan 89; Vossen 421. Number 17 Proto-East Khoe *bǔ Meaning to bark Khoe etymology 18 |Xaise bǔ Deti bǔ Cara bú Tsixa bú Danisi bú Kua bǔ Hietshware bii (?) References Dornan 89; Vossen 422.

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Number 18 Proto-East Khoe *cʔâ Meaning penis Khoe etymology 19 Deti cʔâ Cara cʔâ Tsixa cʔâ Danisi cʔâ References Vossen 474. Number 19 Proto-East Khoe *cʔ Meaning to steal Khoe etymology 20 |Xaise cʔ Deti cʔ Cara cʔ Tsixa cʔ Danisi cʔ Kua cʔ Tsua cʔ Hietshware tsaa References Dornan 110; Vossen 495. Number 20 Proto-East Khoe *cʔê Meaning sharp Khoe etymology 21 Cara cʔê Tsixa cʔ Danisi cʔê Kua cʔê

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References Vossen 483. Number 21 Proto-East Khoe *cʔánì Meaning smoke; to smoke Khoe etymology 22 |Xaise cʔání Deti cʔání Cara cʔání Tsixa cʔínì Danisi cʔínì Kua cʔínì Tsua cʔínì Hietshware tsene References Dornan 111; Vossen 476. Number 22 Proto-East Khoe *cʔaó Meaning to milk Khoe etymology 23 |Xaise cʔàó Deti cʔàó Cara cʔàó Danisi cʔàó Kua cʔáó Tsua cʔáó Hietshware tsao References Dornan 111; Vossen 466. Number 23 Proto-East Khoe *cʔáó

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Meaning sandy place Khoe etymology 24 Deti cʔáó Cara cʔàó Kua cʔáó Tsua cʔáó References Vossen 442. Number 24 Proto-East Khoe *cʔàrú Meaning kidney Khoe etymology 25 Tsixa cʔàdù Danisi cʔàdú References Vossen 471-72. Number 25 Proto-East Khoe *cʔî Meaning to limp Khoe etymology 26 |Xaise cʔî Deti cʔí Cara cʔí Tsixa cʔî Danisi cʔî Kua cʔî Tsua cʔî References Vossen 450. Number 26 Proto-East Khoe *cʔóró

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Meaning to decay, rot Khoe etymology 27 |Xaise ćʔódó Deti cʔòdó Cara cʔódó Tsixa cʔódó Danisi cʔódó Kua cʔòdó Tsua cʔódó Hietshware tšoro References Dornan 91; Vossen 500. Number 27 Proto-East Khoe *cʔòḿ Meaning lip (upper) Khoe etymology 28 |Xaise ćʔò Cara cʔòḿ Danisi cʔòḿ Tsua cʔóḿ Mohissa $kam (?) References Bleek 688; Vossen 464. Number 28 Proto-East Khoe *cá Meaning thou (m.) Khoe etymology 29 |Xaise ćá Deti cá Cara cá Tsixa cá Danisi cá

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Cua čá (Nata), cá (Letakana) Kua cá Tsua cá Hietshware tša References Dornan 90; Vossen 234-250. Number 29 Proto-East Khoe *cà Meaning to be ill Khoe etymology 30 Kua cà Tsua câ References Vossen 459. Number 30 Proto-East Khoe *c Meaning meat broth Khoe etymology 31 |Xaise c Deti c Cara c Danisi c Kua c Tsua c Hietshware tsa "gravy, fat, soup" References Dornan 110; Vossen 436. Number 31 Proto-East Khoe *c Meaning to boil, cook Khoe etymology 32

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Kua c-xù Tsua câ-xù Hietshware tsaa "to boil", tsakho "to cook" References Dornan 110, 111; Vossen 458. Number 32 Proto-East Khoe *cáḿ Meaning to creep up Khoe etymology 33 |Xaise cáḿ Deti càḿ Cara cáḿ Danisi cáḿ Kua cáḿ Tsua cáḿ References Vossen 423. Number 33 Proto-East Khoe *cáó Meaning tail Khoe etymology 34 |Xaise cáó Deti cáó Cara cáó Tsixa cáó Danisi cáó Cua cáó Kua cáó Tsua cáó Hietshware tsau References Dornan 111; Vossen 488.

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Number 34 Proto-East Khoe *cárú Meaning sour Khoe etymology 35 |Xaise cádú Deti cádú Cara cádú Danisi cádú Kua cádú Tsua cádú References Vossen 482. Number 35 Proto-East Khoe *cau Meaning fat Khoe etymology 36 Hietshware tsau, tsautsau References Dornan 111. Number 36 Proto-East Khoe *cé Meaning to send Khoe etymology 37 Deti cé Cara cé Tsixa c Danisi cé Hietshware tse References Dornan 111; Vossen 484.

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Number 37 Proto-East Khoe *cʔǐ Meaning buttock Khoe etymology 38 |Xaise cʔì Deti cʔǐ Cara cʔǐ Danisi cʔǐ Cua cʔí Kua cʔí Tsua cʔí Hietshware tsi "the hinder parts" References Dornan 111; Vossen 442. Number 38 Proto-East Khoe *c Meaning to sneeze Khoe etymology 39 |Xaise c Deti c Tsixa c Danisi c Kua c Tsua c References Vossen 472. Number 39 Proto-East Khoe *cô Meaning medicine; to treat Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise ćô Deti cô

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Cara cô Tsixa cô Danisi cô Kua cô Tsua cô References Vossen 466. Number 40 Proto-East Khoe *còḿ Meaning to sprout Khoe etymology 41 |Xaise ćó Deti còḿ Cara cò Danisi chó "nicht sprießen" (?) Kua cú Tsua có References Vossen 455. Number 41 Proto-East Khoe *córó Meaning shell, pod Khoe etymology 42 |Xaise ćódó "seed" Deti códó Cara códó Tsixa códó Danisi códó Kua códó Tsua códó References Vossen 483.

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Number 42 Proto-East Khoe *cu Meaning excrement; dirt Khoe etymology 43 |Xaise ćû Deti cù Cara cû Tsixa cù Danisi cû Cua ćû Kua cû Tsua cû Hietshware tšu References Dornan 91; Vossen 434. Number 43 Proto-East Khoe *chǎ Meaning water Khoe etymology 44 |Xaise chǎ Deti chǎ Cara chǎ Tsixa chǎ Danisi chǎ Kua chǎ Tsua chǎ Hietshware tsaa Sehura tsa Mohissa tsa References Bleek 210; Dornan 110; Vossen 505.

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Number 44 Proto-East Khoe *ch Meaning scent Khoe etymology 45 |Xaise ch Cara c Danisi ch Kua c Tsua c References Vossen 429. Number 45 Proto-East Khoe *chàó Meaning to dig Khoe etymology 46 |Xaise càó Deti chàó Cara chàó Danisi chàó Kua chàó Tsua chàó Hietshware tsaho References Dornan 111; Vossen 444. Number 46 Proto-East Khoe *chàú Meaning hand Khoe etymology 47 |Xaise càú Deti càú Cara chàú Tsixa càú

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Danisi chàú Cua càú Kua càú Tsua càú Hietshware tsau Sehura tsau Mohissa tsau References Bleek 213; Dornan 111; Vossen 447. Number 47 Proto-East Khoe *chù Meaning coal Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise chù Deti (ǔ-)cù Cara chù Danisi chǔ Kua chǔ Tsua (|ʔé-)chǔ References Vossen 452. Number 48 Proto-East Khoe *cx Meaning to be tired Khoe etymology 48 |Xaise ch Deti cx Cara cx Tsixa cx Danisi cx Cua cxá Kua cx

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References Vossen 432. Number 49 Proto-East Khoe *cxó Meaning to milk Khoe etymology 49 Deti cxó Cara cxó Danisi cxó Kua cxó Tsua cxó References Vossen 466-7. Number 50 Proto-East Khoe *cxúnì Meaning to slide Khoe etymology 50 |Xaise ćóní Deti cxúní Cara còǹ Danisi cxúǹ Kua cxúnì References Vossen 480. Number 51 Proto-East Khoe *(n)dV Meaning interr. base Khoe etymology 51 Deti dú "what?" Cara ndú "what?" Danisi ndú "what?"

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References Vossen 265-267. Number 52 Proto-East Khoe *daba Meaning to tease, vex Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware daba References Dornan 91. Number 53 Proto-East Khoe *dam (*dl-?) Meaning tortoise Khoe etymology 52 Hietshware dham Sehura yam References Bleek 72; Dornan 92. Number 54 Proto-East Khoe *dàní Meaning bee Khoe etymology 53 |Xaise dànì Deti dání Cara dánì Kua dìnì Tsua dìní Hietshware denee References Dornan 92; Vossen 423. Number 55

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Proto-East Khoe *dao Meaning to burn Khoe etymology 54 |Xaise dáó Deti dàò Cara dàò Tsixa dáó Danisi dàò Kua dáó Tsua dáò Hietshware dhau; daoo "to dry up" (?) References Dornan 92; Vossen 500. Number 56 Proto-East Khoe *dáò Meaning road, path Khoe etymology 55 |Xaise dáó Deti dáó Cara dáó Tsixa dáò Danisi dáò Kua dáó Tsua dáó Hietshware dhau References Dornan 92; Vossen 493-4. Number 57 Proto-East Khoe *dau Meaning small hare Khoe etymology 56 Hietshware dhau

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References Dornan 92. Number 58 Proto-East Khoe *dene Meaning to lick up the remains of food Khoe etymology 59 Hietshware dene References Dornan 92. Number 59 Proto-East Khoe *dàḿ Meaning tongue Khoe etymology 60 |Xaise dàḿ Deti dàḿ Cara dàḿ Tsixa dàḿ Danisi dàḿ Cua dàḿ Kua dàḿ Tsua dàḿ Hietshware dham References Dornan 92; Vossen 510. Number 60 Proto-East Khoe *debe Meaning lightning Khoe etymology 61 Hietshware dhebe; tadi (Sechuana borrowing?) References Dornan 92, 109.

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Number 61 Proto-East Khoe *dóà Meaning kudu Khoe etymology 62 |Xaise dóá Deti dóà Cara dòá Tsixa dòá Danisi dóá Kua dóá Tsua dòá References Vossen 460. Number 62 Proto-East Khoe *dòá Meaning grass Khoe etymology 63 Cara dòà Tsixa doa (in compounds) Danisi doa (in compounds) Kua dòá Tsua dòá Hietshware dhoa References Dornan 92; Vossen 445. Number 63 Proto-East Khoe *dobe Meaning salt Khoe etymology 64 |Xaise dèbè Deti dóbè

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Cara dóbè Danisi dóbé Kua dèbé Tsua dèbé Hietshware debee "salt pan" Sehura dbe References Bleek 27; Dornan 92; Vossen 481. Number 64 Proto-East Khoe *doe Meaning small; young Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware dwee "young", dwese "a little", dwe dwehe "to abate" References Dornan 92. Number 65 Proto-East Khoe *dòró Meaning to kindle fire; tinderbox Khoe etymology 66 |Xaise dòdó Cara dòdó Tsixa dòdó Danisi dòdó Kua dòdó Tsua dòdó Hietshware doro "to bore" References Dornan 92; Vossen 435. Number 66 Proto-East Khoe *dû Meaning eland

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Khoe etymology 67 |Xaise dú Deti dú Cara dú Tsixa dù Danisi dû Kua dú Tsua dû Hietshware du References Dornan 92; Vossen 430. Number 67 Proto-East Khoe *duba Meaning to tread Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware duba References Dornan 92. Number 68 Proto-East Khoe *túrù Meaning rat, mouse Khoe etymology 68 |Xaise túdú Deti túdù Cara túdù Danisi túdù Kua túdù Tsua túdù Hietshware thuru References Dornan 110; Vossen 476.

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Number 69 Proto-East Khoe *dabu Meaning to cover Khoe etymology 69 Hietshware dhabu References Dornan 92. Number 70 Proto-East Khoe *dó Meaning throat Khoe etymology 70 |Xaise dò Deti dó Cara dóḿ Tsixa dó Danisi dòḿ Cua dòḿ Kua dó Tsua dòḿ Hietshware dom; dhom "neck" Mohissa dum "neck" References Bleek 29; Dornan 92; Vossen 455. Number 71 Proto-East Khoe *gárà Meaning tree bark Khoe etymology 72 |Xaise gádà Deti gádá Cara gádà Tsixa gàdá Danisi gádá

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Kua gádà Tsua gàdá References Vossen 452. Number 72 Proto-East Khoe *ǵòbó Meaning navel Khoe etymology 73 |Xaise góbò Cara gòbó Tsixa gòbó Danisi gòbó Kua gòbó References Vossen 469. Number 73 Proto-East Khoe *ǵõẽ (?) Meaning kidney Khoe etymology 74 Hietshware ǯwenǯwe References Dornan 99. Number 74 Proto-East Khoe *ǵó Meaning cow, ox Khoe etymology 75 Tsixa gó Danisi góè Hietshware ǯube References Dornan 98; Vossen 478.

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Number 75 Proto-East Khoe *ǵu Meaning sheep Khoe etymology 76 |Xaise gù Deti gù Cara gù Tsixa gù Danisi gû Hietshware ǯu Sehura gu Mohissa dsúu References Bleek 32, 34; Dornan 98; Vossen 483. Number 76 Proto-East Khoe *ǵuni Meaning to hunt Khoe etymology 77 Deti gùnì Cara gúnì Tsixa gúní Danisi gúnì References Vossen 454. Number 77 Proto-East Khoe *ǵUre Meaning bark Khoe etymology 78 Hietshware ǯoree References Dornan 98.

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Number 78 Proto-East Khoe *hǎ Meaning to come Khoe etymology 79 |Xaise hǎ Deti hâ Cara hǎ Tsixa hâ Danisi hǎ Kua hâ Tsua hâ Hietshware ya References Dornan 112; Vossen 458. Number 79 Proto-East Khoe *haca Meaning four Khoe etymology 80 Deti hácà Cara hàcá References Vossen 503. Number 80 Proto-East Khoe *hàré Meaning to draw water Khoe etymology 81 |Xaise hàdè Deti hàdè Cara hàdè Tsixa hàdé Danisi hàdé

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References Vossen 451. Number 81 Proto-East Khoe *h Meaning to do Khoe etymology 82 |Xaise h Deti h Cara h Tsixa h Danisi h Kua h Tsua h Hietshware hie References Dornan 97; Vossen 465. Number 82 Proto-East Khoe *ḿ Meaning to smell Khoe etymology 83 |Xaise m Cara ḿ Tsixa m Kua ḿ Tsua m Hietshware hmee "to smell", hm tswi "to smell anything" References Dornan 97; Vossen 477-78. Number 83 Proto-East Khoe *[i]he- Meaning all

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Khoe etymology 84 Hietshware ihe; yie "entirely" (?) References Dornan 98, 112. Number 84 Proto-East Khoe *i Meaning this Khoe etymology 85 Deti h "this" (?) Cara ĭ "this" Danisi ī "this" Kua ĭ Tsua ĭ Hietshware e References Dornan 66; Vossen 252, 254, 255. Number 85 Proto-East Khoe *jábà Meaning to wish Khoe etymology 86 Cara yábá "to think" Tsixa yábà Danisi yábà References Vossen 501. Number 86 Proto-East Khoe *ʔjê Meaning hole Khoe etymology 87 |Xaise ʔyé Deti ʔyě

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Cara yě Tsixa y Danisi ʔy Kua ʔyé Tsua ʔíè Hietshware iee, ye References Dornan 98, 112; Vossen 432. Number 87 Proto-East Khoe *jì Meaning tree Khoe etymology 88 |Xaise ì Deti yì Cara yì Tsixa yì Danisi yì Kua yî Tsua yǐ Hietshware hii Sehura yi Mohissa i References Bleek 68, 69, 72; Dornan 97; Vossen 419. Number 88 Proto-East Khoe *ka Meaning to eat Khoe etymology 89 Hietshware ka References Dornan 99.

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Number 89 Proto-East Khoe *Kabi Meaning to turn over Khoe etymology 91 Hietshware gabi References Dornan 93. Number 90 Proto-East Khoe *káí Meaning big Khoe etymology 92 Deti káí References Vossen 445. Number 91 Proto-East Khoe *ḱô Meaning to refuse Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise kô Deti kó Cara kò Kua kô Tsua cô Hietshware tsoo References Dornan 111; Vossen 413. Number 92 Proto-East Khoe *ḱúrí Meaning year Khoe etymology 94 |Xaise kúdí

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Deti kúdí Cara kúdí Tsixa kúdí Danisi kúdí Kua kúdí Tsua cúdí Hietshware tšuri References Dornan 91; Vossen 454. Number 93 Proto-East Khoe *ḱÚḿ Meaning to hear, listen Khoe etymology 95 Deti kóḿ Cara kóḿ Tsixa kúḿ Danisi kúḿ Kua kúḿ Tsua cóḿ Hietshware tšom References Dornan 91; Vossen 452. Number 94 Proto-East Khoe *khara Meaning to spread (flat) Khoe etymology 96 Cara khàdà Danisi khádá References Vossen 419. Number 95

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Proto-East Khoe *ḱhǒ Meaning skin Khoe etymology 97 |Xaise khò Deti khò Cara khò Tsixa khǒ Danisi khǒ Cua chǒ Kua khǒ Tsua khǒ Hietshware tšo References Dornan 91; Vossen 448. Number 96 Proto-East Khoe *ḱhóé Meaning person Khoe etymology 98 |Xaise khóé Deti khóé Cara khóé Tsixa khóè Danisi khóè Kua khòé Tsua chòé Hietshware tšwa, tšowe References Dornan 91; Vossen 409. Number 97 Proto-East Khoe *će (*c-, *ḱ-) Meaning to pull Khoe etymology 481

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Hietshware tše References Dornan 90. Number 98 Proto-East Khoe *kʔâ Meaning to drink Khoe etymology 99 |Xaise kʔâ Deti kʔâ Cara kʔâ Tsixa kʔâ Danisi kxʔâ Kua kʔâ Tsua kʔâ Hietshware ǂkhaa References Dornan 102; Vossen 497. Number 99 Proto-East Khoe *k(ʔ)aba Meaning calabash, gourd Khoe etymology 100 Hietshware kabaa References Dornan 99. Number 100 Proto-East Khoe *kʔàí Meaning face; surface Khoe etymology 101 |Xaise kʔáí Deti kʔàí Cara kʔàí

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Kua kʔàí Tsua kʔàí Hietshware ǂkhuu (?) References Dornan 103; Vossen 442. Number 101 Proto-East Khoe *kʔá Meaning to laugh Khoe etymology 102 |Xaise kʔ Deti kʔ Cara kʔ Danisi kxʔ Kua kʔ Tsua kʔ Hietshware ǂkhaeyo "a laugh" References Dornan 102; Vossen 461. Number 102 Proto-East Khoe *kʔáḿ Meaning mouth Khoe etymology 104 |Xaise kʔáḿ Deti kʔàḿ Cara kʔáḿ Tsixa kʔáḿ Cua kʔáḿ Kua kʔàḿ Tsua kʔà Hietshware ǂkam References Dornan 100; Vossen 468.

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Number 103 Proto-East Khoe *kʔa Meaning vulture Khoe etymology 105 |Xaise kʔ Deti kʔ Cara kʔ Danisi kxʔ Kua kʔ Tsua kʔ References Vossen 441-42. Number 104 Proto-East Khoe *kʔáó Meaning arrow Khoe etymology 106 Tsixa kʔáó Danisi kxʔáó References Vossen 475. Number 105 Proto-East Khoe *kʔáò Meaning man, manly Khoe etymology 107 |Xaise kʔáò Deti kʔáó Cara kʔáò Tsixa kʔáò Danisi kxʔáò Kua kʔáò Tsua kʔáò

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Hietshware kau čo; gau "youth, young man" (?) Sehura ko References Bleek 96; Dornan 94; Vossen 465-6. Number 106 Proto-East Khoe *kʔárá Meaning impala Khoe etymology 108 |Xaise kʔádá Cara kʔádà Tsixa kʔádá Danisi kxʔàdá Kua kʔádá Hietshware karaa "rhebok" References Dornan 101; Vossen 453. Number 107 Proto-East Khoe *kʔáú Meaning bitter Khoe etymology 109 |Xaise kʔàú Deti kʔàú Cara kʔàú Danisi kxʔàú Kua kʔáú Tsua kʔáú References Vossen 424. Number 108 Proto-East Khoe *kʔ Meaning liver

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Khoe etymology 110 |Xaise kʔ Deti kʔ Cara kʔ Tsixa kʔ Danisi kxʔ Cua cʔ Kua cʔ Tsua cʔ Hietshware tše References Dornan 90; Vossen 462-63. Number 109 Proto-East Khoe *kʔ Meaning to cry, sound, weep Khoe etymology 111 |Xaise kʔě Deti cʔě Cara cʔě Tsixa kʔ Danisi cʔě Kua kʔé Tsua kʔé Hietshware ǂkee; ǂkeo "a cry" References Dornan 101, 102; Vossen 487-88. Number 110 Proto-East Khoe *kʔó Meaning (to eat) meat Khoe etymology 112 |Xaise kʔǒ Deti kʔǒ

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Cara kʔò Tsixa kʔó Danisi kxʔǒ Kua kʔó Tsua kʔó Hietshware koho Sehura $kohu Notes Hietšware k < *kx through dissimilation? References Bleek 688; Dornan 104; Vossen 433. Number 111 Proto-East Khoe *kʔóà Meaning new Khoe etymology 113 Deti kʔóá Cara kʔóá Tsixa kʔóà References Vossen 471. Number 112 Proto-East Khoe *kʔobó Meaning soft Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise kʔòbó Cara kʔòbó Danisi kxʔòbó Kua kʔóbó Tsua kʔóbó Hietshware khoboi References Dornan 103; Vossen 506.

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Number 113 Proto-East Khoe *kʔúnì Meaning louse Khoe etymology 114 |Xaise kʔúnì Deti kʔúnì Cara kʔúnì Tsixa kʔùní Kua kʔúnì Tsua kʔúnì References Vossen 462. Number 114 Proto-East Khoe *kʔúí Meaning to speak Khoe etymology 115 |Xaise kʔùí Deti kʔùí Cara kʔùí Tsixa kʔùí, kxʔùí Kua kʔúí Tsua kʔúí Hietshware |kwi References Dornan 105; Vossen 493. Number 115 Proto-East Khoe *kʔṹ Meaning to live Khoe etymology 116 |Xaise kʔṹ Deti kʔṹ Cara kʔṹ

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Tsixa kʔṹ Danisi kxʔṹ Kua kʔṹ Tsua kʔṹ Hietshware kwia References Dornan 105; Vossen 462. Number 116 Proto-East Khoe *mâ Meaning head Khoe etymology 117 |Xaise mâ Deti má Cara má Danisi mà Cua mâ Kua mâ Hietshware hma References Dornan 97; Vossen 458-59. Number 117 Proto-East Khoe *má Meaning who? Khoe etymology 119 Deti má Cara má Tsixa má(é) Danisi má(é) Kua má References Vossen 265-267.

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Number 118 Proto-East Khoe *mí Meaning to say Khoe etymology 120 Cara mí Hietshware me References Dornan 106; Vossen 480-81. Number 119 Proto-East Khoe *m Meaning to see Khoe etymology 121 |Xaise m Deti m Cara m Tsixa m Danisi m Kua m Tsua m Hietshware moe "to be visible", moo "to see" References Dornan 106; Vossen 490. Number 120 Proto-East Khoe *nV Meaning interr. base Khoe etymology 122 Cara ná "who?" Tsixa né "what?" Kua nǎ "who?", ná "what?" Hietshware na-re "who?", na-te "what?" References Dornan 65; Vossen 265-267.

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Number 121 Proto-East Khoe *úè Meaning to answer Khoe etymology 123 Tsua ʔúè Hietshware wee References Dornan 112; Vossen 416. Number 122 Proto-East Khoe *pá Meaning to bite Khoe etymology 124 |Xaise pá Deti pá Cara pá Tsixa pá Danisi pá Kua pá Tsua pá Hietshware pha References Baucom 30; Dornan 108; Vossen 422. Number 123 Proto-East Khoe *pê Meaning to jump Khoe etymology 125 |Xaise pé Deti pé Cara pé Tsixa pé-ré-'ò "to jump over" Danisi pê

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Kua pê Tsua pê Hietshware pee References Bleek 157; Dornan 108; Vossen 493; Vossen 1998: 294. Number 124 Proto-East Khoe *pî Meaning milk Khoe etymology 126 |Xaise pî Deti pí Cara pí Tsixa pî Danisi pî Kua pí Tsua pî Hietshware pii Sehura pi, pii References Bleek 158; Dornan 108; Vossen 469. Number 125 Proto-East Khoe *qâ Meaning to glow, melt Khoe etymology 127 Tsixa qâ(-sì) Danisi qâ(-sì) References Vossen 443. Number 126 Proto-East Khoe *qà Meaning gall, bile

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Khoe etymology 128 Tsixa qàḿ Danisi qà References Vossen 440. Number 127 Proto-East Khoe *qárí Meaning good, pleasant Khoe etymology 129 Tsua qádí References Vossen 445. Number 128 Proto-East Khoe *qóǹ Meaning to stir Khoe etymology 130 Danisi qóǹ References Vossen 498. Number 129 Proto-East Khoe *sa Meaning 1 to refuse, decline; 2 to miss Khoe etymology 131 |Xaise sá 2 Deti sǎ2 Cara sá 2 Tsixa sá 1, 2 Danisi sá 1, 2 Kua sá 2 Tsua sá 2 References Vossen 413, 500-501.

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Number 130 Proto-East Khoe *sá Meaning thou (f.) Khoe etymology 132 |Xaise sá Deti sá Cara sá Tsixa sá Danisi sá Cua šá (Nata), sá (Letakana) Kua sá Tsua sá References Vossen 234-250. Number 131 Proto-East Khoe *s Meaning to rest Khoe etymology 133 |Xaise s Cara s Tsixa s Danisi s Kua s Tsua s Hietshware sa, saa References Dornan 108; Vossen 419. Number 132 Proto-East Khoe *sáḿ Meaning breast (female)

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Khoe etymology 134 |Xaise sáḿ Deti sàḿ Cara sáḿ Cua sá Kua sàḿ Tsua sá Hietshware sa References Dornan 108; Vossen 438. Number 133 Proto-East Khoe *sáò Meaning your father Khoe etymology 135 |Xaise sáó Deti sá Cara sà Tsixa só Danisi só References Vossen 499-500. Number 134 Proto-East Khoe *sê Meaning to take Khoe etymology 137 |Xaise sê Deti sê Cara sê Danisi sê Kua sê Tsua sê Hietshware se

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References Dornan 108; Vossen 471. Number 135 Proto-East Khoe *ca-m (m.), *sa-m (f.), *kha-m (c.) Meaning we (excl. dual) Khoe etymology 138 |Xaise cáḿ (m.d.); sáḿ (f.d.); kháḿ (c.d.) Deti ʔà-cáḿ (m.d.); ʔà-sáḿ (f.d.); ʔà-kháḿ (c.d.) Cara ʒáḿ (m.d.); sáḿ (f.d.); kháḿ (c.d.) Tsixa cúḿ (m.d.); súḿ (f.d.); khúḿ (c.d.) Danisi cúḿ (m.d.); súḿ (f.d.); kháḿ (c.d.) Cua cábè (m.d.); sábè (f.d.); khábè (c.d.) Kua cábè (m.d.); sábè (f.d.); khábè (c.d.) Tsua cábè (m.d.); sábè (f.d.); khábè (c.d.) References Vossen 234-250. Number 136 Proto-East Khoe *sírì Meaning your mother Khoe etymology 139 |Xaise sídì Deti sídí Cara sìdì Tsixa sídí Danisi sídí References Vossen 469. Number 137 Proto-East Khoe *so Meaning lung Khoe etymology 140

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|Xaise cò Deti sò Kua só Tsua sô Hietshware šoo References Dornan 109; Vossen 465. Number 138 Proto-East Khoe *sô Meaning to cut (with knife) Khoe etymology 141 Tsixa sô Danisi sô References Vossen 487. Number 139 Proto-East Khoe *só Meaning shade, shadow Khoe etymology 142 |Xaise só Deti só Cara só Tsixa só Danisi só Kua sú Tsua sú Hietshware šo References Dornan 109; Vossen 484. Number 140 Proto-East Khoe *sórò

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Meaning iguana Khoe etymology 143 |Xaise sódò Deti sódò Cara sódò Kua sódò Tsua sódò Hietshware šoro References Dornan 109; Vossen 463. Number 141 Proto-East Khoe *súbú Meaning to be light (in weight) Khoe etymology 144 Deti sùbú Cara súbú Tsixa súbú Danisi súbú Kua súbú References Vossen 463. Number 142 Proto-East Khoe *súnù Meaning to breathe, inhale Khoe etymology 145 Danisi súnù References Vossen 417. Number 143 Proto-East Khoe *tan Meaning to stand up, rise

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Khoe etymology 146 |Xaise tàǹ Cara tàǹ Tsixa tàǹ Danisi tàǹ Cua táń Kua táń Tsua tàǹ Hietshware than "to stand by, wake up" References Dornan 110; Vossen 418. Number 144 Proto-East Khoe *táó Meaning to trample Khoe etymology 147 |Xaise táó Deti tàó Cara táó Tsixa táó Danisi táó Kua táó Tsua táó References Vossen 494. Number 145 Proto-East Khoe *te Meaning to stand Khoe etymology 148 Deti tě Cara tè Tsixa t Danisi té

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Kua té Tsua tè Hietshware the References Dornan 110; Vossen 495. Number 146 Proto-East Khoe *tantabV (?) Meaning butterfly Khoe etymology 150 Hietshware thanta bure References Dornan 110. Number 147 Proto-East Khoe *t Meaning thigh Khoe etymology 151 |Xaise t Cara t Tsixa t Danisi t Cua t Hietshware tee References Dornan 109; Vossen 473. Number 148 Proto-East Khoe *tí[-re]/*tá Meaning I, me Khoe etymology 152 |Xaise tá Deti tá Cara tá

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Tsixa tí Danisi tá Cua tyíre (Nata), tyé (Letakana) Kua kyé, kyédì Tsua kyé, kyédè Hietshware tši References Dornan 90; Vossen 234, 238, 239, etc.. Number 149 Proto-East Khoe *tó Meaning to swallow Khoe etymology 153 |Xaise tó Cara tó Tsixa tó Danisi tó Kua tú Tsua tó Hietshware tho References Dornan 110; Vossen 502. Number 150 Proto-East Khoe *tú Meaning rain; to rain Khoe etymology 154 |Xaise tú Deti tǔ Cara tú Tsixa tú Danisi tú Kua tú Tsua tú

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Hietshware tu Sehura tu References Dornan 111; Vossen 477. Number 151 Proto-East Khoe *thàḿ Meaning soft Khoe etymology 155 |Xaise thà Deti thàḿ Cara thàḿ Tsixa thàḿ Danisi thàḿ Kua thàḿ Tsua thàḿ References Vossen 506. Number 152 Proto-East Khoe *thau Meaning ashes Khoe etymology 156 Danisi thàú References Vossen 416. Number 153 Proto-East Khoe *thǔ Meaning night Khoe etymology 157 Cara thǔ Tsixa thǔ Danisi thǔ

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References Vossen 470. Number 154 Proto-East Khoe *th Meaning to hurt, ache Khoe etymology 158 |Xaise th Deti thṹ Cara th Danisi th Kua th Tsua th Hietshware thoo "to be sorry for; mercy, pain" References Dornan 110; Vossen 485. Number 155 Proto-East Khoe *thùí Meaning wound Khoe etymology 159 |Xaise thùí Deti thùí Cara thùí Tsixa thùí Danisi thùí Kua thùí References Vossen 508-9. Number 156 Proto-East Khoe *thùrú Meaning to skin, plume, shed skin (of snake) Khoe etymology 160

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|Xaise thùdú Tsixa thùdú Danisi thùdú Kua thùdú Tsua thùdú References Vossen 448. Number 157 Proto-East Khoe *tʔǎ Meaning to cut (with axe) Khoe etymology 161 |Xaise tʔá Deti tʔǎ Cara tʔǎ Kua tʔǎ Tsua tʔǎ Hietshware tha "to carve, cut" References Dornan 109; Vossen 487. Number 158 Proto-East Khoe *tʔèré Meaning to be rotten; lazy Khoe etymology 162 |Xaise tʔàdé Tsixa tʔd Danisi tʔédé References Vossen 434. Number 159 Proto-East Khoe *tʔṹ Meaning good, pretty

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Khoe etymology 163 |Xaise tʔṹ Deti tʔṹ Tsixa tʔṹ Danisi tʔṹ Kua tʔṹ Tsua tʔṹ Hietshware twenye "fine, pretty" References Dornan 111; Vossen 445-46. Number 160 Proto-East Khoe *tê Meaning bow Khoe etymology 164 Cara tê Danisi tê Kua tê Tsua tê Sehura dä References Bleek 23; Vossen 454. Number 161 Proto-East Khoe *tUe Meaning to move away, move out, fly Khoe etymology 165 |Xaise tòé Cara tòé Danisi tòé Kua túè Tsua túè Hietshware dhwe "to remove"; twe "to remove one's residence" References Dornan 92, 111; Vossen 505.

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Number 162 Proto-East Khoe *xá Meaning to swell Khoe etymology 166 |Xaise x Deti x Cara x Tsixa x Danisi x Kua x Tsua x Hietshware haie References Dornan 97; Vossen 490. Number 163 Proto-East Khoe *xáḿ Meaning lion Khoe etymology 167 |Xaise xà Deti xàḿ Cara xáḿ Tsixa xáḿ Danisi xáḿ Kua xáḿ Tsua xáḿ Hietshware kham, hōm Sehura cham References Bleek 256; Dornan 97, 102; Vossen 465. Number 164

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Proto-East Khoe *xóḿ Meaning ground, soil, sand Khoe etymology 169 |Xaise xóḿ Deti xòḿ Cara xóḿ Tsixa xóḿ Danisi xóḿ Kua xóḿ Tsua xóḿ Hietshware hom "sand" Sehura chum "boundary" References Bleek 261; Dornan 97; Vossen 426. Number 165 Proto-East Khoe *xú Meaning thing Khoe etymology 170 |Xaise xú Deti xú Cara xú Tsixa xû Danisi xû Kua xú Tsua xú Hietshware ghu, huu References Dornan 95, 98; Vossen 428. Number 166 Proto-East Khoe *xú Meaning to leave behind Khoe etymology 171

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|Xaise xú Deti xú Cara xú Danisi xú Kua xú Tsua xú Hietshware huu References Dornan 98; Vossen 510. Number 167 Proto-East Khoe *xúń Meaning to grind Khoe etymology 172 |Xaise xúń Deti xùń Cara xúń Tsixa xúń Danisi xúń Kua xùń Tsua xùń Hietshware khon References Dornan 103; Vossen 509. Number 168 Proto-East Khoe *xúnì Meaning to blow the nose; snot, mucus Khoe etymology 173 Cara xúní Danisi xúnì References Vossen 486.

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Number 169 Proto-East Khoe *ʒèrá Meaning bird Khoe etymology 174 |Xaise ʒédà Deti ʒàdà Cara ʒàdà Tsixa ʒìdá Danisi ʒàdá Kua ʒédá Tsua ʒédà Hietshware zera References Dornan 112; Vossen 503. Number 170 Proto-East Khoe *ʒàró Meaning to gather Khoe etymology 175 Deti ʒàdò Tsixa ʒódó Danisi ʒádó Hietshware zara "to select"; zaro "to clean corn" (?) References Dornan 112; Vossen 417. Number 171 Proto-East Khoe *ʒau Meaning omen Khoe etymology 176 |Xaise ʒáù Cara ʒáú Danisi ʒàú Kua ʒàú

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Tsua ʒàú Hietshware zau "an evil omen" References Dornan 112; Vossen 504. Number 172 Proto-East Khoe *ʒ Meaning foot Khoe etymology 177 |Xaise ʒ Deti ʒ Cara ʒ Tsixa ʒ Danisi ʒ References Vossen 440. Number 173 Proto-East Khoe *ʒírà Meaning to suffer Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise ʒídà Cara ʒídà Tsixa ʒídà Danisi ʒídà Kua ʒídà Tsua ʒídà References Vossen 463. Number 174 Proto-East Khoe *ʒìrí Meaning monkey Khoe etymology 178

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Proto-East Khoe *aro Meaning ostrich Khoe etymology 207 |Xaise ádó Deti ádó Cara àdò Tsixa àdò Danisi ádò Kua àdó Tsua àdó Hietshware |garo References Dornan 94; Vossen 496. Number 204 Proto-East Khoe * Meaning vagina Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise Deti Cara Cua Tsua References Vossen 499. Number 205 Proto-East Khoe *ínì Meaning fly (n.) Khoe etymology 208 |Xaise ínì Deti ínì Cara ínì Tsixa ínì

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Danisi íní Kua ínì Tsua íní Hietshware |genee References Dornan 95; Vossen 436. Number 206 Proto-East Khoe *írì Meaning fox Khoe etymology 209 |Xaise ídì Deti ídè Tsixa ídè Danisi ídè Tsua ídè Hietshware |gire "silver jackal" References Dornan 95; Vossen 439. Number 207 Proto-East Khoe *òḿ Meaning to pull out Khoe etymology 210 |Xaise ù Deti òḿ Cara ùḿ Kua òḿ Tsua òḿ Hietshware gom "to pull up" References Dornan 95; Vossen 449. Number 208

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Tsua |ʔṹ Hietshware |goo References Dornan 96; Vossen 497. Number 219 Proto-East Khoe *ámì Meaning to throw (in the air) Khoe etymology 226 |Xaise námí Kua nímì References Vossen 507. Number 220 Proto-East Khoe * Meaning duiker Khoe etymology 227 Tsixa náò Danisi n Hietshware khoa (?); goowah (Sel.) (? < *ŋoa?) (?) Sehura ñóa Notes Irregular vocalism in Tsixa. References Bleek 49, 148; Dornan 103; Vossen 429. Number 221 Proto-East Khoe *é Meaning this Khoe etymology 228 Tsixa né Kua ní Tsua ní References Vossen 251, 252, 253, 254, 255.

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Number 222 Proto-East Khoe *óá Meaning to cook Khoe etymology 230 |Xaise óá Deti nòá Cara óá Tsixa óá Danisi óá References Vossen 458. Number 223 Proto-East Khoe *òá Meaning red, brown Khoe etymology 231 |Xaise |òá Deti óá Cara |òá Danisi |òá References Vossen 479. Number 224 Proto-East Khoe *û Meaning leg Khoe etymology 232 |Xaise û Deti nú Cara ú Tsixa û Danisi û

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References Vossen 444. Number 228 Proto-East Khoe *úmá Meaning to kiss Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise númá Deti númá Cara númá Kua númá Tsua númá Hietshware ñgoma References Dornan 107; Vossen 461. Number 229 Proto-East Khoe *$nUm (?) Meaning beard Khoe etymology 236 Sehura $nosum (?) References Bleek 689. Number 230 Proto-East Khoe *|a Meaning belly, stomach Khoe etymology 237 |Xaise |à Deti |â Cara |ǎ Tsixa |â Danisi |ǎ Cua |ǎ

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Number 242 Proto-East Khoe *|xúrí Meaning seed Khoe etymology 248 Deti |xúdí Cara |xúdí Danisi |xúdí Kua |xúdí Tsua |xúdí Hietshware |khuri "a grain of seed" References Dornan 103; Vossen 480. Number 243 Proto-East Khoe *ć Meaning to enter Khoe etymology 251 |Xaise ć Deti ć Cara ć Tsixa ǂ Danisi ć Kua ky Tsua ky Hietshware tšaa References Dornan 90; Vossen 450. Number 244 Proto-East Khoe *ćáó Meaning heart Khoe etymology 252 |Xaise ćóó

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Deti ćàó Cara ćáó Tsixa ǂáó Danisi ćáó Cua ćó Kua kyó Tsua kyô Hietshware tšoo References Dornan 91; Vossen 449. Number 245 Proto-East Khoe *ćé Meaning ear Khoe etymology 254 |Xaise ćé Deti ćé Cara ćé Tsixa ǂé Danisi ćé Cua ćé Kua kyê Tsua kyê Hietshware tšee Sehura tse Mohissa tschië References Bleek 214, 229; Dornan 90; Vossen 474. Number 246 Proto-East Khoe *ćí Meaning to call Khoe etymology 255 |Xaise ćí

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Tsixa ǂí Danisi ćí Kua kyí Tsua kí Hietshware tšii References Dornan 90; Vossen 480. Number 247 Proto-East Khoe *ći Meaning to be ill Khoe etymology 256 |Xaise ćǐ Deti ćî Cara ćǐ Tsixa ǂî Danisi ćî Cua kyǐ Hietshware tšii Sehura tsi "ill" References Bleek 217; Dornan 90; Vossen 459. Number 248 Proto-East Khoe *ćo Meaning placenta Khoe etymology 257 Cara ćô Tsixa ǂǒ References Vossen 469. Number 249 Proto-East Khoe *ćónà

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Meaning crocodile Khoe etymology 258 |Xaise ćòná Deti ćóanà Cara ćòná Tsixa ǂòná Danisi ǂʔóaná Tsua ćónà Hietshware tšenaa References Bleek 228; Dornan 90; Vossen 460. Number 250 Proto-East Khoe *ćú Meaning head Khoe etymology 259 Tsixa ǂú, ćú References Vossen 458. Number 251 Proto-East Khoe *ćṹ Meaning to roast Khoe etymology 260 |Xaise ćṹ Deti ćṹ Cara ćṹ Tsixa ǂṹ Danisi ćṹ Kua ćṹ Tsua kyũ Hietshware tšoo References Dornan 91; Vossen 478-9.

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Number 252 Proto-East Khoe *ć Meaning to buy Khoe etymology 261 Tsixa ć Kua ky Tsua ky Hietshware tšou References Dornan 91; Vossen 433. Number 253 Proto-East Khoe *ćúì Meaning nose Khoe etymology 262 |Xaise ćúì Deti ćúí Cara ćúí Tsixa ǂúì Danisi ćúì Cua ćúì Kua ćúì Tsua ćúì Hietshware tšui Sehura tsui Mohissa tschui References Bleek 221, 236; Dornan 91; Vossen 471. Number 254 Proto-East Khoe *ʔjâ Meaning reed Khoe etymology 263

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|Xaise ʔyâ Deti ʔyâ Cara ʔyâ Kua ʔíà Mohissa ia "arrow" References Bleek 68; Vossen 478. Number 255 Proto-East Khoe *ʔjá Meaning upper side Khoe etymology 264 |Xaise ʔyí Deti ʔyáḿ Cara ʔyá Kua ʔí Tsua ʔí Hietshware nyimo "above" References Dornan 107; Vossen 473. Number 256 Proto-East Khoe *ʔjàń Meaning to know, think Khoe etymology 265 |Xaise ʔyàń Cara ʔyàń Danisi ʔyàń Hietshware nyin "to think" References Dornan 107; Vossen 428. Number 257 Proto-East Khoe *ʔj

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Meaning wind Khoe etymology 266 |Xaise ʔy Deti ʔy Cara ʔy Tsixa ǂʔ Danisi ʔy Kua ʔy Tsua ʔy Hietshware nyaa References Dornan 107; Vossen 507. Number 258 Proto-East Khoe *ʔjô Meaning a k. of tree (Combretum imberbe) Khoe etymology 268 |Xaise ʔyô Deti ʔyô Cara ʔyô Kua ʔyô Tsua ʔíò References Vossen 420. Number 259 Proto-East Khoe *ʔjóà Meaning to ask Khoe etymology 269 |Xaise ʔyóá Deti ʔyóá Cara ʔyóá Tsixa ǂʔóà Danisi ʔyóà

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Kua ʔyúà Tsua ʔyúà Hietshware yowa References Dornan 112; Vossen 438. Number 260 Proto-East Khoe *ʔjó Meaning baobab Khoe etymology 270 |Xaise ʔyí Cara ʔyó Danisi ʔyú References Vossen 414. Number 261 Proto-East Khoe *ʔj Meaning to eat (not meat) Khoe etymology 271 |Xaise ʔy Deti ʔy Cara ʔy Tsixa ǂʔ Danisi ʔy Kua ʔy Tsua ʔy Hietshware nyoo "to eat grass, graze, sit down to food, eat" Sehura iuŋke References Bleek 70; Dornan 108; Vossen 433. Number 262 Proto-East Khoe *ʔjíbí

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Meaning egg; testicle Khoe etymology 272 Deti ʔyùbì Cara ʔyìbí Tsixa ǂʔùbí "Hodensack" Kua ʔíbí "Hoden, Ei, Penis" Tsua ʔíbí "Hoden, Ei, Penis" Hietshware ibi References Dornan 98; Vossen 451. Number 263 Proto-East Khoe *aú (?) Meaning a k. of bird (Hornrabe) Khoe etymology 273 Tsixa dáú Danisi gàú References Vossen 452-3. Number 264 Proto-East Khoe *ǒ Meaning springhare Khoe etymology 274 |Xaise ò Cara ò Danisi dyô Tsua kyǒ Hietshware ǯoo; ǯobi "hare" (if not a Bantu borrowing) References Dornan 98; Vossen 493. Number 265 Proto-East Khoe *óà

101

Meaning ashes Khoe etymology 275 |Xaise óá Cara òà Tsixa dyúà Danisi dyúà Kua óá Tsua ùá Hietshware ǯoaa References Dornan 98; Vossen 417. Number 266 Proto-East Khoe *$úbè Meaning a k. of bag Khoe etymology 276 Sehura $gube "leather bag" References Bleek 688. Number 267 Proto-East Khoe *ć(h)a[-ba] Meaning flat; wide Khoe etymology 277 |Xaise ćèbá Deti ćábá Cara ćàbá Danisi ǂgábá Kua ǂébà References Vossen 426. Number 268 Proto-East Khoe *ćh(a)i (??)

102

Meaning springbok Khoe etymology 278 Sehura tsi References Bleek 216. Number 269 Proto-East Khoe *ćháó Meaning to be ashamed Khoe etymology 279 Deti chàó Cara ćhàó Tsixa ǂháó Danisi ćháó References Vossen 483. Number 270 Proto-East Khoe *ćháù Meaning a k. of tree (Combretum mechowianum) Khoe etymology 280 Cara ćháù Danisi ćháù References Vossen 420. Number 271 Proto-East Khoe *ćom Meaning locust Khoe etymology 281 |Xaise ćòmà Deti ćú Cara ćòḿ Tsixa ćó

103

Danisi ćòḿ Hietshware tšim, ǯim References Dornan 90, 98; Vossen 449. Number 272 Proto-East Khoe *ćhùní Meaning elbow Khoe etymology 282 |Xaise ćhùní Deti ćhúní Cara ćhòní Tsixa ćùné Danisi ćhùní Hietshware tšuni References Dornan 91; Vossen 430-431. Number 273 Proto-East Khoe *ćʔě Meaning spit; to spit Khoe etymology 283 |Xaise ćʔě Deti cʔě Danisi ćʔàé Kua ćʔê "spittle" Tsua ćʔé Hietshware tšee References Dornan 90; Vossen 492-3. Number 274 Proto-East Khoe *ćʔoa Meaning to exit

104

Khoe etymology 284 |Xaise ćʔòà Deti ćʔòá Cara ćʔòá Tsixa ǂʔóá Danisi ćʔóá Kua ćʔóá Tsua ćʔóá Hietshware tšwa References Dornan 91; Vossen 450. Number 275 Proto-East Khoe *ńỺḿ Meaning to whistle Khoe etymology 287 Deti ńúḿ Cara ńáḿ Tsixa ńúḿ Danisi ńúḿ Kua ńíḿ Tsua ńíḿ Hietshware koni nyim References Dornan 104; Vossen 475. Number 276 Proto-East Khoe *nóró Meaning back Khoe etymology 288 Deti yódó Cara yódó Tsixa ódò Danisi ndyódó

105

Kua yódó References Vossen 479. Number 277 Proto-East Khoe *ńÚ Meaning to form, make Khoe etymology 289 Deti ńú Cara ńó Tsixa ńú Danisi ńú Tsua ńí Hietshware njim References Dornan 107; Vossen 438. Number 278 Proto-East Khoe *nú Meaning black Khoe etymology 290 |Xaise nú Deti yǔ Cara yú Tsixa ú Danisi ndú Kua ú Tsua dú Hietshware due "to become dark"; ǯu "darkness", ǯunye "black" References Dornan 92, 98, 99; Vossen 488. Number 279 Proto-East Khoe *ńṹ

106

Meaning to sit, sit down Khoe etymology 291 |Xaise ńṹ Deti ń Cara ńú Tsixa ńú Danisi ńú Kua ńṹ Tsua ń Hietshware nyo References Dornan 107; Vossen 491. Number 280 Proto-East Khoe *núí Meaning vagina Khoe etymology 292 Tsixa úí Danisi ndyúí References Vossen 499. Number 281 Proto-East Khoe *ńUm Meaning coal Khoe etymology 293 Tsixa ńóḿ Danisi ńú References Vossen 451-2. Number 282 Proto-East Khoe *ńúní Meaning mouse

107

Khoe etymology 294 Danisi ńúní References Vossen 476. Number 283 Proto-East Khoe *ćá Meaning marrow Khoe etymology 296 |Xaise ć Cara ć Danisi ǂqáè References Vossen 466. Number 284 Proto-East Khoe *ćxâ Meaning to cut up (animals) Khoe etymology 297 Tsixa ćxâ Danisi ćxâ References Vossen 417. Number 285 Proto-East Khoe *ćxana Meaning snot Khoe etymology 298 Deti ćxàná Cua ćxónà Kua ćxànà References Vossen 479.

108

Number 286 Proto-East Khoe *ćxáí Meaning eye; to wake up Khoe etymology 299 |Xaise ćáí Deti ćxàí Cara ćxáí Tsixa ǂxáí "im Tiefschlaf liegen" (?) Danisi ćxáí Cua ćxáí Kua ćxàí Tsua ćxàí Hietshware tšaii Sehura xtsai Mohissa tšxai References Bleek 238, 260; Dornan 90; Vossen 418. Number 287 Proto-East Khoe *ćxóà Meaning elephant Khoe etymology 300 |Xaise ćóà Deti ćxóá Cara ćxóá Tsixa ćxòà Danisi ćxóà Kua ćxóà Tsua ćxóà Hietshware tšowa References Dornan 91; Vossen 430. Number 288

109

Proto-East Khoe *ćxóḿ Meaning to mix Khoe etymology 301 |Xaise ćhóḿ Cara ćxóḿ Danisi ćxó Kua ćxóḿ Tsua ćxóḿ References Vossen 467. Number 289 Proto-East Khoe *ćxũ Meaning brain Khoe etymology 302 Deti ćxṹ Cara ćṹ Tsixa ǂx Danisi ćx Kua ćx References Vossen 441. Number 290 Proto-East Khoe *ká Meaning to wish, want Khoe etymology 303 Deti ká Cara ká Tsixa ká Danisi ká Kua ká Tsua ká Hietshware kaa

110

References Dornan 99; Vossen 496. Number 291 Proto-East Khoe *abV Meaning to ride Khoe etymology 304 Hietshware abo References Dornan 88. Number 292 Proto-East Khoe *káé Meaning to bind Khoe etymology 305 |Xaise káé Deti káé Cara káé Danisi káé Kua káé Tsua káé Hietshware kae References Dornan 99; Vossen 423. Number 293 Proto-East Khoe *kae Meaning apron Khoe etymology 306 Mohissa kaḗ References Bleek 76. Number 294

111

Proto-East Khoe *ká Meaning good Khoe etymology 307 |Xaise k Deti k Cara k Tsixa k Danisi k Kua k Tsua k Hietshware kaie "to be agreeable, nice, pretty" References Dornan 100; Vossen 445. Number 295 Proto-East Khoe *kam Meaning penis Khoe etymology 308 Cua káḿ References Vossen 474. Number 296 Proto-East Khoe *kámà Meaning to track Khoe etymology 309 |Xaise kámá Deti kámá Cara kámá Tsixa kámà Danisi kámà Kua kámà Hietshware kamaa "to follow after" References Dornan 100; Vossen 501.

112

Number 297 Proto-East Khoe *kánú Meaning metal Khoe etymology 310 Cara kánú References Vossen 467. Number 298 Proto-East Khoe *káó Meaning to throw down Khoe etymology 312 Kua káó Tsua káó Hietshware kaoo References Dornan 101; Vossen 434. Number 299 Proto-East Khoe *káò Meaning long Khoe etymology 313 Deti káò Cara káó Tsixa káò Danisi káò Kua !áò Tsua !áò Notes The Kua and Tsua forms must have been re-borrowed from

West Central Khoe (the alveolar click is regularly dropped in these languages). References Vossen 461-62.

113

Number 300 Proto-East Khoe *kare Meaning to cut (meat in stripes) Khoe etymology 314 |Xaise kádé Deti kàdè Cara kàdè Tsixa kádé Danisi kàdè Kua kádè Tsua kádè Hietshware kare References Dornan 101; Vossen 486-7. Number 301 Proto-East Khoe *kárí Meaning hard Khoe etymology 315 Deti kádí Cara kádí Tsixa kádí Danisi kádí Kua kádí Tsua kádí Hietshware karie "thick, strong" References Dornan 101; Vossen 447. Number 302 Proto-East Khoe *káù Meaning to remain Khoe etymology 316

114

|Xaise káù Deti káú Tsixa kàù Danisi káù Kua káù Tsua káù Hietshware kau References Dornan 101; Vossen 425. Number 303 Proto-East Khoe *KaU Meaning cheetah Khoe etymology 317 Hietshware khao References Dornan 102. Number 304 Proto-East Khoe *kóḿ Meaning heavy Khoe etymology 318 |Xaise kóḿ Deti kóḿ Cara kóḿ Tsixa kúḿ Danisi kúḿ Kua kóḿ Tsua kúḿ References Vossen 490. Number 305 Proto-East Khoe *k

115

Meaning to go, walk Khoe etymology 319 |Xaise k Deti k Cara k Tsixa k Danisi k Kua k Tsua k Hietshware kho Sehura $kung kḗta "to go away" References Bleek 689; Dornan 103; Vossen 441. Number 306 Proto-East Khoe *$uV Meaning millipede Khoe etymology 320 Hietshware ǁkuao "millipede, centipede" Sehura $kuan$kuani References Bleek 689; Dornan 105. Number 307 Proto-East Khoe *kúrù Meaning knee Khoe etymology 321 |Xaise (kú)kúdù Cara (kú)kúdù Hietshware kukuru References Dornan 105; Vossen 457. Number 308

116

Proto-East Khoe *a Meaning to understand Khoe etymology 322 Hietshware aa References Dornan 88. Number 309 Proto-East Khoe * Meaning to know Khoe etymology 323 |Xaise ʔ Deti ʔ Cara ʔ Tsixa ʔ Danisi ʔ Kua ʔ Tsua ʔ Hietshware an References Dornan 89; Vossen 507-8. Number 310 Proto-East Khoe *aba Meaning to climb Khoe etymology 476 Hietshware aba (Mg.) References Meingard 1963: 102. Number 311 Proto-East Khoe *áò Meaning to be afraid Khoe etymology 324

117

|Xaise ʔáó Deti ʔáò Cara ʔáò Danisi ʔáò Kua ʔáò Tsua ʔáò Hietshware au(o); ao "to dodge", ao tšo "coward", aoao "to frighten" References Dornan 89; Vossen 439. Number 312 Proto-East Khoe *au Meaning to cry out (of joy) Khoe etymology 325 Cara ʔàú 'herausschreien' Kua ʔáú References Vossen 417-18. Number 313 Proto-East Khoe *ṍ Meaning to carry Khoe etymology 326 Cara ʔṍ "to carry a baby in a sling" Danisi ʔòàná References Vossen 497. Number 314 Proto-East Khoe *!ʔú (?) Meaning white Khoe etymology 328 Kua !ʔǔ Tsua !ʔú

118

Notes A very dubious form for Proto-East Khoe, since the alveolar click is regularly dropped in all East Khoe languages. Most probably, the attested forms are re-borrowings from a West Khoe source.

References Vossen 506. Number 315 Proto-East Khoe *úè Meaning leopard Khoe etymology 329 |Xaise ʔóé Danisi ʔúè Kua ʔúè Tsua ʔúè Hietshware uwe; ue "a red wild cat" References Dornan 112; Vossen 463-464. Number 316 Proto-East Khoe *úì Meaning evening Khoe etymology 330 |Xaise ʔúì Cara ʔúí Tsixa ʔúì Danisi ʔúì Hietshware hwi |ka; wi-ka "afternoon" References Dornan 98, 112; Vossen 413. Number 317 Proto-East Khoe *ga Meaning needle, nail Khoe etymology 331

119

|Xaise gà Deti gá Cara gà Danisi gâ Kua gà Tsua gâ Hietshware gaa Mohissa kă References Bleek 41; Dornan 93; Vossen 470. Number 318 Proto-East Khoe *gai Meaning puff-adder Khoe etymology 332 Kua gàí 'Schlangenart' Hietshware gaii References Dornan 93; Vossen 145. Number 319 Proto-East Khoe *gà Meaning steenbok Khoe etymology 333 |Xaise g "dikdik" Deti g "Riedbock" Cara g "dikdik" Kua g Tsua g "dikdik" Hietshware gaie Sehura ga References Bleek 41; Dornan 93; Vossen 415-16.

120

Number 320 Proto-East Khoe *gam Meaning to throw Khoe etymology 335 Cara gàḿ Tsixa gàḿ Danisi gàḿ Kua gá Tsua gá Hietshware gam "to cast away" References Dornan 94; Vossen 507. Number 321 Proto-East Khoe *gàní Meaning chin Khoe etymology 336 |Xaise gànì Deti gàní Cara gàní Tsixa gàní Danisi gàní Kua gàní Tsua gàní Hietshware gane "beard"; ghanee "chin, jaw" References Dornan 94, 95; Vossen 456. Number 322 Proto-East Khoe *gàò Meaning to search, look for Khoe etymology 337 Deti gàò Cara gàò

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Tsixa gàò Danisi gàò References Vossen 491. Number 323 Proto-East Khoe *garV Meaning stump Khoe etymology 338 Hietshware garinye References Dornan 94. Number 324 Proto-East Khoe *go Meaning aardvark Khoe etymology 340 Deti gó Cara gô Kua gô Tsua gǒ Hietshware go "antbear" References Dornan 95; Vossen 431-32. Number 325 Proto-East Khoe *gó Meaning to blow Khoe etymology 341 |Xaise gó "to smoke" Deti gòḿ Cara góḿ Danisi gó Kua góḿ

122

Tsua gòḿ "to smoke" Hietshware go References Dornan 96; Vossen 424, 477. Number 326 Proto-East Khoe *Kue Meaning frog Khoe etymology 343 Hietshware kwee "bullfrog" References Dornan 105. Number 327 Proto-East Khoe *!gùí Meaning rope Khoe etymology 344 |Xaise gùí Deti gùí Cara gùí Danisi gùí Kua gùí Tsua gùí Hietshware gwii "grass string" References Dornan 97; Vossen 487. Number 328 Proto-East Khoe *gÚmà Meaning lower arm, hand Khoe etymology 345 |Xaise gómá "upper arm" Deti gúmà "lower arm, hand" Cara gómá "lower arm"

123

Tsixa gúmá "lower arm" Danisi gómá "lower arm" Cua gúmà "lower arm, elbow" Tsua gùmá "lower arm" References Vossen 499. Number 329 Proto-East Khoe *khàé Meaning to stick Khoe etymology 346 Danisi khàé Kua khàé Tsua khàé References Vossen 495. Number 330 Proto-East Khoe *khan Meaning to crawl Khoe etymology 347 |Xaise kháń Cara kàń Tsixa káǹ Danisi kháǹ Kua kháń Tsua khàń Hietshware kaan References Dornan 99; Vossen 459. Number 331 Proto-East Khoe *kárà Meaning kraal

124

Khoe etymology 349 |Xaise kádà Deti kádà Cara kàdà Danisi kàdà Kua kádà Tsua kádà Hietshware karaa Sehura kamra (? = *kara) References Bleek 79; Dornan 101; Vossen 503. Number 332 Proto-East Khoe *$oa Meaning round stone; pestle Khoe etymology 350 Sehura bónung 'oá "pestle" (?) References Bleek 17. Number 333 Proto-East Khoe *khÙḿ Meaning to cut Khoe etymology 351 Deti khùḿ References Vossen 486. Number 334 Proto-East Khoe *!hou Meaning hail Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware !hou References Dornan 97.

125

Number 335 Proto-East Khoe *!(ʔ)U Meaning to knock Khoe etymology 352 |Xaise !ʔó (=!ʔò) "ausklopfen" Tsixa !ù Danisi !ǔ (=!ù) References Vossen 457. Number 336 Proto-East Khoe *khùí Meaning to bore, pierce Khoe etymology 353 |Xaise khùí Cara khùí Tsixa khùí Danisi khùí Kua khùí Tsua khùí Hietshware kwii References Dornan 105; Vossen 429. Number 337 Proto-East Khoe *KorV Meaning back, backbone Khoe etymology 354 Hietshware gore, goreñ References Dornan 96.

126

Number 338 Proto-East Khoe *xai Meaning cold Khoe etymology 355 Hietshware haii References Dornan 97. Number 339 Proto-East Khoe *xòé Meaning to run Khoe etymology 356 Kua xòé Tsua xòé Hietshware hwee References Dornan 98; Vossen 506. Number 340 Proto-East Khoe *kʔábé Meaning a k. of tree (Combretum hereroense) Khoe etymology 357 |Xaise kʔábé Deti kʔábé Cara kʔàbé Kua kʔábé Tsua kʔábé References Vossen 420. Number 341 Proto-East Khoe *am Meaning green Khoe etymology 0

127

Sehura amaŋgwe References Bleek 9. Number 342 Proto-East Khoe *kʔao Meaning neck Khoe etymology 359 |Xaise kʔàò Deti kʔàó Cara kʔáó Cua kʔáò Kua kʔàó References Bleek 412; Vossen 446. Number 343 Proto-East Khoe *ŋábá Meaning rhinoceros Khoe etymology 360 Deti ŋábá Cara ŋgábá Danisi ŋgábá Hietshware gaba References Dornan 93; Vossen 426. Number 344 Proto-East Khoe *ŋábí Meaning to turn over Khoe etymology 361 |Xaise ŋgábí Deti ŋábí Cara ŋgábí "wenden"

128

Kua ŋgábí Tsua gábí Hietshware gabi References Dornan 93; Vossen 498. Number 345 Proto-East Khoe *ŋábè Meaning giraffe Khoe etymology 362 |Xaise ŋgábè Deti ŋábè Cara ŋgábè Tsixa ŋgábè Danisi ŋgábé Kua ŋgábè Tsua gábè Hietshware gabee Sehura gnabe Mohissa $aing (?) References Bleek 47, 687; Dornan 93; Vossen 443. Number 346 Proto-East Khoe *ŋárì Meaning lower jaw Khoe etymology 364 |Xaise ŋgádí Deti ŋádí "cheek" Cara ŋgàdì "cheek" Tsixa ŋádì Danisi ŋgádí Cua ŋâdì References Vossen 456.

129

Number 347 Proto-East Khoe *ŋárò Meaning chameleon Khoe etymology 365 |Xaise ŋgádò Cara ŋgádò Tsixa ŋgádù Danisi ŋgádò Kua ŋgádò Tsua gádó Hietshware ngaro "water iguana" References Dornan 107; Vossen 427. Number 348 Proto-East Khoe *ŋaro (*g-) Meaning to freeze Khoe etymology 366 Hietshware garoha References Dornan 94. Number 349 Proto-East Khoe *ŋáò Meaning acacia Khoe etymology 367 |Xaise ŋgáò Cara ŋgáò Danisi ŋgáò Kua ŋgáò Tsua gáò References Vossen 415.

130

Number 350 Proto-East Khoe *ŋáò Meaning to hide Khoe etymology 368 Deti ŋáó Tsixa ŋgáò Danisi ŋgáò Tsua gáò Hietshware gao References Dornan 94; Vossen 500. Number 351 Proto-East Khoe *ŋo (*g-) Meaning to be silent Khoe etymology 369 Hietshware goo "be silent" References Dornan 96. Number 352 Proto-East Khoe *ŋona Meaning three Khoe etymology 371 |Xaise ŋónà Kua ŋúná Tsua ŋúná Hietshware ngonawe References Dornan 107; Vossen 428. Number 353

131

Proto-East Khoe *ŋú Meaning house, dwelling place Khoe etymology 372 |Xaise ŋgú Tsixa ŋgú Danisi ŋgú Kua gú References Vossen 447-8. Number 354 Proto-East Khoe *ŋú Meaning land Khoe etymology 373 |Xaise ŋú Cara ŋú Tsixa ŋú Danisi ŋú Kua ŋú Tsua nù References Vossen 461. Number 355 Proto-East Khoe *ŋû Meaning far Khoe etymology 374 |Xaise ŋgû Deti ŋú Tsixa ŋgû Danisi ŋgû Kua ŋgû Tsua gú Hietshware guno

132

References Dornan 96; Vossen 507. Number 356 Proto-East Khoe *ŋú Meaning porcupine Khoe etymology 375 |Xaise ŋgúé Deti ŋúé Cara ŋgúé Tsixa ŋgú Danisi ŋgúé Kua ŋgúé Tsua gúé Hietshware gwee Sehura úmkwe References Bleek 248; Dornan 96; Vossen 494. Number 357 Proto-East Khoe *kare Meaning foot Khoe etymology 376 Cua kàdé Kua kádì Tsua kádè Hietshware karee "toes, claws, heels, hoofs" Mohissa $tarē References Bleek 689; Dornan 101; Vossen 439-40. Number 358 Proto-East Khoe *ŋari (*g-) Meaning to thatch

133

Khoe etymology 377 Hietshware gari References Dornan 94. Number 359 Proto-East Khoe *xáń Meaning to sew Khoe etymology 378 |Xaise xáń Deti xàń Cara xáń Tsixa xáń Danisi xáń Kua xáń Tsua xáń References Vossen 470. Number 360 Proto-East Khoe *!xáò Meaning hippopotamus Khoe etymology 379 |Xaise xáò Deti xáò Cara xáò Tsixa !xáó Danisi !xáò Tsua xáò References Vossen 437. Number 361 Proto-East Khoe *xó

134

Meaning to stop; to catch Khoe etymology 381 |Xaise xó Deti xǒ Cara xó Tsixa xó Danisi xó Kua xǒ Tsua xǒ Hietshware ghoo References Dornan 95; Vossen 446-447. Number 362 Proto-East Khoe *xúnú Meaning to snore Khoe etymology 380 |Xaise xúnú Deti xùnú Cara xúnú Tsixa xúnú Danisi xúnú Kua xùnú Tsua xúnù References Vossen 486. Number 363 Proto-East Khoe *ǁà Meaning fingernail Khoe etymology 383 |Xaise ǁhâ Cara ǁâ Tsixa ǁà

135

Danisi ǁà Notes Irregular -h- in |Xaise. References Vossen 436. Number 364 Proto-East Khoe *ǁà Meaning to bear (child) Khoe etymology 384 Tsixa ǁà Danisi ǁà References Vossen 440. Number 365 Proto-East Khoe *ǁá Meaning to feel Khoe etymology 385 |Xaise ǁá "to feel, hear" Deti ǁá Cara ǁá Tsixa ǁá Danisi ǁá Kua ǁá Tsua ǁá References Vossen 439. Number 366 Proto-East Khoe *ǁámà Meaning beetle Khoe etymology 386 |Xaise ǁàmá Deti ǁámá

136

Cara ǁàmá Tsixa ǁàmá Danisi ǁàmá Kua ǁámà Tsua ǁámà Hietshware ǁkama "a scavenging beetle" References Dornan 100; Vossen 454. Number 367 Proto-East Khoe *ǁan Meaning shoulder Khoe etymology 387 |Xaise ǁàń Deti ǁáǹ Cara ǁàń Tsixa ǁáǹ Danisi ǁàń References Vossen 488. Number 368 Proto-East Khoe *ǁàní Meaning river current Khoe etymology 388 Cara ǁàní "Ortsname bei Mopipi" Tsixa ǁánì "perennial river" Danisi ǁàní "perennial river" Kua ǁání "Ortsname am Botletle" Tsua ǁání "eine andere Gegend" References Vossen 437. Number 369

137

Proto-East Khoe *ǁáó Meaning to shoot Khoe etymology 389 |Xaise ǁáó Deti ǁáó Cara ǁáó Tsixa ǁáó Danisi ǁáó Kua ǁáó Tsua ǁáó References Vossen 484. Number 370 Proto-East Khoe *ǁ Meaning to fence Khoe etymology 390 Cara ǁ Danisi ǁx "mit Dornverhau einzäunen" (?) References Vossen 430. Number 371 Proto-East Khoe *$oa (?) Meaning spoon, ladle Khoe etymology 392 Sehura $ting $ga References Bleek 689. Number 372 Proto-East Khoe *ǁṍ Meaning to descend Khoe etymology 393

138

|Xaise ǁṍ Deti ǁṍ Cara ǁṍ Danisi ǁṍ Kua ǁṍ Tsua ǁṍ References Vossen 448-49. Number 373 Proto-East Khoe *ǁóé Meaning to lie down Khoe etymology 394 |Xaise ǁóé Deti ǁòé Cara ǁóé Tsixa ǁóé Danisi ǁóé Kua ǁóé Tsua ǁúé Hietshware !hoe, |koe "to be asleep" Sehura $goē "to sleep" References Bleek 688; Dornan 97, 104; Vossen 450-51. Number 374 Proto-East Khoe *ǁó Meaning knee Khoe etymology 395 Deti ǁòé Cara ǁóé Tsixa ǁú Danisi ǁóé Kua ǁùì

139

Tsua ǁóé References Vossen 457. Number 375 Proto-East Khoe *ǁó Meaning short Khoe etymology 396 |Xaise ǁòḿ Deti ǁó Cara ǁòḿ Tsixa ǁó Danisi ǁòḿ Kua ǁó Tsua ǁú References Vossen 460. Number 376 Proto-East Khoe *ǁórò Meaning fingernail, claw Khoe etymology 397 Deti ǁódó Cara ǁódò Danisi ǁádó Kua ǁódò Hietshware |gara Sehura $kororo Mohissa kōlē References Bleek 98, 689; Dornan 94; Vossen 436. Number 377 Proto-East Khoe *ǁû

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Meaning to bear (child) Khoe etymology 398 |Xaise ǁú Deti ǁú Cara ǁù Kua ǁû Tsua ǁû References Vossen 440. Number 378 Proto-East Khoe *ǁṹ Meaning tooth Khoe etymology 399 |Xaise ǁṹ Deti ǁ Cara ǁṹ Tsixa ǁṹ Danisi ǁṹ Cua ǁṹ Kua ǁ Tsua ǁṹ Hietshware ǁgoo Sehura $to (?) Mohissa $toṓ (?) References Bleek 689; Dornan 96; Vossen 509. Number 379 Proto-East Khoe *ǁû(ŋ) Meaning parent Khoe etymology 400 Cara ǁû References Vossen 431.

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Number 380 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔá Meaning to bloom Khoe etymology 401 |Xaise ǁʔá Cara ǁʔǎ Kua ǁʔá Tsua ǁʔá References Vossen 425. Number 381 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔ Meaning to fight Khoe etymology 402 |Xaise ǁʔ Deti ǁʔ Cara ǁʔ Tsixa ǁʔ Danisi ǁʔ Kua ǁʔ Tsua ǁʔ Hietshware ǁgaa References Dornan 93; Vossen 455. Number 382 Proto-East Khoe *(ǁ)ʔáé Meaning village; house Khoe etymology 403 |Xaise ʔáé Deti ʔàé

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Cara ʔáé Tsixa ǁʔáé Danisi ʔáé Kua ʔàé Tsua ʔáè Hietshware ae "house"; aie, aio "village" References Dornan 88, 89; Vossen 508. Number 383 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔá Meaning silver jackal; bat-eared fox Khoe etymology 404 |Xaise ǁʔá Deti ǁʔá Cara ǁʔá Kua ǁʔà Tsua ǁʔá References Vossen 464-65. Number 384 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔábà Meaning sinew; bowstring Khoe etymology 405 |Xaise ǁʔábà Deti ǁʔábà Cara ǁʔábà Cua ǁʔábà Kua ǁʔábá Tsua ǁʔábà Hietshware ǁkaba "thread" Sehura aba, gaba Mohissa $aba

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References Bleek 5, 42, 687; Dornan 99; Vossen 413. Number 385 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔá Meaning to buy Khoe etymology 406 Deti ǁʔ Cara ǁʔ Danisi ǁʔ Sehura $ai References Bleek 687; Vossen 432-3. Number 386 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔáḿ Meaning to clap hands Khoe etymology 407 |Xaise ǁʔáḿ Deti ǁʔàḿ Cara ǁʔáḿ Tsixa ǁʔáḿ Danisi ǁʔáḿ Kua ǁʔàḿ Tsua ǁʔàḿ Hietshware ǁkam "to knock, strike" References Dornan 100; Vossen 456. Number 387 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔàń Meaning to ripen Khoe etymology 409 |Xaise ǁʔáń

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Deti ǁʔàń Cara ǁʔáń Danisi ǁʔáń Kua ʔàń Tsua ʔáǹ Hietshware an "to ripen"; ana "to be ripe" Notes Irregular loss of click in the Tsua group. References Dornan 89; Vossen 477. Number 388 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔan Meaning to live, reside Khoe etymology 410 Cara ǁʔàǹ Kua ǁʔáń "bauen, umfrieden" Tsua ǁʔàǹ Hietshware ǁgañ "to build, live, dwell" References Dornan 94; Vossen 508. Number 389 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔáó Meaning to offend Khoe etymology 411 Deti ǁʔàó Cara ǁʔáó Tsixa ǁʔáó Danisi ǁʔáó Tsua ʔàó References Vossen 422. Number 390

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Proto-East Khoe *(ǁ)ʔáù Meaning fish Khoe etymology 412 |Xaise ʔáú Deti ʔáú Cara ʔáú Tsixa ǁʔáù Danisi ʔáù References Vossen 436. Number 391 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔó Meaning to die Khoe etymology 413 |Xaise ǁʔó Deti ǁʔó Cara ǁʔó Tsixa ǁʔó Danisi ǁʔó Kua ǁʔǒ "death" Tsua ʔǒ Hietshware oo Notes Irregular loss of click in the Tsua group. References Dornan 108; Vossen 495-6. Number 392 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔṍ Meaning arm Khoe etymology 415 |Xaise ǁʔṍ Deti ǁʔṍ Cara ǁʔṍ

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Tsixa ǁʔṍ Danisi ǁʔṍ Cua ǁʔṍ Kua ǁʔṍ Tsua ǁʔṍ References Vossen 416. Number 393 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔóbè Meaning to kiss Khoe etymology 416 Tsixa ǁʔób Danisi ǁʔóbè References Vossen 461. Number 394 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔÚ Meaning to sleep Khoe etymology 417 Danisi ǁʔùḿ Hietshware ǁgom References Dornan 96; Vossen 484. Number 395 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔúì Meaning to cough Khoe etymology 418 Deti ǁʔúí Cara ǁʔúì Tsixa ǁʔúì Danisi ǁʔúì

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Tsua ǁʔúì Hietshware ǂkhui (?) References Dornan 103; Vossen 453. Number 396 Proto-East Khoe *$a Meaning a k. of bird (korhaan) Khoe etymology 419 Sehura $a "knorhahn; snake" (?) References Bleek 687. Number 397 Proto-East Khoe *ae Meaning female Khoe etymology 420 |Xaise ae= Deti ae= Cara a= Tsixa a= Danisi ae= Kua ae= Tsua ae= Hietshware ǁgae "a female", ǁgaitšo, ǁgaietšwe "woman" Sehura $gakwe "woman" References Bleek 687; Dornan 93; Vossen 506. Number 398 Proto-East Khoe *áí Meaning cheek Khoe etymology 421 Tsixa áí

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Danisi áí Kua ǁáì Notes Irregular ǁ- in Kua. References Vossen 504. Number 399 Proto-East Khoe *à Meaning to love Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise à Deti à Cara à Danisi à Kua àḿ Tsua àḿ Hietshware ǁgam(a) References Dornan 94; Vossen 464. Number 400 Proto-East Khoe *àḿ Meaning thorn Khoe etymology 422 |Xaise àḿ Deti àḿ Cara àḿ Tsixa àḿ Danisi àḿ Kua àḿ Tsua àḿ Hietshware ǁkam References Dornan 100; Vossen 428.

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Number 401 Proto-East Khoe *[x]ana Meaning well, ditch Khoe etymology 423 |Xaise àná Deti àná Cara áná Tsixa xáná Danisi xàná References Vossen 444. Number 402 Proto-East Khoe *àú Meaning to suffer Khoe etymology 424 Cara àú References Vossen 463. Number 403 Proto-East Khoe *òé Meaning tortoise Khoe etymology 426 |Xaise òé Deti òé Cara òé Tsixa óé Danisi òé Kua òé Tsua òé References Vossen 461.

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Number 404 Proto-East Khoe *òró Meaning a k. of tree (Mopane) Khoe etymology 427 Deti òdó Cara òdó Tsixa ódó Danisi òdó References Vossen 420-21. Number 405 Proto-East Khoe *ǔ Meaning chest Khoe etymology 428 |Xaise ǔ Deti ǔ "flank of body" Cara ǔ Tsixa ǔ Danisi ǔ Kua ǔ Tsua ǁǔ Hietshware |huu (?) References Dornan 98; Vossen 426. Number 406 Proto-East Khoe *ǔ Meaning to kindle Khoe etymology 429 Deti ǔ Cara ǔ Kua ǔ

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References Vossen 416. Number 407 Proto-East Khoe *ǁhàí Meaning to pull; to smoke Khoe etymology 430 Kua ǁhàí Tsua ǁhàí References Vossen 477. Number 408 Proto-East Khoe *ǁhao Meaning to grow (plants) Khoe etymology 431 |Xaise ǁháó Deti ǁhàó Cara ǁhàó Tsixa ǁháò Danisi ǁháó Kua ǁhàó Tsua ǁhàò References Vossen 446. Number 409 Proto-East Khoe *ǁhàrá Meaning field, garden Khoe etymology 432 |Xaise ǁhàdá Deti ǁhàdá Cara ǁàdá Tsixa ǁhàdá

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Danisi ǁhàdá References Vossen 435. Number 410 Proto-East Khoe *go- (*ŋ-) ? Meaning cave Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware goho "cave, shelter" References Dornan 95. Number 411 Proto-East Khoe *ǁhòé Meaning vessel Khoe etymology 434 |Xaise ǁhòé Deti ǁhòé Cara ǁhòè Tsixa ǁhòé Danisi ǁhòé Kua ǁhòé Tsua ǁhòé References Vossen 421. Number 412 Proto-East Khoe *ǁhùí(ŋ) Meaning to breathe Khoe etymology 435 Cua ǁhùí Kua ǁhùí Tsua ǁh References Vossen 417.

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Number 413 Proto-East Khoe *ǁxámá (*ǁ-) Meaning hartebeest Khoe etymology 436 Hietshware ǁkama; amāingama (Sel.) Sehura ǂkama References Bleek 9, 656; Dornan 100. Number 414 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔâ Meaning to wash Khoe etymology 437 |Xaise ǁʔâ Deti ǁʔâ Cara ǁʔá Danisi ǁʔâ Cua ǁʔâ Kua ǁʔâ Tsua ǁʔâ References Vossen 505. Number 415 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔâ Meaning to be satiated Khoe etymology 438 |Xaise ǁʔâ Deti ǁʔâ Cara ǁʔâ Tsixa ǁʔà Kua ǁʔâ

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Tsua ǁʔâ Hietshware ǁga "to be satisfied" References Dornan 93; Vossen 482. Number 416 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔáé Meaning to gather (intr.) Khoe etymology 439 |Xaise ǁʔàé Deti ǁʔàé Cara ǁʔàé Danisi ǁʔáé Kua ǁʔáé Tsua ǁʔáé References Vossen 502. Number 417 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔáḿ Meaning to hit Khoe etymology 440 |Xaise ǁʔáḿ Deti ǁʔàḿ Cara ǁʔáḿ Tsixa ǁʔáḿ Danisi ǁʔáḿ Kua ǁʔàḿ Tsua ǁʔàḿ References Vossen 484-85. Number 418 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔáó

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Meaning to chop, hack Khoe etymology 441 |Xaise ǁʔàó Cara ǁʔàó Danisi ǁʔàó Kua ǁʔáó Tsua ǁʔáó References Vossen 413. Number 419 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔárì Meaning scorpion Khoe etymology 442 |Xaise ǁʔádì Deti ǁʔádí Cara ǁʔádì Kua ǁʔádì Tsua ǁʔádì Hietshware ǁkadi References Dornan 99; Vossen 492. Number 420 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔ Meaning to smell Khoe etymology 443 Cara ǁʔ Tsixa ǁʔ Danisi ǁʔ References Vossen 478. Number 421

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Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔṹ Meaning bark Khoe etymology 444 |Xaise ǁʔṹ Cara ǁʔṹ Tsixa ǁʔṹ Kua ǁʔṹ References Vossen 421. Number 422 Proto-East Khoe *â Meaning horn Khoe etymology 445 |Xaise nâ Deti nâ Cara nâ Tsixa nâ Danisi nâ Kua nâ Tsua nâ Hietshware ŋǁgaa Sehura $na References Bleek 689; Dornan 107; Vossen 452. Number 423 Proto-East Khoe *$na- Meaning melon (tsama melon) Khoe etymology 448 Sehura $nau References Bleek 689.

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Number 424 Proto-East Khoe *ábè Meaning diaphragm Khoe etymology 449 Danisi àbé Tsua ǁàbé References Vossen 510-11. Number 425 Proto-East Khoe *áì Meaning to sing Khoe etymology 450 Deti áí Cara áì Tsixa áì Danisi áì Kua áì Tsua áì Notes Irregular - in Tsua. References Vossen 491. Number 426 Proto-East Khoe *aɛ Meaning to count Khoe etymology 451 Deti nàí Cara áé Tsixa Danisi áé References Vossen 509.

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Number 427 Proto-East Khoe *ámí Meaning pangolin Khoe etymology 452 |Xaise námí Cara námí Danisi námí Kua námí Tsua námí Hietshware ǁghamee "antbear" References Dornan 95; Vossen 488. Number 428 Proto-East Khoe *áò Meaning old Khoe etymology 453 |Xaise náò Deti náò Cara áò Danisi áò Kua áò Tsua áò "new" Hietshware ǁgao "to become old" References Dornan 94; Vossen 415. Number 429 Proto-East Khoe *óá Meaning stone Khoe etymology 454 Tsixa óá Danisi óá Kua óà

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Hietshware ǁgwa Mohissa $goa References Bleek 688; Dornan 96; Vossen 495. Number 430 Proto-East Khoe *óé Meaning moon, month Khoe etymology 455 |Xaise nóé Deti óé Cara óé Tsixa ó Danisi óé Kua óé Tsua úé Hietshware |gwee Sehura $noe References Bleek 689; Dornan 96; Vossen 467-68. Number 431 Proto-East Khoe *ó Meaning to have the mouth full Khoe etymology 456 |Xaise nó Cara nó References Vossen 504. Number 432 Proto-East Khoe *órì Meaning nephew, niece Khoe etymology 457

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|Xaise nódì Deti òdì Cara ódì Tsixa ódì Danisi ódì Kua ódì Tsua ódì References Vossen 471. Number 433 Proto-East Khoe *ubu Meaning to shake Khoe etymology 458 |Xaise óbú Deti núbù Cara óbú Danisi xòbú (?) Kua úbú Tsua úbù (?) References Vossen 427. Number 434 Proto-East Khoe *úì Meaning fat, oil Khoe etymology 459 |Xaise núì Deti úì Cara úì Tsixa úì Danisi úì Kua úì Tsua ùí

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References Vossen 435. Number 435 Proto-East Khoe *ǁábò Meaning shoe, sandal Khoe etymology 460 |Xaise ǁábò Deti ǁàbò Cara ǁábó Tsixa ǁàbò Danisi ǁábò Kua ǁábò Tsua ǁábò Hietshware ǁkabo Mohissa tabo References Bleek 187; Dornan 99; Vossen 481. Number 436 Proto-East Khoe *au Meaning to show Khoe etymology 461 Deti àú Tsixa áù Danisi áú References Vossen 509. Number 437 Proto-East Khoe *ǁárà Meaning a k. of acacia/aloe Khoe etymology 462 Kua ǁádà

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Tsua ǁádà References Vossen 415. Number 438 Proto-East Khoe *ǁxóré Meaning to open Khoe etymology 463 |Xaise ǁxódé Deti ǁxòdé Cara ǁxódé Tsixa ǁhód Danisi ǁxódé Kua ǁxódé Tsua ǁxódé References Vossen 473. Number 439 Proto-East Khoe *ǁxábà Meaning shoulderblade Khoe etymology 465 Danisi (|áḿ-)ǁxábà Kua ǁxábà Tsua ǁxábà Hietshware ǁkabaa References Dornan 99; Vossen 488. Number 440 Proto-East Khoe *ǁxábì Meaning to unroll, unwind Khoe etymology 466 |Xaise ǁxábì

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Deti ǁxábí Cara ǁxàbì Kua ǁxábì Tsua ǁxábì References Vossen 413. Number 441 Proto-East Khoe *ǁxàó Meaning spear, assegai Khoe etymology 468 Deti ǁxàó Cara ǁxàò "hunting knife" Danisi ǁxáó Hietshware !khao "assegai, javelin, lance" Sehura ǂkau "knife, assegai" Mohissa $kāo "assegai" References Bleek 667, 688; Dornan 102; Vossen 492. Number 442 Proto-East Khoe *ǁxó Meaning dry Khoe etymology 469 Deti ǁxǒ Tsixa ǁxó Danisi ǁxó References Vossen 498. Number 443 Proto-East Khoe *ǁxó Meaning river Khoe etymology 470

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Deti ǁxóḿ Cara ǁxó Kua ǁxó References Vossen 437. Number 444 Proto-East Khoe *ǁxú Meaning warthog Khoe etymology 471 Tsixa ǁxó Danisi ǁxú Kua ǁxú References Vossen 505. Number 445 Proto-East Khoe *ǁɣaru Meaning wild dog Khoe etymology 472 Deti ǁàdú Tsixa hàdú Danisi hàdú Kua ǁxádú Tsua ǁxàdù References Vossen 507. Number 446 Proto-East Khoe *kau Meaning forest, veld Khoe etymology 473 Hietshware kaoo "the open country" References Dornan 101.

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Number 447 Proto-East Khoe *k(h)oa Meaning to break Khoe etymology 474 Hietshware tšwa References Dornan 91. Number 448 Proto-East Khoe *ǁae Meaning to chew Khoe etymology 475 Hietshware ǁgae "to chew the cud", ǁkaae "to chew up" References Dornan 93, 99. Number 449 Proto-East Khoe *|ore (?) Meaning to pray Khoe etymology 482 Hietshware |hwere References Dornan 98. Number 450 Proto-East Khoe *ǁai Meaning to press Khoe etymology 485 Hietshware ǁkaie References Dornan 100.

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Number 451 Proto-East Khoe *xai Meaning darkness; night Khoe etymology 493 Hietshware haie, khaie ka "night" Sehura xai "darkness" References Bleek 256; Dornan 97, 102. Number 452 Proto-East Khoe *|qó Meaning featherweight tree Khoe etymology 495 Danisi |qó References Vossen 1992: 385. Number 453 Proto-East Khoe *qáè Meaning marula tree Khoe etymology 501 Kua qáè References Vossen 1992: 377. Number 454 Proto-East Khoe *dù Meaning ashes Khoe etymology 506 Deti dù References Vossen 417. Number 455

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Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔóḿ Meaning foam Khoe etymology 0 Tsixa ǁʔóḿ References Vossen 60. Number 456 Proto-East Khoe *tʔú Meaning pus Khoe etymology 534 Tsixa tʔú References Vossen 148. Number 457 Proto-East Khoe *|ǎ Meaning to miss an aim Khoe etymology 0 Cua |ǎ References Vossen 148. Number 458 Proto-East Khoe *kó (*ḱ-) Meaning bladder Khoe etymology 0 Cara kó References Vossen 149. Number 459 Proto-East Khoe *kʔam Meaning termite

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Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise kʔàḿ References Vossen 149. Number 460 Proto-East Khoe *ání Meaning to build Khoe etymology 0 Tsixa ání References Vossen 150. Number 461 Proto-East Khoe *|úmà Meaning leather pocket Khoe etymology 0 Deti |úmà References Vossen 150. Number 462 Proto-East Khoe *ʔjárú Meaning to put wood on fire Khoe etymology 0 Danisi ʔyárú References Vossen 150. Number 463 Proto-East Khoe *tama Meaning grass Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise tàmá

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Sehura tama References Bleek 190; Vossen 150. Number 464 Proto-East Khoe *habi Meaning breast Khoe etymology 0 Tsixa hàbí References Vossen 169. Number 465 Proto-East Khoe *-bà Meaning m. sg. marker for nouns Khoe etymology 513 |Xaise -mà Deti -mà Cara -mà Tsixa -mà Danisi -ma Cua -bà Kua -bè References Vossen 172-73. Number 466 Proto-East Khoe *-sì Meaning f. sg. marker for nouns Khoe etymology 514 |Xaise -sà Deti -sà Cara -sà Tsixa -sa, -sì

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Danisi -sa Cua -sà Kua -si References Vossen 172-73. Number 467 Proto-East Khoe *-càrà Meaning m. du. marker for nouns Khoe etymology 516 |Xaise -càrà Cara -ʒàrà Tsixa -cèrà Danisi -càrà Cua -càrà Kua -cérà Tsua -cèdè References Vossen 172-73. Number 468 Proto-East Khoe *-sàrà Meaning f. du. marker for nouns Khoe etymology 517 |Xaise -sàrà Cara -sàrà Tsixa -sèrà Danisi -sàrà Cua -sàrà Kua -sérà Tsua -sèdè References Vossen 172-73.

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Number 469 Proto-East Khoe *-khòrà Meaning n. du. marker for nouns Khoe etymology 518 |Xaise -khòrà Cara -khòrà Tsixa -khòrà Danisi -khòàrà Cua -khòàrà Kua -khórà Tsua -khòdè References Vossen 172-173. Number 470 Proto-East Khoe *-ǁùà Meaning m. pl. marker for nouns Khoe etymology 519 Cara -kùà Tsixa -ǁùà Danisi -kùà Cua -kùà Kua -ku References Vossen 172-73. Number 471 Proto-East Khoe *-ʒà/*-ʒì Meaning f. pl. marker for nouns Khoe etymology 520 |Xaise -ʒà Cara -ʒì Tsixa -ʒà, -ʒì Danisi -ʒà

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Cua -ʒì Kua -ʒà, -ʒì Tsua -ʒè References Vossen 172-73. Number 472 Proto-East Khoe *-nà Meaning n. pl. marker for nouns Khoe etymology 521 |Xaise -nà Cara -nà Tsixa -nà Danisi -nà Kua -rà (?) Notes The Kua form is obviously secondary (the Tshwa subgroup

simply lost the morpheme altogether). References Vossen 172-73. Number 473 Proto-East Khoe *jâ Meaning to dance Khoe etymology 0 Deti yâ Hietshware ya "to tread" References Dornan 112; Vossen 182. Number 474 Proto-East Khoe *àí(ŋ) Meaning to run Khoe etymology 0 Deti àí

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Danisi References Vossen 182, 222. Number 475 Proto-East Khoe *ʔjánù Meaning porridge Khoe etymology 0 Cara ʔyánù Hietshware yuno References Dornan 112; Vossen 217. Number 476 Proto-East Khoe *-kaxu, *-xu Meaning causative suffix Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise -kà-hù Deti -kà-xù Cara -kà-hú Tsixa -kȧ-x, -xù Danisi -ká-xù, -xú Kua -kà-xù Tsua -ká-xù References Vossen 221, 230. Number 477 Proto-East Khoe *-ma Meaning dative suffix Khoe etymology 528 |Xaise -má Deti -mà Cara -má

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Tsixa -mȧ Danisi -má Kua -mà Tsua -mà References Vossen 221, 230. Number 478 Proto-East Khoe *khu (*ḱh-) Meaning to blow Khoe etymology 0 Tsixa khû References Vossen 221. Number 479 Proto-East Khoe *-si(n) Meaning reflexive suffix Khoe etymology 527 |Xaise -hĩ Deti -sín Cara -sin Tsixa -sì Danisi -si Kua -hì Tsua -hì References Vossen 222, 230. Number 480 Proto-East Khoe *-ku Meaning reciprocal suffix Khoe etymology 526 |Xaise -kú

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Deti -k Cara -kú Tsixa -k Danisi -kú Kua -kù Tsua -cù References Vossen 222, 230. Number 481 Proto-East Khoe *ka (*ḱ-) Meaning to help Khoe etymology 0 Deti ká References Vossen 222. Number 482 Proto-East Khoe *-kxàò Meaning inclinative suffix Khoe etymology 0 Danisi -kxʔàò References Vossen 222. Number 483 Proto-East Khoe *-ʔò Meaning directive/locative suffix Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise -ʔò Deti -ʔȯ Cara -ʔò Tsixa -ʔò Danisi -ʔò

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Kua -ʔò Tsua -ʔò References Vossen 222, 230. Number 484 Proto-East Khoe *-|xòà Meaning comitative suffix Khoe etymology 524 Danisi -|xòà References Vossen 222. Number 485 Proto-East Khoe *-xu Meaning terminative suffix Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise -h Deti -xú Cara -h Tsixa -xú Danisi -xú Kua -xù Tsua -xù References Vossen 222, 230. Number 486 Proto-East Khoe *ǁʔoã Meaning to pour Khoe etymology 0 Tsixa ǁʔ References Vossen 222.

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Number 487 Proto-East Khoe *!xóé Meaning to scratch Khoe etymology 0 Danisi !xóé References Vossen 222. Number 488 Proto-East Khoe *ńa Meaning to place Khoe etymology 0 Cara ǹa References Vossen 222. Number 489 Proto-East Khoe *ćǔ (*c-) Meaning to wish Khoe etymology 523 |Xaise ćǔ References Vossen 222. Number 490 Proto-East Khoe *-ʔà Meaning intentional suffix Khoe etymology 0 Deti -ʔà Cara -à References Vossen 222.

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Number 491 Proto-East Khoe *kV Meaning present tense prefix Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise ke Deti ce (?) Cara ke Tsixa ko, kue Danisi ke Kua kùà Tsua kùà, kò References Vossen 226, 231. Number 492 Proto-East Khoe *-tà Meaning negative present tense suffix Khoe etymology 525 |Xaise -tà Deti -tà Cara -tà Tsixa -tã Danisi -tà Kua -tà Tsua -tà References Vossen 226, 231. Number 493 Proto-East Khoe *-tá Meaning preterite suffix (near-past in most lang.) Khoe etymology 0 |Xaise -tá Deti -tá

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Cara -tá Tsixa -tà Danisi -tá References Vossen 226. Number 494 Proto-East Khoe *-ha Meaning imperfective suffix Khoe etymology 530 |Xaise -ha Deti -ha Cara -ha Tsixa -ha Danisi -ha Kua -hà, -ha Tsua -hà, -ha References Vossen 226, 231. Number 495 Proto-East Khoe *kua Meaning future tense prefix Khoe etymology 0 Deti kua Cara kùà Danisi kua Kua kùà hi-á Tsua kùà hi-á References Vossen 226, 231. Number 496 Proto-East Khoe *-si

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Meaning gerundivum suffix Khoe etymology 0 Deti -si Cara -sì References Vossen 226. Number 497 Proto-East Khoe *kʔan Meaning to cut Khoe etymology 0 Kua kʔáń References Vossen 230. Number 498 Proto-East Khoe *qaro Meaning stone, rock Khoe etymology 675 Tsua qárò References Vossen 1992: 386. Number 499 Proto-East Khoe *ǂqa Meaning to shine (of sun) Khoe etymology 0 Danisi ǂqâ References Vossen 1992: 386. Number 500 Proto-East Khoe *ǁqau Meaning sunset glow

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Khoe etymology 531 Danisi |áḿ-ǁqáú References Vossen 1992: 386. Number 501 Proto-East Khoe *qaru Meaning to sprout Khoe etymology 0 Tsixa qárù Danisi qàrù References Vossen 1992: 385. Number 502 Proto-East Khoe *|qome Meaning tsetse fly Khoe etymology 532 Danisi |qómé References Vossen 1992: 383. Number 503 Proto-East Khoe *|qu Meaning spider Khoe etymology 0 Cara |qǔ References Vossen 1992: 383. Number 504 Proto-East Khoe *qona Meaning lizard Khoe etymology 0

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Kua qónà References Vossen 1992: 383. Number 505 Proto-East Khoe *|qunu Meaning to ferment Khoe etymology 533 Cara |qúnú References Vossen 1992: 378. Number 506 Proto-East Khoe *xUi Meaning to remove animal intestines Khoe etymology 0 Kua xòí-'ò References Vossen 1998: 294. Number 507 Proto-East Khoe *ŋa Meaning friend Khoe etymology 0 Cara ŋáá-'ò References Vossen 1998: 295. Number 508 Proto-East Khoe *xuna Meaning to lick (of animals) Khoe etymology 0 Cara xúná References Vossen 1998: 296.

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Number 509 Proto-East Khoe *uru Meaning to bury Khoe etymology 0 Danisi úrú References Vossen 1998: 296. Number 510 Proto-East Khoe *cʔare (?) Meaning to extinguish Khoe etymology 509 Hietshware tsere "to put out a fire" References Bleek 215. Number 511 Proto-East Khoe *(ǁʔ)ano Meaning to curse Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware ano References Bleek 10. Number 512 Proto-East Khoe *ʒae (?) Meaning rib Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware zahe References Dornan 112.

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Number 513 Proto-East Khoe *[ʔ]juro (?) Meaning dove Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware yuro References Dornan 112. Number 514 Proto-East Khoe *ʔju Meaning colour; stripe Khoe etymology 627 Hietshware yu References Dornan 112. Number 515 Proto-East Khoe *hera (*[ʔ]j-) Meaning to burrow Khoe etymology 629 Hietshware yera References Dornan 112. Number 516 Proto-East Khoe *ʔjibi (?) Meaning axe, hatchet Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware yibi References Dornan 112. Number 517 Proto-East Khoe *oe

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Meaning to break in pieces Khoe etymology 630 Hietshware weho References Dornan 112. Number 518 Proto-East Khoe *u Meaning to take smth. to Khoe etymology 620 Hietshware uu References Dornan 112. Number 519 Proto-East Khoe *ui Meaning bodyguard Khoe etymology 631 Hietshware wii References Dornan 112. Number 520 Proto-East Khoe *t(h)ui Meaning chasm Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware twi References Dornan 111. Number 521 Proto-East Khoe *t(h)Ue Meaning to spread out (of roots) Khoe etymology 632

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Hietshware twee References Dornan 111. Number 522 Proto-East Khoe *|oe Meaning to dip Khoe etymology 633 Hietshware |twe References Dornan 111. Number 523 Proto-East Khoe *ǂom (*ǁ-) Meaning cloud Khoe etymology 643 Hietshware ǂkom References Dornan 104. Number 524 Proto-East Khoe *ćxa (*c-, *ḱ-) Meaning to give (?) Khoe etymology 650 Hietshware tša tšawa "to give oneself to" References Dornan 90. Number 525 Proto-East Khoe *am (*ǁ-, *ǁʔ-) Meaning louse Khoe etymology 655 Hietshware ǁgam References Dornan 94.

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Number 526 Proto-East Khoe *!ao (?) Meaning new Khoe etymology 661 Hietshware !kao Notes A dubious form (initial alveolar click hints at a possible

borrowing). References Dornan 101. Number 527 Proto-East Khoe *|e[je] (*-, *|ʔ-) Meaning red Khoe etymology 664 Hietshware |geye References Dornan 95. Number 528 Proto-East Khoe *ǁxa (?) Meaning to swim Khoe etymology 677 Hietshware !kha References Dornan 102. Number 529 Proto-East Khoe *u Meaning that Khoe etymology 679 Deti hǔ Cara ǔ

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Danisi ǔ Kua ǔ Tsua ǔ Hietshware ho-ra "over yonder" References Dornan 97; Vossen 255. Number 530 Proto-East Khoe *me Meaning that Khoe etymology 680 Tsixa mé References Vossen 255. Number 531 Proto-East Khoe *ḱ(h)obV Meaning warm Khoe etymology 612 Tsua čobehe tsaa "warm water" References Dornan 91. Number 532 Proto-East Khoe *xoe (*h-) Meaning white Khoe etymology 687 Tsua hwehe References Dornan 98. Number 533 Proto-East Khoe *tha (?) Meaning to drink

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Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware tha Notes Cf. also Hie. thaka 'blood' (?). Found only in Hietshware, but

no source of borrowing can be established. References Dornan 109. Number 534 Proto-East Khoe *cao (?) Meaning many Khoe etymology 0 Hietshware cao References Dornan 111. Number 535 Proto-East Khoe *k-e (m.), *s-e (f.), *c-e (c.) Meaning we (excl. plural) Khoe etymology 136 |Xaise ké (m.pl.); sé (f.pl.); cé (c.pl.) Deti ʔà-kyé (m.pl.); ʔà-sé (f.pl.); ʔà-cé (c.pl.) Cara é (m.pl.); sé (f.pl.); ʒé (c.pl.) Tsixa ǁé (m.pl.); sé (f.pl.); cé (c.pl.) Danisi ké (m.pl.); sé (f.pl.); cé (c.pl.) Cua ká (m.pl.); síè (f.pl.); cíè (c.pl.) Kua kâ (m.pl.); sí (f.pl.); cí (c.pl.) Tsua ká (m.pl.); síè (f.pl.); cíè (c.pl.) References Vossen 234-250.

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