Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
Transcript of Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 116
1 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed
Directrices de EASE (Asociacioacuten
Europea de Editores Cientiacuteficos)
para los autores y traductores deartiacuteculos cientiacuteficos publicados
en ingleacutes
Para hacer que la comunicacioacuten cientiacutefica internacionalsea maacutes eficiente los artiacuteculos de los trabajos deinvestigacioacuten y demaacutes publicaciones cientiacuteficas debenser COMPLETAS CONCISAS y CLARAS como se
explica a continuacioacuten Estas directrices no sonuniversales sino generalizadas y tienen el propoacutesito deayudar a autores traductores y editores Es necesariousar el sentido comuacuten al aplicar estas reglas ya que noes posible lograr la perfeccioacuten
Antes de comenzar
bull Planifique y conduzca el estudio detenidamente(por ejemplo Hengl et al 2011) No empiecehaciendo un borrador completo del trabajo deinvestigacioacuten sin asegurarse primero de que sushallazgos sean lo suficientemente completos y firmes(OacuteConnor 1991) como para poder llegar aconclusiones fidedignas
bull Antes de comenzar a escribir preferentemente elijala publicacioacuten Aseguacuterese de que los lectores de esapublicacioacuten concuerden con los destinatarios a losque usted se dirige (Chipperfield et al 2010)Obtenga una copia de las instrucciones para autoresde la publicacioacuten y planifique el artiacuteculo de modoque se adapte al formato indicado por la publicacioacutenen relacioacuten a su extensioacuten nuacutemero de figuraspermitidas etc
Los manuscritos deben ser COMPLETOS es decir nodebe faltar ninguacuten dato necesario Recuerde que esmaacutes faacutecil interpretar la informacioacuten que aparecedonde los lectores esperan encontrarla (Gopen ampSwan 1990) Por ejemplo se deberiacutea incluir lasiguiente informacioacuten en artiacuteculos de investigacioacutenexperimental
bull Tiacutetulo debe ser inequiacutevoco comprensible paraespecialistas en otros campos y debe reflejar elcontenido del artiacuteculo Debe ser especiacutefico no debeser geneacuterico ni impreciso (OacuteConnor 1991) Si fuerapertinente mencione en el tiacutetulo cuaacutendo se realizoacute elestudio y la ubicacioacuten el nombre cientiacuteficointernacional del organismo estudiado o el disentildeo
experimental (es decir estudio de casos o ensayoaleatorio controlado) No es necesario que lainformacioacuten proporcionada en el tiacutetulo se repita en elresumen (ya que siempre se publican conjuntamente)
aunque sea inevitable que traten los mismos temasbull Lista de autores es decir todas las personas que
participaron considerablemente en la planificacioacutendel estudio recoleccioacuten de datos o interpretacioacuten deresultados y que escribieron o hicieron un anaacutelisiscriacutetico del manuscrito al revisarlo y aprobaron laversioacuten final y acuerdan ser responsables de todos losaspectos del trabajo (ICMJE 2013) Se deberiacutea listarprimero a los autores que hayan contribuiacutedo enmayor medida Los nombres de los autores debencomplementarse con sus afiliaciones (durante elestudio) y la direccioacuten actual del autor para recibir
la correspondencia Se debe proporcionar la direccioacutende correo electroacutenico de todos los autores para quesea faacutecil contactarlos
bull Resumen explique en breve porqueacute realizoacute elestudio (ANTECEDENTES) cuaacuteles preguntas quisoresponder (OBJETIVOS) coacutemo llevoacute a cabo elestudio (MEacuteTODOS) queacute descubrioacute(RESULTADOS datos muy importantes relaciones)y la interpretacioacuten y consecuencias de sus hallazgos(CONCLUSIONES) El resumen debe reflejar elcontenido del artiacuteculo ya que para la mayoriacutea de loslectores seraacute la principal fuente de informacioacutenacerca del estudio Se deben usar palabras claves enel resumen para que quienes puedan estarinteresados en los resultados encuentren maacutesfaacutecilmente su artiacuteculo en internet (muchas bases dedatos incluyen solo tiacutetulos y resuacutemenes) En uninforme de investigacioacuten el resumen debe serinformativo e incluir los resultados reales Elresumen debe ser indicativo es decir un listado detemas principales sin proporcionar resultados (CSE2014) soacutelo en las revisiones los meta-anaacutelisis yotros artiacuteculos de amplio alcance No haga referencia
a tablas o figuras en el resumen ya que losresuacutemenes tambieacuten se publican por separadoTampoco se permite que mencione la bibliografiacutea amenos que sea extremadamente necesario (pero en
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2 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed
ese caso deberaacute proporcionar la siguienteinformacioacuten detallada entre pareacutentesis autor tiacutetuloantildeo etc) Aseguacuterese de que toda la informacioacutenproporcionada en el resumen tambieacuten aparezca en elcuerpo principal del artiacuteculo (Ver Appendix
Abstracts) bull Lista de palabras claves adicionales (cuando los
editores lo exijan) incluya todos los teacuterminoscientiacuteficos pertinentes que no se encuentren en eltiacutetulo o en el resumen Las palabras claves deben serespeciacuteficas Agregue teacuterminos maacutes geneacutericos si suestudio tiene trascendencia interdisciplinaria(OacuteConnor 1991) En textos meacutedicos utilice elvocabulario que aparece en el MeSH Browser
bull Lista de abreviaturas (cuando los editores loexijan) defina todas las abreviaturas utilizadas en elartiacuteculo excepto aquellas que son obvias paraquienes no son especialistas
bull Introduccioacuten explique por queacute fue necesario llevar
a cabo el estudio y los objetivos de la investigacioacuten ola(s) pregunta(s) que quiso responder Comience concuestiones maacutes generales y gradualmente vayaenfocaacutendose en la(s) pregunta(s) de su trabajo deinvestigacioacuten
bull Meacutetodos describa con detalle coacutemo se realizoacute elestudio (por ejemplo aacuterea del estudio recoleccioacutende datos criterios origen del material analizadotamantildeo de la muestra nuacutemero de medidas tomadasedad y sexo de los participantes equipamientoanaacutelisis de datos pruebas estadiacutesticas y software
utilizado) Todos los factores que pudieroninfluenciar los resultados deben considerarse Lasfuentes de materiales experimentales obtenidos debiobancos deberiacutean mencionarse con nombrescompletos e identificadores si estuviesendisponibles (Bravo et al 2013) Si va a citar unmeacutetodo descrito en una publicacioacuten inaccesible oque no esteacute en ingleacutes expliacutequelo en detalle en sumanuscrito Aseguacuterese de cumplir con los estaacutendareseacuteticos (por ejemplo WMA 2013) con respecto a losderechos de pacientes las pruebas con animales y laproteccioacuten del medio ambiente etc
bull Resultados presente los nuevos resultados de suestudio (por lo general no se deben incluir en estaseccioacuten lo datos ya publicados) Se deben mencionartodas las tablas y figuras en el cuerpo principal delartiacuteculo y enumerar en el orden en que aparecen enel texto Verifique que el anaacutelisis estadiacutestico seaapropiado (por ejemplo Lang 2004) No invente odistorsione ninguacuten dato y no excluya datosimportantes asiacute mismo no manipule las imaacutegenespara causarle una falsa impresioacuten a los lectores Lamanipulacioacuten de datos de esa clase se puedeconsiderar fraude cientiacutefico (ver COPE flowcharts)
bull Discusioacuten responda a las preguntas del trabajo deinvestigacioacuten (formuladas al final de la introduccioacuten)y compare los nuevos resultados con los datos yapublicados tan objetivamente como le sea posible
Analice sus limitaciones y destaque sus hallazgosprincipales Se deben considerar todos lo hallazgosque se opongan a su punto de vista Para respaldar supostura utilice solamente pruebasmetodoloacutegicamente soacutelidas (ORI 2009) Al final de ladiscusioacuten o en una seccioacuten separada enfatice lasconclusiones maacutes significantes y la importancia
praacutectica de su estudiobull Agradecimientos mencione a todas las personas que
contribuyeron considerablemente en el estudio peroque no se pueden considerar como coautores ytambieacuten haga mencioacuten de todas las fuentes de ayudaeconoacutemica Se recomienda que lo haga de lasiguiente manera ldquoThis work was supported by theMedical Research Council [grant number xxxx]rdquo Sino ha recibido ayuda econoacutemica especiacutefica emplee lasiguiente oracioacuten ldquoThis research received no specificgrant from any funding agency in the publiccommercial or not-for-profit sectorsrdquo (RIN 2008) Si
fuera pertinente revele a los editores otros conflictosde intereacutes por ejemplo relaciones personales ofinancieras con el fabricante o con una organizacioacuteninteresada en el manuscrito presentado (Goozner etal 2009) Si va a reproducir material publicadopreviamente (por ejemplo figuras) solicite elpermiso de los autores con derecho de autor parahacerlo y mencioacutenelos en las notas al pie o en losreconocimientos En caso de haber recibido la ayudade un experto en idiomas (pe corrector o traductor)un profesional de la estadiacutestica personal de toma dedatos etc deberiacutea mencionarse su contribucioacuten enlos agradecimientos en aras de una mayortransparencia (ICMJE 2013 Graf et al 2009) Sedebe aclarar que ellos no son responsables de laversioacuten final del artiacuteculo Debe asegurarse de recibirel consentimiento de todas las personas que seannombradas en dicha seccioacuten (Ver Appendix Ethics)
bull Referencias aseguacuterese de haber especificado lasfuentes de toda la informacioacuten extraiacuteda de otraspublicaciones En el listado del material dereferencia incluya todos los datos necesarios paraque se pueda encontrar en bibliotecas o en Internet
En el caso de las publicaciones que no esteacuten eningleacutes proporcione el tiacutetulo original (contranscripcioacuten seguacuten las reglas del ingleacutes si fueranecesario) seguido en lo posible de la traduccioacuten alingleacutes entre corchetes (CSE 2014) Evite la cita dereferencias irrelevantes coactivas e inaccesibles Endonde corresponda cite los artiacuteculos de investigacioacutenprimarios en vez de las resentildeas (DORA 2013) Noincluya datos no publicados en el listado del materialde referencia si los menciona describa la fuente deorigen en el cuerpo principal del artiacuteculo y obtengael permiso del que ha generado los datos para poder
citarlosbull Una estructura de artiacuteculos diferente quizaacutes sea maacutes
apropiada para publicaciones teoacutericas artiacuteculos derevisioacuten estudios de casos diferente de los artiacuteculos
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3 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed
sea maacutes apropiada etc (por ejemplo Gasparyan etal 2011)
bull Algunas publicaciones incluyen tambieacuten uncompendio o un resumen maacutes extenso en otroidioma Eso resulta muy uacutetil en varios campos deinvestigacioacuten
bull Recuerde cumplir con las instrucciones para
autores de la publicacioacuten con respecto a la extensioacutendel resumen el estilo de presentacioacuten de referenciasetc
Escriba en FORMA CONCISA para ahorrarles tiempoa los lectores y evaluadores
bull No incluya informacioacuten que no sea pertinente alas preguntas de su trabajo de investigacioacutenespecificadas en la introduccioacuten
bull No copie partes de sus publicaciones previas y nopresente el mismo manuscrito a maacutes de unapublicacioacuten a la vez Sino puede considerarse
responsable de publicacioacuten redundante (vea COPEflowcharts) Este principio no se aplica a laspublicaciones preliminares tales como resuacutemenes deactas de congresos (OacuteConnor 1991 veacutease tambieacutenBioMed Central policy) Por otra parte laspublicaciones secundarias se aceptan si vandirigidas a un grupo de lectores totalmente diferente(por ejemplo en otro idioma o para especialistas y elpuacuteblico en general) y si primero fueron aprobadaspor los editores de ambas publicaciones (ICMJE2013) Se debe incluir una nota al pie de la paacuteginadel tiacutetulo segunda publicacioacuten en la que se hagareferencia a la primera publicacioacuten
bull La informacioacuten que se proporcione en una de lassecciones preferentemente no debe repetirse en lasdemaacutes secciones Las excepciones obvias incluyen elresumen las notas al pie de las figuras y el paacuterrafode conclusioacuten
bull Tenga en cuenta si son necesarias todas las tablas yfiguras Los datos que se presentan en las tablas nodeben repetirse en las figuras (o viceversa) Loslistados extensos de datos no deben repetirse en eltexto
bull Las notas al pie de las tablas y figuras deben serinformativas pero no muy extensas Si sepresentan datos similares en varias tablas o figurasentonces el formato de las notas de pie tambieacuten debeser similar
bull Preferentemente elimine las oraciones que sonobvias (por ejemplo ldquoLos bosques son ecosistemasmuy importantesrdquo) o demaacutes fragmentos redundantes(por ejemplo ldquoSe sabe querdquo)
bull Si un teacutermino cientiacutefico extenso se repitefrecuentemente defina la abreviatura cuandoaparezca por primera vez en el cuerpo principal delartiacuteculo y luego apliacutequela de forma consistente
bull Si fuera necesario exprese sus dudas pero evite lasoraciones evasivas en exceso (por ejemplo escribaldquoare potentialrdquo en vez de ldquomay possibly be
potentialrdquo) Sin embargo evite generalizar susconclusiones excesivamente
bull A menos que los editores exijan lo contrario utilicenumerales para todos los nuacutemeros es decirtambieacuten para los nuacutemeros enteros de un soacutelo diacutegitosalvo el cero uno (sin unidades) y en otros casosdonde existan posibilidades de interpretaciones
equivocadas como ser al inicio de una oracioacuten oantes de la abreviaturas que contengan nuacutemeros (CSE2014)
Escriba en forma CLARA para facilitar lacomprensioacuten aseguacuterese de que el texto sea legible
Contenido cientiacutefico
bull Distinga con claridad sus datos originales e ideas de los de otras personas y de los que incluyoacute enpublicaciones previas proporcione citas siempre ycuando sean pertinentes Preferentemente haga un
resumen o una paraacutefrasis del texto proveniente deotras fuentes Lo mismo se aplica para lastraducciones Cuando cite el texto en forma literal (por ejemplo una oracioacuten completa o un extracto detexto maacutes extenso) utilice las comillas (por ejemploORI 2009 Kerans amp de Jager 2010) Si no podriacuteacometer plagio (vea COPE flowcharts) al copiar aotros o a su propias publicaciones
bull Aseguacuterese de usar la apropiada terminologiacuteacientiacutefica en ingleacutes preferentemente en base a textosescritos por hablantes de ingleacutes nativos Lastraducciones literales son generalmente erroacuteneas (por
ejemplo en el caso de los teacuterminos conocidos comoldquofalse friendsrdquo o el de palabras inexistentesinventadas por traductores) Si tiene dudas verifiquecuaacutel es la definicioacuten en un diccionario en ingleacutes yaque muchas palabras se utilizan incorrectamente Porejemplo ldquotrimesterrdquo para referirse a la prentildeiez deanimales ver Baranyiovaacute 1998) Tambieacuten puedehacer una buacutesqueda de palabras o frases enWikipedia por ejemplo luego compare los resultadosen su idioma nativo y en ingleacutes y vea si elsignificado de los supuestos equivalentes esverdaderamente el mismo Sin embargo Wikipedia
no siempre es una fuente de informacioacuten fiablebull Si se utiliza una palabra en la mayoriacutea de las
traducciones y soacutelo pocas veces en paiacuteses de hablainglesa considere reemplazarla por un teacutermino eningleacutes comuacutenmente conocido con un significadoparecido (por ejemplo plant community en vez de phytocoenosis) Si un teacutermino cientiacutefico no tieneequivalente en ingleacutes entonces defiacutenalo con precisioacuteny sugiera una traduccioacuten al ingleacutes que sea aceptable
bull Defina todos los teacuterminos cientiacuteficos ambiguos ypoco comunes cuando los use por primera vez
Puede hacer un listado de sus sinoacutenimos si loshubiera (para facilitar la buacutesqueda) peroposteriormente emplee soacutelo uno de los teacuterminos enforma consistente (para evitar confusiones) En todos
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4 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed
los casos en que organizaciones cientiacuteficas hayanestablecido nomenclaturas formales esas seraacuten laspreferidas en las comunicaciones cientiacuteficas (porejemplo EASE 2013)
bull Evite las oraciones poco claras que implican queel lector tenga que adivinar lo que usted quiere decir (Ver Appendix Ambiguity)
bull Cuando escriba sobre porcentajes ponga en claro loque considera como 100 Cuando escriba sobrecorrelaciones relaciones etc ponga en claro cuaacutelesson los valores que estaacute comparando entre siacute
bull Generalmente se prefiere el uso del SistemaInternacional de medidas (SI) y de gradoscentiacutegrados
bull A diferencia de otros idiomas en ingleacutes se usa punto para separar decimales (en vez de coma) Ennuacutemeros con maacutes de 4 diacutegitos a la derecha oizquierda del punto decimal utilice medios espacios(thin spaces) (en vez de comas) entre grupos de 3diacutegitos a cualquiera de los lados del punto decimal(EASE 2013)
bull Para indicar siglos meses etc no utilice nuacutemerosromanos ya que son poco comunes en ingleacutesDebido a las diferentes formas en que se escriben lasfechas en ingleacutes americano y britaacutenico (ver abajo)preferentemente indique los meses con palabrascompletas o con las primeras 3 letras de la palabra(CSE 2014)
bull Si se tradujeran nombres geograacuteficos pococonocidos tambieacuten deberaacute mencionarse el nombre
original si fuera posible por ejemplo ldquoin theKampinos Forest (Puszcza Kampinoska)rdquo Algo deinformacioacuten adicional sobre la ubicacioacuten el climaetc tambieacuten puede ser uacutetil para los lectores
bull Recuerde que el texto seraacute leiacutedo principalmentepor extranjeros que quizaacutes no tengan conocimientode condiciones especiales clasificaciones oconceptos ampliamente conocidos en su paiacutes por lotanto puede que sea necesario agregar algunasexplicaciones (Ufnalska 2008) Por ejemplo lapopular hierba Erigeron annuus se conoce comoStenactis annua en algunos paiacuteses por lo tanto en los
textos en ingleacutes se deberaacute usar el nombre aprobadointernacionalmente mientras que se pueden agregarsinoacutenimos entre pareacutentesis
Estructura del texto
bull Las oraciones en general no deben ser muy largasy la estructura debe ser relativamente sencillacon el sujeto cerca del verbo (Gopen amp Swan 1990)Por ejemplo evite los sustantivos abstractos yescriba ldquoX was measuredrdquo en vez deldquoMeasurements of X were carried outrdquo (Ver
Appendix Simplicity) Evite usar excesivamente
construcciones en voz pasiva (por ejemplo Norris2011) Cuando traduzca modifique la estructura dela oracioacuten si fuera necesario para transmitir el
mensaje con maacutes precisioacuten o maacutes claridad(Burrough-Boenisch 2013)
bull El texto debe estar organizado loacutegica ycoherentemente y por lo tanto debe ser faacutecil deleer (Ver Appendix Cohesion)
bull Es preferible que inicie cada paacuterrafo con una oracioacutensobre el tema y lo desarrolle completamente en las
oraciones siguientesbull A diferencia de otros idiomas se permiten las
construcciones paralelas en ingleacutes ya que facilitan elentendimiento Por ejemplo al comparar datossimilares puede escribir ldquoIt was high in A mediumin B and low in Crdquo rather than ldquoIt was high in Amedium for B and low in the case of Crdquo
bull Haga que las figuras y tablas sean de faacutecilcomprensioacuten sin necesidad de referirse al cuerpoprincipal del artiacuteculo Omita datos que no seaninformativos (por ejemplo elimine una columna sicontiene los mismos valores en todas las filas ndash encambio puede mencionarlo en una nota al pie depaacutegina) Utilice abreviaturas soacutelo cuando seanecesario por razones de consistencia o cuando nohubiera suficiente espacio para incluir palabrascompletas En las notas al pie de las figuras o notas alpie en general defina todas las abreviaturas ysiacutembolos que no sean obvios (por ejemplo las barrasde error pueden denotar desviacioacuten estaacutendar errorestaacutendar o intervalo de confianza) Recuerde utilizarel punto decimal (en vez de coma) y rotule los ejesy unidades cuando sea necesario
bull
Considere utilizar cuadros de texto cuando presenteuna pequentildea serie de datos (Kozak 2009) (Ver
Appendix Text-tables)bull En listados largos (de abreviaturas etc) separe
preferentemente cada tema con punto y coma () yaque es la opcioacuten intermedia entre comas y puntosfinales
El idoma importa
bull Cuando los teacuterminos cientiacuteficos no sean necesariosutilice preferentemente palabras conocidascomuacutenmente Sin embargo evite las expresiones
idiomaacuteticas o coloquiales asiacute como las frasesverbales (por ejemplo find out pay off ) quegeneralmente son difiacuteciles de entender para hablantesde ingleacutes no nativos (Geercken 2006)
bull Defina las abreviaturas cuando aparezcan porprimera vez en el cuerpo principal del artiacuteculo (si nofueran claras para los lectores) No utilicedemasiadas abreviaturas diferentes ya que el textoseriacutea difiacutecil de entender No abrevie teacuterminos que seusen soacutelo pocas veces en su manuscrito Evite lasabreviaturas en el resumen
bull En general utilice el ldquopasadordquo cuando describacoacutemo realizoacute el estudio y lo que descubrioacute o lo quehicieron otros investigadores Preferentemente use elldquopresenterdquo en oraciones generales e interpretacioacutende datos (por ejemplo la significacioacuten estadiacutestica las
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5 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed
conclusiones) o cuando escriba sobre el contenido desu artiacuteculo especialmente sobre figuras y tablas(Day Gastel 2006)
bull A menos que los editores exijan lo contrario noescriba ldquothe author (s)rdquo cuando se refiera a ustedmismo ya que es ambiguo En cambio escriba ldquowerdquoo ldquoIrdquo si fuera necesario o use expresiones como ldquoin
this studyrdquo ldquoour resultsrdquo ldquoin our opinionrdquo (porejemplo Hartley 2010 Norris 2011) Tenga encuenta que deberaacute escribir ldquothis studyrdquo soacutelo si serefiere a sus resultados nuevos Si se refiere a unapublicacioacuten mencionada en una oracioacuten previaescriba ldquothat studyrdquo Si se refiere a autores de unapublicacioacuten que haya citado escriba ldquothose authorsrdquo
bull Recuerde que en los textos cientiacuteficos la palabraldquowhichrdquo se debe usar en subordinadas adjetivasexplicativas non-defining (marcadas por comas)mientras que ldquothatrdquo se debe utilizar en subordinadasadjetivas especificativas defining (que aportan
informacioacuten esencial como por ejemplo ldquoonly thosethatrdquo)
bull Cuando utilice palabras ambiguas aseguacuterese deque el significado sea obvio seguacuten el contextoVerifique que todos los verbos concuerden ennuacutemero con el sujeto y que las referencias a todoslos pronombres sean claras (eso es crucial para lostextos traducidos) Tenga en cuenta que algunossustantivos tienen plurales irregulares (Ver
Appendix Plurals)bull Lea el texto en voz alta para verificar la puntuacioacuten
Todas las pausas en la entonacioacuten necesarias paraun correcto entendimiento se deben marcar concomas u otros signos de puntuacioacuten (por ejemploconsidere la diferencia entre ldquono more data areneededrdquo y ldquono more data are neededrdquo)
bull La ortografiacutea debe ser consistente Siga las reglasde ortografiacutea del ingleacutes britaacutenico o americano y elmismo principio para escribir las fechas (porejemplo ldquo21 Jan 2009rdquo en ingleacutes britaacutenico o ldquoJan21 2009rdquo en ingleacutes americanordquo) (Ver Appendix
Spelling) Verifique si la publicacioacuten destino utilizala ortografiacutea del ingleacutes britaacutenico o americano y use la
misma regla en las palabras y gramaacutetica de suartiacuteculobull Piacutedale a alguno de sus amables colegas que lea el
texto completo para ver si existen fragmentosambiguos
TraduccioacutenTranslation Jaquelina Guardamagna( jaquiguardamagnahotmailcom)
reviewed by Reme Melero (meleroiataacsices)
HAN COLABORADO EN LA ELABORACIOacuteNDE ESTAS DIRECTRICES (en orden cronoloacutegico)Sylwia Ufnalska (initiator and editor) Paola De
Castro Liz Wager Carol Norris James HartleyFranccediloise Salager-Meyer Marcin Kozak Ed HullMary Ellen Kerans Angela Turner Will Hughes PeterHovenkamp Thomas Babor Eric Lichtfouse Richard
Hurley Mercegrave Piqueras Maria Persson ElisabettaPoltronieri Suzanne Lapstun Mare-Anne Laane DavidVaux Arjan Polderman Ana Marusic ElisabethHeseltine Joy Burrough-Boenisch Eva BaranyiovaacuteTom Lang Arie Manten Pippa Smart ArmenGasparyan
Referencias y bibliografiacutea complementariaAuthorAID Resource Library Available from
httpwwwauthoraidinforesource-library Baranyiovaacute E 1998 Misleading words or nobody is perfect
European Science Editing 24(2)46 Available fromhttpwwweaseorguksitesdefaultfilesese_1998-baranyiovapdf
Beverley P 2011 Word macros for writers and editors Availablefrom httpwwwarchivepubcoukTheBook
BioMed Central policy on duplicate publication Available from httpwwwbiomedcentralcomaboutduplicatepublication
Bless A Hull E 2008 Reader-friendly biomedical articles how to
write them 3rd ed Alphen ad Rijn Van ZuidenCommunication
Bravo E Cambon-Thomsen A De Castro P Mabile L Napolitani
F Napolitano M Rossi AM 2013 Citation of bioresources in journal articles moving towards standards European Science
Editing 39(2)36-38 Available fromhttpwwweaseorguksitesdefaultfilesessay_bioresourcespdf
Burrough-Boenisch J 2013 Editing texts by non-native speakers ofEnglish In European Association of Science Editors Science
editorsrsquo handbook Smart P Maisonneuve H Polderman Aeditors Available from httpwwweaseorgukhandbookindexshtml
Chipperfield L Citrome L Clark J David FS Enck R EvangelistaM et al 2010 Authors Submission Toolkit a practical guide togetting your research published Current Medical Research amp
Opinion 26(8)1967-1982 Available fromhttpinformahealthcarecomdoifull101185030079952010499344
[COPE flowcharts] Committee on Publication Ethics flowchartsAvailable in many languages fromhttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts
[CSE] Council of Science Editors Style Manual Committee 2014Scientific style and format the CSE manual for authors editors
and publishers 8th ed University of Chicago Press Availablefrom httpwwwscientificstyleandformatorgHomehtml
Day RA Gastel B 2006 How to write and publish a scientific
paper 6th ed Cambridge Cambridge University Pressdo Carmo GMI Yen C Cortes J Siqueira AA de Oliveira WK
Cortez-Escalante JJ et al 2011 Decline in diarrhea mortality andadmissions after routine childhood rotavirus immunization inBrazil a time-series analysis PLoS Medicine 8(4) e1001024Available fromhttpwwwplosmedicineorgarticleinfo3Adoi2F1013712Fjournal
pmed1001024 [DORA] San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment 2013
Available from httpamascborgdorafilesSFDeclarationFINALpdf [EASE] European Association of Science Editors 2012 EASE
Toolkit for Authors Available fromhttpwwweaseorgukpublicationsease-toolkit-authors
[EASE] European Association of Science Editors 2013 Science
editorsrsquo handbook 2nd ed Smart P Maisonneuve H PoldermanA editors Available fromhttpwwweaseorgukhandbookindexshtml
[EMAME] Eastern Mediterranean Association of Medical Editors2006 Manual for editors of health science journals Available inArabic English and French fromhttpwwwemrowhointentityemame
EQUATOR Network Available fromhttpwwwequator-networkorghome Gasparyan AY Ayvazyan L Blackmore Hmiddot Kitas GD 2011
Writing a narrative biomedical review considerations forauthors peer reviewers and editors Rheumatology
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20146
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
International 31(11)1409-1417 Available rom httpwww
easeorguksitesdeaultileswriting-reviewspd
Geercken S 2006 Challenges o (medical) writing or the
multilingual audience Write Stuff 15(2)45-46 Available rom
httpmedicalwritingemwaorgarticleshowpd51
Goozner M Caplan A Moreno J Kramer BS Babor F Husser
WC 2009 A common standard or conflict o interest
disclosure in addiction journals Addiction 1041779-
1784 Available rom httpwww3intersciencewileycom
journal122637800abstract
Gopen GD Swan JA 1990 Te science o scientific writing
i the reader is to grasp what the writer means the writer
must understand what the reader needs American Scientist
78(6)550ndash558 Available rom httpwww-statwharton
upennedu~bujascihtml
Gra C Battisti WP Bridges D Bruce-Winkle V Conaty JM
Ellison JM et al or the International Society or Medical
Publication Proessionals 2009 Good publication practice
or communicating company sponsored medical research theGPP2 guidelines BMJ 339b4330 Available rom httpwww
bmjcomcgicontentull339nov27_1b4330
Gustavii B 2008 How to write and illustrate a scientific paper 2nd
ed Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press
Hartley J 2010 Citing onesel European Science Editing 36(2)35-
37 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksitesdeaultiles
may_2010_362pd
Hengl Gould M Gerritsma W 2011 Te unofficial guide or
authors rom research design to publication Wageningen
Arnhem Available rom httpedepotwurnl178013
[ICMJE] International Committee o Medical Journal Editors
2013 Recommendations or the Conduct Reporting Editingand Publication o Scholarly Work in Medical Journals
Available rom httpwwwicmjeorgurm_mainhtml
Kerans ME de Jager M 2010 Handling plagiarism at the editorrsquos
desk European Science Editing 36(3) 62-66 httpwwwease
orguksitesdeaultilesese_aug10pd
Kozak M 2009 ext-table an underused and undervalued tool
or communicating inormation European Science Editing
35(4)103 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksites
deaultilesnovember_2009_354pd
Lang 2004 wenty statistical errors even YOU can
find in biomedical research articles Croatian Medical
Journal 45(4)361-370 Available rom httpwwwcmj
hr200445415311405htm
Masic I Kujundzic E 2013 Science editing in biomedicine and
humanities Sarajevo Avicenna
[MeSH Browser] Medical Subject Headings Browser Available
rom httpwwwnlmnihgovmeshMBrowserhtml
Norris CB 2009 Academic writing in English Helsinki
University o Helsinki Available rom httpwwwhelsinkii
kksclanguageservicesAcadWritpd
Norris C 2011 Te passive voice revisited European Science
Editing 37(1)6-7 Available rom httpwwweaseorguk
sitesdeaultilesebruary_2011_371pd
OrsquoConnor M 1991 Writing successully in science London
Chapman amp Hall
[ORI] Office o Research Integrity 2009 Avoiding plagiarism sel-
plagiarism and other questionable writing practices a guide to
ethical writing Available rom httporihhsgoveducation
productsplagiarism0shtmlResearch Methods Supercourse Available rom httpwwwpitt
edu~super1ResearchMethodsindexhtm
[RIN] Research Inormation Network 2008 Acknowledgement
o unders in journal articles Available rom httpwww
rinacukour-workresearch-unding-policy-and-guidance
acknowledgement-unders-journal-articles
Seiert KA Crous PW Frisvad JC 2008 Correcting the impact
actors o taxonomic journals by Appropriate Citation o
axonomy (AC) Persoonia 20105 Available rom http
wwwpersooniaorgIssue2008pd
Strunk WJr White EB 2000 Te elements o style 4th ed New
York Macmillanufe ER 2001 Te visual display o quantitative inormation 2nd ed
Cheshire C Graphics Press
Unalska S 2008 Abstracts o research articles readersrsquo expectations
and guidelines or authors European Science Editing 34(3)63-
65 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksitesdeaultiles
august_2008343pd
[WMA] World Medical Association 2013 Declaration o Helsinki
ndash ethical principles or medical research involving human
subjects Available in English Spanish and French rom http
wwwwmaneten30publications10policiesb3
bull Consider publishing a review article once you havecompleted the first year o your PhD studies because(1) you should already have a clear picture o the fieldand an up-to-date stock o reerences in your computer(2) research results sometimes take a long time to get (inagronomy 3 years o field experiments) (3) journalslove review articles (they tend to improve the impactactor) (4) the rejection rate o review articles is low(although some journals publish solicited reviews onlyso you might want to contact the Editor first) (5) thenon-specialist reader - such as a uture employer - will
understand a review article more easily than an originalarticle with detailed results
bull Alternatively publish meta-analyses or other database-
based research articles
bull Each partitem o an article should preerably be ldquoalmostrdquounderstandable (and citable) without reading otherparts Te average time spent reading an article is allingso virtually no one reads rom itle to Reerences Tisphenomenon is amplified by the ldquodigital explosionrdquowhereby search engines identiy individual items such asabstracts or figures rather than intact articles
Written by Eric Lichtfouse
ericlichtfousedijoninrafr
For more advice see EASE Toolkit for Authors
(wwweaseorgukpublicationsease-toolkit-authors)
Practical tips for junior researchers
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Appendix Abstracts
Key elements of abstracts
Researchers are quite ofen in a ldquoboxrdquo o technical detailsndash the ldquoimportantrdquo things they ocus on day in and day outAs a result they requently lose sight o 4 items essentialor any readable credible and relevant IMRaD1 article thepoint o the research the research question its answer andthe consequences o the study
o help researchers to get out o the box I ask them toinclude 5 key elements in their article and in their abstract Idescribe briefly the elements below and illustrate them witha fictitious abstract
Key element 1 (983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140) the point o the researchndash why should we care about the study Tis is usually astatement o the BIG problem that the research helps tosolve and the strategy or helping to solve it It prepares thereader to understand the specific research question
Key element 2 (983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155) the specific research questionndash the basis o credible science o be clear completeand concise research questions are stated in terms orelationships between the variables that were investigatedSuch specific research questions tie the story together ndashthey ocus on credible science
Key element 3 (983149983141983156983144983151983140983155) a precise description o themethods used to collect data and determine the relationshipsbetween the variables
Key element 4 (983154983141983155983157983148983156983155) the major findings ndash not onlydata but the RELAIONSHIPS ound that lead to theanswer Results should generally be reported in the pasttense but the authorsrsquo interpretation o the actual findingsis in the present tense ndash it reports the authorsrsquo belie o howthe world IS O course in a pilot study such as the ollowingexample the authors cannot yet present definitive answerswhich they indicate by using the words ldquosuggestrdquo and ldquomayrdquo
Key element 5 (983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155) the consequences o theanswers ndash the value o the work Tis element relates directlyback to the big problem how the study helps to solve theproblem and it also points to the next step in research
Here is a fictitious example
Predicting malaria epidemics in Ethiopia
Abstract
983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140 Most deaths rom malaria could beprevented i malaria epidemics could be predicted in localareas allowing medical acilities to be mobilized early
983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155 As a first step toward constructing a predictivemodel we determined correlations between meteorologicalactors and malaria epidemics in Ethiopia 983149983141983156983144983151983140983155
In a retrospective study we collected meteorologicaland epidemic data or 10 local areas covering the years1963-2006 Poisson regression was used to compare thedata 983154983141983155983157983148983156983155 Factors AAA BBB and CCC correlatedsignificantly (P lt005) with subsequent epidemics in all10 areas A model based on these correlations wouldhave a predictive power o about 30 983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155 Meteorological actors can be used to predict malariaepidemics However the predictive power o our modelneeds to be improved and validated in other areas
Tis understandable and concise abstract orms the
ldquoskeletonrdquo or the entire article A final comment Tisexample is based on an actual research project and at firstthe author was in a ldquoboxrdquo ull o the mathematics statisticsand computer algorithms o his predicting model Tis wasreflected in his first version o the abstract where the wordldquomalariardquo never appeared
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
(for more information see Bless and Hull 2008)
______________________________
1 IMRaD stands or Introduction Methods Results and
Discussion
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Empty words and sentences
Many English words are empty ndash they do not addinormation but require the reader to fill in inormation orcontext to be understood Te reader is orced to supply hisor her own interpretation which could be different romwhat you the writer mean
Empty words seem to give inormation and uncriticalreaders do not notice them ndash that is why they work so wellor marketing texts However empty words do not belongin articles reporting scientific research Empty wordsrequire the reader to supply the meaning ndash very dangerousConcise and clear communication requires words that
convey specific meaning
Examples
It is important that patients take their medicine
bull Note that to a physician the meaning is probably entirelydifferent than to the sales manager o a pharmaceuticalcompany ldquoImportantrdquo is one o our best-loved butempty words ndash it fits every situation
Te patient was treated or XXX
bull ldquoreatedrdquo is empty we do not know what was done
One reader could assume that the patient was given acertain medicine while another reader could assumethat the patient was given a different medicine Perhapsthe patient was operated on or sent to Switzerland ora rest cure
Te patient reacted well to the medicine
bull ldquoReacted wellrdquo gives us a positive piece o inormationbut otherwise it is empty we do not know how thepatient reacted
Te patientrsquos blood pressure was low
bull We interpret ldquohighlow blood pressurerdquo to meanldquohigherlower than normalrdquo but we the readers haveto supply that reerence standard A more concisestatement is Te patientrsquos blood pressure was 9060
Empty words and phrases not only require the reader tosupply the meaning they also contribute to a wordy blah-blah text In scientific articles they destroy credibility Hereare some examples
It has been ound that the secondary effects o this drugincludehellip
bull Better Te secondary effects o this drug includehellip(re)Or i these are your new results Our results show thatthe secondary effects o this drug includehellip
We perormed a retrospective evaluation study on XXX
bull ldquoPerormed a studyrdquo is a much overused and ratherempty phrase Better We retrospectively evaluated XXX
More examples that require the reader to supplyinormation i it is not evident rom the context
bull
quality bull goodbad
bull highlow
bull largesmall
bull longshort
bull properproperly (eg ldquohellipa proper question on thequestionnairehelliprdquo)
bull As soon as possiblehellip
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Ambiguity
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copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Cohesion ndash the glue
Te word ldquocohesionrdquo means ldquounityrdquo ldquoconsistencyrdquo andldquosolidityrdquo Building cohesion into your text makes lie easieror your readers ndash they will be much more likely to readthe text Cohesion ldquogluesrdquo your text together ocusingthe readersrsquo attention on your main message and therebyadding credibility to your work
Tink o your text as a motorcycle chain made up oseparate links where each sentence is one link A pile ounconnected links is worthless ndash it will never drive yourmotorcycle Similarly a pile o unconnected sentences isworthless ndash it will never drive your message home
o build a cohesive text you have to connect yoursentences together to make longer segments we callparagraphs A cohesive paragraph clearly ocuses on itstopic You then need to connect each paragraph with theprevious paragraph thereby linking the paragraph topicsLinking paragraphs results in building cohesive sections oyour article where each section ocuses on its main topicTen link the sections to each other and finally connectthe end o your article to the beginning closing the loopndash now the chain will drive our motorcycle Letrsquos look atlinking techniques
Basic guidelines for building a cohesive story1 Link each sentence to the previous sentence
2 Link each paragraph to the previous paragraph
3 Link each section to the previous section
4 Link the end to the beginning
Linking techniques
Whether you want to link sentences paragraphs sectionsor the beginning to the end use 2 basic linking techniques
bull Use linking words and phrases such as howeveralthough those since then An example Our researchresults conflict with those o Smith and Jones o resolvethose differences we measured
bull Repeat key words and phrases ndash do not use synonymsIn scientific writing repetition sharpens the ocusRepetition especially helps the reader to connect ideasthat are physically separated in your text For exampleOther investigators have shown that microbial activitycan cause immobilization o labile soil phosphorusOur results suggest that indeed microbial activity
immobilizes the labile soil phosphorus
Te example below illustrates how to link your answer toyour research question thus linking the Discussion withthe Introduction
In the Introduction the research hypothesis is statedFor example Te decremental theory o aging led us tohypothesize that older workers in ldquospeedrdquo jobs perorm lesswell and have more absences and more accidents than otherworkers have
In the Discussion the answer is linked to the hypothesisOur findings do not support the hypothesis that older workersin speed jobs perorm less well and have more absences andmore accidents than other workers have Te older workers generally earned more were absent less ofen and had eweraccidents than younger workers had Furthermore we oundno significant difference between
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Cohesion
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EXPLANAION obligatory declarations applying to allmanuscripts are printed in bold
Original or acceptable secondary publication
No part o this manuscript (MS) has been publishedexcept or passages that are properly cited
An abstractsummary o this MS has been publishedinhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Tis MS has already been published in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipbut in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip language A ull citation tothe primary publication is included and the copyrightowner has agreed to its publication in English
No part of this MS is currently being considered forpublication elsewhere
In this MS original data are clearly distinguishedfrom published data All information extracted fromother publications is provided with citations
Authorship All people listed as authors of this MS meet theauthorship criteria ie they contributed substantiallyto study planning data collection or interpretationof results and wrote or critically revised the MS and approved its nal submitted version and agree to beaccountable for all aspects of the work (ICMJE 2013)
All people listed as authors of this MS are aware of itand have agreed to be listed
No person who meets the authorship criteria hasbeen omitted
Ethical experimentation and interpretation
Te study reported in this MS involved humanparticipants and it meets the ethical principles o theDeclaration o Helsinki (WMA 2013) Data have beendisaggregated by sex (and whenever possible by race)
Te study reported in this MS meets the ConsensusAuthor Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welareor Veterinary Journals2 about humane treatment oanimals and has been approved by an ethical reviewcommittee
Te study reported in this MS meets other ethicalprinciples namely helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip hellip
I and all the other authors of this MS did ourbest to avoid errors in experimental design datapresentation interpretation etc However if we
discover any serious error in the MS (before or aerpublication) we will alert the editor promptly
None of our data presented in this MS has beenfabricated or distorted and no valid data have beenexcluded Images shown in gures have not beenmanipulated to make a false impression on readers
Results of this study have been interpreted objectivelyAny ndings that run contrary to our point of vieware discussed in the MS
Te article does not to the best of our knowledgecontain anything that is libellous illegal infringes
anyonersquos copyright or other rights or poses a threatto public safety
Acknowledgements
All sources of funding for the study reported in thisMS are stated
All people who are not listed as authors butcontributed considerably to the study reported inthis MS or assisted in its writing (eg authorrsquos editorstranslators medical writers) are mentioned in theAcknowledgements
All people named in the Acknowledgements have
agreed to this However they are not responsible forthe nal version of this MS
Consent has been obtained rom the author(s) ounpublished data cited in the MS
Copyright owners o previously published figures ortables have agreed to their inclusion in this MS
Conflict of interest
All authors of this study have signed a conict ofinterest statement and disclosed any nancial orpersonal links with people or organizations that havea nancial interest in this MS3
Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Signaturehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
MS titlehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
2 See wwwveteditorsorgethicsconsensusguidelineshtml3 See wwwicmjeorgcoi_disclosurepd
Appendix Ethics
Publication ethics checklist for authors
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Examples of irregular plurals deriving from Latin or Greek
Singular Plural Examples
-a -ae
rarely -ata
alga ndash algae larva ndash larvae
stoma ndash stomata
-ex -icesindex ndash indices (or indexes)
apex ndash apices (or apexes)
-ies -ies species series facies
-is -es axis ndash axes hypothesis ndash hypotheses
-ix -icesappendix ndash appendices (or appendixes)
matrix ndash matrices (or matrixes)
-on -a phenomenon ndash phenomena
criterion ndash criteria
-um -a datum ndash data bacterium ndash bacteria
-us
-i
rarely -uses
or -era
locus ndash loci fungus ndash fungi (or funguses)
sinus ndash sinuses
genus ndash genera
Acceptable anglicized plurals that are also listed in dictionaries
In non-scientific use usually treated as a mass noun (like inormation etc)
It must be remembered that some nouns used in everydayEnglish also have irregular plural orms (eg woman ndashwomen oot ndash eet tooth ndash teeth mouse ndash mice lea ndash leaves
lie ndash lives tomato ndash tomatoes) or have no plural orm (egequipment inormation news) For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult a dictionary
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
Appendix Plurals
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Appendix Simplicity
Examples of expressions that can be simplified or deleted (empty)
Long or (sometimes) wrong Better choice (oen)
accounted or by the act that because
as can be seen rom Figure 1 substance Zreduces twitching
substance Z reduces twitching (Fig 1)
at the present moment now
bright yellow in colour bright yellow
conducted inoculation experiments on inoculated considerable amount o much
despite the act that although
due to the act that because
or the reason that because
i conditions are such that i
in a considerable number o cases ofen
in view o the act that because
it is o interest to note that empty
it may however be noted that but
large numbers o many
lazy in character lazy
methodology methods
owing to the act that because
oval in shape oval
prior to beore
taken into consideration considered
terminate end
the test in question this test
there can be little doubt that this is this is probably
to an extent equal to that o X as much as X
utilize use
whether or not whether Based on OrsquoConnor (1991)
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Examples of differences between British and American spelling
British English American English
-ae-
eg aetiology aeces haematology -e-
eg etiology eces hematology
-ce in nouns -se in verbseg deence licencelicense practicepractise
-se in nouns and verbseg deense license
(but practice as both noun and verb)
-ise or -izeeg organiseorganize
-izeeg organize
-isation or -ization eg organisationorganization
-izationeg organization
-lled -lling -llor etceg labelled travelling councillor
(but ulfil skilul )
-led -ling -lor etceg labeled traveling councilor
(but ulfill skillul )
-oe-eg diarrhoea oetus oestrogen
-e-eg diarrhea etus estrogen
-ogue
eg analogue catalogue-og or -ogue
eg analoganalogue catalogcatalogue
-our eg colour behaviour avour
-or eg color behavior avor
-re
eg centre fibre metre litre(but meter or a measuring instrument)
-er
eg center fiber meter liter
-yseeg analyse dialyse
-yzeeg analyze dialyze
aluminium aluminum or aluminium
gr ey gr ay
mould mold
programme (general) or program (computer) program
sul phur or sul f ur sul f ur
One ending should be used consistentlyRecommended by the International Union o Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society o Chemistry
Appendix Spelling
For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult adictionary Obviously American and British English slightly
differ not only in spelling but also in word use grammar
punctuation etc However those differences are outside thescope o this document
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
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Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements
such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples
Original sentence
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C
Modified
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03
Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)
ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo
Appendix Text-tables
Modified
Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)
lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)
Some rules for arranging text-tables
1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents
and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct
alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow
Written by Marcin Kozak
nyggusgmailcom
(for more information see Kozak 2009)
Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets
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About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201416
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed
Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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2 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed
ese caso deberaacute proporcionar la siguienteinformacioacuten detallada entre pareacutentesis autor tiacutetuloantildeo etc) Aseguacuterese de que toda la informacioacutenproporcionada en el resumen tambieacuten aparezca en elcuerpo principal del artiacuteculo (Ver Appendix
Abstracts) bull Lista de palabras claves adicionales (cuando los
editores lo exijan) incluya todos los teacuterminoscientiacuteficos pertinentes que no se encuentren en eltiacutetulo o en el resumen Las palabras claves deben serespeciacuteficas Agregue teacuterminos maacutes geneacutericos si suestudio tiene trascendencia interdisciplinaria(OacuteConnor 1991) En textos meacutedicos utilice elvocabulario que aparece en el MeSH Browser
bull Lista de abreviaturas (cuando los editores loexijan) defina todas las abreviaturas utilizadas en elartiacuteculo excepto aquellas que son obvias paraquienes no son especialistas
bull Introduccioacuten explique por queacute fue necesario llevar
a cabo el estudio y los objetivos de la investigacioacuten ola(s) pregunta(s) que quiso responder Comience concuestiones maacutes generales y gradualmente vayaenfocaacutendose en la(s) pregunta(s) de su trabajo deinvestigacioacuten
bull Meacutetodos describa con detalle coacutemo se realizoacute elestudio (por ejemplo aacuterea del estudio recoleccioacutende datos criterios origen del material analizadotamantildeo de la muestra nuacutemero de medidas tomadasedad y sexo de los participantes equipamientoanaacutelisis de datos pruebas estadiacutesticas y software
utilizado) Todos los factores que pudieroninfluenciar los resultados deben considerarse Lasfuentes de materiales experimentales obtenidos debiobancos deberiacutean mencionarse con nombrescompletos e identificadores si estuviesendisponibles (Bravo et al 2013) Si va a citar unmeacutetodo descrito en una publicacioacuten inaccesible oque no esteacute en ingleacutes expliacutequelo en detalle en sumanuscrito Aseguacuterese de cumplir con los estaacutendareseacuteticos (por ejemplo WMA 2013) con respecto a losderechos de pacientes las pruebas con animales y laproteccioacuten del medio ambiente etc
bull Resultados presente los nuevos resultados de suestudio (por lo general no se deben incluir en estaseccioacuten lo datos ya publicados) Se deben mencionartodas las tablas y figuras en el cuerpo principal delartiacuteculo y enumerar en el orden en que aparecen enel texto Verifique que el anaacutelisis estadiacutestico seaapropiado (por ejemplo Lang 2004) No invente odistorsione ninguacuten dato y no excluya datosimportantes asiacute mismo no manipule las imaacutegenespara causarle una falsa impresioacuten a los lectores Lamanipulacioacuten de datos de esa clase se puedeconsiderar fraude cientiacutefico (ver COPE flowcharts)
bull Discusioacuten responda a las preguntas del trabajo deinvestigacioacuten (formuladas al final de la introduccioacuten)y compare los nuevos resultados con los datos yapublicados tan objetivamente como le sea posible
Analice sus limitaciones y destaque sus hallazgosprincipales Se deben considerar todos lo hallazgosque se opongan a su punto de vista Para respaldar supostura utilice solamente pruebasmetodoloacutegicamente soacutelidas (ORI 2009) Al final de ladiscusioacuten o en una seccioacuten separada enfatice lasconclusiones maacutes significantes y la importancia
praacutectica de su estudiobull Agradecimientos mencione a todas las personas que
contribuyeron considerablemente en el estudio peroque no se pueden considerar como coautores ytambieacuten haga mencioacuten de todas las fuentes de ayudaeconoacutemica Se recomienda que lo haga de lasiguiente manera ldquoThis work was supported by theMedical Research Council [grant number xxxx]rdquo Sino ha recibido ayuda econoacutemica especiacutefica emplee lasiguiente oracioacuten ldquoThis research received no specificgrant from any funding agency in the publiccommercial or not-for-profit sectorsrdquo (RIN 2008) Si
fuera pertinente revele a los editores otros conflictosde intereacutes por ejemplo relaciones personales ofinancieras con el fabricante o con una organizacioacuteninteresada en el manuscrito presentado (Goozner etal 2009) Si va a reproducir material publicadopreviamente (por ejemplo figuras) solicite elpermiso de los autores con derecho de autor parahacerlo y mencioacutenelos en las notas al pie o en losreconocimientos En caso de haber recibido la ayudade un experto en idiomas (pe corrector o traductor)un profesional de la estadiacutestica personal de toma dedatos etc deberiacutea mencionarse su contribucioacuten enlos agradecimientos en aras de una mayortransparencia (ICMJE 2013 Graf et al 2009) Sedebe aclarar que ellos no son responsables de laversioacuten final del artiacuteculo Debe asegurarse de recibirel consentimiento de todas las personas que seannombradas en dicha seccioacuten (Ver Appendix Ethics)
bull Referencias aseguacuterese de haber especificado lasfuentes de toda la informacioacuten extraiacuteda de otraspublicaciones En el listado del material dereferencia incluya todos los datos necesarios paraque se pueda encontrar en bibliotecas o en Internet
En el caso de las publicaciones que no esteacuten eningleacutes proporcione el tiacutetulo original (contranscripcioacuten seguacuten las reglas del ingleacutes si fueranecesario) seguido en lo posible de la traduccioacuten alingleacutes entre corchetes (CSE 2014) Evite la cita dereferencias irrelevantes coactivas e inaccesibles Endonde corresponda cite los artiacuteculos de investigacioacutenprimarios en vez de las resentildeas (DORA 2013) Noincluya datos no publicados en el listado del materialde referencia si los menciona describa la fuente deorigen en el cuerpo principal del artiacuteculo y obtengael permiso del que ha generado los datos para poder
citarlosbull Una estructura de artiacuteculos diferente quizaacutes sea maacutes
apropiada para publicaciones teoacutericas artiacuteculos derevisioacuten estudios de casos diferente de los artiacuteculos
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3 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed
sea maacutes apropiada etc (por ejemplo Gasparyan etal 2011)
bull Algunas publicaciones incluyen tambieacuten uncompendio o un resumen maacutes extenso en otroidioma Eso resulta muy uacutetil en varios campos deinvestigacioacuten
bull Recuerde cumplir con las instrucciones para
autores de la publicacioacuten con respecto a la extensioacutendel resumen el estilo de presentacioacuten de referenciasetc
Escriba en FORMA CONCISA para ahorrarles tiempoa los lectores y evaluadores
bull No incluya informacioacuten que no sea pertinente alas preguntas de su trabajo de investigacioacutenespecificadas en la introduccioacuten
bull No copie partes de sus publicaciones previas y nopresente el mismo manuscrito a maacutes de unapublicacioacuten a la vez Sino puede considerarse
responsable de publicacioacuten redundante (vea COPEflowcharts) Este principio no se aplica a laspublicaciones preliminares tales como resuacutemenes deactas de congresos (OacuteConnor 1991 veacutease tambieacutenBioMed Central policy) Por otra parte laspublicaciones secundarias se aceptan si vandirigidas a un grupo de lectores totalmente diferente(por ejemplo en otro idioma o para especialistas y elpuacuteblico en general) y si primero fueron aprobadaspor los editores de ambas publicaciones (ICMJE2013) Se debe incluir una nota al pie de la paacuteginadel tiacutetulo segunda publicacioacuten en la que se hagareferencia a la primera publicacioacuten
bull La informacioacuten que se proporcione en una de lassecciones preferentemente no debe repetirse en lasdemaacutes secciones Las excepciones obvias incluyen elresumen las notas al pie de las figuras y el paacuterrafode conclusioacuten
bull Tenga en cuenta si son necesarias todas las tablas yfiguras Los datos que se presentan en las tablas nodeben repetirse en las figuras (o viceversa) Loslistados extensos de datos no deben repetirse en eltexto
bull Las notas al pie de las tablas y figuras deben serinformativas pero no muy extensas Si sepresentan datos similares en varias tablas o figurasentonces el formato de las notas de pie tambieacuten debeser similar
bull Preferentemente elimine las oraciones que sonobvias (por ejemplo ldquoLos bosques son ecosistemasmuy importantesrdquo) o demaacutes fragmentos redundantes(por ejemplo ldquoSe sabe querdquo)
bull Si un teacutermino cientiacutefico extenso se repitefrecuentemente defina la abreviatura cuandoaparezca por primera vez en el cuerpo principal delartiacuteculo y luego apliacutequela de forma consistente
bull Si fuera necesario exprese sus dudas pero evite lasoraciones evasivas en exceso (por ejemplo escribaldquoare potentialrdquo en vez de ldquomay possibly be
potentialrdquo) Sin embargo evite generalizar susconclusiones excesivamente
bull A menos que los editores exijan lo contrario utilicenumerales para todos los nuacutemeros es decirtambieacuten para los nuacutemeros enteros de un soacutelo diacutegitosalvo el cero uno (sin unidades) y en otros casosdonde existan posibilidades de interpretaciones
equivocadas como ser al inicio de una oracioacuten oantes de la abreviaturas que contengan nuacutemeros (CSE2014)
Escriba en forma CLARA para facilitar lacomprensioacuten aseguacuterese de que el texto sea legible
Contenido cientiacutefico
bull Distinga con claridad sus datos originales e ideas de los de otras personas y de los que incluyoacute enpublicaciones previas proporcione citas siempre ycuando sean pertinentes Preferentemente haga un
resumen o una paraacutefrasis del texto proveniente deotras fuentes Lo mismo se aplica para lastraducciones Cuando cite el texto en forma literal (por ejemplo una oracioacuten completa o un extracto detexto maacutes extenso) utilice las comillas (por ejemploORI 2009 Kerans amp de Jager 2010) Si no podriacuteacometer plagio (vea COPE flowcharts) al copiar aotros o a su propias publicaciones
bull Aseguacuterese de usar la apropiada terminologiacuteacientiacutefica en ingleacutes preferentemente en base a textosescritos por hablantes de ingleacutes nativos Lastraducciones literales son generalmente erroacuteneas (por
ejemplo en el caso de los teacuterminos conocidos comoldquofalse friendsrdquo o el de palabras inexistentesinventadas por traductores) Si tiene dudas verifiquecuaacutel es la definicioacuten en un diccionario en ingleacutes yaque muchas palabras se utilizan incorrectamente Porejemplo ldquotrimesterrdquo para referirse a la prentildeiez deanimales ver Baranyiovaacute 1998) Tambieacuten puedehacer una buacutesqueda de palabras o frases enWikipedia por ejemplo luego compare los resultadosen su idioma nativo y en ingleacutes y vea si elsignificado de los supuestos equivalentes esverdaderamente el mismo Sin embargo Wikipedia
no siempre es una fuente de informacioacuten fiablebull Si se utiliza una palabra en la mayoriacutea de las
traducciones y soacutelo pocas veces en paiacuteses de hablainglesa considere reemplazarla por un teacutermino eningleacutes comuacutenmente conocido con un significadoparecido (por ejemplo plant community en vez de phytocoenosis) Si un teacutermino cientiacutefico no tieneequivalente en ingleacutes entonces defiacutenalo con precisioacuteny sugiera una traduccioacuten al ingleacutes que sea aceptable
bull Defina todos los teacuterminos cientiacuteficos ambiguos ypoco comunes cuando los use por primera vez
Puede hacer un listado de sus sinoacutenimos si loshubiera (para facilitar la buacutesqueda) peroposteriormente emplee soacutelo uno de los teacuterminos enforma consistente (para evitar confusiones) En todos
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4 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
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los casos en que organizaciones cientiacuteficas hayanestablecido nomenclaturas formales esas seraacuten laspreferidas en las comunicaciones cientiacuteficas (porejemplo EASE 2013)
bull Evite las oraciones poco claras que implican queel lector tenga que adivinar lo que usted quiere decir (Ver Appendix Ambiguity)
bull Cuando escriba sobre porcentajes ponga en claro loque considera como 100 Cuando escriba sobrecorrelaciones relaciones etc ponga en claro cuaacutelesson los valores que estaacute comparando entre siacute
bull Generalmente se prefiere el uso del SistemaInternacional de medidas (SI) y de gradoscentiacutegrados
bull A diferencia de otros idiomas en ingleacutes se usa punto para separar decimales (en vez de coma) Ennuacutemeros con maacutes de 4 diacutegitos a la derecha oizquierda del punto decimal utilice medios espacios(thin spaces) (en vez de comas) entre grupos de 3diacutegitos a cualquiera de los lados del punto decimal(EASE 2013)
bull Para indicar siglos meses etc no utilice nuacutemerosromanos ya que son poco comunes en ingleacutesDebido a las diferentes formas en que se escriben lasfechas en ingleacutes americano y britaacutenico (ver abajo)preferentemente indique los meses con palabrascompletas o con las primeras 3 letras de la palabra(CSE 2014)
bull Si se tradujeran nombres geograacuteficos pococonocidos tambieacuten deberaacute mencionarse el nombre
original si fuera posible por ejemplo ldquoin theKampinos Forest (Puszcza Kampinoska)rdquo Algo deinformacioacuten adicional sobre la ubicacioacuten el climaetc tambieacuten puede ser uacutetil para los lectores
bull Recuerde que el texto seraacute leiacutedo principalmentepor extranjeros que quizaacutes no tengan conocimientode condiciones especiales clasificaciones oconceptos ampliamente conocidos en su paiacutes por lotanto puede que sea necesario agregar algunasexplicaciones (Ufnalska 2008) Por ejemplo lapopular hierba Erigeron annuus se conoce comoStenactis annua en algunos paiacuteses por lo tanto en los
textos en ingleacutes se deberaacute usar el nombre aprobadointernacionalmente mientras que se pueden agregarsinoacutenimos entre pareacutentesis
Estructura del texto
bull Las oraciones en general no deben ser muy largasy la estructura debe ser relativamente sencillacon el sujeto cerca del verbo (Gopen amp Swan 1990)Por ejemplo evite los sustantivos abstractos yescriba ldquoX was measuredrdquo en vez deldquoMeasurements of X were carried outrdquo (Ver
Appendix Simplicity) Evite usar excesivamente
construcciones en voz pasiva (por ejemplo Norris2011) Cuando traduzca modifique la estructura dela oracioacuten si fuera necesario para transmitir el
mensaje con maacutes precisioacuten o maacutes claridad(Burrough-Boenisch 2013)
bull El texto debe estar organizado loacutegica ycoherentemente y por lo tanto debe ser faacutecil deleer (Ver Appendix Cohesion)
bull Es preferible que inicie cada paacuterrafo con una oracioacutensobre el tema y lo desarrolle completamente en las
oraciones siguientesbull A diferencia de otros idiomas se permiten las
construcciones paralelas en ingleacutes ya que facilitan elentendimiento Por ejemplo al comparar datossimilares puede escribir ldquoIt was high in A mediumin B and low in Crdquo rather than ldquoIt was high in Amedium for B and low in the case of Crdquo
bull Haga que las figuras y tablas sean de faacutecilcomprensioacuten sin necesidad de referirse al cuerpoprincipal del artiacuteculo Omita datos que no seaninformativos (por ejemplo elimine una columna sicontiene los mismos valores en todas las filas ndash encambio puede mencionarlo en una nota al pie depaacutegina) Utilice abreviaturas soacutelo cuando seanecesario por razones de consistencia o cuando nohubiera suficiente espacio para incluir palabrascompletas En las notas al pie de las figuras o notas alpie en general defina todas las abreviaturas ysiacutembolos que no sean obvios (por ejemplo las barrasde error pueden denotar desviacioacuten estaacutendar errorestaacutendar o intervalo de confianza) Recuerde utilizarel punto decimal (en vez de coma) y rotule los ejesy unidades cuando sea necesario
bull
Considere utilizar cuadros de texto cuando presenteuna pequentildea serie de datos (Kozak 2009) (Ver
Appendix Text-tables)bull En listados largos (de abreviaturas etc) separe
preferentemente cada tema con punto y coma () yaque es la opcioacuten intermedia entre comas y puntosfinales
El idoma importa
bull Cuando los teacuterminos cientiacuteficos no sean necesariosutilice preferentemente palabras conocidascomuacutenmente Sin embargo evite las expresiones
idiomaacuteticas o coloquiales asiacute como las frasesverbales (por ejemplo find out pay off ) quegeneralmente son difiacuteciles de entender para hablantesde ingleacutes no nativos (Geercken 2006)
bull Defina las abreviaturas cuando aparezcan porprimera vez en el cuerpo principal del artiacuteculo (si nofueran claras para los lectores) No utilicedemasiadas abreviaturas diferentes ya que el textoseriacutea difiacutecil de entender No abrevie teacuterminos que seusen soacutelo pocas veces en su manuscrito Evite lasabreviaturas en el resumen
bull En general utilice el ldquopasadordquo cuando describacoacutemo realizoacute el estudio y lo que descubrioacute o lo quehicieron otros investigadores Preferentemente use elldquopresenterdquo en oraciones generales e interpretacioacutende datos (por ejemplo la significacioacuten estadiacutestica las
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5 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed
conclusiones) o cuando escriba sobre el contenido desu artiacuteculo especialmente sobre figuras y tablas(Day Gastel 2006)
bull A menos que los editores exijan lo contrario noescriba ldquothe author (s)rdquo cuando se refiera a ustedmismo ya que es ambiguo En cambio escriba ldquowerdquoo ldquoIrdquo si fuera necesario o use expresiones como ldquoin
this studyrdquo ldquoour resultsrdquo ldquoin our opinionrdquo (porejemplo Hartley 2010 Norris 2011) Tenga encuenta que deberaacute escribir ldquothis studyrdquo soacutelo si serefiere a sus resultados nuevos Si se refiere a unapublicacioacuten mencionada en una oracioacuten previaescriba ldquothat studyrdquo Si se refiere a autores de unapublicacioacuten que haya citado escriba ldquothose authorsrdquo
bull Recuerde que en los textos cientiacuteficos la palabraldquowhichrdquo se debe usar en subordinadas adjetivasexplicativas non-defining (marcadas por comas)mientras que ldquothatrdquo se debe utilizar en subordinadasadjetivas especificativas defining (que aportan
informacioacuten esencial como por ejemplo ldquoonly thosethatrdquo)
bull Cuando utilice palabras ambiguas aseguacuterese deque el significado sea obvio seguacuten el contextoVerifique que todos los verbos concuerden ennuacutemero con el sujeto y que las referencias a todoslos pronombres sean claras (eso es crucial para lostextos traducidos) Tenga en cuenta que algunossustantivos tienen plurales irregulares (Ver
Appendix Plurals)bull Lea el texto en voz alta para verificar la puntuacioacuten
Todas las pausas en la entonacioacuten necesarias paraun correcto entendimiento se deben marcar concomas u otros signos de puntuacioacuten (por ejemploconsidere la diferencia entre ldquono more data areneededrdquo y ldquono more data are neededrdquo)
bull La ortografiacutea debe ser consistente Siga las reglasde ortografiacutea del ingleacutes britaacutenico o americano y elmismo principio para escribir las fechas (porejemplo ldquo21 Jan 2009rdquo en ingleacutes britaacutenico o ldquoJan21 2009rdquo en ingleacutes americanordquo) (Ver Appendix
Spelling) Verifique si la publicacioacuten destino utilizala ortografiacutea del ingleacutes britaacutenico o americano y use la
misma regla en las palabras y gramaacutetica de suartiacuteculobull Piacutedale a alguno de sus amables colegas que lea el
texto completo para ver si existen fragmentosambiguos
TraduccioacutenTranslation Jaquelina Guardamagna( jaquiguardamagnahotmailcom)
reviewed by Reme Melero (meleroiataacsices)
HAN COLABORADO EN LA ELABORACIOacuteNDE ESTAS DIRECTRICES (en orden cronoloacutegico)Sylwia Ufnalska (initiator and editor) Paola De
Castro Liz Wager Carol Norris James HartleyFranccediloise Salager-Meyer Marcin Kozak Ed HullMary Ellen Kerans Angela Turner Will Hughes PeterHovenkamp Thomas Babor Eric Lichtfouse Richard
Hurley Mercegrave Piqueras Maria Persson ElisabettaPoltronieri Suzanne Lapstun Mare-Anne Laane DavidVaux Arjan Polderman Ana Marusic ElisabethHeseltine Joy Burrough-Boenisch Eva BaranyiovaacuteTom Lang Arie Manten Pippa Smart ArmenGasparyan
Referencias y bibliografiacutea complementariaAuthorAID Resource Library Available from
httpwwwauthoraidinforesource-library Baranyiovaacute E 1998 Misleading words or nobody is perfect
European Science Editing 24(2)46 Available fromhttpwwweaseorguksitesdefaultfilesese_1998-baranyiovapdf
Beverley P 2011 Word macros for writers and editors Availablefrom httpwwwarchivepubcoukTheBook
BioMed Central policy on duplicate publication Available from httpwwwbiomedcentralcomaboutduplicatepublication
Bless A Hull E 2008 Reader-friendly biomedical articles how to
write them 3rd ed Alphen ad Rijn Van ZuidenCommunication
Bravo E Cambon-Thomsen A De Castro P Mabile L Napolitani
F Napolitano M Rossi AM 2013 Citation of bioresources in journal articles moving towards standards European Science
Editing 39(2)36-38 Available fromhttpwwweaseorguksitesdefaultfilesessay_bioresourcespdf
Burrough-Boenisch J 2013 Editing texts by non-native speakers ofEnglish In European Association of Science Editors Science
editorsrsquo handbook Smart P Maisonneuve H Polderman Aeditors Available from httpwwweaseorgukhandbookindexshtml
Chipperfield L Citrome L Clark J David FS Enck R EvangelistaM et al 2010 Authors Submission Toolkit a practical guide togetting your research published Current Medical Research amp
Opinion 26(8)1967-1982 Available fromhttpinformahealthcarecomdoifull101185030079952010499344
[COPE flowcharts] Committee on Publication Ethics flowchartsAvailable in many languages fromhttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts
[CSE] Council of Science Editors Style Manual Committee 2014Scientific style and format the CSE manual for authors editors
and publishers 8th ed University of Chicago Press Availablefrom httpwwwscientificstyleandformatorgHomehtml
Day RA Gastel B 2006 How to write and publish a scientific
paper 6th ed Cambridge Cambridge University Pressdo Carmo GMI Yen C Cortes J Siqueira AA de Oliveira WK
Cortez-Escalante JJ et al 2011 Decline in diarrhea mortality andadmissions after routine childhood rotavirus immunization inBrazil a time-series analysis PLoS Medicine 8(4) e1001024Available fromhttpwwwplosmedicineorgarticleinfo3Adoi2F1013712Fjournal
pmed1001024 [DORA] San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment 2013
Available from httpamascborgdorafilesSFDeclarationFINALpdf [EASE] European Association of Science Editors 2012 EASE
Toolkit for Authors Available fromhttpwwweaseorgukpublicationsease-toolkit-authors
[EASE] European Association of Science Editors 2013 Science
editorsrsquo handbook 2nd ed Smart P Maisonneuve H PoldermanA editors Available fromhttpwwweaseorgukhandbookindexshtml
[EMAME] Eastern Mediterranean Association of Medical Editors2006 Manual for editors of health science journals Available inArabic English and French fromhttpwwwemrowhointentityemame
EQUATOR Network Available fromhttpwwwequator-networkorghome Gasparyan AY Ayvazyan L Blackmore Hmiddot Kitas GD 2011
Writing a narrative biomedical review considerations forauthors peer reviewers and editors Rheumatology
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20146
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
International 31(11)1409-1417 Available rom httpwww
easeorguksitesdeaultileswriting-reviewspd
Geercken S 2006 Challenges o (medical) writing or the
multilingual audience Write Stuff 15(2)45-46 Available rom
httpmedicalwritingemwaorgarticleshowpd51
Goozner M Caplan A Moreno J Kramer BS Babor F Husser
WC 2009 A common standard or conflict o interest
disclosure in addiction journals Addiction 1041779-
1784 Available rom httpwww3intersciencewileycom
journal122637800abstract
Gopen GD Swan JA 1990 Te science o scientific writing
i the reader is to grasp what the writer means the writer
must understand what the reader needs American Scientist
78(6)550ndash558 Available rom httpwww-statwharton
upennedu~bujascihtml
Gra C Battisti WP Bridges D Bruce-Winkle V Conaty JM
Ellison JM et al or the International Society or Medical
Publication Proessionals 2009 Good publication practice
or communicating company sponsored medical research theGPP2 guidelines BMJ 339b4330 Available rom httpwww
bmjcomcgicontentull339nov27_1b4330
Gustavii B 2008 How to write and illustrate a scientific paper 2nd
ed Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press
Hartley J 2010 Citing onesel European Science Editing 36(2)35-
37 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksitesdeaultiles
may_2010_362pd
Hengl Gould M Gerritsma W 2011 Te unofficial guide or
authors rom research design to publication Wageningen
Arnhem Available rom httpedepotwurnl178013
[ICMJE] International Committee o Medical Journal Editors
2013 Recommendations or the Conduct Reporting Editingand Publication o Scholarly Work in Medical Journals
Available rom httpwwwicmjeorgurm_mainhtml
Kerans ME de Jager M 2010 Handling plagiarism at the editorrsquos
desk European Science Editing 36(3) 62-66 httpwwwease
orguksitesdeaultilesese_aug10pd
Kozak M 2009 ext-table an underused and undervalued tool
or communicating inormation European Science Editing
35(4)103 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksites
deaultilesnovember_2009_354pd
Lang 2004 wenty statistical errors even YOU can
find in biomedical research articles Croatian Medical
Journal 45(4)361-370 Available rom httpwwwcmj
hr200445415311405htm
Masic I Kujundzic E 2013 Science editing in biomedicine and
humanities Sarajevo Avicenna
[MeSH Browser] Medical Subject Headings Browser Available
rom httpwwwnlmnihgovmeshMBrowserhtml
Norris CB 2009 Academic writing in English Helsinki
University o Helsinki Available rom httpwwwhelsinkii
kksclanguageservicesAcadWritpd
Norris C 2011 Te passive voice revisited European Science
Editing 37(1)6-7 Available rom httpwwweaseorguk
sitesdeaultilesebruary_2011_371pd
OrsquoConnor M 1991 Writing successully in science London
Chapman amp Hall
[ORI] Office o Research Integrity 2009 Avoiding plagiarism sel-
plagiarism and other questionable writing practices a guide to
ethical writing Available rom httporihhsgoveducation
productsplagiarism0shtmlResearch Methods Supercourse Available rom httpwwwpitt
edu~super1ResearchMethodsindexhtm
[RIN] Research Inormation Network 2008 Acknowledgement
o unders in journal articles Available rom httpwww
rinacukour-workresearch-unding-policy-and-guidance
acknowledgement-unders-journal-articles
Seiert KA Crous PW Frisvad JC 2008 Correcting the impact
actors o taxonomic journals by Appropriate Citation o
axonomy (AC) Persoonia 20105 Available rom http
wwwpersooniaorgIssue2008pd
Strunk WJr White EB 2000 Te elements o style 4th ed New
York Macmillanufe ER 2001 Te visual display o quantitative inormation 2nd ed
Cheshire C Graphics Press
Unalska S 2008 Abstracts o research articles readersrsquo expectations
and guidelines or authors European Science Editing 34(3)63-
65 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksitesdeaultiles
august_2008343pd
[WMA] World Medical Association 2013 Declaration o Helsinki
ndash ethical principles or medical research involving human
subjects Available in English Spanish and French rom http
wwwwmaneten30publications10policiesb3
bull Consider publishing a review article once you havecompleted the first year o your PhD studies because(1) you should already have a clear picture o the fieldand an up-to-date stock o reerences in your computer(2) research results sometimes take a long time to get (inagronomy 3 years o field experiments) (3) journalslove review articles (they tend to improve the impactactor) (4) the rejection rate o review articles is low(although some journals publish solicited reviews onlyso you might want to contact the Editor first) (5) thenon-specialist reader - such as a uture employer - will
understand a review article more easily than an originalarticle with detailed results
bull Alternatively publish meta-analyses or other database-
based research articles
bull Each partitem o an article should preerably be ldquoalmostrdquounderstandable (and citable) without reading otherparts Te average time spent reading an article is allingso virtually no one reads rom itle to Reerences Tisphenomenon is amplified by the ldquodigital explosionrdquowhereby search engines identiy individual items such asabstracts or figures rather than intact articles
Written by Eric Lichtfouse
ericlichtfousedijoninrafr
For more advice see EASE Toolkit for Authors
(wwweaseorgukpublicationsease-toolkit-authors)
Practical tips for junior researchers
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Appendix Abstracts
Key elements of abstracts
Researchers are quite ofen in a ldquoboxrdquo o technical detailsndash the ldquoimportantrdquo things they ocus on day in and day outAs a result they requently lose sight o 4 items essentialor any readable credible and relevant IMRaD1 article thepoint o the research the research question its answer andthe consequences o the study
o help researchers to get out o the box I ask them toinclude 5 key elements in their article and in their abstract Idescribe briefly the elements below and illustrate them witha fictitious abstract
Key element 1 (983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140) the point o the researchndash why should we care about the study Tis is usually astatement o the BIG problem that the research helps tosolve and the strategy or helping to solve it It prepares thereader to understand the specific research question
Key element 2 (983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155) the specific research questionndash the basis o credible science o be clear completeand concise research questions are stated in terms orelationships between the variables that were investigatedSuch specific research questions tie the story together ndashthey ocus on credible science
Key element 3 (983149983141983156983144983151983140983155) a precise description o themethods used to collect data and determine the relationshipsbetween the variables
Key element 4 (983154983141983155983157983148983156983155) the major findings ndash not onlydata but the RELAIONSHIPS ound that lead to theanswer Results should generally be reported in the pasttense but the authorsrsquo interpretation o the actual findingsis in the present tense ndash it reports the authorsrsquo belie o howthe world IS O course in a pilot study such as the ollowingexample the authors cannot yet present definitive answerswhich they indicate by using the words ldquosuggestrdquo and ldquomayrdquo
Key element 5 (983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155) the consequences o theanswers ndash the value o the work Tis element relates directlyback to the big problem how the study helps to solve theproblem and it also points to the next step in research
Here is a fictitious example
Predicting malaria epidemics in Ethiopia
Abstract
983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140 Most deaths rom malaria could beprevented i malaria epidemics could be predicted in localareas allowing medical acilities to be mobilized early
983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155 As a first step toward constructing a predictivemodel we determined correlations between meteorologicalactors and malaria epidemics in Ethiopia 983149983141983156983144983151983140983155
In a retrospective study we collected meteorologicaland epidemic data or 10 local areas covering the years1963-2006 Poisson regression was used to compare thedata 983154983141983155983157983148983156983155 Factors AAA BBB and CCC correlatedsignificantly (P lt005) with subsequent epidemics in all10 areas A model based on these correlations wouldhave a predictive power o about 30 983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155 Meteorological actors can be used to predict malariaepidemics However the predictive power o our modelneeds to be improved and validated in other areas
Tis understandable and concise abstract orms the
ldquoskeletonrdquo or the entire article A final comment Tisexample is based on an actual research project and at firstthe author was in a ldquoboxrdquo ull o the mathematics statisticsand computer algorithms o his predicting model Tis wasreflected in his first version o the abstract where the wordldquomalariardquo never appeared
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
(for more information see Bless and Hull 2008)
______________________________
1 IMRaD stands or Introduction Methods Results and
Discussion
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Empty words and sentences
Many English words are empty ndash they do not addinormation but require the reader to fill in inormation orcontext to be understood Te reader is orced to supply hisor her own interpretation which could be different romwhat you the writer mean
Empty words seem to give inormation and uncriticalreaders do not notice them ndash that is why they work so wellor marketing texts However empty words do not belongin articles reporting scientific research Empty wordsrequire the reader to supply the meaning ndash very dangerousConcise and clear communication requires words that
convey specific meaning
Examples
It is important that patients take their medicine
bull Note that to a physician the meaning is probably entirelydifferent than to the sales manager o a pharmaceuticalcompany ldquoImportantrdquo is one o our best-loved butempty words ndash it fits every situation
Te patient was treated or XXX
bull ldquoreatedrdquo is empty we do not know what was done
One reader could assume that the patient was given acertain medicine while another reader could assumethat the patient was given a different medicine Perhapsthe patient was operated on or sent to Switzerland ora rest cure
Te patient reacted well to the medicine
bull ldquoReacted wellrdquo gives us a positive piece o inormationbut otherwise it is empty we do not know how thepatient reacted
Te patientrsquos blood pressure was low
bull We interpret ldquohighlow blood pressurerdquo to meanldquohigherlower than normalrdquo but we the readers haveto supply that reerence standard A more concisestatement is Te patientrsquos blood pressure was 9060
Empty words and phrases not only require the reader tosupply the meaning they also contribute to a wordy blah-blah text In scientific articles they destroy credibility Hereare some examples
It has been ound that the secondary effects o this drugincludehellip
bull Better Te secondary effects o this drug includehellip(re)Or i these are your new results Our results show thatthe secondary effects o this drug includehellip
We perormed a retrospective evaluation study on XXX
bull ldquoPerormed a studyrdquo is a much overused and ratherempty phrase Better We retrospectively evaluated XXX
More examples that require the reader to supplyinormation i it is not evident rom the context
bull
quality bull goodbad
bull highlow
bull largesmall
bull longshort
bull properproperly (eg ldquohellipa proper question on thequestionnairehelliprdquo)
bull As soon as possiblehellip
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Ambiguity
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Cohesion ndash the glue
Te word ldquocohesionrdquo means ldquounityrdquo ldquoconsistencyrdquo andldquosolidityrdquo Building cohesion into your text makes lie easieror your readers ndash they will be much more likely to readthe text Cohesion ldquogluesrdquo your text together ocusingthe readersrsquo attention on your main message and therebyadding credibility to your work
Tink o your text as a motorcycle chain made up oseparate links where each sentence is one link A pile ounconnected links is worthless ndash it will never drive yourmotorcycle Similarly a pile o unconnected sentences isworthless ndash it will never drive your message home
o build a cohesive text you have to connect yoursentences together to make longer segments we callparagraphs A cohesive paragraph clearly ocuses on itstopic You then need to connect each paragraph with theprevious paragraph thereby linking the paragraph topicsLinking paragraphs results in building cohesive sections oyour article where each section ocuses on its main topicTen link the sections to each other and finally connectthe end o your article to the beginning closing the loopndash now the chain will drive our motorcycle Letrsquos look atlinking techniques
Basic guidelines for building a cohesive story1 Link each sentence to the previous sentence
2 Link each paragraph to the previous paragraph
3 Link each section to the previous section
4 Link the end to the beginning
Linking techniques
Whether you want to link sentences paragraphs sectionsor the beginning to the end use 2 basic linking techniques
bull Use linking words and phrases such as howeveralthough those since then An example Our researchresults conflict with those o Smith and Jones o resolvethose differences we measured
bull Repeat key words and phrases ndash do not use synonymsIn scientific writing repetition sharpens the ocusRepetition especially helps the reader to connect ideasthat are physically separated in your text For exampleOther investigators have shown that microbial activitycan cause immobilization o labile soil phosphorusOur results suggest that indeed microbial activity
immobilizes the labile soil phosphorus
Te example below illustrates how to link your answer toyour research question thus linking the Discussion withthe Introduction
In the Introduction the research hypothesis is statedFor example Te decremental theory o aging led us tohypothesize that older workers in ldquospeedrdquo jobs perorm lesswell and have more absences and more accidents than otherworkers have
In the Discussion the answer is linked to the hypothesisOur findings do not support the hypothesis that older workersin speed jobs perorm less well and have more absences andmore accidents than other workers have Te older workers generally earned more were absent less ofen and had eweraccidents than younger workers had Furthermore we oundno significant difference between
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Cohesion
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EXPLANAION obligatory declarations applying to allmanuscripts are printed in bold
Original or acceptable secondary publication
No part o this manuscript (MS) has been publishedexcept or passages that are properly cited
An abstractsummary o this MS has been publishedinhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Tis MS has already been published in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipbut in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip language A ull citation tothe primary publication is included and the copyrightowner has agreed to its publication in English
No part of this MS is currently being considered forpublication elsewhere
In this MS original data are clearly distinguishedfrom published data All information extracted fromother publications is provided with citations
Authorship All people listed as authors of this MS meet theauthorship criteria ie they contributed substantiallyto study planning data collection or interpretationof results and wrote or critically revised the MS and approved its nal submitted version and agree to beaccountable for all aspects of the work (ICMJE 2013)
All people listed as authors of this MS are aware of itand have agreed to be listed
No person who meets the authorship criteria hasbeen omitted
Ethical experimentation and interpretation
Te study reported in this MS involved humanparticipants and it meets the ethical principles o theDeclaration o Helsinki (WMA 2013) Data have beendisaggregated by sex (and whenever possible by race)
Te study reported in this MS meets the ConsensusAuthor Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welareor Veterinary Journals2 about humane treatment oanimals and has been approved by an ethical reviewcommittee
Te study reported in this MS meets other ethicalprinciples namely helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip hellip
I and all the other authors of this MS did ourbest to avoid errors in experimental design datapresentation interpretation etc However if we
discover any serious error in the MS (before or aerpublication) we will alert the editor promptly
None of our data presented in this MS has beenfabricated or distorted and no valid data have beenexcluded Images shown in gures have not beenmanipulated to make a false impression on readers
Results of this study have been interpreted objectivelyAny ndings that run contrary to our point of vieware discussed in the MS
Te article does not to the best of our knowledgecontain anything that is libellous illegal infringes
anyonersquos copyright or other rights or poses a threatto public safety
Acknowledgements
All sources of funding for the study reported in thisMS are stated
All people who are not listed as authors butcontributed considerably to the study reported inthis MS or assisted in its writing (eg authorrsquos editorstranslators medical writers) are mentioned in theAcknowledgements
All people named in the Acknowledgements have
agreed to this However they are not responsible forthe nal version of this MS
Consent has been obtained rom the author(s) ounpublished data cited in the MS
Copyright owners o previously published figures ortables have agreed to their inclusion in this MS
Conflict of interest
All authors of this study have signed a conict ofinterest statement and disclosed any nancial orpersonal links with people or organizations that havea nancial interest in this MS3
Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Signaturehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
MS titlehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
2 See wwwveteditorsorgethicsconsensusguidelineshtml3 See wwwicmjeorgcoi_disclosurepd
Appendix Ethics
Publication ethics checklist for authors
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Examples of irregular plurals deriving from Latin or Greek
Singular Plural Examples
-a -ae
rarely -ata
alga ndash algae larva ndash larvae
stoma ndash stomata
-ex -icesindex ndash indices (or indexes)
apex ndash apices (or apexes)
-ies -ies species series facies
-is -es axis ndash axes hypothesis ndash hypotheses
-ix -icesappendix ndash appendices (or appendixes)
matrix ndash matrices (or matrixes)
-on -a phenomenon ndash phenomena
criterion ndash criteria
-um -a datum ndash data bacterium ndash bacteria
-us
-i
rarely -uses
or -era
locus ndash loci fungus ndash fungi (or funguses)
sinus ndash sinuses
genus ndash genera
Acceptable anglicized plurals that are also listed in dictionaries
In non-scientific use usually treated as a mass noun (like inormation etc)
It must be remembered that some nouns used in everydayEnglish also have irregular plural orms (eg woman ndashwomen oot ndash eet tooth ndash teeth mouse ndash mice lea ndash leaves
lie ndash lives tomato ndash tomatoes) or have no plural orm (egequipment inormation news) For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult a dictionary
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
Appendix Plurals
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Appendix Simplicity
Examples of expressions that can be simplified or deleted (empty)
Long or (sometimes) wrong Better choice (oen)
accounted or by the act that because
as can be seen rom Figure 1 substance Zreduces twitching
substance Z reduces twitching (Fig 1)
at the present moment now
bright yellow in colour bright yellow
conducted inoculation experiments on inoculated considerable amount o much
despite the act that although
due to the act that because
or the reason that because
i conditions are such that i
in a considerable number o cases ofen
in view o the act that because
it is o interest to note that empty
it may however be noted that but
large numbers o many
lazy in character lazy
methodology methods
owing to the act that because
oval in shape oval
prior to beore
taken into consideration considered
terminate end
the test in question this test
there can be little doubt that this is this is probably
to an extent equal to that o X as much as X
utilize use
whether or not whether Based on OrsquoConnor (1991)
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Examples of differences between British and American spelling
British English American English
-ae-
eg aetiology aeces haematology -e-
eg etiology eces hematology
-ce in nouns -se in verbseg deence licencelicense practicepractise
-se in nouns and verbseg deense license
(but practice as both noun and verb)
-ise or -izeeg organiseorganize
-izeeg organize
-isation or -ization eg organisationorganization
-izationeg organization
-lled -lling -llor etceg labelled travelling councillor
(but ulfil skilul )
-led -ling -lor etceg labeled traveling councilor
(but ulfill skillul )
-oe-eg diarrhoea oetus oestrogen
-e-eg diarrhea etus estrogen
-ogue
eg analogue catalogue-og or -ogue
eg analoganalogue catalogcatalogue
-our eg colour behaviour avour
-or eg color behavior avor
-re
eg centre fibre metre litre(but meter or a measuring instrument)
-er
eg center fiber meter liter
-yseeg analyse dialyse
-yzeeg analyze dialyze
aluminium aluminum or aluminium
gr ey gr ay
mould mold
programme (general) or program (computer) program
sul phur or sul f ur sul f ur
One ending should be used consistentlyRecommended by the International Union o Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society o Chemistry
Appendix Spelling
For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult adictionary Obviously American and British English slightly
differ not only in spelling but also in word use grammar
punctuation etc However those differences are outside thescope o this document
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
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Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements
such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples
Original sentence
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C
Modified
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03
Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)
ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo
Appendix Text-tables
Modified
Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)
lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)
Some rules for arranging text-tables
1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents
and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct
alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow
Written by Marcin Kozak
nyggusgmailcom
(for more information see Kozak 2009)
Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets
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About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201416
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed
Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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3 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed
sea maacutes apropiada etc (por ejemplo Gasparyan etal 2011)
bull Algunas publicaciones incluyen tambieacuten uncompendio o un resumen maacutes extenso en otroidioma Eso resulta muy uacutetil en varios campos deinvestigacioacuten
bull Recuerde cumplir con las instrucciones para
autores de la publicacioacuten con respecto a la extensioacutendel resumen el estilo de presentacioacuten de referenciasetc
Escriba en FORMA CONCISA para ahorrarles tiempoa los lectores y evaluadores
bull No incluya informacioacuten que no sea pertinente alas preguntas de su trabajo de investigacioacutenespecificadas en la introduccioacuten
bull No copie partes de sus publicaciones previas y nopresente el mismo manuscrito a maacutes de unapublicacioacuten a la vez Sino puede considerarse
responsable de publicacioacuten redundante (vea COPEflowcharts) Este principio no se aplica a laspublicaciones preliminares tales como resuacutemenes deactas de congresos (OacuteConnor 1991 veacutease tambieacutenBioMed Central policy) Por otra parte laspublicaciones secundarias se aceptan si vandirigidas a un grupo de lectores totalmente diferente(por ejemplo en otro idioma o para especialistas y elpuacuteblico en general) y si primero fueron aprobadaspor los editores de ambas publicaciones (ICMJE2013) Se debe incluir una nota al pie de la paacuteginadel tiacutetulo segunda publicacioacuten en la que se hagareferencia a la primera publicacioacuten
bull La informacioacuten que se proporcione en una de lassecciones preferentemente no debe repetirse en lasdemaacutes secciones Las excepciones obvias incluyen elresumen las notas al pie de las figuras y el paacuterrafode conclusioacuten
bull Tenga en cuenta si son necesarias todas las tablas yfiguras Los datos que se presentan en las tablas nodeben repetirse en las figuras (o viceversa) Loslistados extensos de datos no deben repetirse en eltexto
bull Las notas al pie de las tablas y figuras deben serinformativas pero no muy extensas Si sepresentan datos similares en varias tablas o figurasentonces el formato de las notas de pie tambieacuten debeser similar
bull Preferentemente elimine las oraciones que sonobvias (por ejemplo ldquoLos bosques son ecosistemasmuy importantesrdquo) o demaacutes fragmentos redundantes(por ejemplo ldquoSe sabe querdquo)
bull Si un teacutermino cientiacutefico extenso se repitefrecuentemente defina la abreviatura cuandoaparezca por primera vez en el cuerpo principal delartiacuteculo y luego apliacutequela de forma consistente
bull Si fuera necesario exprese sus dudas pero evite lasoraciones evasivas en exceso (por ejemplo escribaldquoare potentialrdquo en vez de ldquomay possibly be
potentialrdquo) Sin embargo evite generalizar susconclusiones excesivamente
bull A menos que los editores exijan lo contrario utilicenumerales para todos los nuacutemeros es decirtambieacuten para los nuacutemeros enteros de un soacutelo diacutegitosalvo el cero uno (sin unidades) y en otros casosdonde existan posibilidades de interpretaciones
equivocadas como ser al inicio de una oracioacuten oantes de la abreviaturas que contengan nuacutemeros (CSE2014)
Escriba en forma CLARA para facilitar lacomprensioacuten aseguacuterese de que el texto sea legible
Contenido cientiacutefico
bull Distinga con claridad sus datos originales e ideas de los de otras personas y de los que incluyoacute enpublicaciones previas proporcione citas siempre ycuando sean pertinentes Preferentemente haga un
resumen o una paraacutefrasis del texto proveniente deotras fuentes Lo mismo se aplica para lastraducciones Cuando cite el texto en forma literal (por ejemplo una oracioacuten completa o un extracto detexto maacutes extenso) utilice las comillas (por ejemploORI 2009 Kerans amp de Jager 2010) Si no podriacuteacometer plagio (vea COPE flowcharts) al copiar aotros o a su propias publicaciones
bull Aseguacuterese de usar la apropiada terminologiacuteacientiacutefica en ingleacutes preferentemente en base a textosescritos por hablantes de ingleacutes nativos Lastraducciones literales son generalmente erroacuteneas (por
ejemplo en el caso de los teacuterminos conocidos comoldquofalse friendsrdquo o el de palabras inexistentesinventadas por traductores) Si tiene dudas verifiquecuaacutel es la definicioacuten en un diccionario en ingleacutes yaque muchas palabras se utilizan incorrectamente Porejemplo ldquotrimesterrdquo para referirse a la prentildeiez deanimales ver Baranyiovaacute 1998) Tambieacuten puedehacer una buacutesqueda de palabras o frases enWikipedia por ejemplo luego compare los resultadosen su idioma nativo y en ingleacutes y vea si elsignificado de los supuestos equivalentes esverdaderamente el mismo Sin embargo Wikipedia
no siempre es una fuente de informacioacuten fiablebull Si se utiliza una palabra en la mayoriacutea de las
traducciones y soacutelo pocas veces en paiacuteses de hablainglesa considere reemplazarla por un teacutermino eningleacutes comuacutenmente conocido con un significadoparecido (por ejemplo plant community en vez de phytocoenosis) Si un teacutermino cientiacutefico no tieneequivalente en ingleacutes entonces defiacutenalo con precisioacuteny sugiera una traduccioacuten al ingleacutes que sea aceptable
bull Defina todos los teacuterminos cientiacuteficos ambiguos ypoco comunes cuando los use por primera vez
Puede hacer un listado de sus sinoacutenimos si loshubiera (para facilitar la buacutesqueda) peroposteriormente emplee soacutelo uno de los teacuterminos enforma consistente (para evitar confusiones) En todos
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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4 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed
los casos en que organizaciones cientiacuteficas hayanestablecido nomenclaturas formales esas seraacuten laspreferidas en las comunicaciones cientiacuteficas (porejemplo EASE 2013)
bull Evite las oraciones poco claras que implican queel lector tenga que adivinar lo que usted quiere decir (Ver Appendix Ambiguity)
bull Cuando escriba sobre porcentajes ponga en claro loque considera como 100 Cuando escriba sobrecorrelaciones relaciones etc ponga en claro cuaacutelesson los valores que estaacute comparando entre siacute
bull Generalmente se prefiere el uso del SistemaInternacional de medidas (SI) y de gradoscentiacutegrados
bull A diferencia de otros idiomas en ingleacutes se usa punto para separar decimales (en vez de coma) Ennuacutemeros con maacutes de 4 diacutegitos a la derecha oizquierda del punto decimal utilice medios espacios(thin spaces) (en vez de comas) entre grupos de 3diacutegitos a cualquiera de los lados del punto decimal(EASE 2013)
bull Para indicar siglos meses etc no utilice nuacutemerosromanos ya que son poco comunes en ingleacutesDebido a las diferentes formas en que se escriben lasfechas en ingleacutes americano y britaacutenico (ver abajo)preferentemente indique los meses con palabrascompletas o con las primeras 3 letras de la palabra(CSE 2014)
bull Si se tradujeran nombres geograacuteficos pococonocidos tambieacuten deberaacute mencionarse el nombre
original si fuera posible por ejemplo ldquoin theKampinos Forest (Puszcza Kampinoska)rdquo Algo deinformacioacuten adicional sobre la ubicacioacuten el climaetc tambieacuten puede ser uacutetil para los lectores
bull Recuerde que el texto seraacute leiacutedo principalmentepor extranjeros que quizaacutes no tengan conocimientode condiciones especiales clasificaciones oconceptos ampliamente conocidos en su paiacutes por lotanto puede que sea necesario agregar algunasexplicaciones (Ufnalska 2008) Por ejemplo lapopular hierba Erigeron annuus se conoce comoStenactis annua en algunos paiacuteses por lo tanto en los
textos en ingleacutes se deberaacute usar el nombre aprobadointernacionalmente mientras que se pueden agregarsinoacutenimos entre pareacutentesis
Estructura del texto
bull Las oraciones en general no deben ser muy largasy la estructura debe ser relativamente sencillacon el sujeto cerca del verbo (Gopen amp Swan 1990)Por ejemplo evite los sustantivos abstractos yescriba ldquoX was measuredrdquo en vez deldquoMeasurements of X were carried outrdquo (Ver
Appendix Simplicity) Evite usar excesivamente
construcciones en voz pasiva (por ejemplo Norris2011) Cuando traduzca modifique la estructura dela oracioacuten si fuera necesario para transmitir el
mensaje con maacutes precisioacuten o maacutes claridad(Burrough-Boenisch 2013)
bull El texto debe estar organizado loacutegica ycoherentemente y por lo tanto debe ser faacutecil deleer (Ver Appendix Cohesion)
bull Es preferible que inicie cada paacuterrafo con una oracioacutensobre el tema y lo desarrolle completamente en las
oraciones siguientesbull A diferencia de otros idiomas se permiten las
construcciones paralelas en ingleacutes ya que facilitan elentendimiento Por ejemplo al comparar datossimilares puede escribir ldquoIt was high in A mediumin B and low in Crdquo rather than ldquoIt was high in Amedium for B and low in the case of Crdquo
bull Haga que las figuras y tablas sean de faacutecilcomprensioacuten sin necesidad de referirse al cuerpoprincipal del artiacuteculo Omita datos que no seaninformativos (por ejemplo elimine una columna sicontiene los mismos valores en todas las filas ndash encambio puede mencionarlo en una nota al pie depaacutegina) Utilice abreviaturas soacutelo cuando seanecesario por razones de consistencia o cuando nohubiera suficiente espacio para incluir palabrascompletas En las notas al pie de las figuras o notas alpie en general defina todas las abreviaturas ysiacutembolos que no sean obvios (por ejemplo las barrasde error pueden denotar desviacioacuten estaacutendar errorestaacutendar o intervalo de confianza) Recuerde utilizarel punto decimal (en vez de coma) y rotule los ejesy unidades cuando sea necesario
bull
Considere utilizar cuadros de texto cuando presenteuna pequentildea serie de datos (Kozak 2009) (Ver
Appendix Text-tables)bull En listados largos (de abreviaturas etc) separe
preferentemente cada tema con punto y coma () yaque es la opcioacuten intermedia entre comas y puntosfinales
El idoma importa
bull Cuando los teacuterminos cientiacuteficos no sean necesariosutilice preferentemente palabras conocidascomuacutenmente Sin embargo evite las expresiones
idiomaacuteticas o coloquiales asiacute como las frasesverbales (por ejemplo find out pay off ) quegeneralmente son difiacuteciles de entender para hablantesde ingleacutes no nativos (Geercken 2006)
bull Defina las abreviaturas cuando aparezcan porprimera vez en el cuerpo principal del artiacuteculo (si nofueran claras para los lectores) No utilicedemasiadas abreviaturas diferentes ya que el textoseriacutea difiacutecil de entender No abrevie teacuterminos que seusen soacutelo pocas veces en su manuscrito Evite lasabreviaturas en el resumen
bull En general utilice el ldquopasadordquo cuando describacoacutemo realizoacute el estudio y lo que descubrioacute o lo quehicieron otros investigadores Preferentemente use elldquopresenterdquo en oraciones generales e interpretacioacutende datos (por ejemplo la significacioacuten estadiacutestica las
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5 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed
conclusiones) o cuando escriba sobre el contenido desu artiacuteculo especialmente sobre figuras y tablas(Day Gastel 2006)
bull A menos que los editores exijan lo contrario noescriba ldquothe author (s)rdquo cuando se refiera a ustedmismo ya que es ambiguo En cambio escriba ldquowerdquoo ldquoIrdquo si fuera necesario o use expresiones como ldquoin
this studyrdquo ldquoour resultsrdquo ldquoin our opinionrdquo (porejemplo Hartley 2010 Norris 2011) Tenga encuenta que deberaacute escribir ldquothis studyrdquo soacutelo si serefiere a sus resultados nuevos Si se refiere a unapublicacioacuten mencionada en una oracioacuten previaescriba ldquothat studyrdquo Si se refiere a autores de unapublicacioacuten que haya citado escriba ldquothose authorsrdquo
bull Recuerde que en los textos cientiacuteficos la palabraldquowhichrdquo se debe usar en subordinadas adjetivasexplicativas non-defining (marcadas por comas)mientras que ldquothatrdquo se debe utilizar en subordinadasadjetivas especificativas defining (que aportan
informacioacuten esencial como por ejemplo ldquoonly thosethatrdquo)
bull Cuando utilice palabras ambiguas aseguacuterese deque el significado sea obvio seguacuten el contextoVerifique que todos los verbos concuerden ennuacutemero con el sujeto y que las referencias a todoslos pronombres sean claras (eso es crucial para lostextos traducidos) Tenga en cuenta que algunossustantivos tienen plurales irregulares (Ver
Appendix Plurals)bull Lea el texto en voz alta para verificar la puntuacioacuten
Todas las pausas en la entonacioacuten necesarias paraun correcto entendimiento se deben marcar concomas u otros signos de puntuacioacuten (por ejemploconsidere la diferencia entre ldquono more data areneededrdquo y ldquono more data are neededrdquo)
bull La ortografiacutea debe ser consistente Siga las reglasde ortografiacutea del ingleacutes britaacutenico o americano y elmismo principio para escribir las fechas (porejemplo ldquo21 Jan 2009rdquo en ingleacutes britaacutenico o ldquoJan21 2009rdquo en ingleacutes americanordquo) (Ver Appendix
Spelling) Verifique si la publicacioacuten destino utilizala ortografiacutea del ingleacutes britaacutenico o americano y use la
misma regla en las palabras y gramaacutetica de suartiacuteculobull Piacutedale a alguno de sus amables colegas que lea el
texto completo para ver si existen fragmentosambiguos
TraduccioacutenTranslation Jaquelina Guardamagna( jaquiguardamagnahotmailcom)
reviewed by Reme Melero (meleroiataacsices)
HAN COLABORADO EN LA ELABORACIOacuteNDE ESTAS DIRECTRICES (en orden cronoloacutegico)Sylwia Ufnalska (initiator and editor) Paola De
Castro Liz Wager Carol Norris James HartleyFranccediloise Salager-Meyer Marcin Kozak Ed HullMary Ellen Kerans Angela Turner Will Hughes PeterHovenkamp Thomas Babor Eric Lichtfouse Richard
Hurley Mercegrave Piqueras Maria Persson ElisabettaPoltronieri Suzanne Lapstun Mare-Anne Laane DavidVaux Arjan Polderman Ana Marusic ElisabethHeseltine Joy Burrough-Boenisch Eva BaranyiovaacuteTom Lang Arie Manten Pippa Smart ArmenGasparyan
Referencias y bibliografiacutea complementariaAuthorAID Resource Library Available from
httpwwwauthoraidinforesource-library Baranyiovaacute E 1998 Misleading words or nobody is perfect
European Science Editing 24(2)46 Available fromhttpwwweaseorguksitesdefaultfilesese_1998-baranyiovapdf
Beverley P 2011 Word macros for writers and editors Availablefrom httpwwwarchivepubcoukTheBook
BioMed Central policy on duplicate publication Available from httpwwwbiomedcentralcomaboutduplicatepublication
Bless A Hull E 2008 Reader-friendly biomedical articles how to
write them 3rd ed Alphen ad Rijn Van ZuidenCommunication
Bravo E Cambon-Thomsen A De Castro P Mabile L Napolitani
F Napolitano M Rossi AM 2013 Citation of bioresources in journal articles moving towards standards European Science
Editing 39(2)36-38 Available fromhttpwwweaseorguksitesdefaultfilesessay_bioresourcespdf
Burrough-Boenisch J 2013 Editing texts by non-native speakers ofEnglish In European Association of Science Editors Science
editorsrsquo handbook Smart P Maisonneuve H Polderman Aeditors Available from httpwwweaseorgukhandbookindexshtml
Chipperfield L Citrome L Clark J David FS Enck R EvangelistaM et al 2010 Authors Submission Toolkit a practical guide togetting your research published Current Medical Research amp
Opinion 26(8)1967-1982 Available fromhttpinformahealthcarecomdoifull101185030079952010499344
[COPE flowcharts] Committee on Publication Ethics flowchartsAvailable in many languages fromhttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts
[CSE] Council of Science Editors Style Manual Committee 2014Scientific style and format the CSE manual for authors editors
and publishers 8th ed University of Chicago Press Availablefrom httpwwwscientificstyleandformatorgHomehtml
Day RA Gastel B 2006 How to write and publish a scientific
paper 6th ed Cambridge Cambridge University Pressdo Carmo GMI Yen C Cortes J Siqueira AA de Oliveira WK
Cortez-Escalante JJ et al 2011 Decline in diarrhea mortality andadmissions after routine childhood rotavirus immunization inBrazil a time-series analysis PLoS Medicine 8(4) e1001024Available fromhttpwwwplosmedicineorgarticleinfo3Adoi2F1013712Fjournal
pmed1001024 [DORA] San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment 2013
Available from httpamascborgdorafilesSFDeclarationFINALpdf [EASE] European Association of Science Editors 2012 EASE
Toolkit for Authors Available fromhttpwwweaseorgukpublicationsease-toolkit-authors
[EASE] European Association of Science Editors 2013 Science
editorsrsquo handbook 2nd ed Smart P Maisonneuve H PoldermanA editors Available fromhttpwwweaseorgukhandbookindexshtml
[EMAME] Eastern Mediterranean Association of Medical Editors2006 Manual for editors of health science journals Available inArabic English and French fromhttpwwwemrowhointentityemame
EQUATOR Network Available fromhttpwwwequator-networkorghome Gasparyan AY Ayvazyan L Blackmore Hmiddot Kitas GD 2011
Writing a narrative biomedical review considerations forauthors peer reviewers and editors Rheumatology
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 616
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20146
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
International 31(11)1409-1417 Available rom httpwww
easeorguksitesdeaultileswriting-reviewspd
Geercken S 2006 Challenges o (medical) writing or the
multilingual audience Write Stuff 15(2)45-46 Available rom
httpmedicalwritingemwaorgarticleshowpd51
Goozner M Caplan A Moreno J Kramer BS Babor F Husser
WC 2009 A common standard or conflict o interest
disclosure in addiction journals Addiction 1041779-
1784 Available rom httpwww3intersciencewileycom
journal122637800abstract
Gopen GD Swan JA 1990 Te science o scientific writing
i the reader is to grasp what the writer means the writer
must understand what the reader needs American Scientist
78(6)550ndash558 Available rom httpwww-statwharton
upennedu~bujascihtml
Gra C Battisti WP Bridges D Bruce-Winkle V Conaty JM
Ellison JM et al or the International Society or Medical
Publication Proessionals 2009 Good publication practice
or communicating company sponsored medical research theGPP2 guidelines BMJ 339b4330 Available rom httpwww
bmjcomcgicontentull339nov27_1b4330
Gustavii B 2008 How to write and illustrate a scientific paper 2nd
ed Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press
Hartley J 2010 Citing onesel European Science Editing 36(2)35-
37 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksitesdeaultiles
may_2010_362pd
Hengl Gould M Gerritsma W 2011 Te unofficial guide or
authors rom research design to publication Wageningen
Arnhem Available rom httpedepotwurnl178013
[ICMJE] International Committee o Medical Journal Editors
2013 Recommendations or the Conduct Reporting Editingand Publication o Scholarly Work in Medical Journals
Available rom httpwwwicmjeorgurm_mainhtml
Kerans ME de Jager M 2010 Handling plagiarism at the editorrsquos
desk European Science Editing 36(3) 62-66 httpwwwease
orguksitesdeaultilesese_aug10pd
Kozak M 2009 ext-table an underused and undervalued tool
or communicating inormation European Science Editing
35(4)103 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksites
deaultilesnovember_2009_354pd
Lang 2004 wenty statistical errors even YOU can
find in biomedical research articles Croatian Medical
Journal 45(4)361-370 Available rom httpwwwcmj
hr200445415311405htm
Masic I Kujundzic E 2013 Science editing in biomedicine and
humanities Sarajevo Avicenna
[MeSH Browser] Medical Subject Headings Browser Available
rom httpwwwnlmnihgovmeshMBrowserhtml
Norris CB 2009 Academic writing in English Helsinki
University o Helsinki Available rom httpwwwhelsinkii
kksclanguageservicesAcadWritpd
Norris C 2011 Te passive voice revisited European Science
Editing 37(1)6-7 Available rom httpwwweaseorguk
sitesdeaultilesebruary_2011_371pd
OrsquoConnor M 1991 Writing successully in science London
Chapman amp Hall
[ORI] Office o Research Integrity 2009 Avoiding plagiarism sel-
plagiarism and other questionable writing practices a guide to
ethical writing Available rom httporihhsgoveducation
productsplagiarism0shtmlResearch Methods Supercourse Available rom httpwwwpitt
edu~super1ResearchMethodsindexhtm
[RIN] Research Inormation Network 2008 Acknowledgement
o unders in journal articles Available rom httpwww
rinacukour-workresearch-unding-policy-and-guidance
acknowledgement-unders-journal-articles
Seiert KA Crous PW Frisvad JC 2008 Correcting the impact
actors o taxonomic journals by Appropriate Citation o
axonomy (AC) Persoonia 20105 Available rom http
wwwpersooniaorgIssue2008pd
Strunk WJr White EB 2000 Te elements o style 4th ed New
York Macmillanufe ER 2001 Te visual display o quantitative inormation 2nd ed
Cheshire C Graphics Press
Unalska S 2008 Abstracts o research articles readersrsquo expectations
and guidelines or authors European Science Editing 34(3)63-
65 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksitesdeaultiles
august_2008343pd
[WMA] World Medical Association 2013 Declaration o Helsinki
ndash ethical principles or medical research involving human
subjects Available in English Spanish and French rom http
wwwwmaneten30publications10policiesb3
bull Consider publishing a review article once you havecompleted the first year o your PhD studies because(1) you should already have a clear picture o the fieldand an up-to-date stock o reerences in your computer(2) research results sometimes take a long time to get (inagronomy 3 years o field experiments) (3) journalslove review articles (they tend to improve the impactactor) (4) the rejection rate o review articles is low(although some journals publish solicited reviews onlyso you might want to contact the Editor first) (5) thenon-specialist reader - such as a uture employer - will
understand a review article more easily than an originalarticle with detailed results
bull Alternatively publish meta-analyses or other database-
based research articles
bull Each partitem o an article should preerably be ldquoalmostrdquounderstandable (and citable) without reading otherparts Te average time spent reading an article is allingso virtually no one reads rom itle to Reerences Tisphenomenon is amplified by the ldquodigital explosionrdquowhereby search engines identiy individual items such asabstracts or figures rather than intact articles
Written by Eric Lichtfouse
ericlichtfousedijoninrafr
For more advice see EASE Toolkit for Authors
(wwweaseorgukpublicationsease-toolkit-authors)
Practical tips for junior researchers
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Appendix Abstracts
Key elements of abstracts
Researchers are quite ofen in a ldquoboxrdquo o technical detailsndash the ldquoimportantrdquo things they ocus on day in and day outAs a result they requently lose sight o 4 items essentialor any readable credible and relevant IMRaD1 article thepoint o the research the research question its answer andthe consequences o the study
o help researchers to get out o the box I ask them toinclude 5 key elements in their article and in their abstract Idescribe briefly the elements below and illustrate them witha fictitious abstract
Key element 1 (983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140) the point o the researchndash why should we care about the study Tis is usually astatement o the BIG problem that the research helps tosolve and the strategy or helping to solve it It prepares thereader to understand the specific research question
Key element 2 (983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155) the specific research questionndash the basis o credible science o be clear completeand concise research questions are stated in terms orelationships between the variables that were investigatedSuch specific research questions tie the story together ndashthey ocus on credible science
Key element 3 (983149983141983156983144983151983140983155) a precise description o themethods used to collect data and determine the relationshipsbetween the variables
Key element 4 (983154983141983155983157983148983156983155) the major findings ndash not onlydata but the RELAIONSHIPS ound that lead to theanswer Results should generally be reported in the pasttense but the authorsrsquo interpretation o the actual findingsis in the present tense ndash it reports the authorsrsquo belie o howthe world IS O course in a pilot study such as the ollowingexample the authors cannot yet present definitive answerswhich they indicate by using the words ldquosuggestrdquo and ldquomayrdquo
Key element 5 (983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155) the consequences o theanswers ndash the value o the work Tis element relates directlyback to the big problem how the study helps to solve theproblem and it also points to the next step in research
Here is a fictitious example
Predicting malaria epidemics in Ethiopia
Abstract
983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140 Most deaths rom malaria could beprevented i malaria epidemics could be predicted in localareas allowing medical acilities to be mobilized early
983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155 As a first step toward constructing a predictivemodel we determined correlations between meteorologicalactors and malaria epidemics in Ethiopia 983149983141983156983144983151983140983155
In a retrospective study we collected meteorologicaland epidemic data or 10 local areas covering the years1963-2006 Poisson regression was used to compare thedata 983154983141983155983157983148983156983155 Factors AAA BBB and CCC correlatedsignificantly (P lt005) with subsequent epidemics in all10 areas A model based on these correlations wouldhave a predictive power o about 30 983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155 Meteorological actors can be used to predict malariaepidemics However the predictive power o our modelneeds to be improved and validated in other areas
Tis understandable and concise abstract orms the
ldquoskeletonrdquo or the entire article A final comment Tisexample is based on an actual research project and at firstthe author was in a ldquoboxrdquo ull o the mathematics statisticsand computer algorithms o his predicting model Tis wasreflected in his first version o the abstract where the wordldquomalariardquo never appeared
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
(for more information see Bless and Hull 2008)
______________________________
1 IMRaD stands or Introduction Methods Results and
Discussion
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Empty words and sentences
Many English words are empty ndash they do not addinormation but require the reader to fill in inormation orcontext to be understood Te reader is orced to supply hisor her own interpretation which could be different romwhat you the writer mean
Empty words seem to give inormation and uncriticalreaders do not notice them ndash that is why they work so wellor marketing texts However empty words do not belongin articles reporting scientific research Empty wordsrequire the reader to supply the meaning ndash very dangerousConcise and clear communication requires words that
convey specific meaning
Examples
It is important that patients take their medicine
bull Note that to a physician the meaning is probably entirelydifferent than to the sales manager o a pharmaceuticalcompany ldquoImportantrdquo is one o our best-loved butempty words ndash it fits every situation
Te patient was treated or XXX
bull ldquoreatedrdquo is empty we do not know what was done
One reader could assume that the patient was given acertain medicine while another reader could assumethat the patient was given a different medicine Perhapsthe patient was operated on or sent to Switzerland ora rest cure
Te patient reacted well to the medicine
bull ldquoReacted wellrdquo gives us a positive piece o inormationbut otherwise it is empty we do not know how thepatient reacted
Te patientrsquos blood pressure was low
bull We interpret ldquohighlow blood pressurerdquo to meanldquohigherlower than normalrdquo but we the readers haveto supply that reerence standard A more concisestatement is Te patientrsquos blood pressure was 9060
Empty words and phrases not only require the reader tosupply the meaning they also contribute to a wordy blah-blah text In scientific articles they destroy credibility Hereare some examples
It has been ound that the secondary effects o this drugincludehellip
bull Better Te secondary effects o this drug includehellip(re)Or i these are your new results Our results show thatthe secondary effects o this drug includehellip
We perormed a retrospective evaluation study on XXX
bull ldquoPerormed a studyrdquo is a much overused and ratherempty phrase Better We retrospectively evaluated XXX
More examples that require the reader to supplyinormation i it is not evident rom the context
bull
quality bull goodbad
bull highlow
bull largesmall
bull longshort
bull properproperly (eg ldquohellipa proper question on thequestionnairehelliprdquo)
bull As soon as possiblehellip
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Ambiguity
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Cohesion ndash the glue
Te word ldquocohesionrdquo means ldquounityrdquo ldquoconsistencyrdquo andldquosolidityrdquo Building cohesion into your text makes lie easieror your readers ndash they will be much more likely to readthe text Cohesion ldquogluesrdquo your text together ocusingthe readersrsquo attention on your main message and therebyadding credibility to your work
Tink o your text as a motorcycle chain made up oseparate links where each sentence is one link A pile ounconnected links is worthless ndash it will never drive yourmotorcycle Similarly a pile o unconnected sentences isworthless ndash it will never drive your message home
o build a cohesive text you have to connect yoursentences together to make longer segments we callparagraphs A cohesive paragraph clearly ocuses on itstopic You then need to connect each paragraph with theprevious paragraph thereby linking the paragraph topicsLinking paragraphs results in building cohesive sections oyour article where each section ocuses on its main topicTen link the sections to each other and finally connectthe end o your article to the beginning closing the loopndash now the chain will drive our motorcycle Letrsquos look atlinking techniques
Basic guidelines for building a cohesive story1 Link each sentence to the previous sentence
2 Link each paragraph to the previous paragraph
3 Link each section to the previous section
4 Link the end to the beginning
Linking techniques
Whether you want to link sentences paragraphs sectionsor the beginning to the end use 2 basic linking techniques
bull Use linking words and phrases such as howeveralthough those since then An example Our researchresults conflict with those o Smith and Jones o resolvethose differences we measured
bull Repeat key words and phrases ndash do not use synonymsIn scientific writing repetition sharpens the ocusRepetition especially helps the reader to connect ideasthat are physically separated in your text For exampleOther investigators have shown that microbial activitycan cause immobilization o labile soil phosphorusOur results suggest that indeed microbial activity
immobilizes the labile soil phosphorus
Te example below illustrates how to link your answer toyour research question thus linking the Discussion withthe Introduction
In the Introduction the research hypothesis is statedFor example Te decremental theory o aging led us tohypothesize that older workers in ldquospeedrdquo jobs perorm lesswell and have more absences and more accidents than otherworkers have
In the Discussion the answer is linked to the hypothesisOur findings do not support the hypothesis that older workersin speed jobs perorm less well and have more absences andmore accidents than other workers have Te older workers generally earned more were absent less ofen and had eweraccidents than younger workers had Furthermore we oundno significant difference between
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Cohesion
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EXPLANAION obligatory declarations applying to allmanuscripts are printed in bold
Original or acceptable secondary publication
No part o this manuscript (MS) has been publishedexcept or passages that are properly cited
An abstractsummary o this MS has been publishedinhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Tis MS has already been published in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipbut in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip language A ull citation tothe primary publication is included and the copyrightowner has agreed to its publication in English
No part of this MS is currently being considered forpublication elsewhere
In this MS original data are clearly distinguishedfrom published data All information extracted fromother publications is provided with citations
Authorship All people listed as authors of this MS meet theauthorship criteria ie they contributed substantiallyto study planning data collection or interpretationof results and wrote or critically revised the MS and approved its nal submitted version and agree to beaccountable for all aspects of the work (ICMJE 2013)
All people listed as authors of this MS are aware of itand have agreed to be listed
No person who meets the authorship criteria hasbeen omitted
Ethical experimentation and interpretation
Te study reported in this MS involved humanparticipants and it meets the ethical principles o theDeclaration o Helsinki (WMA 2013) Data have beendisaggregated by sex (and whenever possible by race)
Te study reported in this MS meets the ConsensusAuthor Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welareor Veterinary Journals2 about humane treatment oanimals and has been approved by an ethical reviewcommittee
Te study reported in this MS meets other ethicalprinciples namely helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip hellip
I and all the other authors of this MS did ourbest to avoid errors in experimental design datapresentation interpretation etc However if we
discover any serious error in the MS (before or aerpublication) we will alert the editor promptly
None of our data presented in this MS has beenfabricated or distorted and no valid data have beenexcluded Images shown in gures have not beenmanipulated to make a false impression on readers
Results of this study have been interpreted objectivelyAny ndings that run contrary to our point of vieware discussed in the MS
Te article does not to the best of our knowledgecontain anything that is libellous illegal infringes
anyonersquos copyright or other rights or poses a threatto public safety
Acknowledgements
All sources of funding for the study reported in thisMS are stated
All people who are not listed as authors butcontributed considerably to the study reported inthis MS or assisted in its writing (eg authorrsquos editorstranslators medical writers) are mentioned in theAcknowledgements
All people named in the Acknowledgements have
agreed to this However they are not responsible forthe nal version of this MS
Consent has been obtained rom the author(s) ounpublished data cited in the MS
Copyright owners o previously published figures ortables have agreed to their inclusion in this MS
Conflict of interest
All authors of this study have signed a conict ofinterest statement and disclosed any nancial orpersonal links with people or organizations that havea nancial interest in this MS3
Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Signaturehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
MS titlehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
2 See wwwveteditorsorgethicsconsensusguidelineshtml3 See wwwicmjeorgcoi_disclosurepd
Appendix Ethics
Publication ethics checklist for authors
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Examples of irregular plurals deriving from Latin or Greek
Singular Plural Examples
-a -ae
rarely -ata
alga ndash algae larva ndash larvae
stoma ndash stomata
-ex -icesindex ndash indices (or indexes)
apex ndash apices (or apexes)
-ies -ies species series facies
-is -es axis ndash axes hypothesis ndash hypotheses
-ix -icesappendix ndash appendices (or appendixes)
matrix ndash matrices (or matrixes)
-on -a phenomenon ndash phenomena
criterion ndash criteria
-um -a datum ndash data bacterium ndash bacteria
-us
-i
rarely -uses
or -era
locus ndash loci fungus ndash fungi (or funguses)
sinus ndash sinuses
genus ndash genera
Acceptable anglicized plurals that are also listed in dictionaries
In non-scientific use usually treated as a mass noun (like inormation etc)
It must be remembered that some nouns used in everydayEnglish also have irregular plural orms (eg woman ndashwomen oot ndash eet tooth ndash teeth mouse ndash mice lea ndash leaves
lie ndash lives tomato ndash tomatoes) or have no plural orm (egequipment inormation news) For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult a dictionary
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
Appendix Plurals
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Appendix Simplicity
Examples of expressions that can be simplified or deleted (empty)
Long or (sometimes) wrong Better choice (oen)
accounted or by the act that because
as can be seen rom Figure 1 substance Zreduces twitching
substance Z reduces twitching (Fig 1)
at the present moment now
bright yellow in colour bright yellow
conducted inoculation experiments on inoculated considerable amount o much
despite the act that although
due to the act that because
or the reason that because
i conditions are such that i
in a considerable number o cases ofen
in view o the act that because
it is o interest to note that empty
it may however be noted that but
large numbers o many
lazy in character lazy
methodology methods
owing to the act that because
oval in shape oval
prior to beore
taken into consideration considered
terminate end
the test in question this test
there can be little doubt that this is this is probably
to an extent equal to that o X as much as X
utilize use
whether or not whether Based on OrsquoConnor (1991)
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Examples of differences between British and American spelling
British English American English
-ae-
eg aetiology aeces haematology -e-
eg etiology eces hematology
-ce in nouns -se in verbseg deence licencelicense practicepractise
-se in nouns and verbseg deense license
(but practice as both noun and verb)
-ise or -izeeg organiseorganize
-izeeg organize
-isation or -ization eg organisationorganization
-izationeg organization
-lled -lling -llor etceg labelled travelling councillor
(but ulfil skilul )
-led -ling -lor etceg labeled traveling councilor
(but ulfill skillul )
-oe-eg diarrhoea oetus oestrogen
-e-eg diarrhea etus estrogen
-ogue
eg analogue catalogue-og or -ogue
eg analoganalogue catalogcatalogue
-our eg colour behaviour avour
-or eg color behavior avor
-re
eg centre fibre metre litre(but meter or a measuring instrument)
-er
eg center fiber meter liter
-yseeg analyse dialyse
-yzeeg analyze dialyze
aluminium aluminum or aluminium
gr ey gr ay
mould mold
programme (general) or program (computer) program
sul phur or sul f ur sul f ur
One ending should be used consistentlyRecommended by the International Union o Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society o Chemistry
Appendix Spelling
For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult adictionary Obviously American and British English slightly
differ not only in spelling but also in word use grammar
punctuation etc However those differences are outside thescope o this document
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
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Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements
such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples
Original sentence
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C
Modified
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03
Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)
ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo
Appendix Text-tables
Modified
Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)
lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)
Some rules for arranging text-tables
1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents
and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct
alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow
Written by Marcin Kozak
nyggusgmailcom
(for more information see Kozak 2009)
Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets
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About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
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Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
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4 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed
los casos en que organizaciones cientiacuteficas hayanestablecido nomenclaturas formales esas seraacuten laspreferidas en las comunicaciones cientiacuteficas (porejemplo EASE 2013)
bull Evite las oraciones poco claras que implican queel lector tenga que adivinar lo que usted quiere decir (Ver Appendix Ambiguity)
bull Cuando escriba sobre porcentajes ponga en claro loque considera como 100 Cuando escriba sobrecorrelaciones relaciones etc ponga en claro cuaacutelesson los valores que estaacute comparando entre siacute
bull Generalmente se prefiere el uso del SistemaInternacional de medidas (SI) y de gradoscentiacutegrados
bull A diferencia de otros idiomas en ingleacutes se usa punto para separar decimales (en vez de coma) Ennuacutemeros con maacutes de 4 diacutegitos a la derecha oizquierda del punto decimal utilice medios espacios(thin spaces) (en vez de comas) entre grupos de 3diacutegitos a cualquiera de los lados del punto decimal(EASE 2013)
bull Para indicar siglos meses etc no utilice nuacutemerosromanos ya que son poco comunes en ingleacutesDebido a las diferentes formas en que se escriben lasfechas en ingleacutes americano y britaacutenico (ver abajo)preferentemente indique los meses con palabrascompletas o con las primeras 3 letras de la palabra(CSE 2014)
bull Si se tradujeran nombres geograacuteficos pococonocidos tambieacuten deberaacute mencionarse el nombre
original si fuera posible por ejemplo ldquoin theKampinos Forest (Puszcza Kampinoska)rdquo Algo deinformacioacuten adicional sobre la ubicacioacuten el climaetc tambieacuten puede ser uacutetil para los lectores
bull Recuerde que el texto seraacute leiacutedo principalmentepor extranjeros que quizaacutes no tengan conocimientode condiciones especiales clasificaciones oconceptos ampliamente conocidos en su paiacutes por lotanto puede que sea necesario agregar algunasexplicaciones (Ufnalska 2008) Por ejemplo lapopular hierba Erigeron annuus se conoce comoStenactis annua en algunos paiacuteses por lo tanto en los
textos en ingleacutes se deberaacute usar el nombre aprobadointernacionalmente mientras que se pueden agregarsinoacutenimos entre pareacutentesis
Estructura del texto
bull Las oraciones en general no deben ser muy largasy la estructura debe ser relativamente sencillacon el sujeto cerca del verbo (Gopen amp Swan 1990)Por ejemplo evite los sustantivos abstractos yescriba ldquoX was measuredrdquo en vez deldquoMeasurements of X were carried outrdquo (Ver
Appendix Simplicity) Evite usar excesivamente
construcciones en voz pasiva (por ejemplo Norris2011) Cuando traduzca modifique la estructura dela oracioacuten si fuera necesario para transmitir el
mensaje con maacutes precisioacuten o maacutes claridad(Burrough-Boenisch 2013)
bull El texto debe estar organizado loacutegica ycoherentemente y por lo tanto debe ser faacutecil deleer (Ver Appendix Cohesion)
bull Es preferible que inicie cada paacuterrafo con una oracioacutensobre el tema y lo desarrolle completamente en las
oraciones siguientesbull A diferencia de otros idiomas se permiten las
construcciones paralelas en ingleacutes ya que facilitan elentendimiento Por ejemplo al comparar datossimilares puede escribir ldquoIt was high in A mediumin B and low in Crdquo rather than ldquoIt was high in Amedium for B and low in the case of Crdquo
bull Haga que las figuras y tablas sean de faacutecilcomprensioacuten sin necesidad de referirse al cuerpoprincipal del artiacuteculo Omita datos que no seaninformativos (por ejemplo elimine una columna sicontiene los mismos valores en todas las filas ndash encambio puede mencionarlo en una nota al pie depaacutegina) Utilice abreviaturas soacutelo cuando seanecesario por razones de consistencia o cuando nohubiera suficiente espacio para incluir palabrascompletas En las notas al pie de las figuras o notas alpie en general defina todas las abreviaturas ysiacutembolos que no sean obvios (por ejemplo las barrasde error pueden denotar desviacioacuten estaacutendar errorestaacutendar o intervalo de confianza) Recuerde utilizarel punto decimal (en vez de coma) y rotule los ejesy unidades cuando sea necesario
bull
Considere utilizar cuadros de texto cuando presenteuna pequentildea serie de datos (Kozak 2009) (Ver
Appendix Text-tables)bull En listados largos (de abreviaturas etc) separe
preferentemente cada tema con punto y coma () yaque es la opcioacuten intermedia entre comas y puntosfinales
El idoma importa
bull Cuando los teacuterminos cientiacuteficos no sean necesariosutilice preferentemente palabras conocidascomuacutenmente Sin embargo evite las expresiones
idiomaacuteticas o coloquiales asiacute como las frasesverbales (por ejemplo find out pay off ) quegeneralmente son difiacuteciles de entender para hablantesde ingleacutes no nativos (Geercken 2006)
bull Defina las abreviaturas cuando aparezcan porprimera vez en el cuerpo principal del artiacuteculo (si nofueran claras para los lectores) No utilicedemasiadas abreviaturas diferentes ya que el textoseriacutea difiacutecil de entender No abrevie teacuterminos que seusen soacutelo pocas veces en su manuscrito Evite lasabreviaturas en el resumen
bull En general utilice el ldquopasadordquo cuando describacoacutemo realizoacute el estudio y lo que descubrioacute o lo quehicieron otros investigadores Preferentemente use elldquopresenterdquo en oraciones generales e interpretacioacutende datos (por ejemplo la significacioacuten estadiacutestica las
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 516
5 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed
conclusiones) o cuando escriba sobre el contenido desu artiacuteculo especialmente sobre figuras y tablas(Day Gastel 2006)
bull A menos que los editores exijan lo contrario noescriba ldquothe author (s)rdquo cuando se refiera a ustedmismo ya que es ambiguo En cambio escriba ldquowerdquoo ldquoIrdquo si fuera necesario o use expresiones como ldquoin
this studyrdquo ldquoour resultsrdquo ldquoin our opinionrdquo (porejemplo Hartley 2010 Norris 2011) Tenga encuenta que deberaacute escribir ldquothis studyrdquo soacutelo si serefiere a sus resultados nuevos Si se refiere a unapublicacioacuten mencionada en una oracioacuten previaescriba ldquothat studyrdquo Si se refiere a autores de unapublicacioacuten que haya citado escriba ldquothose authorsrdquo
bull Recuerde que en los textos cientiacuteficos la palabraldquowhichrdquo se debe usar en subordinadas adjetivasexplicativas non-defining (marcadas por comas)mientras que ldquothatrdquo se debe utilizar en subordinadasadjetivas especificativas defining (que aportan
informacioacuten esencial como por ejemplo ldquoonly thosethatrdquo)
bull Cuando utilice palabras ambiguas aseguacuterese deque el significado sea obvio seguacuten el contextoVerifique que todos los verbos concuerden ennuacutemero con el sujeto y que las referencias a todoslos pronombres sean claras (eso es crucial para lostextos traducidos) Tenga en cuenta que algunossustantivos tienen plurales irregulares (Ver
Appendix Plurals)bull Lea el texto en voz alta para verificar la puntuacioacuten
Todas las pausas en la entonacioacuten necesarias paraun correcto entendimiento se deben marcar concomas u otros signos de puntuacioacuten (por ejemploconsidere la diferencia entre ldquono more data areneededrdquo y ldquono more data are neededrdquo)
bull La ortografiacutea debe ser consistente Siga las reglasde ortografiacutea del ingleacutes britaacutenico o americano y elmismo principio para escribir las fechas (porejemplo ldquo21 Jan 2009rdquo en ingleacutes britaacutenico o ldquoJan21 2009rdquo en ingleacutes americanordquo) (Ver Appendix
Spelling) Verifique si la publicacioacuten destino utilizala ortografiacutea del ingleacutes britaacutenico o americano y use la
misma regla en las palabras y gramaacutetica de suartiacuteculobull Piacutedale a alguno de sus amables colegas que lea el
texto completo para ver si existen fragmentosambiguos
TraduccioacutenTranslation Jaquelina Guardamagna( jaquiguardamagnahotmailcom)
reviewed by Reme Melero (meleroiataacsices)
HAN COLABORADO EN LA ELABORACIOacuteNDE ESTAS DIRECTRICES (en orden cronoloacutegico)Sylwia Ufnalska (initiator and editor) Paola De
Castro Liz Wager Carol Norris James HartleyFranccediloise Salager-Meyer Marcin Kozak Ed HullMary Ellen Kerans Angela Turner Will Hughes PeterHovenkamp Thomas Babor Eric Lichtfouse Richard
Hurley Mercegrave Piqueras Maria Persson ElisabettaPoltronieri Suzanne Lapstun Mare-Anne Laane DavidVaux Arjan Polderman Ana Marusic ElisabethHeseltine Joy Burrough-Boenisch Eva BaranyiovaacuteTom Lang Arie Manten Pippa Smart ArmenGasparyan
Referencias y bibliografiacutea complementariaAuthorAID Resource Library Available from
httpwwwauthoraidinforesource-library Baranyiovaacute E 1998 Misleading words or nobody is perfect
European Science Editing 24(2)46 Available fromhttpwwweaseorguksitesdefaultfilesese_1998-baranyiovapdf
Beverley P 2011 Word macros for writers and editors Availablefrom httpwwwarchivepubcoukTheBook
BioMed Central policy on duplicate publication Available from httpwwwbiomedcentralcomaboutduplicatepublication
Bless A Hull E 2008 Reader-friendly biomedical articles how to
write them 3rd ed Alphen ad Rijn Van ZuidenCommunication
Bravo E Cambon-Thomsen A De Castro P Mabile L Napolitani
F Napolitano M Rossi AM 2013 Citation of bioresources in journal articles moving towards standards European Science
Editing 39(2)36-38 Available fromhttpwwweaseorguksitesdefaultfilesessay_bioresourcespdf
Burrough-Boenisch J 2013 Editing texts by non-native speakers ofEnglish In European Association of Science Editors Science
editorsrsquo handbook Smart P Maisonneuve H Polderman Aeditors Available from httpwwweaseorgukhandbookindexshtml
Chipperfield L Citrome L Clark J David FS Enck R EvangelistaM et al 2010 Authors Submission Toolkit a practical guide togetting your research published Current Medical Research amp
Opinion 26(8)1967-1982 Available fromhttpinformahealthcarecomdoifull101185030079952010499344
[COPE flowcharts] Committee on Publication Ethics flowchartsAvailable in many languages fromhttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts
[CSE] Council of Science Editors Style Manual Committee 2014Scientific style and format the CSE manual for authors editors
and publishers 8th ed University of Chicago Press Availablefrom httpwwwscientificstyleandformatorgHomehtml
Day RA Gastel B 2006 How to write and publish a scientific
paper 6th ed Cambridge Cambridge University Pressdo Carmo GMI Yen C Cortes J Siqueira AA de Oliveira WK
Cortez-Escalante JJ et al 2011 Decline in diarrhea mortality andadmissions after routine childhood rotavirus immunization inBrazil a time-series analysis PLoS Medicine 8(4) e1001024Available fromhttpwwwplosmedicineorgarticleinfo3Adoi2F1013712Fjournal
pmed1001024 [DORA] San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment 2013
Available from httpamascborgdorafilesSFDeclarationFINALpdf [EASE] European Association of Science Editors 2012 EASE
Toolkit for Authors Available fromhttpwwweaseorgukpublicationsease-toolkit-authors
[EASE] European Association of Science Editors 2013 Science
editorsrsquo handbook 2nd ed Smart P Maisonneuve H PoldermanA editors Available fromhttpwwweaseorgukhandbookindexshtml
[EMAME] Eastern Mediterranean Association of Medical Editors2006 Manual for editors of health science journals Available inArabic English and French fromhttpwwwemrowhointentityemame
EQUATOR Network Available fromhttpwwwequator-networkorghome Gasparyan AY Ayvazyan L Blackmore Hmiddot Kitas GD 2011
Writing a narrative biomedical review considerations forauthors peer reviewers and editors Rheumatology
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 616
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20146
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
International 31(11)1409-1417 Available rom httpwww
easeorguksitesdeaultileswriting-reviewspd
Geercken S 2006 Challenges o (medical) writing or the
multilingual audience Write Stuff 15(2)45-46 Available rom
httpmedicalwritingemwaorgarticleshowpd51
Goozner M Caplan A Moreno J Kramer BS Babor F Husser
WC 2009 A common standard or conflict o interest
disclosure in addiction journals Addiction 1041779-
1784 Available rom httpwww3intersciencewileycom
journal122637800abstract
Gopen GD Swan JA 1990 Te science o scientific writing
i the reader is to grasp what the writer means the writer
must understand what the reader needs American Scientist
78(6)550ndash558 Available rom httpwww-statwharton
upennedu~bujascihtml
Gra C Battisti WP Bridges D Bruce-Winkle V Conaty JM
Ellison JM et al or the International Society or Medical
Publication Proessionals 2009 Good publication practice
or communicating company sponsored medical research theGPP2 guidelines BMJ 339b4330 Available rom httpwww
bmjcomcgicontentull339nov27_1b4330
Gustavii B 2008 How to write and illustrate a scientific paper 2nd
ed Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press
Hartley J 2010 Citing onesel European Science Editing 36(2)35-
37 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksitesdeaultiles
may_2010_362pd
Hengl Gould M Gerritsma W 2011 Te unofficial guide or
authors rom research design to publication Wageningen
Arnhem Available rom httpedepotwurnl178013
[ICMJE] International Committee o Medical Journal Editors
2013 Recommendations or the Conduct Reporting Editingand Publication o Scholarly Work in Medical Journals
Available rom httpwwwicmjeorgurm_mainhtml
Kerans ME de Jager M 2010 Handling plagiarism at the editorrsquos
desk European Science Editing 36(3) 62-66 httpwwwease
orguksitesdeaultilesese_aug10pd
Kozak M 2009 ext-table an underused and undervalued tool
or communicating inormation European Science Editing
35(4)103 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksites
deaultilesnovember_2009_354pd
Lang 2004 wenty statistical errors even YOU can
find in biomedical research articles Croatian Medical
Journal 45(4)361-370 Available rom httpwwwcmj
hr200445415311405htm
Masic I Kujundzic E 2013 Science editing in biomedicine and
humanities Sarajevo Avicenna
[MeSH Browser] Medical Subject Headings Browser Available
rom httpwwwnlmnihgovmeshMBrowserhtml
Norris CB 2009 Academic writing in English Helsinki
University o Helsinki Available rom httpwwwhelsinkii
kksclanguageservicesAcadWritpd
Norris C 2011 Te passive voice revisited European Science
Editing 37(1)6-7 Available rom httpwwweaseorguk
sitesdeaultilesebruary_2011_371pd
OrsquoConnor M 1991 Writing successully in science London
Chapman amp Hall
[ORI] Office o Research Integrity 2009 Avoiding plagiarism sel-
plagiarism and other questionable writing practices a guide to
ethical writing Available rom httporihhsgoveducation
productsplagiarism0shtmlResearch Methods Supercourse Available rom httpwwwpitt
edu~super1ResearchMethodsindexhtm
[RIN] Research Inormation Network 2008 Acknowledgement
o unders in journal articles Available rom httpwww
rinacukour-workresearch-unding-policy-and-guidance
acknowledgement-unders-journal-articles
Seiert KA Crous PW Frisvad JC 2008 Correcting the impact
actors o taxonomic journals by Appropriate Citation o
axonomy (AC) Persoonia 20105 Available rom http
wwwpersooniaorgIssue2008pd
Strunk WJr White EB 2000 Te elements o style 4th ed New
York Macmillanufe ER 2001 Te visual display o quantitative inormation 2nd ed
Cheshire C Graphics Press
Unalska S 2008 Abstracts o research articles readersrsquo expectations
and guidelines or authors European Science Editing 34(3)63-
65 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksitesdeaultiles
august_2008343pd
[WMA] World Medical Association 2013 Declaration o Helsinki
ndash ethical principles or medical research involving human
subjects Available in English Spanish and French rom http
wwwwmaneten30publications10policiesb3
bull Consider publishing a review article once you havecompleted the first year o your PhD studies because(1) you should already have a clear picture o the fieldand an up-to-date stock o reerences in your computer(2) research results sometimes take a long time to get (inagronomy 3 years o field experiments) (3) journalslove review articles (they tend to improve the impactactor) (4) the rejection rate o review articles is low(although some journals publish solicited reviews onlyso you might want to contact the Editor first) (5) thenon-specialist reader - such as a uture employer - will
understand a review article more easily than an originalarticle with detailed results
bull Alternatively publish meta-analyses or other database-
based research articles
bull Each partitem o an article should preerably be ldquoalmostrdquounderstandable (and citable) without reading otherparts Te average time spent reading an article is allingso virtually no one reads rom itle to Reerences Tisphenomenon is amplified by the ldquodigital explosionrdquowhereby search engines identiy individual items such asabstracts or figures rather than intact articles
Written by Eric Lichtfouse
ericlichtfousedijoninrafr
For more advice see EASE Toolkit for Authors
(wwweaseorgukpublicationsease-toolkit-authors)
Practical tips for junior researchers
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Appendix Abstracts
Key elements of abstracts
Researchers are quite ofen in a ldquoboxrdquo o technical detailsndash the ldquoimportantrdquo things they ocus on day in and day outAs a result they requently lose sight o 4 items essentialor any readable credible and relevant IMRaD1 article thepoint o the research the research question its answer andthe consequences o the study
o help researchers to get out o the box I ask them toinclude 5 key elements in their article and in their abstract Idescribe briefly the elements below and illustrate them witha fictitious abstract
Key element 1 (983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140) the point o the researchndash why should we care about the study Tis is usually astatement o the BIG problem that the research helps tosolve and the strategy or helping to solve it It prepares thereader to understand the specific research question
Key element 2 (983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155) the specific research questionndash the basis o credible science o be clear completeand concise research questions are stated in terms orelationships between the variables that were investigatedSuch specific research questions tie the story together ndashthey ocus on credible science
Key element 3 (983149983141983156983144983151983140983155) a precise description o themethods used to collect data and determine the relationshipsbetween the variables
Key element 4 (983154983141983155983157983148983156983155) the major findings ndash not onlydata but the RELAIONSHIPS ound that lead to theanswer Results should generally be reported in the pasttense but the authorsrsquo interpretation o the actual findingsis in the present tense ndash it reports the authorsrsquo belie o howthe world IS O course in a pilot study such as the ollowingexample the authors cannot yet present definitive answerswhich they indicate by using the words ldquosuggestrdquo and ldquomayrdquo
Key element 5 (983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155) the consequences o theanswers ndash the value o the work Tis element relates directlyback to the big problem how the study helps to solve theproblem and it also points to the next step in research
Here is a fictitious example
Predicting malaria epidemics in Ethiopia
Abstract
983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140 Most deaths rom malaria could beprevented i malaria epidemics could be predicted in localareas allowing medical acilities to be mobilized early
983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155 As a first step toward constructing a predictivemodel we determined correlations between meteorologicalactors and malaria epidemics in Ethiopia 983149983141983156983144983151983140983155
In a retrospective study we collected meteorologicaland epidemic data or 10 local areas covering the years1963-2006 Poisson regression was used to compare thedata 983154983141983155983157983148983156983155 Factors AAA BBB and CCC correlatedsignificantly (P lt005) with subsequent epidemics in all10 areas A model based on these correlations wouldhave a predictive power o about 30 983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155 Meteorological actors can be used to predict malariaepidemics However the predictive power o our modelneeds to be improved and validated in other areas
Tis understandable and concise abstract orms the
ldquoskeletonrdquo or the entire article A final comment Tisexample is based on an actual research project and at firstthe author was in a ldquoboxrdquo ull o the mathematics statisticsand computer algorithms o his predicting model Tis wasreflected in his first version o the abstract where the wordldquomalariardquo never appeared
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
(for more information see Bless and Hull 2008)
______________________________
1 IMRaD stands or Introduction Methods Results and
Discussion
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Empty words and sentences
Many English words are empty ndash they do not addinormation but require the reader to fill in inormation orcontext to be understood Te reader is orced to supply hisor her own interpretation which could be different romwhat you the writer mean
Empty words seem to give inormation and uncriticalreaders do not notice them ndash that is why they work so wellor marketing texts However empty words do not belongin articles reporting scientific research Empty wordsrequire the reader to supply the meaning ndash very dangerousConcise and clear communication requires words that
convey specific meaning
Examples
It is important that patients take their medicine
bull Note that to a physician the meaning is probably entirelydifferent than to the sales manager o a pharmaceuticalcompany ldquoImportantrdquo is one o our best-loved butempty words ndash it fits every situation
Te patient was treated or XXX
bull ldquoreatedrdquo is empty we do not know what was done
One reader could assume that the patient was given acertain medicine while another reader could assumethat the patient was given a different medicine Perhapsthe patient was operated on or sent to Switzerland ora rest cure
Te patient reacted well to the medicine
bull ldquoReacted wellrdquo gives us a positive piece o inormationbut otherwise it is empty we do not know how thepatient reacted
Te patientrsquos blood pressure was low
bull We interpret ldquohighlow blood pressurerdquo to meanldquohigherlower than normalrdquo but we the readers haveto supply that reerence standard A more concisestatement is Te patientrsquos blood pressure was 9060
Empty words and phrases not only require the reader tosupply the meaning they also contribute to a wordy blah-blah text In scientific articles they destroy credibility Hereare some examples
It has been ound that the secondary effects o this drugincludehellip
bull Better Te secondary effects o this drug includehellip(re)Or i these are your new results Our results show thatthe secondary effects o this drug includehellip
We perormed a retrospective evaluation study on XXX
bull ldquoPerormed a studyrdquo is a much overused and ratherempty phrase Better We retrospectively evaluated XXX
More examples that require the reader to supplyinormation i it is not evident rom the context
bull
quality bull goodbad
bull highlow
bull largesmall
bull longshort
bull properproperly (eg ldquohellipa proper question on thequestionnairehelliprdquo)
bull As soon as possiblehellip
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Ambiguity
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copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Cohesion ndash the glue
Te word ldquocohesionrdquo means ldquounityrdquo ldquoconsistencyrdquo andldquosolidityrdquo Building cohesion into your text makes lie easieror your readers ndash they will be much more likely to readthe text Cohesion ldquogluesrdquo your text together ocusingthe readersrsquo attention on your main message and therebyadding credibility to your work
Tink o your text as a motorcycle chain made up oseparate links where each sentence is one link A pile ounconnected links is worthless ndash it will never drive yourmotorcycle Similarly a pile o unconnected sentences isworthless ndash it will never drive your message home
o build a cohesive text you have to connect yoursentences together to make longer segments we callparagraphs A cohesive paragraph clearly ocuses on itstopic You then need to connect each paragraph with theprevious paragraph thereby linking the paragraph topicsLinking paragraphs results in building cohesive sections oyour article where each section ocuses on its main topicTen link the sections to each other and finally connectthe end o your article to the beginning closing the loopndash now the chain will drive our motorcycle Letrsquos look atlinking techniques
Basic guidelines for building a cohesive story1 Link each sentence to the previous sentence
2 Link each paragraph to the previous paragraph
3 Link each section to the previous section
4 Link the end to the beginning
Linking techniques
Whether you want to link sentences paragraphs sectionsor the beginning to the end use 2 basic linking techniques
bull Use linking words and phrases such as howeveralthough those since then An example Our researchresults conflict with those o Smith and Jones o resolvethose differences we measured
bull Repeat key words and phrases ndash do not use synonymsIn scientific writing repetition sharpens the ocusRepetition especially helps the reader to connect ideasthat are physically separated in your text For exampleOther investigators have shown that microbial activitycan cause immobilization o labile soil phosphorusOur results suggest that indeed microbial activity
immobilizes the labile soil phosphorus
Te example below illustrates how to link your answer toyour research question thus linking the Discussion withthe Introduction
In the Introduction the research hypothesis is statedFor example Te decremental theory o aging led us tohypothesize that older workers in ldquospeedrdquo jobs perorm lesswell and have more absences and more accidents than otherworkers have
In the Discussion the answer is linked to the hypothesisOur findings do not support the hypothesis that older workersin speed jobs perorm less well and have more absences andmore accidents than other workers have Te older workers generally earned more were absent less ofen and had eweraccidents than younger workers had Furthermore we oundno significant difference between
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Cohesion
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EXPLANAION obligatory declarations applying to allmanuscripts are printed in bold
Original or acceptable secondary publication
No part o this manuscript (MS) has been publishedexcept or passages that are properly cited
An abstractsummary o this MS has been publishedinhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Tis MS has already been published in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipbut in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip language A ull citation tothe primary publication is included and the copyrightowner has agreed to its publication in English
No part of this MS is currently being considered forpublication elsewhere
In this MS original data are clearly distinguishedfrom published data All information extracted fromother publications is provided with citations
Authorship All people listed as authors of this MS meet theauthorship criteria ie they contributed substantiallyto study planning data collection or interpretationof results and wrote or critically revised the MS and approved its nal submitted version and agree to beaccountable for all aspects of the work (ICMJE 2013)
All people listed as authors of this MS are aware of itand have agreed to be listed
No person who meets the authorship criteria hasbeen omitted
Ethical experimentation and interpretation
Te study reported in this MS involved humanparticipants and it meets the ethical principles o theDeclaration o Helsinki (WMA 2013) Data have beendisaggregated by sex (and whenever possible by race)
Te study reported in this MS meets the ConsensusAuthor Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welareor Veterinary Journals2 about humane treatment oanimals and has been approved by an ethical reviewcommittee
Te study reported in this MS meets other ethicalprinciples namely helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip hellip
I and all the other authors of this MS did ourbest to avoid errors in experimental design datapresentation interpretation etc However if we
discover any serious error in the MS (before or aerpublication) we will alert the editor promptly
None of our data presented in this MS has beenfabricated or distorted and no valid data have beenexcluded Images shown in gures have not beenmanipulated to make a false impression on readers
Results of this study have been interpreted objectivelyAny ndings that run contrary to our point of vieware discussed in the MS
Te article does not to the best of our knowledgecontain anything that is libellous illegal infringes
anyonersquos copyright or other rights or poses a threatto public safety
Acknowledgements
All sources of funding for the study reported in thisMS are stated
All people who are not listed as authors butcontributed considerably to the study reported inthis MS or assisted in its writing (eg authorrsquos editorstranslators medical writers) are mentioned in theAcknowledgements
All people named in the Acknowledgements have
agreed to this However they are not responsible forthe nal version of this MS
Consent has been obtained rom the author(s) ounpublished data cited in the MS
Copyright owners o previously published figures ortables have agreed to their inclusion in this MS
Conflict of interest
All authors of this study have signed a conict ofinterest statement and disclosed any nancial orpersonal links with people or organizations that havea nancial interest in this MS3
Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Signaturehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
MS titlehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
2 See wwwveteditorsorgethicsconsensusguidelineshtml3 See wwwicmjeorgcoi_disclosurepd
Appendix Ethics
Publication ethics checklist for authors
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201411
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Examples of irregular plurals deriving from Latin or Greek
Singular Plural Examples
-a -ae
rarely -ata
alga ndash algae larva ndash larvae
stoma ndash stomata
-ex -icesindex ndash indices (or indexes)
apex ndash apices (or apexes)
-ies -ies species series facies
-is -es axis ndash axes hypothesis ndash hypotheses
-ix -icesappendix ndash appendices (or appendixes)
matrix ndash matrices (or matrixes)
-on -a phenomenon ndash phenomena
criterion ndash criteria
-um -a datum ndash data bacterium ndash bacteria
-us
-i
rarely -uses
or -era
locus ndash loci fungus ndash fungi (or funguses)
sinus ndash sinuses
genus ndash genera
Acceptable anglicized plurals that are also listed in dictionaries
In non-scientific use usually treated as a mass noun (like inormation etc)
It must be remembered that some nouns used in everydayEnglish also have irregular plural orms (eg woman ndashwomen oot ndash eet tooth ndash teeth mouse ndash mice lea ndash leaves
lie ndash lives tomato ndash tomatoes) or have no plural orm (egequipment inormation news) For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult a dictionary
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
Appendix Plurals
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201412
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Appendix Simplicity
Examples of expressions that can be simplified or deleted (empty)
Long or (sometimes) wrong Better choice (oen)
accounted or by the act that because
as can be seen rom Figure 1 substance Zreduces twitching
substance Z reduces twitching (Fig 1)
at the present moment now
bright yellow in colour bright yellow
conducted inoculation experiments on inoculated considerable amount o much
despite the act that although
due to the act that because
or the reason that because
i conditions are such that i
in a considerable number o cases ofen
in view o the act that because
it is o interest to note that empty
it may however be noted that but
large numbers o many
lazy in character lazy
methodology methods
owing to the act that because
oval in shape oval
prior to beore
taken into consideration considered
terminate end
the test in question this test
there can be little doubt that this is this is probably
to an extent equal to that o X as much as X
utilize use
whether or not whether Based on OrsquoConnor (1991)
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201413
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Examples of differences between British and American spelling
British English American English
-ae-
eg aetiology aeces haematology -e-
eg etiology eces hematology
-ce in nouns -se in verbseg deence licencelicense practicepractise
-se in nouns and verbseg deense license
(but practice as both noun and verb)
-ise or -izeeg organiseorganize
-izeeg organize
-isation or -ization eg organisationorganization
-izationeg organization
-lled -lling -llor etceg labelled travelling councillor
(but ulfil skilul )
-led -ling -lor etceg labeled traveling councilor
(but ulfill skillul )
-oe-eg diarrhoea oetus oestrogen
-e-eg diarrhea etus estrogen
-ogue
eg analogue catalogue-og or -ogue
eg analoganalogue catalogcatalogue
-our eg colour behaviour avour
-or eg color behavior avor
-re
eg centre fibre metre litre(but meter or a measuring instrument)
-er
eg center fiber meter liter
-yseeg analyse dialyse
-yzeeg analyze dialyze
aluminium aluminum or aluminium
gr ey gr ay
mould mold
programme (general) or program (computer) program
sul phur or sul f ur sul f ur
One ending should be used consistentlyRecommended by the International Union o Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society o Chemistry
Appendix Spelling
For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult adictionary Obviously American and British English slightly
differ not only in spelling but also in word use grammar
punctuation etc However those differences are outside thescope o this document
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201414
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements
such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples
Original sentence
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C
Modified
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03
Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)
ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo
Appendix Text-tables
Modified
Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)
lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)
Some rules for arranging text-tables
1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents
and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct
alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow
Written by Marcin Kozak
nyggusgmailcom
(for more information see Kozak 2009)
Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201415
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed
Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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5 EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to be Published in English June 2014
copy 2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk) Non-commercial printing allowed
conclusiones) o cuando escriba sobre el contenido desu artiacuteculo especialmente sobre figuras y tablas(Day Gastel 2006)
bull A menos que los editores exijan lo contrario noescriba ldquothe author (s)rdquo cuando se refiera a ustedmismo ya que es ambiguo En cambio escriba ldquowerdquoo ldquoIrdquo si fuera necesario o use expresiones como ldquoin
this studyrdquo ldquoour resultsrdquo ldquoin our opinionrdquo (porejemplo Hartley 2010 Norris 2011) Tenga encuenta que deberaacute escribir ldquothis studyrdquo soacutelo si serefiere a sus resultados nuevos Si se refiere a unapublicacioacuten mencionada en una oracioacuten previaescriba ldquothat studyrdquo Si se refiere a autores de unapublicacioacuten que haya citado escriba ldquothose authorsrdquo
bull Recuerde que en los textos cientiacuteficos la palabraldquowhichrdquo se debe usar en subordinadas adjetivasexplicativas non-defining (marcadas por comas)mientras que ldquothatrdquo se debe utilizar en subordinadasadjetivas especificativas defining (que aportan
informacioacuten esencial como por ejemplo ldquoonly thosethatrdquo)
bull Cuando utilice palabras ambiguas aseguacuterese deque el significado sea obvio seguacuten el contextoVerifique que todos los verbos concuerden ennuacutemero con el sujeto y que las referencias a todoslos pronombres sean claras (eso es crucial para lostextos traducidos) Tenga en cuenta que algunossustantivos tienen plurales irregulares (Ver
Appendix Plurals)bull Lea el texto en voz alta para verificar la puntuacioacuten
Todas las pausas en la entonacioacuten necesarias paraun correcto entendimiento se deben marcar concomas u otros signos de puntuacioacuten (por ejemploconsidere la diferencia entre ldquono more data areneededrdquo y ldquono more data are neededrdquo)
bull La ortografiacutea debe ser consistente Siga las reglasde ortografiacutea del ingleacutes britaacutenico o americano y elmismo principio para escribir las fechas (porejemplo ldquo21 Jan 2009rdquo en ingleacutes britaacutenico o ldquoJan21 2009rdquo en ingleacutes americanordquo) (Ver Appendix
Spelling) Verifique si la publicacioacuten destino utilizala ortografiacutea del ingleacutes britaacutenico o americano y use la
misma regla en las palabras y gramaacutetica de suartiacuteculobull Piacutedale a alguno de sus amables colegas que lea el
texto completo para ver si existen fragmentosambiguos
TraduccioacutenTranslation Jaquelina Guardamagna( jaquiguardamagnahotmailcom)
reviewed by Reme Melero (meleroiataacsices)
HAN COLABORADO EN LA ELABORACIOacuteNDE ESTAS DIRECTRICES (en orden cronoloacutegico)Sylwia Ufnalska (initiator and editor) Paola De
Castro Liz Wager Carol Norris James HartleyFranccediloise Salager-Meyer Marcin Kozak Ed HullMary Ellen Kerans Angela Turner Will Hughes PeterHovenkamp Thomas Babor Eric Lichtfouse Richard
Hurley Mercegrave Piqueras Maria Persson ElisabettaPoltronieri Suzanne Lapstun Mare-Anne Laane DavidVaux Arjan Polderman Ana Marusic ElisabethHeseltine Joy Burrough-Boenisch Eva BaranyiovaacuteTom Lang Arie Manten Pippa Smart ArmenGasparyan
Referencias y bibliografiacutea complementariaAuthorAID Resource Library Available from
httpwwwauthoraidinforesource-library Baranyiovaacute E 1998 Misleading words or nobody is perfect
European Science Editing 24(2)46 Available fromhttpwwweaseorguksitesdefaultfilesese_1998-baranyiovapdf
Beverley P 2011 Word macros for writers and editors Availablefrom httpwwwarchivepubcoukTheBook
BioMed Central policy on duplicate publication Available from httpwwwbiomedcentralcomaboutduplicatepublication
Bless A Hull E 2008 Reader-friendly biomedical articles how to
write them 3rd ed Alphen ad Rijn Van ZuidenCommunication
Bravo E Cambon-Thomsen A De Castro P Mabile L Napolitani
F Napolitano M Rossi AM 2013 Citation of bioresources in journal articles moving towards standards European Science
Editing 39(2)36-38 Available fromhttpwwweaseorguksitesdefaultfilesessay_bioresourcespdf
Burrough-Boenisch J 2013 Editing texts by non-native speakers ofEnglish In European Association of Science Editors Science
editorsrsquo handbook Smart P Maisonneuve H Polderman Aeditors Available from httpwwweaseorgukhandbookindexshtml
Chipperfield L Citrome L Clark J David FS Enck R EvangelistaM et al 2010 Authors Submission Toolkit a practical guide togetting your research published Current Medical Research amp
Opinion 26(8)1967-1982 Available fromhttpinformahealthcarecomdoifull101185030079952010499344
[COPE flowcharts] Committee on Publication Ethics flowchartsAvailable in many languages fromhttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts
[CSE] Council of Science Editors Style Manual Committee 2014Scientific style and format the CSE manual for authors editors
and publishers 8th ed University of Chicago Press Availablefrom httpwwwscientificstyleandformatorgHomehtml
Day RA Gastel B 2006 How to write and publish a scientific
paper 6th ed Cambridge Cambridge University Pressdo Carmo GMI Yen C Cortes J Siqueira AA de Oliveira WK
Cortez-Escalante JJ et al 2011 Decline in diarrhea mortality andadmissions after routine childhood rotavirus immunization inBrazil a time-series analysis PLoS Medicine 8(4) e1001024Available fromhttpwwwplosmedicineorgarticleinfo3Adoi2F1013712Fjournal
pmed1001024 [DORA] San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment 2013
Available from httpamascborgdorafilesSFDeclarationFINALpdf [EASE] European Association of Science Editors 2012 EASE
Toolkit for Authors Available fromhttpwwweaseorgukpublicationsease-toolkit-authors
[EASE] European Association of Science Editors 2013 Science
editorsrsquo handbook 2nd ed Smart P Maisonneuve H PoldermanA editors Available fromhttpwwweaseorgukhandbookindexshtml
[EMAME] Eastern Mediterranean Association of Medical Editors2006 Manual for editors of health science journals Available inArabic English and French fromhttpwwwemrowhointentityemame
EQUATOR Network Available fromhttpwwwequator-networkorghome Gasparyan AY Ayvazyan L Blackmore Hmiddot Kitas GD 2011
Writing a narrative biomedical review considerations forauthors peer reviewers and editors Rheumatology
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 616
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20146
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
International 31(11)1409-1417 Available rom httpwww
easeorguksitesdeaultileswriting-reviewspd
Geercken S 2006 Challenges o (medical) writing or the
multilingual audience Write Stuff 15(2)45-46 Available rom
httpmedicalwritingemwaorgarticleshowpd51
Goozner M Caplan A Moreno J Kramer BS Babor F Husser
WC 2009 A common standard or conflict o interest
disclosure in addiction journals Addiction 1041779-
1784 Available rom httpwww3intersciencewileycom
journal122637800abstract
Gopen GD Swan JA 1990 Te science o scientific writing
i the reader is to grasp what the writer means the writer
must understand what the reader needs American Scientist
78(6)550ndash558 Available rom httpwww-statwharton
upennedu~bujascihtml
Gra C Battisti WP Bridges D Bruce-Winkle V Conaty JM
Ellison JM et al or the International Society or Medical
Publication Proessionals 2009 Good publication practice
or communicating company sponsored medical research theGPP2 guidelines BMJ 339b4330 Available rom httpwww
bmjcomcgicontentull339nov27_1b4330
Gustavii B 2008 How to write and illustrate a scientific paper 2nd
ed Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press
Hartley J 2010 Citing onesel European Science Editing 36(2)35-
37 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksitesdeaultiles
may_2010_362pd
Hengl Gould M Gerritsma W 2011 Te unofficial guide or
authors rom research design to publication Wageningen
Arnhem Available rom httpedepotwurnl178013
[ICMJE] International Committee o Medical Journal Editors
2013 Recommendations or the Conduct Reporting Editingand Publication o Scholarly Work in Medical Journals
Available rom httpwwwicmjeorgurm_mainhtml
Kerans ME de Jager M 2010 Handling plagiarism at the editorrsquos
desk European Science Editing 36(3) 62-66 httpwwwease
orguksitesdeaultilesese_aug10pd
Kozak M 2009 ext-table an underused and undervalued tool
or communicating inormation European Science Editing
35(4)103 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksites
deaultilesnovember_2009_354pd
Lang 2004 wenty statistical errors even YOU can
find in biomedical research articles Croatian Medical
Journal 45(4)361-370 Available rom httpwwwcmj
hr200445415311405htm
Masic I Kujundzic E 2013 Science editing in biomedicine and
humanities Sarajevo Avicenna
[MeSH Browser] Medical Subject Headings Browser Available
rom httpwwwnlmnihgovmeshMBrowserhtml
Norris CB 2009 Academic writing in English Helsinki
University o Helsinki Available rom httpwwwhelsinkii
kksclanguageservicesAcadWritpd
Norris C 2011 Te passive voice revisited European Science
Editing 37(1)6-7 Available rom httpwwweaseorguk
sitesdeaultilesebruary_2011_371pd
OrsquoConnor M 1991 Writing successully in science London
Chapman amp Hall
[ORI] Office o Research Integrity 2009 Avoiding plagiarism sel-
plagiarism and other questionable writing practices a guide to
ethical writing Available rom httporihhsgoveducation
productsplagiarism0shtmlResearch Methods Supercourse Available rom httpwwwpitt
edu~super1ResearchMethodsindexhtm
[RIN] Research Inormation Network 2008 Acknowledgement
o unders in journal articles Available rom httpwww
rinacukour-workresearch-unding-policy-and-guidance
acknowledgement-unders-journal-articles
Seiert KA Crous PW Frisvad JC 2008 Correcting the impact
actors o taxonomic journals by Appropriate Citation o
axonomy (AC) Persoonia 20105 Available rom http
wwwpersooniaorgIssue2008pd
Strunk WJr White EB 2000 Te elements o style 4th ed New
York Macmillanufe ER 2001 Te visual display o quantitative inormation 2nd ed
Cheshire C Graphics Press
Unalska S 2008 Abstracts o research articles readersrsquo expectations
and guidelines or authors European Science Editing 34(3)63-
65 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksitesdeaultiles
august_2008343pd
[WMA] World Medical Association 2013 Declaration o Helsinki
ndash ethical principles or medical research involving human
subjects Available in English Spanish and French rom http
wwwwmaneten30publications10policiesb3
bull Consider publishing a review article once you havecompleted the first year o your PhD studies because(1) you should already have a clear picture o the fieldand an up-to-date stock o reerences in your computer(2) research results sometimes take a long time to get (inagronomy 3 years o field experiments) (3) journalslove review articles (they tend to improve the impactactor) (4) the rejection rate o review articles is low(although some journals publish solicited reviews onlyso you might want to contact the Editor first) (5) thenon-specialist reader - such as a uture employer - will
understand a review article more easily than an originalarticle with detailed results
bull Alternatively publish meta-analyses or other database-
based research articles
bull Each partitem o an article should preerably be ldquoalmostrdquounderstandable (and citable) without reading otherparts Te average time spent reading an article is allingso virtually no one reads rom itle to Reerences Tisphenomenon is amplified by the ldquodigital explosionrdquowhereby search engines identiy individual items such asabstracts or figures rather than intact articles
Written by Eric Lichtfouse
ericlichtfousedijoninrafr
For more advice see EASE Toolkit for Authors
(wwweaseorgukpublicationsease-toolkit-authors)
Practical tips for junior researchers
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20147
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Appendix Abstracts
Key elements of abstracts
Researchers are quite ofen in a ldquoboxrdquo o technical detailsndash the ldquoimportantrdquo things they ocus on day in and day outAs a result they requently lose sight o 4 items essentialor any readable credible and relevant IMRaD1 article thepoint o the research the research question its answer andthe consequences o the study
o help researchers to get out o the box I ask them toinclude 5 key elements in their article and in their abstract Idescribe briefly the elements below and illustrate them witha fictitious abstract
Key element 1 (983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140) the point o the researchndash why should we care about the study Tis is usually astatement o the BIG problem that the research helps tosolve and the strategy or helping to solve it It prepares thereader to understand the specific research question
Key element 2 (983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155) the specific research questionndash the basis o credible science o be clear completeand concise research questions are stated in terms orelationships between the variables that were investigatedSuch specific research questions tie the story together ndashthey ocus on credible science
Key element 3 (983149983141983156983144983151983140983155) a precise description o themethods used to collect data and determine the relationshipsbetween the variables
Key element 4 (983154983141983155983157983148983156983155) the major findings ndash not onlydata but the RELAIONSHIPS ound that lead to theanswer Results should generally be reported in the pasttense but the authorsrsquo interpretation o the actual findingsis in the present tense ndash it reports the authorsrsquo belie o howthe world IS O course in a pilot study such as the ollowingexample the authors cannot yet present definitive answerswhich they indicate by using the words ldquosuggestrdquo and ldquomayrdquo
Key element 5 (983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155) the consequences o theanswers ndash the value o the work Tis element relates directlyback to the big problem how the study helps to solve theproblem and it also points to the next step in research
Here is a fictitious example
Predicting malaria epidemics in Ethiopia
Abstract
983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140 Most deaths rom malaria could beprevented i malaria epidemics could be predicted in localareas allowing medical acilities to be mobilized early
983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155 As a first step toward constructing a predictivemodel we determined correlations between meteorologicalactors and malaria epidemics in Ethiopia 983149983141983156983144983151983140983155
In a retrospective study we collected meteorologicaland epidemic data or 10 local areas covering the years1963-2006 Poisson regression was used to compare thedata 983154983141983155983157983148983156983155 Factors AAA BBB and CCC correlatedsignificantly (P lt005) with subsequent epidemics in all10 areas A model based on these correlations wouldhave a predictive power o about 30 983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155 Meteorological actors can be used to predict malariaepidemics However the predictive power o our modelneeds to be improved and validated in other areas
Tis understandable and concise abstract orms the
ldquoskeletonrdquo or the entire article A final comment Tisexample is based on an actual research project and at firstthe author was in a ldquoboxrdquo ull o the mathematics statisticsand computer algorithms o his predicting model Tis wasreflected in his first version o the abstract where the wordldquomalariardquo never appeared
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
(for more information see Bless and Hull 2008)
______________________________
1 IMRaD stands or Introduction Methods Results and
Discussion
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20148
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Empty words and sentences
Many English words are empty ndash they do not addinormation but require the reader to fill in inormation orcontext to be understood Te reader is orced to supply hisor her own interpretation which could be different romwhat you the writer mean
Empty words seem to give inormation and uncriticalreaders do not notice them ndash that is why they work so wellor marketing texts However empty words do not belongin articles reporting scientific research Empty wordsrequire the reader to supply the meaning ndash very dangerousConcise and clear communication requires words that
convey specific meaning
Examples
It is important that patients take their medicine
bull Note that to a physician the meaning is probably entirelydifferent than to the sales manager o a pharmaceuticalcompany ldquoImportantrdquo is one o our best-loved butempty words ndash it fits every situation
Te patient was treated or XXX
bull ldquoreatedrdquo is empty we do not know what was done
One reader could assume that the patient was given acertain medicine while another reader could assumethat the patient was given a different medicine Perhapsthe patient was operated on or sent to Switzerland ora rest cure
Te patient reacted well to the medicine
bull ldquoReacted wellrdquo gives us a positive piece o inormationbut otherwise it is empty we do not know how thepatient reacted
Te patientrsquos blood pressure was low
bull We interpret ldquohighlow blood pressurerdquo to meanldquohigherlower than normalrdquo but we the readers haveto supply that reerence standard A more concisestatement is Te patientrsquos blood pressure was 9060
Empty words and phrases not only require the reader tosupply the meaning they also contribute to a wordy blah-blah text In scientific articles they destroy credibility Hereare some examples
It has been ound that the secondary effects o this drugincludehellip
bull Better Te secondary effects o this drug includehellip(re)Or i these are your new results Our results show thatthe secondary effects o this drug includehellip
We perormed a retrospective evaluation study on XXX
bull ldquoPerormed a studyrdquo is a much overused and ratherempty phrase Better We retrospectively evaluated XXX
More examples that require the reader to supplyinormation i it is not evident rom the context
bull
quality bull goodbad
bull highlow
bull largesmall
bull longshort
bull properproperly (eg ldquohellipa proper question on thequestionnairehelliprdquo)
bull As soon as possiblehellip
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Ambiguity
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20149
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Cohesion ndash the glue
Te word ldquocohesionrdquo means ldquounityrdquo ldquoconsistencyrdquo andldquosolidityrdquo Building cohesion into your text makes lie easieror your readers ndash they will be much more likely to readthe text Cohesion ldquogluesrdquo your text together ocusingthe readersrsquo attention on your main message and therebyadding credibility to your work
Tink o your text as a motorcycle chain made up oseparate links where each sentence is one link A pile ounconnected links is worthless ndash it will never drive yourmotorcycle Similarly a pile o unconnected sentences isworthless ndash it will never drive your message home
o build a cohesive text you have to connect yoursentences together to make longer segments we callparagraphs A cohesive paragraph clearly ocuses on itstopic You then need to connect each paragraph with theprevious paragraph thereby linking the paragraph topicsLinking paragraphs results in building cohesive sections oyour article where each section ocuses on its main topicTen link the sections to each other and finally connectthe end o your article to the beginning closing the loopndash now the chain will drive our motorcycle Letrsquos look atlinking techniques
Basic guidelines for building a cohesive story1 Link each sentence to the previous sentence
2 Link each paragraph to the previous paragraph
3 Link each section to the previous section
4 Link the end to the beginning
Linking techniques
Whether you want to link sentences paragraphs sectionsor the beginning to the end use 2 basic linking techniques
bull Use linking words and phrases such as howeveralthough those since then An example Our researchresults conflict with those o Smith and Jones o resolvethose differences we measured
bull Repeat key words and phrases ndash do not use synonymsIn scientific writing repetition sharpens the ocusRepetition especially helps the reader to connect ideasthat are physically separated in your text For exampleOther investigators have shown that microbial activitycan cause immobilization o labile soil phosphorusOur results suggest that indeed microbial activity
immobilizes the labile soil phosphorus
Te example below illustrates how to link your answer toyour research question thus linking the Discussion withthe Introduction
In the Introduction the research hypothesis is statedFor example Te decremental theory o aging led us tohypothesize that older workers in ldquospeedrdquo jobs perorm lesswell and have more absences and more accidents than otherworkers have
In the Discussion the answer is linked to the hypothesisOur findings do not support the hypothesis that older workersin speed jobs perorm less well and have more absences andmore accidents than other workers have Te older workers generally earned more were absent less ofen and had eweraccidents than younger workers had Furthermore we oundno significant difference between
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Cohesion
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201410
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
EXPLANAION obligatory declarations applying to allmanuscripts are printed in bold
Original or acceptable secondary publication
No part o this manuscript (MS) has been publishedexcept or passages that are properly cited
An abstractsummary o this MS has been publishedinhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Tis MS has already been published in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipbut in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip language A ull citation tothe primary publication is included and the copyrightowner has agreed to its publication in English
No part of this MS is currently being considered forpublication elsewhere
In this MS original data are clearly distinguishedfrom published data All information extracted fromother publications is provided with citations
Authorship All people listed as authors of this MS meet theauthorship criteria ie they contributed substantiallyto study planning data collection or interpretationof results and wrote or critically revised the MS and approved its nal submitted version and agree to beaccountable for all aspects of the work (ICMJE 2013)
All people listed as authors of this MS are aware of itand have agreed to be listed
No person who meets the authorship criteria hasbeen omitted
Ethical experimentation and interpretation
Te study reported in this MS involved humanparticipants and it meets the ethical principles o theDeclaration o Helsinki (WMA 2013) Data have beendisaggregated by sex (and whenever possible by race)
Te study reported in this MS meets the ConsensusAuthor Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welareor Veterinary Journals2 about humane treatment oanimals and has been approved by an ethical reviewcommittee
Te study reported in this MS meets other ethicalprinciples namely helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip hellip
I and all the other authors of this MS did ourbest to avoid errors in experimental design datapresentation interpretation etc However if we
discover any serious error in the MS (before or aerpublication) we will alert the editor promptly
None of our data presented in this MS has beenfabricated or distorted and no valid data have beenexcluded Images shown in gures have not beenmanipulated to make a false impression on readers
Results of this study have been interpreted objectivelyAny ndings that run contrary to our point of vieware discussed in the MS
Te article does not to the best of our knowledgecontain anything that is libellous illegal infringes
anyonersquos copyright or other rights or poses a threatto public safety
Acknowledgements
All sources of funding for the study reported in thisMS are stated
All people who are not listed as authors butcontributed considerably to the study reported inthis MS or assisted in its writing (eg authorrsquos editorstranslators medical writers) are mentioned in theAcknowledgements
All people named in the Acknowledgements have
agreed to this However they are not responsible forthe nal version of this MS
Consent has been obtained rom the author(s) ounpublished data cited in the MS
Copyright owners o previously published figures ortables have agreed to their inclusion in this MS
Conflict of interest
All authors of this study have signed a conict ofinterest statement and disclosed any nancial orpersonal links with people or organizations that havea nancial interest in this MS3
Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Signaturehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
MS titlehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
2 See wwwveteditorsorgethicsconsensusguidelineshtml3 See wwwicmjeorgcoi_disclosurepd
Appendix Ethics
Publication ethics checklist for authors
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Examples of irregular plurals deriving from Latin or Greek
Singular Plural Examples
-a -ae
rarely -ata
alga ndash algae larva ndash larvae
stoma ndash stomata
-ex -icesindex ndash indices (or indexes)
apex ndash apices (or apexes)
-ies -ies species series facies
-is -es axis ndash axes hypothesis ndash hypotheses
-ix -icesappendix ndash appendices (or appendixes)
matrix ndash matrices (or matrixes)
-on -a phenomenon ndash phenomena
criterion ndash criteria
-um -a datum ndash data bacterium ndash bacteria
-us
-i
rarely -uses
or -era
locus ndash loci fungus ndash fungi (or funguses)
sinus ndash sinuses
genus ndash genera
Acceptable anglicized plurals that are also listed in dictionaries
In non-scientific use usually treated as a mass noun (like inormation etc)
It must be remembered that some nouns used in everydayEnglish also have irregular plural orms (eg woman ndashwomen oot ndash eet tooth ndash teeth mouse ndash mice lea ndash leaves
lie ndash lives tomato ndash tomatoes) or have no plural orm (egequipment inormation news) For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult a dictionary
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
Appendix Plurals
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Appendix Simplicity
Examples of expressions that can be simplified or deleted (empty)
Long or (sometimes) wrong Better choice (oen)
accounted or by the act that because
as can be seen rom Figure 1 substance Zreduces twitching
substance Z reduces twitching (Fig 1)
at the present moment now
bright yellow in colour bright yellow
conducted inoculation experiments on inoculated considerable amount o much
despite the act that although
due to the act that because
or the reason that because
i conditions are such that i
in a considerable number o cases ofen
in view o the act that because
it is o interest to note that empty
it may however be noted that but
large numbers o many
lazy in character lazy
methodology methods
owing to the act that because
oval in shape oval
prior to beore
taken into consideration considered
terminate end
the test in question this test
there can be little doubt that this is this is probably
to an extent equal to that o X as much as X
utilize use
whether or not whether Based on OrsquoConnor (1991)
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Examples of differences between British and American spelling
British English American English
-ae-
eg aetiology aeces haematology -e-
eg etiology eces hematology
-ce in nouns -se in verbseg deence licencelicense practicepractise
-se in nouns and verbseg deense license
(but practice as both noun and verb)
-ise or -izeeg organiseorganize
-izeeg organize
-isation or -ization eg organisationorganization
-izationeg organization
-lled -lling -llor etceg labelled travelling councillor
(but ulfil skilul )
-led -ling -lor etceg labeled traveling councilor
(but ulfill skillul )
-oe-eg diarrhoea oetus oestrogen
-e-eg diarrhea etus estrogen
-ogue
eg analogue catalogue-og or -ogue
eg analoganalogue catalogcatalogue
-our eg colour behaviour avour
-or eg color behavior avor
-re
eg centre fibre metre litre(but meter or a measuring instrument)
-er
eg center fiber meter liter
-yseeg analyse dialyse
-yzeeg analyze dialyze
aluminium aluminum or aluminium
gr ey gr ay
mould mold
programme (general) or program (computer) program
sul phur or sul f ur sul f ur
One ending should be used consistentlyRecommended by the International Union o Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society o Chemistry
Appendix Spelling
For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult adictionary Obviously American and British English slightly
differ not only in spelling but also in word use grammar
punctuation etc However those differences are outside thescope o this document
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
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Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements
such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples
Original sentence
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C
Modified
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03
Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)
ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo
Appendix Text-tables
Modified
Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)
lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)
Some rules for arranging text-tables
1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents
and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct
alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow
Written by Marcin Kozak
nyggusgmailcom
(for more information see Kozak 2009)
Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets
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About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
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copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed
Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20146
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
International 31(11)1409-1417 Available rom httpwww
easeorguksitesdeaultileswriting-reviewspd
Geercken S 2006 Challenges o (medical) writing or the
multilingual audience Write Stuff 15(2)45-46 Available rom
httpmedicalwritingemwaorgarticleshowpd51
Goozner M Caplan A Moreno J Kramer BS Babor F Husser
WC 2009 A common standard or conflict o interest
disclosure in addiction journals Addiction 1041779-
1784 Available rom httpwww3intersciencewileycom
journal122637800abstract
Gopen GD Swan JA 1990 Te science o scientific writing
i the reader is to grasp what the writer means the writer
must understand what the reader needs American Scientist
78(6)550ndash558 Available rom httpwww-statwharton
upennedu~bujascihtml
Gra C Battisti WP Bridges D Bruce-Winkle V Conaty JM
Ellison JM et al or the International Society or Medical
Publication Proessionals 2009 Good publication practice
or communicating company sponsored medical research theGPP2 guidelines BMJ 339b4330 Available rom httpwww
bmjcomcgicontentull339nov27_1b4330
Gustavii B 2008 How to write and illustrate a scientific paper 2nd
ed Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press
Hartley J 2010 Citing onesel European Science Editing 36(2)35-
37 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksitesdeaultiles
may_2010_362pd
Hengl Gould M Gerritsma W 2011 Te unofficial guide or
authors rom research design to publication Wageningen
Arnhem Available rom httpedepotwurnl178013
[ICMJE] International Committee o Medical Journal Editors
2013 Recommendations or the Conduct Reporting Editingand Publication o Scholarly Work in Medical Journals
Available rom httpwwwicmjeorgurm_mainhtml
Kerans ME de Jager M 2010 Handling plagiarism at the editorrsquos
desk European Science Editing 36(3) 62-66 httpwwwease
orguksitesdeaultilesese_aug10pd
Kozak M 2009 ext-table an underused and undervalued tool
or communicating inormation European Science Editing
35(4)103 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksites
deaultilesnovember_2009_354pd
Lang 2004 wenty statistical errors even YOU can
find in biomedical research articles Croatian Medical
Journal 45(4)361-370 Available rom httpwwwcmj
hr200445415311405htm
Masic I Kujundzic E 2013 Science editing in biomedicine and
humanities Sarajevo Avicenna
[MeSH Browser] Medical Subject Headings Browser Available
rom httpwwwnlmnihgovmeshMBrowserhtml
Norris CB 2009 Academic writing in English Helsinki
University o Helsinki Available rom httpwwwhelsinkii
kksclanguageservicesAcadWritpd
Norris C 2011 Te passive voice revisited European Science
Editing 37(1)6-7 Available rom httpwwweaseorguk
sitesdeaultilesebruary_2011_371pd
OrsquoConnor M 1991 Writing successully in science London
Chapman amp Hall
[ORI] Office o Research Integrity 2009 Avoiding plagiarism sel-
plagiarism and other questionable writing practices a guide to
ethical writing Available rom httporihhsgoveducation
productsplagiarism0shtmlResearch Methods Supercourse Available rom httpwwwpitt
edu~super1ResearchMethodsindexhtm
[RIN] Research Inormation Network 2008 Acknowledgement
o unders in journal articles Available rom httpwww
rinacukour-workresearch-unding-policy-and-guidance
acknowledgement-unders-journal-articles
Seiert KA Crous PW Frisvad JC 2008 Correcting the impact
actors o taxonomic journals by Appropriate Citation o
axonomy (AC) Persoonia 20105 Available rom http
wwwpersooniaorgIssue2008pd
Strunk WJr White EB 2000 Te elements o style 4th ed New
York Macmillanufe ER 2001 Te visual display o quantitative inormation 2nd ed
Cheshire C Graphics Press
Unalska S 2008 Abstracts o research articles readersrsquo expectations
and guidelines or authors European Science Editing 34(3)63-
65 Available rom httpwwweaseorguksitesdeaultiles
august_2008343pd
[WMA] World Medical Association 2013 Declaration o Helsinki
ndash ethical principles or medical research involving human
subjects Available in English Spanish and French rom http
wwwwmaneten30publications10policiesb3
bull Consider publishing a review article once you havecompleted the first year o your PhD studies because(1) you should already have a clear picture o the fieldand an up-to-date stock o reerences in your computer(2) research results sometimes take a long time to get (inagronomy 3 years o field experiments) (3) journalslove review articles (they tend to improve the impactactor) (4) the rejection rate o review articles is low(although some journals publish solicited reviews onlyso you might want to contact the Editor first) (5) thenon-specialist reader - such as a uture employer - will
understand a review article more easily than an originalarticle with detailed results
bull Alternatively publish meta-analyses or other database-
based research articles
bull Each partitem o an article should preerably be ldquoalmostrdquounderstandable (and citable) without reading otherparts Te average time spent reading an article is allingso virtually no one reads rom itle to Reerences Tisphenomenon is amplified by the ldquodigital explosionrdquowhereby search engines identiy individual items such asabstracts or figures rather than intact articles
Written by Eric Lichtfouse
ericlichtfousedijoninrafr
For more advice see EASE Toolkit for Authors
(wwweaseorgukpublicationsease-toolkit-authors)
Practical tips for junior researchers
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Appendix Abstracts
Key elements of abstracts
Researchers are quite ofen in a ldquoboxrdquo o technical detailsndash the ldquoimportantrdquo things they ocus on day in and day outAs a result they requently lose sight o 4 items essentialor any readable credible and relevant IMRaD1 article thepoint o the research the research question its answer andthe consequences o the study
o help researchers to get out o the box I ask them toinclude 5 key elements in their article and in their abstract Idescribe briefly the elements below and illustrate them witha fictitious abstract
Key element 1 (983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140) the point o the researchndash why should we care about the study Tis is usually astatement o the BIG problem that the research helps tosolve and the strategy or helping to solve it It prepares thereader to understand the specific research question
Key element 2 (983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155) the specific research questionndash the basis o credible science o be clear completeand concise research questions are stated in terms orelationships between the variables that were investigatedSuch specific research questions tie the story together ndashthey ocus on credible science
Key element 3 (983149983141983156983144983151983140983155) a precise description o themethods used to collect data and determine the relationshipsbetween the variables
Key element 4 (983154983141983155983157983148983156983155) the major findings ndash not onlydata but the RELAIONSHIPS ound that lead to theanswer Results should generally be reported in the pasttense but the authorsrsquo interpretation o the actual findingsis in the present tense ndash it reports the authorsrsquo belie o howthe world IS O course in a pilot study such as the ollowingexample the authors cannot yet present definitive answerswhich they indicate by using the words ldquosuggestrdquo and ldquomayrdquo
Key element 5 (983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155) the consequences o theanswers ndash the value o the work Tis element relates directlyback to the big problem how the study helps to solve theproblem and it also points to the next step in research
Here is a fictitious example
Predicting malaria epidemics in Ethiopia
Abstract
983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140 Most deaths rom malaria could beprevented i malaria epidemics could be predicted in localareas allowing medical acilities to be mobilized early
983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155 As a first step toward constructing a predictivemodel we determined correlations between meteorologicalactors and malaria epidemics in Ethiopia 983149983141983156983144983151983140983155
In a retrospective study we collected meteorologicaland epidemic data or 10 local areas covering the years1963-2006 Poisson regression was used to compare thedata 983154983141983155983157983148983156983155 Factors AAA BBB and CCC correlatedsignificantly (P lt005) with subsequent epidemics in all10 areas A model based on these correlations wouldhave a predictive power o about 30 983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155 Meteorological actors can be used to predict malariaepidemics However the predictive power o our modelneeds to be improved and validated in other areas
Tis understandable and concise abstract orms the
ldquoskeletonrdquo or the entire article A final comment Tisexample is based on an actual research project and at firstthe author was in a ldquoboxrdquo ull o the mathematics statisticsand computer algorithms o his predicting model Tis wasreflected in his first version o the abstract where the wordldquomalariardquo never appeared
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
(for more information see Bless and Hull 2008)
______________________________
1 IMRaD stands or Introduction Methods Results and
Discussion
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Empty words and sentences
Many English words are empty ndash they do not addinormation but require the reader to fill in inormation orcontext to be understood Te reader is orced to supply hisor her own interpretation which could be different romwhat you the writer mean
Empty words seem to give inormation and uncriticalreaders do not notice them ndash that is why they work so wellor marketing texts However empty words do not belongin articles reporting scientific research Empty wordsrequire the reader to supply the meaning ndash very dangerousConcise and clear communication requires words that
convey specific meaning
Examples
It is important that patients take their medicine
bull Note that to a physician the meaning is probably entirelydifferent than to the sales manager o a pharmaceuticalcompany ldquoImportantrdquo is one o our best-loved butempty words ndash it fits every situation
Te patient was treated or XXX
bull ldquoreatedrdquo is empty we do not know what was done
One reader could assume that the patient was given acertain medicine while another reader could assumethat the patient was given a different medicine Perhapsthe patient was operated on or sent to Switzerland ora rest cure
Te patient reacted well to the medicine
bull ldquoReacted wellrdquo gives us a positive piece o inormationbut otherwise it is empty we do not know how thepatient reacted
Te patientrsquos blood pressure was low
bull We interpret ldquohighlow blood pressurerdquo to meanldquohigherlower than normalrdquo but we the readers haveto supply that reerence standard A more concisestatement is Te patientrsquos blood pressure was 9060
Empty words and phrases not only require the reader tosupply the meaning they also contribute to a wordy blah-blah text In scientific articles they destroy credibility Hereare some examples
It has been ound that the secondary effects o this drugincludehellip
bull Better Te secondary effects o this drug includehellip(re)Or i these are your new results Our results show thatthe secondary effects o this drug includehellip
We perormed a retrospective evaluation study on XXX
bull ldquoPerormed a studyrdquo is a much overused and ratherempty phrase Better We retrospectively evaluated XXX
More examples that require the reader to supplyinormation i it is not evident rom the context
bull
quality bull goodbad
bull highlow
bull largesmall
bull longshort
bull properproperly (eg ldquohellipa proper question on thequestionnairehelliprdquo)
bull As soon as possiblehellip
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Ambiguity
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Cohesion ndash the glue
Te word ldquocohesionrdquo means ldquounityrdquo ldquoconsistencyrdquo andldquosolidityrdquo Building cohesion into your text makes lie easieror your readers ndash they will be much more likely to readthe text Cohesion ldquogluesrdquo your text together ocusingthe readersrsquo attention on your main message and therebyadding credibility to your work
Tink o your text as a motorcycle chain made up oseparate links where each sentence is one link A pile ounconnected links is worthless ndash it will never drive yourmotorcycle Similarly a pile o unconnected sentences isworthless ndash it will never drive your message home
o build a cohesive text you have to connect yoursentences together to make longer segments we callparagraphs A cohesive paragraph clearly ocuses on itstopic You then need to connect each paragraph with theprevious paragraph thereby linking the paragraph topicsLinking paragraphs results in building cohesive sections oyour article where each section ocuses on its main topicTen link the sections to each other and finally connectthe end o your article to the beginning closing the loopndash now the chain will drive our motorcycle Letrsquos look atlinking techniques
Basic guidelines for building a cohesive story1 Link each sentence to the previous sentence
2 Link each paragraph to the previous paragraph
3 Link each section to the previous section
4 Link the end to the beginning
Linking techniques
Whether you want to link sentences paragraphs sectionsor the beginning to the end use 2 basic linking techniques
bull Use linking words and phrases such as howeveralthough those since then An example Our researchresults conflict with those o Smith and Jones o resolvethose differences we measured
bull Repeat key words and phrases ndash do not use synonymsIn scientific writing repetition sharpens the ocusRepetition especially helps the reader to connect ideasthat are physically separated in your text For exampleOther investigators have shown that microbial activitycan cause immobilization o labile soil phosphorusOur results suggest that indeed microbial activity
immobilizes the labile soil phosphorus
Te example below illustrates how to link your answer toyour research question thus linking the Discussion withthe Introduction
In the Introduction the research hypothesis is statedFor example Te decremental theory o aging led us tohypothesize that older workers in ldquospeedrdquo jobs perorm lesswell and have more absences and more accidents than otherworkers have
In the Discussion the answer is linked to the hypothesisOur findings do not support the hypothesis that older workersin speed jobs perorm less well and have more absences andmore accidents than other workers have Te older workers generally earned more were absent less ofen and had eweraccidents than younger workers had Furthermore we oundno significant difference between
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Cohesion
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EXPLANAION obligatory declarations applying to allmanuscripts are printed in bold
Original or acceptable secondary publication
No part o this manuscript (MS) has been publishedexcept or passages that are properly cited
An abstractsummary o this MS has been publishedinhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Tis MS has already been published in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipbut in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip language A ull citation tothe primary publication is included and the copyrightowner has agreed to its publication in English
No part of this MS is currently being considered forpublication elsewhere
In this MS original data are clearly distinguishedfrom published data All information extracted fromother publications is provided with citations
Authorship All people listed as authors of this MS meet theauthorship criteria ie they contributed substantiallyto study planning data collection or interpretationof results and wrote or critically revised the MS and approved its nal submitted version and agree to beaccountable for all aspects of the work (ICMJE 2013)
All people listed as authors of this MS are aware of itand have agreed to be listed
No person who meets the authorship criteria hasbeen omitted
Ethical experimentation and interpretation
Te study reported in this MS involved humanparticipants and it meets the ethical principles o theDeclaration o Helsinki (WMA 2013) Data have beendisaggregated by sex (and whenever possible by race)
Te study reported in this MS meets the ConsensusAuthor Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welareor Veterinary Journals2 about humane treatment oanimals and has been approved by an ethical reviewcommittee
Te study reported in this MS meets other ethicalprinciples namely helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip hellip
I and all the other authors of this MS did ourbest to avoid errors in experimental design datapresentation interpretation etc However if we
discover any serious error in the MS (before or aerpublication) we will alert the editor promptly
None of our data presented in this MS has beenfabricated or distorted and no valid data have beenexcluded Images shown in gures have not beenmanipulated to make a false impression on readers
Results of this study have been interpreted objectivelyAny ndings that run contrary to our point of vieware discussed in the MS
Te article does not to the best of our knowledgecontain anything that is libellous illegal infringes
anyonersquos copyright or other rights or poses a threatto public safety
Acknowledgements
All sources of funding for the study reported in thisMS are stated
All people who are not listed as authors butcontributed considerably to the study reported inthis MS or assisted in its writing (eg authorrsquos editorstranslators medical writers) are mentioned in theAcknowledgements
All people named in the Acknowledgements have
agreed to this However they are not responsible forthe nal version of this MS
Consent has been obtained rom the author(s) ounpublished data cited in the MS
Copyright owners o previously published figures ortables have agreed to their inclusion in this MS
Conflict of interest
All authors of this study have signed a conict ofinterest statement and disclosed any nancial orpersonal links with people or organizations that havea nancial interest in this MS3
Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Signaturehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
MS titlehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
2 See wwwveteditorsorgethicsconsensusguidelineshtml3 See wwwicmjeorgcoi_disclosurepd
Appendix Ethics
Publication ethics checklist for authors
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Examples of irregular plurals deriving from Latin or Greek
Singular Plural Examples
-a -ae
rarely -ata
alga ndash algae larva ndash larvae
stoma ndash stomata
-ex -icesindex ndash indices (or indexes)
apex ndash apices (or apexes)
-ies -ies species series facies
-is -es axis ndash axes hypothesis ndash hypotheses
-ix -icesappendix ndash appendices (or appendixes)
matrix ndash matrices (or matrixes)
-on -a phenomenon ndash phenomena
criterion ndash criteria
-um -a datum ndash data bacterium ndash bacteria
-us
-i
rarely -uses
or -era
locus ndash loci fungus ndash fungi (or funguses)
sinus ndash sinuses
genus ndash genera
Acceptable anglicized plurals that are also listed in dictionaries
In non-scientific use usually treated as a mass noun (like inormation etc)
It must be remembered that some nouns used in everydayEnglish also have irregular plural orms (eg woman ndashwomen oot ndash eet tooth ndash teeth mouse ndash mice lea ndash leaves
lie ndash lives tomato ndash tomatoes) or have no plural orm (egequipment inormation news) For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult a dictionary
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
Appendix Plurals
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Appendix Simplicity
Examples of expressions that can be simplified or deleted (empty)
Long or (sometimes) wrong Better choice (oen)
accounted or by the act that because
as can be seen rom Figure 1 substance Zreduces twitching
substance Z reduces twitching (Fig 1)
at the present moment now
bright yellow in colour bright yellow
conducted inoculation experiments on inoculated considerable amount o much
despite the act that although
due to the act that because
or the reason that because
i conditions are such that i
in a considerable number o cases ofen
in view o the act that because
it is o interest to note that empty
it may however be noted that but
large numbers o many
lazy in character lazy
methodology methods
owing to the act that because
oval in shape oval
prior to beore
taken into consideration considered
terminate end
the test in question this test
there can be little doubt that this is this is probably
to an extent equal to that o X as much as X
utilize use
whether or not whether Based on OrsquoConnor (1991)
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Examples of differences between British and American spelling
British English American English
-ae-
eg aetiology aeces haematology -e-
eg etiology eces hematology
-ce in nouns -se in verbseg deence licencelicense practicepractise
-se in nouns and verbseg deense license
(but practice as both noun and verb)
-ise or -izeeg organiseorganize
-izeeg organize
-isation or -ization eg organisationorganization
-izationeg organization
-lled -lling -llor etceg labelled travelling councillor
(but ulfil skilul )
-led -ling -lor etceg labeled traveling councilor
(but ulfill skillul )
-oe-eg diarrhoea oetus oestrogen
-e-eg diarrhea etus estrogen
-ogue
eg analogue catalogue-og or -ogue
eg analoganalogue catalogcatalogue
-our eg colour behaviour avour
-or eg color behavior avor
-re
eg centre fibre metre litre(but meter or a measuring instrument)
-er
eg center fiber meter liter
-yseeg analyse dialyse
-yzeeg analyze dialyze
aluminium aluminum or aluminium
gr ey gr ay
mould mold
programme (general) or program (computer) program
sul phur or sul f ur sul f ur
One ending should be used consistentlyRecommended by the International Union o Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society o Chemistry
Appendix Spelling
For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult adictionary Obviously American and British English slightly
differ not only in spelling but also in word use grammar
punctuation etc However those differences are outside thescope o this document
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
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Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements
such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples
Original sentence
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C
Modified
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03
Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)
ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo
Appendix Text-tables
Modified
Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)
lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)
Some rules for arranging text-tables
1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents
and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct
alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow
Written by Marcin Kozak
nyggusgmailcom
(for more information see Kozak 2009)
Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets
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About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
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Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20147
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Appendix Abstracts
Key elements of abstracts
Researchers are quite ofen in a ldquoboxrdquo o technical detailsndash the ldquoimportantrdquo things they ocus on day in and day outAs a result they requently lose sight o 4 items essentialor any readable credible and relevant IMRaD1 article thepoint o the research the research question its answer andthe consequences o the study
o help researchers to get out o the box I ask them toinclude 5 key elements in their article and in their abstract Idescribe briefly the elements below and illustrate them witha fictitious abstract
Key element 1 (983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140) the point o the researchndash why should we care about the study Tis is usually astatement o the BIG problem that the research helps tosolve and the strategy or helping to solve it It prepares thereader to understand the specific research question
Key element 2 (983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155) the specific research questionndash the basis o credible science o be clear completeand concise research questions are stated in terms orelationships between the variables that were investigatedSuch specific research questions tie the story together ndashthey ocus on credible science
Key element 3 (983149983141983156983144983151983140983155) a precise description o themethods used to collect data and determine the relationshipsbetween the variables
Key element 4 (983154983141983155983157983148983156983155) the major findings ndash not onlydata but the RELAIONSHIPS ound that lead to theanswer Results should generally be reported in the pasttense but the authorsrsquo interpretation o the actual findingsis in the present tense ndash it reports the authorsrsquo belie o howthe world IS O course in a pilot study such as the ollowingexample the authors cannot yet present definitive answerswhich they indicate by using the words ldquosuggestrdquo and ldquomayrdquo
Key element 5 (983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155) the consequences o theanswers ndash the value o the work Tis element relates directlyback to the big problem how the study helps to solve theproblem and it also points to the next step in research
Here is a fictitious example
Predicting malaria epidemics in Ethiopia
Abstract
983138983137983139983147983143983154983151983157983150983140 Most deaths rom malaria could beprevented i malaria epidemics could be predicted in localareas allowing medical acilities to be mobilized early
983151983138983146983141983139983156983145983158983141983155 As a first step toward constructing a predictivemodel we determined correlations between meteorologicalactors and malaria epidemics in Ethiopia 983149983141983156983144983151983140983155
In a retrospective study we collected meteorologicaland epidemic data or 10 local areas covering the years1963-2006 Poisson regression was used to compare thedata 983154983141983155983157983148983156983155 Factors AAA BBB and CCC correlatedsignificantly (P lt005) with subsequent epidemics in all10 areas A model based on these correlations wouldhave a predictive power o about 30 983139983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150983155 Meteorological actors can be used to predict malariaepidemics However the predictive power o our modelneeds to be improved and validated in other areas
Tis understandable and concise abstract orms the
ldquoskeletonrdquo or the entire article A final comment Tisexample is based on an actual research project and at firstthe author was in a ldquoboxrdquo ull o the mathematics statisticsand computer algorithms o his predicting model Tis wasreflected in his first version o the abstract where the wordldquomalariardquo never appeared
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
(for more information see Bless and Hull 2008)
______________________________
1 IMRaD stands or Introduction Methods Results and
Discussion
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20148
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Empty words and sentences
Many English words are empty ndash they do not addinormation but require the reader to fill in inormation orcontext to be understood Te reader is orced to supply hisor her own interpretation which could be different romwhat you the writer mean
Empty words seem to give inormation and uncriticalreaders do not notice them ndash that is why they work so wellor marketing texts However empty words do not belongin articles reporting scientific research Empty wordsrequire the reader to supply the meaning ndash very dangerousConcise and clear communication requires words that
convey specific meaning
Examples
It is important that patients take their medicine
bull Note that to a physician the meaning is probably entirelydifferent than to the sales manager o a pharmaceuticalcompany ldquoImportantrdquo is one o our best-loved butempty words ndash it fits every situation
Te patient was treated or XXX
bull ldquoreatedrdquo is empty we do not know what was done
One reader could assume that the patient was given acertain medicine while another reader could assumethat the patient was given a different medicine Perhapsthe patient was operated on or sent to Switzerland ora rest cure
Te patient reacted well to the medicine
bull ldquoReacted wellrdquo gives us a positive piece o inormationbut otherwise it is empty we do not know how thepatient reacted
Te patientrsquos blood pressure was low
bull We interpret ldquohighlow blood pressurerdquo to meanldquohigherlower than normalrdquo but we the readers haveto supply that reerence standard A more concisestatement is Te patientrsquos blood pressure was 9060
Empty words and phrases not only require the reader tosupply the meaning they also contribute to a wordy blah-blah text In scientific articles they destroy credibility Hereare some examples
It has been ound that the secondary effects o this drugincludehellip
bull Better Te secondary effects o this drug includehellip(re)Or i these are your new results Our results show thatthe secondary effects o this drug includehellip
We perormed a retrospective evaluation study on XXX
bull ldquoPerormed a studyrdquo is a much overused and ratherempty phrase Better We retrospectively evaluated XXX
More examples that require the reader to supplyinormation i it is not evident rom the context
bull
quality bull goodbad
bull highlow
bull largesmall
bull longshort
bull properproperly (eg ldquohellipa proper question on thequestionnairehelliprdquo)
bull As soon as possiblehellip
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Ambiguity
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20149
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Cohesion ndash the glue
Te word ldquocohesionrdquo means ldquounityrdquo ldquoconsistencyrdquo andldquosolidityrdquo Building cohesion into your text makes lie easieror your readers ndash they will be much more likely to readthe text Cohesion ldquogluesrdquo your text together ocusingthe readersrsquo attention on your main message and therebyadding credibility to your work
Tink o your text as a motorcycle chain made up oseparate links where each sentence is one link A pile ounconnected links is worthless ndash it will never drive yourmotorcycle Similarly a pile o unconnected sentences isworthless ndash it will never drive your message home
o build a cohesive text you have to connect yoursentences together to make longer segments we callparagraphs A cohesive paragraph clearly ocuses on itstopic You then need to connect each paragraph with theprevious paragraph thereby linking the paragraph topicsLinking paragraphs results in building cohesive sections oyour article where each section ocuses on its main topicTen link the sections to each other and finally connectthe end o your article to the beginning closing the loopndash now the chain will drive our motorcycle Letrsquos look atlinking techniques
Basic guidelines for building a cohesive story1 Link each sentence to the previous sentence
2 Link each paragraph to the previous paragraph
3 Link each section to the previous section
4 Link the end to the beginning
Linking techniques
Whether you want to link sentences paragraphs sectionsor the beginning to the end use 2 basic linking techniques
bull Use linking words and phrases such as howeveralthough those since then An example Our researchresults conflict with those o Smith and Jones o resolvethose differences we measured
bull Repeat key words and phrases ndash do not use synonymsIn scientific writing repetition sharpens the ocusRepetition especially helps the reader to connect ideasthat are physically separated in your text For exampleOther investigators have shown that microbial activitycan cause immobilization o labile soil phosphorusOur results suggest that indeed microbial activity
immobilizes the labile soil phosphorus
Te example below illustrates how to link your answer toyour research question thus linking the Discussion withthe Introduction
In the Introduction the research hypothesis is statedFor example Te decremental theory o aging led us tohypothesize that older workers in ldquospeedrdquo jobs perorm lesswell and have more absences and more accidents than otherworkers have
In the Discussion the answer is linked to the hypothesisOur findings do not support the hypothesis that older workersin speed jobs perorm less well and have more absences andmore accidents than other workers have Te older workers generally earned more were absent less ofen and had eweraccidents than younger workers had Furthermore we oundno significant difference between
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Cohesion
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201410
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
EXPLANAION obligatory declarations applying to allmanuscripts are printed in bold
Original or acceptable secondary publication
No part o this manuscript (MS) has been publishedexcept or passages that are properly cited
An abstractsummary o this MS has been publishedinhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Tis MS has already been published in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipbut in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip language A ull citation tothe primary publication is included and the copyrightowner has agreed to its publication in English
No part of this MS is currently being considered forpublication elsewhere
In this MS original data are clearly distinguishedfrom published data All information extracted fromother publications is provided with citations
Authorship All people listed as authors of this MS meet theauthorship criteria ie they contributed substantiallyto study planning data collection or interpretationof results and wrote or critically revised the MS and approved its nal submitted version and agree to beaccountable for all aspects of the work (ICMJE 2013)
All people listed as authors of this MS are aware of itand have agreed to be listed
No person who meets the authorship criteria hasbeen omitted
Ethical experimentation and interpretation
Te study reported in this MS involved humanparticipants and it meets the ethical principles o theDeclaration o Helsinki (WMA 2013) Data have beendisaggregated by sex (and whenever possible by race)
Te study reported in this MS meets the ConsensusAuthor Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welareor Veterinary Journals2 about humane treatment oanimals and has been approved by an ethical reviewcommittee
Te study reported in this MS meets other ethicalprinciples namely helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip hellip
I and all the other authors of this MS did ourbest to avoid errors in experimental design datapresentation interpretation etc However if we
discover any serious error in the MS (before or aerpublication) we will alert the editor promptly
None of our data presented in this MS has beenfabricated or distorted and no valid data have beenexcluded Images shown in gures have not beenmanipulated to make a false impression on readers
Results of this study have been interpreted objectivelyAny ndings that run contrary to our point of vieware discussed in the MS
Te article does not to the best of our knowledgecontain anything that is libellous illegal infringes
anyonersquos copyright or other rights or poses a threatto public safety
Acknowledgements
All sources of funding for the study reported in thisMS are stated
All people who are not listed as authors butcontributed considerably to the study reported inthis MS or assisted in its writing (eg authorrsquos editorstranslators medical writers) are mentioned in theAcknowledgements
All people named in the Acknowledgements have
agreed to this However they are not responsible forthe nal version of this MS
Consent has been obtained rom the author(s) ounpublished data cited in the MS
Copyright owners o previously published figures ortables have agreed to their inclusion in this MS
Conflict of interest
All authors of this study have signed a conict ofinterest statement and disclosed any nancial orpersonal links with people or organizations that havea nancial interest in this MS3
Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Signaturehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
MS titlehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
2 See wwwveteditorsorgethicsconsensusguidelineshtml3 See wwwicmjeorgcoi_disclosurepd
Appendix Ethics
Publication ethics checklist for authors
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Examples of irregular plurals deriving from Latin or Greek
Singular Plural Examples
-a -ae
rarely -ata
alga ndash algae larva ndash larvae
stoma ndash stomata
-ex -icesindex ndash indices (or indexes)
apex ndash apices (or apexes)
-ies -ies species series facies
-is -es axis ndash axes hypothesis ndash hypotheses
-ix -icesappendix ndash appendices (or appendixes)
matrix ndash matrices (or matrixes)
-on -a phenomenon ndash phenomena
criterion ndash criteria
-um -a datum ndash data bacterium ndash bacteria
-us
-i
rarely -uses
or -era
locus ndash loci fungus ndash fungi (or funguses)
sinus ndash sinuses
genus ndash genera
Acceptable anglicized plurals that are also listed in dictionaries
In non-scientific use usually treated as a mass noun (like inormation etc)
It must be remembered that some nouns used in everydayEnglish also have irregular plural orms (eg woman ndashwomen oot ndash eet tooth ndash teeth mouse ndash mice lea ndash leaves
lie ndash lives tomato ndash tomatoes) or have no plural orm (egequipment inormation news) For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult a dictionary
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
Appendix Plurals
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copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Appendix Simplicity
Examples of expressions that can be simplified or deleted (empty)
Long or (sometimes) wrong Better choice (oen)
accounted or by the act that because
as can be seen rom Figure 1 substance Zreduces twitching
substance Z reduces twitching (Fig 1)
at the present moment now
bright yellow in colour bright yellow
conducted inoculation experiments on inoculated considerable amount o much
despite the act that although
due to the act that because
or the reason that because
i conditions are such that i
in a considerable number o cases ofen
in view o the act that because
it is o interest to note that empty
it may however be noted that but
large numbers o many
lazy in character lazy
methodology methods
owing to the act that because
oval in shape oval
prior to beore
taken into consideration considered
terminate end
the test in question this test
there can be little doubt that this is this is probably
to an extent equal to that o X as much as X
utilize use
whether or not whether Based on OrsquoConnor (1991)
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Examples of differences between British and American spelling
British English American English
-ae-
eg aetiology aeces haematology -e-
eg etiology eces hematology
-ce in nouns -se in verbseg deence licencelicense practicepractise
-se in nouns and verbseg deense license
(but practice as both noun and verb)
-ise or -izeeg organiseorganize
-izeeg organize
-isation or -ization eg organisationorganization
-izationeg organization
-lled -lling -llor etceg labelled travelling councillor
(but ulfil skilul )
-led -ling -lor etceg labeled traveling councilor
(but ulfill skillul )
-oe-eg diarrhoea oetus oestrogen
-e-eg diarrhea etus estrogen
-ogue
eg analogue catalogue-og or -ogue
eg analoganalogue catalogcatalogue
-our eg colour behaviour avour
-or eg color behavior avor
-re
eg centre fibre metre litre(but meter or a measuring instrument)
-er
eg center fiber meter liter
-yseeg analyse dialyse
-yzeeg analyze dialyze
aluminium aluminum or aluminium
gr ey gr ay
mould mold
programme (general) or program (computer) program
sul phur or sul f ur sul f ur
One ending should be used consistentlyRecommended by the International Union o Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society o Chemistry
Appendix Spelling
For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult adictionary Obviously American and British English slightly
differ not only in spelling but also in word use grammar
punctuation etc However those differences are outside thescope o this document
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
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Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements
such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples
Original sentence
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C
Modified
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03
Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)
ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo
Appendix Text-tables
Modified
Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)
lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)
Some rules for arranging text-tables
1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents
and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct
alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow
Written by Marcin Kozak
nyggusgmailcom
(for more information see Kozak 2009)
Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets
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copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
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copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed
Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20148
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Empty words and sentences
Many English words are empty ndash they do not addinormation but require the reader to fill in inormation orcontext to be understood Te reader is orced to supply hisor her own interpretation which could be different romwhat you the writer mean
Empty words seem to give inormation and uncriticalreaders do not notice them ndash that is why they work so wellor marketing texts However empty words do not belongin articles reporting scientific research Empty wordsrequire the reader to supply the meaning ndash very dangerousConcise and clear communication requires words that
convey specific meaning
Examples
It is important that patients take their medicine
bull Note that to a physician the meaning is probably entirelydifferent than to the sales manager o a pharmaceuticalcompany ldquoImportantrdquo is one o our best-loved butempty words ndash it fits every situation
Te patient was treated or XXX
bull ldquoreatedrdquo is empty we do not know what was done
One reader could assume that the patient was given acertain medicine while another reader could assumethat the patient was given a different medicine Perhapsthe patient was operated on or sent to Switzerland ora rest cure
Te patient reacted well to the medicine
bull ldquoReacted wellrdquo gives us a positive piece o inormationbut otherwise it is empty we do not know how thepatient reacted
Te patientrsquos blood pressure was low
bull We interpret ldquohighlow blood pressurerdquo to meanldquohigherlower than normalrdquo but we the readers haveto supply that reerence standard A more concisestatement is Te patientrsquos blood pressure was 9060
Empty words and phrases not only require the reader tosupply the meaning they also contribute to a wordy blah-blah text In scientific articles they destroy credibility Hereare some examples
It has been ound that the secondary effects o this drugincludehellip
bull Better Te secondary effects o this drug includehellip(re)Or i these are your new results Our results show thatthe secondary effects o this drug includehellip
We perormed a retrospective evaluation study on XXX
bull ldquoPerormed a studyrdquo is a much overused and ratherempty phrase Better We retrospectively evaluated XXX
More examples that require the reader to supplyinormation i it is not evident rom the context
bull
quality bull goodbad
bull highlow
bull largesmall
bull longshort
bull properproperly (eg ldquohellipa proper question on thequestionnairehelliprdquo)
bull As soon as possiblehellip
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Ambiguity
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 916
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20149
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Cohesion ndash the glue
Te word ldquocohesionrdquo means ldquounityrdquo ldquoconsistencyrdquo andldquosolidityrdquo Building cohesion into your text makes lie easieror your readers ndash they will be much more likely to readthe text Cohesion ldquogluesrdquo your text together ocusingthe readersrsquo attention on your main message and therebyadding credibility to your work
Tink o your text as a motorcycle chain made up oseparate links where each sentence is one link A pile ounconnected links is worthless ndash it will never drive yourmotorcycle Similarly a pile o unconnected sentences isworthless ndash it will never drive your message home
o build a cohesive text you have to connect yoursentences together to make longer segments we callparagraphs A cohesive paragraph clearly ocuses on itstopic You then need to connect each paragraph with theprevious paragraph thereby linking the paragraph topicsLinking paragraphs results in building cohesive sections oyour article where each section ocuses on its main topicTen link the sections to each other and finally connectthe end o your article to the beginning closing the loopndash now the chain will drive our motorcycle Letrsquos look atlinking techniques
Basic guidelines for building a cohesive story1 Link each sentence to the previous sentence
2 Link each paragraph to the previous paragraph
3 Link each section to the previous section
4 Link the end to the beginning
Linking techniques
Whether you want to link sentences paragraphs sectionsor the beginning to the end use 2 basic linking techniques
bull Use linking words and phrases such as howeveralthough those since then An example Our researchresults conflict with those o Smith and Jones o resolvethose differences we measured
bull Repeat key words and phrases ndash do not use synonymsIn scientific writing repetition sharpens the ocusRepetition especially helps the reader to connect ideasthat are physically separated in your text For exampleOther investigators have shown that microbial activitycan cause immobilization o labile soil phosphorusOur results suggest that indeed microbial activity
immobilizes the labile soil phosphorus
Te example below illustrates how to link your answer toyour research question thus linking the Discussion withthe Introduction
In the Introduction the research hypothesis is statedFor example Te decremental theory o aging led us tohypothesize that older workers in ldquospeedrdquo jobs perorm lesswell and have more absences and more accidents than otherworkers have
In the Discussion the answer is linked to the hypothesisOur findings do not support the hypothesis that older workersin speed jobs perorm less well and have more absences andmore accidents than other workers have Te older workers generally earned more were absent less ofen and had eweraccidents than younger workers had Furthermore we oundno significant difference between
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Cohesion
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1016
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201410
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
EXPLANAION obligatory declarations applying to allmanuscripts are printed in bold
Original or acceptable secondary publication
No part o this manuscript (MS) has been publishedexcept or passages that are properly cited
An abstractsummary o this MS has been publishedinhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Tis MS has already been published in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipbut in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip language A ull citation tothe primary publication is included and the copyrightowner has agreed to its publication in English
No part of this MS is currently being considered forpublication elsewhere
In this MS original data are clearly distinguishedfrom published data All information extracted fromother publications is provided with citations
Authorship All people listed as authors of this MS meet theauthorship criteria ie they contributed substantiallyto study planning data collection or interpretationof results and wrote or critically revised the MS and approved its nal submitted version and agree to beaccountable for all aspects of the work (ICMJE 2013)
All people listed as authors of this MS are aware of itand have agreed to be listed
No person who meets the authorship criteria hasbeen omitted
Ethical experimentation and interpretation
Te study reported in this MS involved humanparticipants and it meets the ethical principles o theDeclaration o Helsinki (WMA 2013) Data have beendisaggregated by sex (and whenever possible by race)
Te study reported in this MS meets the ConsensusAuthor Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welareor Veterinary Journals2 about humane treatment oanimals and has been approved by an ethical reviewcommittee
Te study reported in this MS meets other ethicalprinciples namely helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip hellip
I and all the other authors of this MS did ourbest to avoid errors in experimental design datapresentation interpretation etc However if we
discover any serious error in the MS (before or aerpublication) we will alert the editor promptly
None of our data presented in this MS has beenfabricated or distorted and no valid data have beenexcluded Images shown in gures have not beenmanipulated to make a false impression on readers
Results of this study have been interpreted objectivelyAny ndings that run contrary to our point of vieware discussed in the MS
Te article does not to the best of our knowledgecontain anything that is libellous illegal infringes
anyonersquos copyright or other rights or poses a threatto public safety
Acknowledgements
All sources of funding for the study reported in thisMS are stated
All people who are not listed as authors butcontributed considerably to the study reported inthis MS or assisted in its writing (eg authorrsquos editorstranslators medical writers) are mentioned in theAcknowledgements
All people named in the Acknowledgements have
agreed to this However they are not responsible forthe nal version of this MS
Consent has been obtained rom the author(s) ounpublished data cited in the MS
Copyright owners o previously published figures ortables have agreed to their inclusion in this MS
Conflict of interest
All authors of this study have signed a conict ofinterest statement and disclosed any nancial orpersonal links with people or organizations that havea nancial interest in this MS3
Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Signaturehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
MS titlehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
2 See wwwveteditorsorgethicsconsensusguidelineshtml3 See wwwicmjeorgcoi_disclosurepd
Appendix Ethics
Publication ethics checklist for authors
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201411
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Examples of irregular plurals deriving from Latin or Greek
Singular Plural Examples
-a -ae
rarely -ata
alga ndash algae larva ndash larvae
stoma ndash stomata
-ex -icesindex ndash indices (or indexes)
apex ndash apices (or apexes)
-ies -ies species series facies
-is -es axis ndash axes hypothesis ndash hypotheses
-ix -icesappendix ndash appendices (or appendixes)
matrix ndash matrices (or matrixes)
-on -a phenomenon ndash phenomena
criterion ndash criteria
-um -a datum ndash data bacterium ndash bacteria
-us
-i
rarely -uses
or -era
locus ndash loci fungus ndash fungi (or funguses)
sinus ndash sinuses
genus ndash genera
Acceptable anglicized plurals that are also listed in dictionaries
In non-scientific use usually treated as a mass noun (like inormation etc)
It must be remembered that some nouns used in everydayEnglish also have irregular plural orms (eg woman ndashwomen oot ndash eet tooth ndash teeth mouse ndash mice lea ndash leaves
lie ndash lives tomato ndash tomatoes) or have no plural orm (egequipment inormation news) For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult a dictionary
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
Appendix Plurals
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201412
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Appendix Simplicity
Examples of expressions that can be simplified or deleted (empty)
Long or (sometimes) wrong Better choice (oen)
accounted or by the act that because
as can be seen rom Figure 1 substance Zreduces twitching
substance Z reduces twitching (Fig 1)
at the present moment now
bright yellow in colour bright yellow
conducted inoculation experiments on inoculated considerable amount o much
despite the act that although
due to the act that because
or the reason that because
i conditions are such that i
in a considerable number o cases ofen
in view o the act that because
it is o interest to note that empty
it may however be noted that but
large numbers o many
lazy in character lazy
methodology methods
owing to the act that because
oval in shape oval
prior to beore
taken into consideration considered
terminate end
the test in question this test
there can be little doubt that this is this is probably
to an extent equal to that o X as much as X
utilize use
whether or not whether Based on OrsquoConnor (1991)
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201413
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Examples of differences between British and American spelling
British English American English
-ae-
eg aetiology aeces haematology -e-
eg etiology eces hematology
-ce in nouns -se in verbseg deence licencelicense practicepractise
-se in nouns and verbseg deense license
(but practice as both noun and verb)
-ise or -izeeg organiseorganize
-izeeg organize
-isation or -ization eg organisationorganization
-izationeg organization
-lled -lling -llor etceg labelled travelling councillor
(but ulfil skilul )
-led -ling -lor etceg labeled traveling councilor
(but ulfill skillul )
-oe-eg diarrhoea oetus oestrogen
-e-eg diarrhea etus estrogen
-ogue
eg analogue catalogue-og or -ogue
eg analoganalogue catalogcatalogue
-our eg colour behaviour avour
-or eg color behavior avor
-re
eg centre fibre metre litre(but meter or a measuring instrument)
-er
eg center fiber meter liter
-yseeg analyse dialyse
-yzeeg analyze dialyze
aluminium aluminum or aluminium
gr ey gr ay
mould mold
programme (general) or program (computer) program
sul phur or sul f ur sul f ur
One ending should be used consistentlyRecommended by the International Union o Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society o Chemistry
Appendix Spelling
For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult adictionary Obviously American and British English slightly
differ not only in spelling but also in word use grammar
punctuation etc However those differences are outside thescope o this document
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201414
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements
such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples
Original sentence
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C
Modified
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03
Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)
ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo
Appendix Text-tables
Modified
Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)
lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)
Some rules for arranging text-tables
1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents
and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct
alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow
Written by Marcin Kozak
nyggusgmailcom
(for more information see Kozak 2009)
Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201415
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201416
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed
Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 20149
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Cohesion ndash the glue
Te word ldquocohesionrdquo means ldquounityrdquo ldquoconsistencyrdquo andldquosolidityrdquo Building cohesion into your text makes lie easieror your readers ndash they will be much more likely to readthe text Cohesion ldquogluesrdquo your text together ocusingthe readersrsquo attention on your main message and therebyadding credibility to your work
Tink o your text as a motorcycle chain made up oseparate links where each sentence is one link A pile ounconnected links is worthless ndash it will never drive yourmotorcycle Similarly a pile o unconnected sentences isworthless ndash it will never drive your message home
o build a cohesive text you have to connect yoursentences together to make longer segments we callparagraphs A cohesive paragraph clearly ocuses on itstopic You then need to connect each paragraph with theprevious paragraph thereby linking the paragraph topicsLinking paragraphs results in building cohesive sections oyour article where each section ocuses on its main topicTen link the sections to each other and finally connectthe end o your article to the beginning closing the loopndash now the chain will drive our motorcycle Letrsquos look atlinking techniques
Basic guidelines for building a cohesive story1 Link each sentence to the previous sentence
2 Link each paragraph to the previous paragraph
3 Link each section to the previous section
4 Link the end to the beginning
Linking techniques
Whether you want to link sentences paragraphs sectionsor the beginning to the end use 2 basic linking techniques
bull Use linking words and phrases such as howeveralthough those since then An example Our researchresults conflict with those o Smith and Jones o resolvethose differences we measured
bull Repeat key words and phrases ndash do not use synonymsIn scientific writing repetition sharpens the ocusRepetition especially helps the reader to connect ideasthat are physically separated in your text For exampleOther investigators have shown that microbial activitycan cause immobilization o labile soil phosphorusOur results suggest that indeed microbial activity
immobilizes the labile soil phosphorus
Te example below illustrates how to link your answer toyour research question thus linking the Discussion withthe Introduction
In the Introduction the research hypothesis is statedFor example Te decremental theory o aging led us tohypothesize that older workers in ldquospeedrdquo jobs perorm lesswell and have more absences and more accidents than otherworkers have
In the Discussion the answer is linked to the hypothesisOur findings do not support the hypothesis that older workersin speed jobs perorm less well and have more absences andmore accidents than other workers have Te older workers generally earned more were absent less ofen and had eweraccidents than younger workers had Furthermore we oundno significant difference between
Written by Ed Hull
edhullhomenl
Appendix Cohesion
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1016
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201410
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
EXPLANAION obligatory declarations applying to allmanuscripts are printed in bold
Original or acceptable secondary publication
No part o this manuscript (MS) has been publishedexcept or passages that are properly cited
An abstractsummary o this MS has been publishedinhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Tis MS has already been published in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipbut in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip language A ull citation tothe primary publication is included and the copyrightowner has agreed to its publication in English
No part of this MS is currently being considered forpublication elsewhere
In this MS original data are clearly distinguishedfrom published data All information extracted fromother publications is provided with citations
Authorship All people listed as authors of this MS meet theauthorship criteria ie they contributed substantiallyto study planning data collection or interpretationof results and wrote or critically revised the MS and approved its nal submitted version and agree to beaccountable for all aspects of the work (ICMJE 2013)
All people listed as authors of this MS are aware of itand have agreed to be listed
No person who meets the authorship criteria hasbeen omitted
Ethical experimentation and interpretation
Te study reported in this MS involved humanparticipants and it meets the ethical principles o theDeclaration o Helsinki (WMA 2013) Data have beendisaggregated by sex (and whenever possible by race)
Te study reported in this MS meets the ConsensusAuthor Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welareor Veterinary Journals2 about humane treatment oanimals and has been approved by an ethical reviewcommittee
Te study reported in this MS meets other ethicalprinciples namely helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip hellip
I and all the other authors of this MS did ourbest to avoid errors in experimental design datapresentation interpretation etc However if we
discover any serious error in the MS (before or aerpublication) we will alert the editor promptly
None of our data presented in this MS has beenfabricated or distorted and no valid data have beenexcluded Images shown in gures have not beenmanipulated to make a false impression on readers
Results of this study have been interpreted objectivelyAny ndings that run contrary to our point of vieware discussed in the MS
Te article does not to the best of our knowledgecontain anything that is libellous illegal infringes
anyonersquos copyright or other rights or poses a threatto public safety
Acknowledgements
All sources of funding for the study reported in thisMS are stated
All people who are not listed as authors butcontributed considerably to the study reported inthis MS or assisted in its writing (eg authorrsquos editorstranslators medical writers) are mentioned in theAcknowledgements
All people named in the Acknowledgements have
agreed to this However they are not responsible forthe nal version of this MS
Consent has been obtained rom the author(s) ounpublished data cited in the MS
Copyright owners o previously published figures ortables have agreed to their inclusion in this MS
Conflict of interest
All authors of this study have signed a conict ofinterest statement and disclosed any nancial orpersonal links with people or organizations that havea nancial interest in this MS3
Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Signaturehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
MS titlehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
2 See wwwveteditorsorgethicsconsensusguidelineshtml3 See wwwicmjeorgcoi_disclosurepd
Appendix Ethics
Publication ethics checklist for authors
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1116
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201411
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Examples of irregular plurals deriving from Latin or Greek
Singular Plural Examples
-a -ae
rarely -ata
alga ndash algae larva ndash larvae
stoma ndash stomata
-ex -icesindex ndash indices (or indexes)
apex ndash apices (or apexes)
-ies -ies species series facies
-is -es axis ndash axes hypothesis ndash hypotheses
-ix -icesappendix ndash appendices (or appendixes)
matrix ndash matrices (or matrixes)
-on -a phenomenon ndash phenomena
criterion ndash criteria
-um -a datum ndash data bacterium ndash bacteria
-us
-i
rarely -uses
or -era
locus ndash loci fungus ndash fungi (or funguses)
sinus ndash sinuses
genus ndash genera
Acceptable anglicized plurals that are also listed in dictionaries
In non-scientific use usually treated as a mass noun (like inormation etc)
It must be remembered that some nouns used in everydayEnglish also have irregular plural orms (eg woman ndashwomen oot ndash eet tooth ndash teeth mouse ndash mice lea ndash leaves
lie ndash lives tomato ndash tomatoes) or have no plural orm (egequipment inormation news) For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult a dictionary
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
Appendix Plurals
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1216
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201412
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Appendix Simplicity
Examples of expressions that can be simplified or deleted (empty)
Long or (sometimes) wrong Better choice (oen)
accounted or by the act that because
as can be seen rom Figure 1 substance Zreduces twitching
substance Z reduces twitching (Fig 1)
at the present moment now
bright yellow in colour bright yellow
conducted inoculation experiments on inoculated considerable amount o much
despite the act that although
due to the act that because
or the reason that because
i conditions are such that i
in a considerable number o cases ofen
in view o the act that because
it is o interest to note that empty
it may however be noted that but
large numbers o many
lazy in character lazy
methodology methods
owing to the act that because
oval in shape oval
prior to beore
taken into consideration considered
terminate end
the test in question this test
there can be little doubt that this is this is probably
to an extent equal to that o X as much as X
utilize use
whether or not whether Based on OrsquoConnor (1991)
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1316
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201413
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Examples of differences between British and American spelling
British English American English
-ae-
eg aetiology aeces haematology -e-
eg etiology eces hematology
-ce in nouns -se in verbseg deence licencelicense practicepractise
-se in nouns and verbseg deense license
(but practice as both noun and verb)
-ise or -izeeg organiseorganize
-izeeg organize
-isation or -ization eg organisationorganization
-izationeg organization
-lled -lling -llor etceg labelled travelling councillor
(but ulfil skilul )
-led -ling -lor etceg labeled traveling councilor
(but ulfill skillul )
-oe-eg diarrhoea oetus oestrogen
-e-eg diarrhea etus estrogen
-ogue
eg analogue catalogue-og or -ogue
eg analoganalogue catalogcatalogue
-our eg colour behaviour avour
-or eg color behavior avor
-re
eg centre fibre metre litre(but meter or a measuring instrument)
-er
eg center fiber meter liter
-yseeg analyse dialyse
-yzeeg analyze dialyze
aluminium aluminum or aluminium
gr ey gr ay
mould mold
programme (general) or program (computer) program
sul phur or sul f ur sul f ur
One ending should be used consistentlyRecommended by the International Union o Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society o Chemistry
Appendix Spelling
For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult adictionary Obviously American and British English slightly
differ not only in spelling but also in word use grammar
punctuation etc However those differences are outside thescope o this document
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1416
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201414
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements
such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples
Original sentence
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C
Modified
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03
Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)
ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo
Appendix Text-tables
Modified
Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)
lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)
Some rules for arranging text-tables
1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents
and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct
alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow
Written by Marcin Kozak
nyggusgmailcom
(for more information see Kozak 2009)
Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1516
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201415
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1616
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201416
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed
Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1016
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201410
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
EXPLANAION obligatory declarations applying to allmanuscripts are printed in bold
Original or acceptable secondary publication
No part o this manuscript (MS) has been publishedexcept or passages that are properly cited
An abstractsummary o this MS has been publishedinhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Tis MS has already been published in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipbut in helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip language A ull citation tothe primary publication is included and the copyrightowner has agreed to its publication in English
No part of this MS is currently being considered forpublication elsewhere
In this MS original data are clearly distinguishedfrom published data All information extracted fromother publications is provided with citations
Authorship All people listed as authors of this MS meet theauthorship criteria ie they contributed substantiallyto study planning data collection or interpretationof results and wrote or critically revised the MS and approved its nal submitted version and agree to beaccountable for all aspects of the work (ICMJE 2013)
All people listed as authors of this MS are aware of itand have agreed to be listed
No person who meets the authorship criteria hasbeen omitted
Ethical experimentation and interpretation
Te study reported in this MS involved humanparticipants and it meets the ethical principles o theDeclaration o Helsinki (WMA 2013) Data have beendisaggregated by sex (and whenever possible by race)
Te study reported in this MS meets the ConsensusAuthor Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welareor Veterinary Journals2 about humane treatment oanimals and has been approved by an ethical reviewcommittee
Te study reported in this MS meets other ethicalprinciples namely helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip hellip
I and all the other authors of this MS did ourbest to avoid errors in experimental design datapresentation interpretation etc However if we
discover any serious error in the MS (before or aerpublication) we will alert the editor promptly
None of our data presented in this MS has beenfabricated or distorted and no valid data have beenexcluded Images shown in gures have not beenmanipulated to make a false impression on readers
Results of this study have been interpreted objectivelyAny ndings that run contrary to our point of vieware discussed in the MS
Te article does not to the best of our knowledgecontain anything that is libellous illegal infringes
anyonersquos copyright or other rights or poses a threatto public safety
Acknowledgements
All sources of funding for the study reported in thisMS are stated
All people who are not listed as authors butcontributed considerably to the study reported inthis MS or assisted in its writing (eg authorrsquos editorstranslators medical writers) are mentioned in theAcknowledgements
All people named in the Acknowledgements have
agreed to this However they are not responsible forthe nal version of this MS
Consent has been obtained rom the author(s) ounpublished data cited in the MS
Copyright owners o previously published figures ortables have agreed to their inclusion in this MS
Conflict of interest
All authors of this study have signed a conict ofinterest statement and disclosed any nancial orpersonal links with people or organizations that havea nancial interest in this MS3
Datehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Signaturehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
MS titlehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
2 See wwwveteditorsorgethicsconsensusguidelineshtml3 See wwwicmjeorgcoi_disclosurepd
Appendix Ethics
Publication ethics checklist for authors
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
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EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201411
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Examples of irregular plurals deriving from Latin or Greek
Singular Plural Examples
-a -ae
rarely -ata
alga ndash algae larva ndash larvae
stoma ndash stomata
-ex -icesindex ndash indices (or indexes)
apex ndash apices (or apexes)
-ies -ies species series facies
-is -es axis ndash axes hypothesis ndash hypotheses
-ix -icesappendix ndash appendices (or appendixes)
matrix ndash matrices (or matrixes)
-on -a phenomenon ndash phenomena
criterion ndash criteria
-um -a datum ndash data bacterium ndash bacteria
-us
-i
rarely -uses
or -era
locus ndash loci fungus ndash fungi (or funguses)
sinus ndash sinuses
genus ndash genera
Acceptable anglicized plurals that are also listed in dictionaries
In non-scientific use usually treated as a mass noun (like inormation etc)
It must be remembered that some nouns used in everydayEnglish also have irregular plural orms (eg woman ndashwomen oot ndash eet tooth ndash teeth mouse ndash mice lea ndash leaves
lie ndash lives tomato ndash tomatoes) or have no plural orm (egequipment inormation news) For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult a dictionary
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
Appendix Plurals
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1216
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201412
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Appendix Simplicity
Examples of expressions that can be simplified or deleted (empty)
Long or (sometimes) wrong Better choice (oen)
accounted or by the act that because
as can be seen rom Figure 1 substance Zreduces twitching
substance Z reduces twitching (Fig 1)
at the present moment now
bright yellow in colour bright yellow
conducted inoculation experiments on inoculated considerable amount o much
despite the act that although
due to the act that because
or the reason that because
i conditions are such that i
in a considerable number o cases ofen
in view o the act that because
it is o interest to note that empty
it may however be noted that but
large numbers o many
lazy in character lazy
methodology methods
owing to the act that because
oval in shape oval
prior to beore
taken into consideration considered
terminate end
the test in question this test
there can be little doubt that this is this is probably
to an extent equal to that o X as much as X
utilize use
whether or not whether Based on OrsquoConnor (1991)
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1316
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201413
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Examples of differences between British and American spelling
British English American English
-ae-
eg aetiology aeces haematology -e-
eg etiology eces hematology
-ce in nouns -se in verbseg deence licencelicense practicepractise
-se in nouns and verbseg deense license
(but practice as both noun and verb)
-ise or -izeeg organiseorganize
-izeeg organize
-isation or -ization eg organisationorganization
-izationeg organization
-lled -lling -llor etceg labelled travelling councillor
(but ulfil skilul )
-led -ling -lor etceg labeled traveling councilor
(but ulfill skillul )
-oe-eg diarrhoea oetus oestrogen
-e-eg diarrhea etus estrogen
-ogue
eg analogue catalogue-og or -ogue
eg analoganalogue catalogcatalogue
-our eg colour behaviour avour
-or eg color behavior avor
-re
eg centre fibre metre litre(but meter or a measuring instrument)
-er
eg center fiber meter liter
-yseeg analyse dialyse
-yzeeg analyze dialyze
aluminium aluminum or aluminium
gr ey gr ay
mould mold
programme (general) or program (computer) program
sul phur or sul f ur sul f ur
One ending should be used consistentlyRecommended by the International Union o Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society o Chemistry
Appendix Spelling
For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult adictionary Obviously American and British English slightly
differ not only in spelling but also in word use grammar
punctuation etc However those differences are outside thescope o this document
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1416
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201414
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements
such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples
Original sentence
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C
Modified
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03
Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)
ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo
Appendix Text-tables
Modified
Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)
lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)
Some rules for arranging text-tables
1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents
and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct
alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow
Written by Marcin Kozak
nyggusgmailcom
(for more information see Kozak 2009)
Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1516
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201415
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1616
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201416
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed
Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1116
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201411
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Examples of irregular plurals deriving from Latin or Greek
Singular Plural Examples
-a -ae
rarely -ata
alga ndash algae larva ndash larvae
stoma ndash stomata
-ex -icesindex ndash indices (or indexes)
apex ndash apices (or apexes)
-ies -ies species series facies
-is -es axis ndash axes hypothesis ndash hypotheses
-ix -icesappendix ndash appendices (or appendixes)
matrix ndash matrices (or matrixes)
-on -a phenomenon ndash phenomena
criterion ndash criteria
-um -a datum ndash data bacterium ndash bacteria
-us
-i
rarely -uses
or -era
locus ndash loci fungus ndash fungi (or funguses)
sinus ndash sinuses
genus ndash genera
Acceptable anglicized plurals that are also listed in dictionaries
In non-scientific use usually treated as a mass noun (like inormation etc)
It must be remembered that some nouns used in everydayEnglish also have irregular plural orms (eg woman ndashwomen oot ndash eet tooth ndash teeth mouse ndash mice lea ndash leaves
lie ndash lives tomato ndash tomatoes) or have no plural orm (egequipment inormation news) For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult a dictionary
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
Appendix Plurals
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1216
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201412
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Appendix Simplicity
Examples of expressions that can be simplified or deleted (empty)
Long or (sometimes) wrong Better choice (oen)
accounted or by the act that because
as can be seen rom Figure 1 substance Zreduces twitching
substance Z reduces twitching (Fig 1)
at the present moment now
bright yellow in colour bright yellow
conducted inoculation experiments on inoculated considerable amount o much
despite the act that although
due to the act that because
or the reason that because
i conditions are such that i
in a considerable number o cases ofen
in view o the act that because
it is o interest to note that empty
it may however be noted that but
large numbers o many
lazy in character lazy
methodology methods
owing to the act that because
oval in shape oval
prior to beore
taken into consideration considered
terminate end
the test in question this test
there can be little doubt that this is this is probably
to an extent equal to that o X as much as X
utilize use
whether or not whether Based on OrsquoConnor (1991)
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1316
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201413
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Examples of differences between British and American spelling
British English American English
-ae-
eg aetiology aeces haematology -e-
eg etiology eces hematology
-ce in nouns -se in verbseg deence licencelicense practicepractise
-se in nouns and verbseg deense license
(but practice as both noun and verb)
-ise or -izeeg organiseorganize
-izeeg organize
-isation or -ization eg organisationorganization
-izationeg organization
-lled -lling -llor etceg labelled travelling councillor
(but ulfil skilul )
-led -ling -lor etceg labeled traveling councilor
(but ulfill skillul )
-oe-eg diarrhoea oetus oestrogen
-e-eg diarrhea etus estrogen
-ogue
eg analogue catalogue-og or -ogue
eg analoganalogue catalogcatalogue
-our eg colour behaviour avour
-or eg color behavior avor
-re
eg centre fibre metre litre(but meter or a measuring instrument)
-er
eg center fiber meter liter
-yseeg analyse dialyse
-yzeeg analyze dialyze
aluminium aluminum or aluminium
gr ey gr ay
mould mold
programme (general) or program (computer) program
sul phur or sul f ur sul f ur
One ending should be used consistentlyRecommended by the International Union o Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society o Chemistry
Appendix Spelling
For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult adictionary Obviously American and British English slightly
differ not only in spelling but also in word use grammar
punctuation etc However those differences are outside thescope o this document
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1416
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201414
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements
such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples
Original sentence
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C
Modified
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03
Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)
ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo
Appendix Text-tables
Modified
Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)
lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)
Some rules for arranging text-tables
1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents
and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct
alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow
Written by Marcin Kozak
nyggusgmailcom
(for more information see Kozak 2009)
Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1516
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201415
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1616
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201416
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed
Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1216
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201412
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Appendix Simplicity
Examples of expressions that can be simplified or deleted (empty)
Long or (sometimes) wrong Better choice (oen)
accounted or by the act that because
as can be seen rom Figure 1 substance Zreduces twitching
substance Z reduces twitching (Fig 1)
at the present moment now
bright yellow in colour bright yellow
conducted inoculation experiments on inoculated considerable amount o much
despite the act that although
due to the act that because
or the reason that because
i conditions are such that i
in a considerable number o cases ofen
in view o the act that because
it is o interest to note that empty
it may however be noted that but
large numbers o many
lazy in character lazy
methodology methods
owing to the act that because
oval in shape oval
prior to beore
taken into consideration considered
terminate end
the test in question this test
there can be little doubt that this is this is probably
to an extent equal to that o X as much as X
utilize use
whether or not whether Based on OrsquoConnor (1991)
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1316
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201413
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Examples of differences between British and American spelling
British English American English
-ae-
eg aetiology aeces haematology -e-
eg etiology eces hematology
-ce in nouns -se in verbseg deence licencelicense practicepractise
-se in nouns and verbseg deense license
(but practice as both noun and verb)
-ise or -izeeg organiseorganize
-izeeg organize
-isation or -ization eg organisationorganization
-izationeg organization
-lled -lling -llor etceg labelled travelling councillor
(but ulfil skilul )
-led -ling -lor etceg labeled traveling councilor
(but ulfill skillul )
-oe-eg diarrhoea oetus oestrogen
-e-eg diarrhea etus estrogen
-ogue
eg analogue catalogue-og or -ogue
eg analoganalogue catalogcatalogue
-our eg colour behaviour avour
-or eg color behavior avor
-re
eg centre fibre metre litre(but meter or a measuring instrument)
-er
eg center fiber meter liter
-yseeg analyse dialyse
-yzeeg analyze dialyze
aluminium aluminum or aluminium
gr ey gr ay
mould mold
programme (general) or program (computer) program
sul phur or sul f ur sul f ur
One ending should be used consistentlyRecommended by the International Union o Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society o Chemistry
Appendix Spelling
For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult adictionary Obviously American and British English slightly
differ not only in spelling but also in word use grammar
punctuation etc However those differences are outside thescope o this document
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1416
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201414
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements
such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples
Original sentence
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C
Modified
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03
Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)
ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo
Appendix Text-tables
Modified
Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)
lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)
Some rules for arranging text-tables
1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents
and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct
alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow
Written by Marcin Kozak
nyggusgmailcom
(for more information see Kozak 2009)
Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1516
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201415
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1616
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201416
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed
Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1316
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201413
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Examples of differences between British and American spelling
British English American English
-ae-
eg aetiology aeces haematology -e-
eg etiology eces hematology
-ce in nouns -se in verbseg deence licencelicense practicepractise
-se in nouns and verbseg deense license
(but practice as both noun and verb)
-ise or -izeeg organiseorganize
-izeeg organize
-isation or -ization eg organisationorganization
-izationeg organization
-lled -lling -llor etceg labelled travelling councillor
(but ulfil skilul )
-led -ling -lor etceg labeled traveling councilor
(but ulfill skillul )
-oe-eg diarrhoea oetus oestrogen
-e-eg diarrhea etus estrogen
-ogue
eg analogue catalogue-og or -ogue
eg analoganalogue catalogcatalogue
-our eg colour behaviour avour
-or eg color behavior avor
-re
eg centre fibre metre litre(but meter or a measuring instrument)
-er
eg center fiber meter liter
-yseeg analyse dialyse
-yzeeg analyze dialyze
aluminium aluminum or aluminium
gr ey gr ay
mould mold
programme (general) or program (computer) program
sul phur or sul f ur sul f ur
One ending should be used consistentlyRecommended by the International Union o Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society o Chemistry
Appendix Spelling
For more examples see CSE (2014) I in doubt consult adictionary Obviously American and British English slightly
differ not only in spelling but also in word use grammar
punctuation etc However those differences are outside thescope o this document
Compiled by Sylwia Ufnalska
sylwiaufnalskagmailcom
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1416
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201414
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements
such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples
Original sentence
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C
Modified
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03
Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)
ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo
Appendix Text-tables
Modified
Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)
lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)
Some rules for arranging text-tables
1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents
and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct
alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow
Written by Marcin Kozak
nyggusgmailcom
(for more information see Kozak 2009)
Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1516
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201415
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1616
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201416
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed
Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1416
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201414
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
Arranging statistical inormation in a classic table andreerring to it elsewhere means that readers do not accessthe inormation as immediately as they would when readingabout it within the sentence Tey have to find the table inthe document (which may be on another page) losing sometime Tis slightly decreases the strength o the inormationQuicker access to the inormation can be achieved within asentence but this is not an effective structure i more than2 numbers are to be compared In such situations a ldquotext-tablerdquo appears to be ideal or communicating inormationto the reader quickly and comprehensibly (ufe 2001)Te text-table is a simple table with no graphic elements
such as grid lines rules shading or boxes Te text-table isembedded within a sentence so no reerence to it is neededKeeping the power o tabular arrangements text-tablesimmediately convey the message Look at the ollowingexamples
Original sentence
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation) were asollows 112plusmn03 mgdm3 in sample A 123plusmn02 mgdm3 insample B and 114plusmn09 mgdm3 in sample C
Modified
Iron concentration means (plusmnstandard deviation in mgdm3) were as ollowssample B 123plusmn02sample C 114plusmn09sample A 112plusmn03
Original sentence (do Carmo et al 2011)
ldquoPrior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among childrenyounger than 1 y (relative reduction [RR] = 087y 95 CI083ndash094 p lt 0001) 1 to lt 2 y o age (RR = 096y 95 CI091ndash102 p = 023) and 2 to 4 y o age (RR = 093y 95CI 087ndash100 p = 006)rdquo
Appendix Text-tables
Modified
Prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction there was a trendo declining diarrhea-related mortality among children inall age groups (RR stands or relative reduction per year)
lt 1 y RR = 087 (95 CI 083ndash094 p lt 0001)1 to lt 2 y RR = 096 (95 CI 091ndash102 p = 023)2 to 4 y RR = 093 (95 CI 087ndash100 p = 006)
Some rules for arranging text-tables
1 Te larger a text-table is the less power it has2 Te sentence that precedes the text-table acts as a headingthat introduces the inormation the text-table represents
and usually ends with a colon ext-tables should haveneither headings nor ootnotes3 Indentation o text-tables should fit the documentrsquoslayout4 Occasional changes in ont (such as italics bold adifferent typeace) may be used but with caution Tey canhowever put some emphasis on the tabular part5 Do not use too many text-tables in one document or onone page6 In addition to the above rules apply rules or ormattingregular tables For example numbers should be given in2-3 effective digits ordering rows by size and their correct
alignment will acilitate reading and comparison o valuesspace between columns should be neither too wide nor toonarrow
Written by Marcin Kozak
nyggusgmailcom
(for more information see Kozak 2009)
Text-tables ndash effective tools for presentation of small data sets
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1516
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201415
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1616
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201416
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed
Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1516
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201415
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (wwweaseorguk ) Non-commercial printing allowed
About EASE
Background information about EASE and the EASE Guidelines
Te European Association o Science Editors (EASE) wasormed in May 1982 at Pau France rom the EuropeanLie Science Editorsrsquo Association (ELSE) and the EuropeanAssociation o Earth Science Editors (Editerra) Tus in2012 we celebrated the 30th anniversary o our Association
EASE is affiliated to the International Union o BiologicalSciences (IUBS) the International Union o GeologicalSciences (IUGS) the International Organization orStandardization (ISO) Trough its affiliation to IUBS andIUGS our Association is also affiliated to the InternationalCouncil or Science (ICSU) and is thereby in ormalassociate relations with UNESCO
EASE cooperates with the International Societyor Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE) InternationalAssociation o Veterinary Editors (IAVE) InternationalSociety o Managing and echnical Editors (ISME) theCouncil o Science Editors (CSE) and the Association oEarth Science Editors (AESE) in North America Our otherlinks include the Arican Association o Science Editors(AASE) the Association o Learned and ProessionalSociety Publishers (ALPSP) the European Medical WritersAssociation (EMWA) the Finnish Association o ScienceEditors and Journalists (FASEJ) Mediterranean Editors andranslators (ME) the Society o English-Native-Speaking
Editors (Netherlands) (SENSE) and the Society or Editorsand Prooreaders (SEP)We have major conerences every 2-3 years in various
countries EASE also organizes occasional seminarscourses and other events between the conerences
Since 1986 we publish a journal now entitled EuropeanScience Editing It is distributed to all members 4 times ayear It covers all aspects o editing and includes originalarticles and meeting reports announces new developmentsand orthcoming events reviews books sofware andonline resources and highlights publications o interestto members o acilitate the exchange o ideas betweenmembers we also use an electronic EASE Forum the EASE
Journal Blog and our website (wwweaseorguk )In 2007 we issued the EASE statement on inappropriate
use o impact actors Its major objective was to recommendthat ldquojournal impact actors are used only ndash and cautiouslyndash or measuring and comparing the influence o entire journals but not or the assessment o single papers andcertainly not or the assessment o researchers or researchprogrammes either directly or as a surrogaterdquo
In 2010 we published EASE Guidelines or Authors andranslators o Scientific Articles Our goal was to make
international scientific communication more efficient andhelp prevent scientific misconduct Tis document is aset o generalized editorial recommendations concerningscientific articles to be published in English We believe thati authors and translators ollow these recommendationsbeore submission their manuscripts will be more likely tobe accepted or publication Moreover the editorial processwill probably be aster so authors translators reviewersand editors will then save time
EASE Guidelines are a result o long discussions onthe EASE Forum and during our 2009 conerence in Pisaollowed by consultations within the Council Te document
is updated annually and is already available in 21 languagesArabic Bangla Bosnian Bulgarian Chinese CroatianCzech English Estonian French German HungarianItalian Japanese Korean Persian Polish Portuguese(Brazilian) Romanian Russian Spanish and urkish TeEnglish original and its translations can be reely downloadedas PDFs rom our website We invite volunteers to translatethe document into other languages
Many institutions promote EASE Guidelines (eg see theEuropean Commission Research amp Innovation website)and many articles about this document have been publishedScientific journals also help in its popularization by adding
at the beginning o their instructions or authors a ormulalike
Beore submission ollow EASE Guidelines or Authorsand ranslators reely available at wwweaseorgukpublicationsauthor-guidelines in many languagesAdherence should increase the chances o acceptanceo submitted manuscripts
In 2012 we launched the EASE oolkit or Authors reelyavailable on our website Te oolkit supplements EASEGuidelines and includes more detailed recommendationsand resources on scientific writing and publishing or less
experienced researchers Besides EASE participated inthe sANDEM project (wwwstandemeu) concerningstandardized tests o proessional English or healthcareproessionals worldwide Our Association also supports thecampaigns Healthcare Inormation For All by 2015 (wwwhia2015org) and Allrials (wwwalltrialsnet)
For more inormation about our Association memberrsquosbenefits and major conerences see the next page and ourwebsite
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1616
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201416
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed
Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc
8102019 Ease Guidelines June2014 Spanish
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullease-guidelines-june2014-spanish 1616
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Ar ticles to be Published in English June 201416
copy2014 European Association of Science Editors (www ease org uk) Non commercial printing allowed
Skills-Communication-Fellowship
EASE is an internationally oriented community ofindividuals from diverse backgrounds linguistictraditions and professional experience who share aninterest in science communication and editing OurAssociation offers the opportunity to stay abreast oftrends in the rapidly changing environment of scientificpublishing whether traditional or electronic As anEASE member you can sharpen your editing writingand thinking skills broaden your outlook throughencounters with people of different backgroundsand experience or deepen your understanding ofsignificant issues and specific working tools Finallyin EASE we have fun and enjoy learning from eachother while upholding the highest standards
2014 Split Croatia2012 Tallinn Estonia (30th Anniversary)2009 Pisa Italy2006 Krakoacutew Poland2003 Bath UK2003 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
(joint meeting with AESE)2000 Tours France1998 Washington DC USA (joint meeting
with CBE and AESE)
1997 Helsinki Finland1994 Budapest Hungary1991 Oxford UK1989 Ottawa Canada (joint meeting with
CBE and AESE)1988 Basel Switzerland
1985 Holmenkollen Norway1984 Cambridge UK1982 Pau France
Our Members
EASE welcomes members from every corner of the world They can be found in50 countries from Australia to Venezuela by way of China Russia and many moreEASE membership cuts across many disciplines and professions Members work ascommissioning editors academics translators publishers web and multi-media staff
indexers graphic designers statistical editors science and technical writers authorrsquoseditors journalists proofreaders and production personnel
Major Conferences
EASE membership offers the following benets
bull A quarterly journal European Science Editing featuring articles related toscience and editing book and web reviews regional and country news andresources
bull An electronic forum and EASE journal blog for exchanging ideasbull A major conference every 2-3 yearsbull Seminars and workshops on hot topicsbull Science Editorsrsquo Handbook covering everything from on-screen editing to
ofce management peer review and dealing with the mediabull Advertising of your courses or services free of charge on the EASE websitebull Discounts on job advertisements on the EASE website
bull Opportunities to share problems and solutions with kindred spiritsbull Good networking and contacts for freelancersbull Chances to meet international colleagues from a range of disciplinesbull Leads for jobs training and employment optionsbull Discounts on editorial software courses etc