East Asian Folk Music 2nd Gp

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EAST ASIANFOLK MUSIC

CHINA , JAPAN,KOREA


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Folk music is an English termencompassing both traditional folk

music and contemporary folk music. The term originated in the 19th century. The term is further derived from the

German expression Volk , in the senseof "the people as a whole" as applied topopular and national music byJohann Gottfried Herder and theGerman Romantics over half a centuryearlier
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement


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Traditional folk music has been definedin several ways:

as music transmitted by mouth, as music of the lower classes, as music with unknown composers.

It has been contrasted with commercialand classical styles. This music is also referred to as

traditional musicand, in US, as "rootsmusic".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_music


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Chinese traditional musicChinese Musicstarted at the dawn of Chinese civilizationwith documents andartifacts providing evidence of a well-developed musical culture as early as the

Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC 256 BC). Today,the music continues a rich traditionalheritage in one aspect, while emerging

into a more contemporary form at thesame time.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music


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Types of traditional music

1. Instrumental2. Ethnic Han Music3. Chinese Opera4. Folk music


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Instrumental musicTraditional music in China is played onsolo instruments or in small ensembles of plucked andbowed stringed instruments, flutes, and variouscymbals, gongs, and drums.The scale is pentatonic. (Tonal element)

Bamboo pipes and qin are among the oldest knownmusical instruments fromChina;instruments are traditionally divided into categoriesbased on their material of composition: animal skins,gourd, bamboo, wood, silk, earth/clay, metal, andstone. Chinese orchestras traditionally consist of bowed strings, woodwinds, plucked strings andpercussion. (timbral element)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_musicologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatonic_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_fluteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guqinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plucked_string_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plucked_string_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guqinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_fluteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatonic_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_musicologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_(music)


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Yayue ,literally "elegant music", Wade-Giles ya-yeh; wasoriginally a form of Chinese classical music that was performed

at imperial courts.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_classical_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_classical_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China


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Back row instrumentalists:At left, a bass bell ringer holds his striker, another bell ringer is behind thebell set near the first ringer, and a third is behind the set near the center.Below the standing drum is a percussionist and a stone chime player is to

the far right.Front row instrumentalists:

At left and right are ancient versions of theguzheng , a member of thezither family.

At second from left, it is not clear what instrument this man is playing. At third from left, this gentleman played asheng , which is a cylindricalmouth organ with many bamboo pipes, each with a metal free reed.Fourth from left is theerhu , a two-string bowed instrument.Fifth from left is a lady with a pipa ,while on the table in front of her is (possibly)guqin Sixth from left is another lute-like instrument, likely azhongruan .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/guzhenghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zitherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng_(instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/guqinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zhongruanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zhongruanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/guqinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng_(instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zitherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/guzhenghttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AE%8Fhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%AE%8F


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The guzheng , also spelledgu zheng or gu-zhe ng (Chinese: ; pinyin:gzhng , pronounced[kt ] , withgu meaning "ancient");andalso called zheng ( ) is aChinese plucked zither . Ithas 18-23 strings andmovable bridges.
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techniques used in the playing of the guzheng , including basicplucking actions (right or both hands) at the right portion andpressing actions at the left portion (by the left hand to producepitch ornamentations and vibrato) as well as tremolo (right hand)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremolohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremolohttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AC%99


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The Chinese sheng (Chinese: ; Pinyin

shng ) is a mouth-blownfree reed instrument consisting essentially of vertical pipes.
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The sheng is played by alternatelyblowing and inhaling, and a player can produce a continuous soundwithout pause. The traditionalperformance style is to sound twoor three notes at the same time byadding a fifth and/or octave abovethe main melody note.
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%83%A1


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The erhu ( ; pinyin: rh, [ x ]) is atwo-stringedbowed musical instrument, morespecifically aspike fiddle, which may also becalled a "southern fiddle", and sometimesknown in the Western world as the "Chineseviolin" or a "Chinese two-stringed fiddle"
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%83%A1http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%83%A1http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%83%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowed_string_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_fiddlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_fiddlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowed_string_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%83%A1


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Playing techniqueTuningThe erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string(nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4.This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.PositionThe erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically.Right handThe bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it isslightly loose. Tension is provided by the fingers of the right hand. The bowhair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair areused to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the bodywhen bowing the A string (the outside string), and pulls it inwards whenbowing the "inside" D string.

Aside from the usual bowing technique used for most pieces, the erhu canalso be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. Thisproduces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, thesound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes desired in

contemporary pieces.Left hand
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)


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The pipa is a four-stringed Chinese musical instrument, belonging to theplucked category of instruments.Sometimes called the Chinese lute, theinstrument has a pear-shaped wooden body with a varying number of fretsranging from 1226.

Front TangDynasty five-stringed pipa

Back of a TangDynasty five-stringed pipa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_traditional_Chinese_musical_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_traditional_Chinese_musical_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China


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[1] pipa (pre-

TangDynasty)

[2] Tang pipa

(straightneck)

[3] Tang pipa(bent neck)

[4] modern

pipa


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The guqin;pronounced [kt n ]( listen); literally"ancient stringedinstrument") is themodern name for a

plucked seven-stringChinese musical instrument of the zither family.
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The guqin is a veryquiet instrument, with

a range of about four octaves , and its openstrings are tuned inthe bass register. Itslowest pitch is abouttwo octaves belowmiddle C, or thelowest note on thecello.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octaveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octaves


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The zhongruan (or zhong ruan , , literally means"medium ruan "), is aChineseplucked string instrument.In English, it is sometimes

called a moon guitar ,because it has a roundsound box. Thezhongruan has a straightneck with 24 frets on thefingerboard and 4 strings
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plucked_string_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plucked_string_instrument


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It is usually played with aplectrum (guitar pick). Itcan also be played withfingers (index finger andthumb with acrylic nails),which is similar to the wayof playing the pipa ( ).The zhongruan is a tenor-ranged instrument in thefamily of ruan ( ). Inancient China, the ruan was called Qin pipa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plectrum


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Vocal musicChinese vocal music has traditionally been sung in a thin, nonresonant voice or in falsetto and is usually solo rather thanchoral. All traditional Chinese music ismelodic rather thanharmonic. Chinese vocal music probably developed from sungpoems and verses with music. Instrumental pieces played on anerhu or diziare popular, and are often available outside of China, but the pipa and zheng music, which are moretraditional, are more popular in China itself. Theqin is perhapsthe most revered instrument in China, even though very fewpeople know what it is or seen and heard one being played. Thezheng, a form of zither , is most popular in Henan, Chaozhou,

Hakka and Shandong . The pipa, a kind of lute, believed to havebeen introduced from the Arabian Peninsula area during the 6thcentury and adopted to suit Chinese tastes, is most popular inShanghai and surrounding areas.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsettohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizi_(musical_instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guzhenghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guqinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaozhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaozhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guqinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guzhenghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizi_(musical_instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsetto


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Ethnic han music Ethnic Han music consists of heterophonic music, in which the musicians

play versions of a single melodic line. Percussion accompanies most music, dance,talks, and opera. Han Chinese Folk Music had many aspects to it regarding its meaning,

feelings, and tonality. This genre of music, in a sense, is similar to the Chinese language. This relationship is made by tones, sliding from higher tones to lower

tones, or lower to higher tones, or a combination of both. These similarities mean that the instrument is a very important part in

mastering technique with both left and right hands (left hand is used tocreate tonality on the string, right hand is for plucking or strumming thestring), particularly for the classical (literati) tradition.

Sometimes, singing can be put into the music to create a harmony or amelody accompanying the instrument. Han Chinese Folk's feelings aredisplayed in its poetry-like feeling to it with slow soothing tempos thatexpress feelings that connect with the audience or whoever is playing thepiece. Han Chinese Folk is delivered in a way, using silences that alter its meaning, this also creates a sound similar to poetry.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrumenthttp://www.philmultic.com/English/Chinese_music.htmlhttp://www.philmultic.com/English/Chinese_music.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophony


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Mo li hua(The Jasmine flower)


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Folk songv Folk Song is a form of music through which the

working classes have traditionally expressedtheir emotions and feelings.

v It is inspired by, and is an integral part of,everyday life of the Chinese working classes andis passed down and elaborated from generationto generation.

v Folk music features simple language and, vividimagery, and has many genres and forms, suchas labor songs, mountain songs, major aria,minor aria, and part singing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music


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Han folk musicthrives at weddings andfunerals and usually includes a form of oboe called a suona and percussive ensemblescalled chuigushou. Ensembles consisting of mouth organs (sheng ), shawms (suona ), flutes (dizi) and percussion instruments (especially

yunluo gongs) are popular in northern villages;their music is descended from the imperialtemple music of Beijing, Xi'an, Wutai shan andTianjin. Xi'andrum music consisting of windand percussive instruments is popular aroundXi'an, and has received some popularityoutside China in a highly-commercialized form.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuigushouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_organhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng_(instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizi_(musical_instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunluohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi'anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wutai_shanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wutai_shanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi'anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi'anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wutai_shanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wutai_shanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi'anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunluohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizi_(musical_instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng_(instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_organhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuigushouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music


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Another important instrument is thesheng , pipes, which is an ancientinstrument that is an ancestor of allWestern free reed instruments, suchas the accordion. Parades led byWestern-type brass bands arecommon, often competing in volumewith a shawm/chuigushou band.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng_(instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_reedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_reedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_flutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng_(instrument)


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In southern Fujian and Taiwan,Nanyin or Nanguan is a genre of traditional ballads. They are sungby a woman accompanied by a xiao and a pipa and other traditionalinstruments. The music is generallysorrowful and mourning and

typically deals with love-strickenwomen. Further south, in Shantou,Hakka and Chaozhou, erxian and

zheng ensembles are popular
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Sizhu ensembles use flutes andbowed or plucked string instrumentsto make harmonious and melodiousmusic that has become popular in theWest among some listeners. Theseare popular in Nanjingand Hangzhou,as well as elsewhere along the

southern Yangtze area. Sizhu hasbeen secularized in cities but remainsspiritual in rural areas.

Jiangnan Sizhu (silk and bamboo music from
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Jiangnan Sizhu (silk and bamboo music fromJiangnan ) is a style of instrumental music, oftenplayed by amateur musicians in teahouses inShanghai , that has become widely known outside of its place of origin.Guangdong Music or Cantonese Music is instrumentalmusic fromGuangzhou and surrounding areas. It is

based on Yueju (Cantonese Opera) music, together with new compositions from the 1920s onwards. Manypieces have influences from jazz and Western music,using syncopation and triple time. This music tells

stories and myths maybe legends.One of the most popular folk songs of China isMo Li Hua(Beautiful Jasmine).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan_Sizhuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_music_(genre)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_music_(genre)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Li_Huahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Li_Huahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_music_(genre)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_music_(genre)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan_Sizhu


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Chinese operaChinese opera has been hugelypopular for centuries, especially theBeijing opera. The music is oftenguttural with high-pitched vocals,usually accompanied by suona ,

jinghu, other kinds of string instruments, and percussion.Other types of opera includeclapper opera , Pingju,Cantonese opera , puppet opera ,Kunqu, Sichuan opera , Qinqiang,ritual masked opera and Huangmei xi.

R f (Chi M i )
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinghuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapper_opera&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingjuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puppet_opera&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunquhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinqianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ritual_masked_opera&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangmei_xihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangmei_xihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangmei_xihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangmei_xihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ritual_masked_opera&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinqianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunquhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puppet_opera&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingjuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapper_opera&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinghuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_opera


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References (Chinese Music)Jones, Steven. "The East Is Red... And White"". 2000. In Broughton, Simon andEllingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.),World Music,Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific , pp. 3443.Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.

Lee, Joanna. "Cantopop and Protest Singers". 2000. In Broughton, Simon andEllingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.),World Music,Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific , pp. 4959.Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.Lee Yuan-Yuan and Shen, Sinyan. Chinese Musical Instruments (Chinese Music Monograph Series) . 1999. Chinese Music Society of North America Press.ISBN 1-880464-03-9.Rees, Helen with Zingrong, Zhang and Wei, Li. "Sounds of the Frontiers". 2000. InBroughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane,Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific , pp 4448. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.Shen, Sinyan. Chinese Music in the 20th Century (Chinese Music MonographSeries) . 2001. Chinese Music Society of North America Press.ISBN 1-880464-04-7.Trewin, Mark. "Raising the Roof". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Markwith McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin &North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific , pp. 25461. Rough Guides Ltd,Penguin Books. ISBN 185828636025.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1858286360http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1858286360http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1880464039http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1858286360http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1880464047http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1880464047http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1858286360http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1880464039http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1858286360http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1858286360


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Japan


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Japan traditional musicThe music of Japan includes a wide array of performers

in distinct styles both traditional and modern. The wordfor music in Japanese is (ongaku ), combining thekanji ("on"sound ) with the kanji ("gaku"fun ,comfort ).[1][2]Local music often appears at karaoke venues, which ison lease from the record labels. Traditional Japanesemusic has no specific beat, and is calm. In 1873, aBritish traveller claimed that Japanese music,"exasperate[s] beyond all endurance the Europeanbreast."
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Types of Traditional japanesemusic

2.1 Kabuki2.2 Noh2.3 Gagaku2.4 Shmy2.5 Jruri2.6 Nagauta2.7 Shakuhachi music2.8 Skyoku

K b ki
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KabukiKabuki( ?) is a type of Japanese theatre. The music of kabuki canbe divided into three parts:Gidayubushi largely identical to jruri.Shimoza ongaku music is played in kuromisu , the lower seats belowthe stage.Debayashi incidental music, played on the Kabuki stage; also known asdegatari .

NohNoh ( ?) or ngaku ( ?) is another type of theatrical music. Nohmusic is played by the hayashi-kata ( ?). The instruments usedare the taiko ( ?), tsuzumi ( ?), kotsuzumi ( ?), and fue ( ?).
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Gag akuGagaku ( , literally "elegant music") is a type of Japanese classical music that has been performed at the

Imperial Court in Kyotofor several centuries. It consists of three primaryrepertoires:Native Shinto religious musicand folksongs and dance, called kuniburi noutamai

A Goguryeo and Manchurian form, calledkomagaku (named for Koma,

one of the Three Kingdoms) A Chinese and South Asia form (specificallyTang Dynasty), called togaku .Gagaku, like shomyo, employs the Yo scale , a pentatonic scale withascending intervals of two, three, two, two, and three semitones betweenthe five scale tones. [1]

k ( ) d h ld d l
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Gagaku ( ?) is court music, and is the oldest traditional music inJapan . Gagaku music includes songs, dances, and a mixture of other

Asian music. Gagaku has two styles; these are instrumental musickigaku ( ?) and vocal music seigaku ( ?).

Instrumental Music Kangen ( ?) - basically, a Chinese form of music. Bugaku ( ?) - influenced by Chinese and Korean music.

Vocal Music Kumeuta ( ?) Kagurauta ( ?) Azumaasobi ( ?) Saibara ( ?) Rei ( ?)
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Mixing the three choirs As shown in Figure 8 the seating arrangement for the kangen orchestra is:Woodwind players sit in the back with theryteki players on the left,hichirikis in the middle, and the sh players on the right. For each

instrument, the seating arrangement of the 3 performers forms a trianglewith two players sitting on the back row, and the first chair in front of them.The string players sit in front of the woodwind players with the twokoto players on the left and the two biwa players on the right. In both cases, thefirst chairs are the ones sitting closer to the middle of the stage. Finally thethree percussionists occupy the front row with the shko on the left, thetaiko in the middle, and lastly the kakko on the right. There is noconductor. The 16 musicians synchronize via the melody. The typicaltraining for a musician of kangen music starts by learning one of the three-woodwind instruments for seven to ten years. Then, the musicians add totheir training the study of either a string or a percussion instruments aswell as dance or singing. Therefore, all musicians know the melody andhow their part fits in relationship with it.


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ryutekiThe ryteki ( ?, literally "dragon flute") is aJapanese transverse fue made of bamboo. It is used in gagaku, the

Shinto classical music associated with Japan's imperialcourt. The sound of the ryteki is said to represent thedragons which ascend the skies between the heavenlylights (represented by the sh ) and the people of the earth(represented by the hichiriki ). The ryteki is one of thethree flutes used in gagaku, in particular to play songs of Chinese style. The pitch is lower than that of the komabue and higher than that of the kagurabue .The ryteki is held horizontally, has seven holes, and has alength of 40 centimeters and an inner diameter of 1.3centimeters. Unlike the western flute, the holes are not

covered by the fingertips, rather, the fleshy part of thefinger is used. This allows for better control of "half-holing"techniques and chromatic notes, by simply raising thefinger slightly above the holes.

hi hi i ki
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hichiri kiThe hichiriki ( ?) is a double reed Japanese fue (flute) used as one of two mainmelodic instruments in Japanese gagaku music, the other being the ryteki . The hichiriki is difficult to play, due in part to its double reedconfiguration. Although a double reedinstrument like theoboe, the hichiriki has acylindricalbore and thus its sound is similar tothat of a clarinet. Pitch and ornamentation(most notably bending tones) are controlledlargely with theembouchure. The hichiriki isone of the "sacred" instruments and is oftenheard being played at Shinto weddings inJapan. Its sound is often described as

haunting.[1][2]The hichiriki is the most widely used of allinstruments in gagaku and it is used in allforms of music aside from poetry recitation.The hichiriki is derived from the Chinese guan

or bili , and is also related to the Korean piri .

h
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shoThe sh ( ?) is a Japanes e free reed musical instrument that was introduced fromChina during the Nara period (AD 710 to 794).It is modeled on the Chinese sheng , althoughthe sh tends to be smaller in size. It consistsof 17 slender bamboo pipes , each of which isfitted in its base with a metal free reed. Two of the pipes are silent, althoug h research

suggests that they were use d in some musicduring the Heian period.The instrument's sound is s aid to imitate thecall of a phoenix, and it is for this reason thatthe two silent pipes of the sh are kept - as anaesthetic element, making two symmetrical"wings." Like the Chinese sheng, the pipes aretuned carefully with a drop of wax. As moisturecollected in the sh' s pipes prevents it fromsounding, performers can be seen warming theinstrument over a small charcoal brazier when

they are not playing. The instrument producessound when the player's bre ath is inhaled or

k
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koto

The koto ( ) is a traditionalJapanese stringed musical instrument,similar to the Chinese guzheng . The koto is the national instrument of

Japan. [1]Koto are about 180 centimetres (71 in) width, and made fromkiri wood (Paulownia tomentosa ). They have 13 strings that are strungover 13 movable bridges along the width of the instrument. Players canadjust the string pitches by moving these bridges before playing, and usethree finger picks (on thumb, index finger, and middle finger) to pluck thestrings.

bi
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biwaThe biwa ( ?) is a Japanese short-neckedfretted lute, often used in narrative storytelling. Thebiwa is the chosen instrument of Benten, goddessof music, eloquence, poetry, and education inJapanese Shinto.It arrived inJapan in two forms. Since that time, thenumber of biwa has more than quadrupled. Guilds

supporting biwa players, particularly the biwa hoshi,helped proliferate biwa musical development for hundreds of years. Biwa hoshi performancesoverlapped with performances by other biwaplayers many years before heikyoko and continueduntil today. This overlap resulted in a rapidevolution of the biwa and its usage and made it oneof the most popular instruments in Japan.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzaitenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biwa_hoshihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biwa_hoshihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biwa_hoshihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biwa_hoshihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzaitenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets


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shoko


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Traditional New

Classical Folk Composed

music

Art Court

Vocal Instrumental


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CourtAsk (ritual/ceremonial music)Dang -ak (Chinese -derived banquetmusic)Hyang ak (Native banquet music)

Professional Music (Pansori, Sanjo)The music in between Classical andFolk music


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Folk MusicVocal (Fong songs)Instrumental (farmers band music)

Religious (shamanism, Buddhism)Theatre Music (Mask Dance)

East Asian Folk Music 2nd Gp

Documents

Transcript of East Asian Folk Music 2nd Gp