Earthwork

EARTHWORK

1

EARTHWORKMasterplan, Design and Authority’s Requirement

Ir. Abdul Aziz Abas P.Eng, C.Eng, Int.PE

EARTHWORKPREFACE

• As a module of the Integrated Design Project course for the Bachelor of

Civil Engineering programme, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM, Shah

Alam

This program will provide basic overview of all aspects of Earthwork

planning and design, guidelines, legislative and regulatory requirements

Preparation for life…

planning and design, guidelines, legislative and regulatory requirements

2Feb 2010

EARTHWORKPREFACE

• UNDERSTANDING the subject of Civil Engineering in wider perspective,

inter-relation with other subjects influencing the performance of Engineering

works and challenges.

• ACQUIRRING cutting edge practical design knowledge & skills that last

forever in the world of ever-changing infrastructural engineering.

Benefit

• DEVELOPING your engineering knowledge significantly and permanently.

• PROVIDING your dashing factor (distinguish factor) for better chance of

employment upon graduation.

• EXPAND your employment versatility in an ever-changing marketplace.

• WINNING at the office and in daily job with the power of practical skill.

• ADVANCING your career as an Engineer.

• GAINING LEVERAGE by demonstrating knowledge of engineering in a

multi-disciplinary context.

3

multi-disciplinary context.

Feb 2010

1. Introduction

2. Masterplan & Design

Guiding Principle

• Definition & General Understanding

• Planning of Earthwork & Early

Scoping of Design

EARTHWORK

Guiding Principle

3. Preliminary Design

4. Detail Design

5. Authorities

6. Construction

• Compliance & Authority

Approval

• Control of Earthworks

Consideration

• Guidelines & Preliminary Design

• Design Criteria & Detail

Design

4

6. Construction

7. Post - Construction

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Control of Earthworks

• Certificate of Completion And Compliance

Feb 2010

EARTHWORK

1

5

1 INTRODUCTION

5Feb 2010

EARTHWORKINTRODUCTION

Earthworks are engineering works created through

the moving of massive quantities of soil or unformed

rock.

1Definition of Earthwork

6Feb 2010

EARTHWORK

Typical earthworks include Platforms, roads, dams, dikes, cannal, bunding, and berms ("noise mounds").

INTRODUCTION1Typical Earthwork Development

Roadwork Football field Agriculture

7

Recreation Tourism / Housing Landscape

Feb 2010

EARTHWORKINTRODUCTION1Problems Associated With Earthwork

High tide

Sinkhole

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8

High tide

Slope FailureFeb 2010

EARTHWORK

22 Masterplan & Design Guiding Principle

9Feb 2010

EARTHWORK2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE

To establish the overall earthworks for the viability of the project

and to assist on planning of landuse, compliance with prevailing

guidelines and laws.

Objectives

2

• Enhance Early Scoping

• Minimize Scope Changes

• Provide base platforms & Layout Plan

• Reduce Conflicts/ Disputes

• Costs Plan

2 Masterplan & Design

10Feb 2010

EARTHWORK2Typical Development Condition• Coastal Development

Influence by high & low tides

MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE

• Soft Ground Development

Influence by poor soil condition

• Low Land Development

Influence by Highest Flood Level

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11

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• High Land Development

Influence by slopes’ risk

Low risk, slopes < 25 deg

High risk, slopes > 25 deg

Feb 2010

EARTHWORK

Controlled Earthwork

1Typical Earthwork Development – Compliance


Slopes turfed

Centralised facility

12

Silt trap / rubbish trap

Feb 2010

EARTHWORK

Uncontrolled Earthwork

1Typical Earthwork Development – Non-Compliance


No sediment / silt trap

13

Earth not graded

Feb 2010

EARTHWORK2Planning & Design Benchmarks

A. Client’s Requirement

• Development Master Plan

• Terms Of Reference


2

B. Authority’s Requirement

• Compliance to local council conditions &

requirements

(Development Order)

• Design Guidelines

• Statutory Requirement

14

2

14Feb 2010

Development Masterplan

N

• Development Landuse determined

by Masterplanner

• Engineer to advise on platform &

drainage pattern and other aspects

EARTHWORK2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE

drainage pattern and other aspects

of engineering

• Engineer to balance cut & fill

design (wherever possible)

• Engineer to minimise import earth

• Engineer to establish

Term Of Reference

• Engineer to establish Specification

• Engineer to obtain approvals

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15

Ggreen / Forest

Institution

Industrial

Residential

Existing Development

Commercial

• Engineer to obtain approvals

• Engineer to supervise construction

Typical Development MasterplanLayout Feb 2010

EARTHWORK2Infrastructure Influencing Earthwork Design


Source: MSMA

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Drainage System Detention Pond

Feb 2010

Drainage System – Main Stream

EARTHWORK2Infrastructure Influencing Earthwork Design


- Generally flat area with only

prominent highest ground

-Gravity Flow Water Supply

is most possible

17

Water Supply System

Feb 2010

EARTHWORK

33 Preliminary Design

18Feb 2010

Confirm Site Location

EARTHWORKPRELIMINARY DESIGN 3

Identificationof correct site &Project BoundaryProject Boundary“CRUCIAL”

• Obtain CPfrom Survey

Dept.

• Check lot

numbers

19Typical Cadestral Plan – Obtained from Land Survey Department

• Check

boundaries

Feb 2010

Obtaining Confirmed Requirements & Data

EARTHWORK3

• Approved Development Layout Masterplan

• Development Order

• Topographical Survey

Architect or Town Planner / JPBD

Local Council

Land Surveyor

PRELIMINARY DESIGN

• Topographical Survey

• Highest Flood Level

• Soil Investigation

• Local Guidelines

Land Surveyor

DID

Geotechnical Engineer

Local Council / Authority / Agency

20Feb 2010

Site Reconnaissance

EARTHWORK

• Mandatory site visit

• To confirm site location and development

boundaries

3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN

• To familiarize with the site geographical

condition

• To identify adjacent development, Access,

etc.

• To observe & assess site constraints

• To have general idea of existing & future

design system

• To gather information about flooding

history

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history

Feb 2010

Assess Site Constraints / Issues

EARTHWORK3

Main river system

No pollution permitted

Control flows from development

Swampy area

Soft soil

PRELIMINARY DESIGN

Sg. Balok at Coastal Road

Low laying areas &

Flooding issue

Raise platform or bunding?

22

Tidal influence

Feb 2010

Objectives

EARTHWORK

SOIL INVESTIGATION

3

• To identify general sub-soil profile i.e. suitability

PRELIMINARY DESIGN


• To provide detail picture of soil stratigraphy & geological

settings i.e. extend of soft & hard underlayings, ground water

• To obtaining representative geotechnical parameters of

various sub-soil strata for engineering design i.e. N-Values

23Feb 2010

EARTHWORK

44 Detail Design

24Feb 2010

Design Guiding Principles

EARTHWORKDETAIL DESIGN4

• Integrate the design platform levels with existing developments.

• Design platform levels shall tie in with the roads.


• All Slope formations shall be kept within the plot boundaries.

• Achieve an almost balanced cut and fill volume within the development

• Establishing preliminary platform levels based on development

scheme requirements, infrastructure and utilities.

25Feb 2010

Design Procedure

EARTHWORKDETAIL DESIGN4• Design Criteria

• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)

• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan

• Propose Platform Levels

• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill

• Propose Retaining Structure

26Feb 2010

Design Procedure


• Design Criteria






27Feb 2010

Design Criteria

EARTHWORKDETAIL DESIGN4• Clearing, grubbing, stripping top soil, cut & fill,

compact, trimming, turfing, soil test for FGL

• Embankment in swamp or soft ground, Height

≥ 1.5m, cross-slopes ≤ 1V : 3H 1

3


• Gradient for cut slope, 1 : 1.2

• Gradient for fill slope, 1 : 2

1

1.2

1

2

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• Height of slopes, 3m intervals with toe, berm &

intercepting drains

• Layers of 300mm intervals, compacted to 95%

(Cohesive soil) or

100% (Cohesionless soil) of max Dry Density.

Ref BS1377 – 4.5kg rammer method

Inteceptor

Berm

Toe

3m

3m

Feb 2010

Design Criteria

EARTHWORKDETAIL DESIGN4• All slopes closed turf

Tg Gelang


• Min Formation Platform Level, 1m above

Highest Flood Level or EHW (Coastal)

• Temporary drains to main drain shall pass Silt

Trap (Sediment trap)

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• Wash Through before public road

• Temporary drains, design for 1 in 5 years,

checked for 1 in 10 years

• Min 1 no Temporary Bench Mark established

Feb 2010

Design Criteria



30Feb 2010

Design Options For Cut Slopes


31Feb 2010

Design Options For Fill Slopes


32Feb 2010

Design Procedure


• Design Criteria





• Balancing Cut & Fill Volume

33Feb 2010

Study Project Layout (Development Plan)


34Feb 2010

Assessment of Available Survey Information

EARTHWORKDETAIL DESIGN4Slopes direction

Slopes directionSwampy

Potential high

Ground for Water

Supply Tank

Swampy+2m to 3m

Hilly 80m

Existing Existing

35

Slopes direction

Existing+5m to 9m

Existing+5.5m

Existing+3m

Feb 2010

Design Procedure


• Design Criteria


• Study Project Survey Drawing In

Conjunction With Dev Plan



36



Feb 2010

Assessment of Available Survey Information

EARTHWORKDETAIL DESIGN4Slopes direction

Slopes directionSwampy

Fill

Potential high

Ground for Water

Supply Tank

Swampy+2m to 3m

Hilly 80m

Existing Existing

Cut

37

Slopes direction

Existing+5m to 9m

Existing+5.5m

Existing+3m

Feb 2010

Design Procedure


• Design Criteria





• Balancing Cut & Fill Volume

38Feb 2010

Assessment of Minimum Platform Level


• HFL = 2.2 m ODL

• Freeboard = 1.0m

• Drainage Gradient = 1.5m

• Recommended Min. Platform Level = 4.7m ODL

Existing Platform Level at Project Site Varies from PL+5m to PL+9m

Swampy and Low Lying Level at Upstream = PL+2m to PL3m

Highest Flood Level (JPS record or ever known)

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Freeboard = +1m

Highest Flood Level = +2.2m ODL

Water body

Proposed Platform Level Formation

Min.

Max.

Feb 2010

Conceptual Platform


Platform Level to be above Highest Flood Levelbe above Highest Flood Level

40Feb 2010

Cut area

Fill area

Follow drainage

Proposed Platform Levels


• Min Platform Level = 4.7m

Follow drainagepattern

Highest Platform LevelDetermined by Cut & Balance

Analysis

41

Notes:1. All levels are in meter O.D.L

Analysis

Feb 2010

EARTHWORKDETAIL DESIGN4Proposed Platform Levels

Typical Cross-Sections

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Notes:

1. All levels are in meter O.D.L

Feb 2010


Typical Building Platforms

43Feb 2010

Design Procedure


• Design Criteria






44


Feb 2010

Design Procedure

EARTHWORKDETAIL DESIGN4Principle

• To obtain balance cut & Fill (If possible)

• Too much access cut material – Difficult to dispose

• Too much fill material - Difficult to obtain borrow source & Cost

45Feb 2010

Design Procedure

EARTHWORKDETAIL DESIGN4Methods

• Grid System Method

• Large area or excavation

• Using area method calculation

• Land development• Land development

• Computer software – triangulationinterpolation (more accurate &

ease of modeling)

• Require spot levels survey

• Cross-section Method

46

• Longitudinal “strip” profile

• Used for road, pipeline, drainage

constructions

• Require strip survey

Feb 2010


Volume of Cut & Fill

A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 GRID SYSTEM METHOD

B

C

D

E

F

• To obtain large area of excavation

• Square rectangular and levels at

each cross-sections established

• Establish datum

• Calculate volume of existing ground

• Calculate volume of proposed platform

• Difference s constitute cut or fill volume

47

• Difference s constitute cut or fill volume

Feb 2010


Methodology Volume of Cut & Fill

Average areas of column grids 1 & 2

A

B

C

D

E

F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

X

48

F

Average areas of row grids A & B

X

X

Existing levels

& proposed levels

Based on spots &

interpolation

X <> 10m to for accuracy (undulating areas)

X = 5m gives accurate figures (undulating areas)

X > 10m for flat areas

X = 50m for large area / Masterplan purposes

Feb 2010

EARTHWORKDETAIL DESIGN4Grid System

1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

A E 10 10 10 8 8 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3

P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

10 C 250 175 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F 0 0 0 -212.5 -275 -275 -300 -250 -200

P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

E 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3

E 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3

P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

10 C 325 300 212.5 0 0 0 0 0 0

F 0 0 0 -25 -250 -250 -247.5 -245 -195

P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9

2 3 4 5 8 9

B

6 7

LegendP 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9

E 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 4

E 10 10 19 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 4

P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9

10 C 325 500 225 50 0 0 0 0 0

F 0 0 0 0 -150 -150 -115 -105 -80

P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

E 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

E 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

10 C 250 162.5 137.5 75 25 0 0 30 30

F 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10 0 0

P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

E 9 8 8 7.5 7.5 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

E 9 8 8 7.5 7.5 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

10 C 225 162.5 137.5 137.5 162.5 100 15 30 30

F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E

C

D

Legend

E Existing

P Proposed

C Cut

F Fill

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Proposed Platform Levels

Volume of Cut & Fill

F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.5 5.5 5 5 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

F E 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

All dimensions are in meters Total Area = Acres

Total Cut = CuM

Spoil @ 20% = CuM

Available Fill = CuM

Total Fill = CuM

To import Fill = CuM

Access Cut = CuMNil

50.02

4,072.50

814.50

3,258.00

3,335.00

77.00

Feb 2010

Design Procedure


• Design Criteria






50Feb 2010

Design Procedure

EARTHWORKDETAIL DESIGN4Earth Retaining Structure

Standards Used in Design

51Feb 2010

Split Levels


52Feb 2010

Earth Retaining Structure


53Feb 2010



54Feb 2010



55Feb 2010



56Feb 2010

Earth Retaining Structure – Typical Detail


57Feb 2010

EARTHWORK

55 Authority

Compliance & Approvals

58Feb 2010

Governing Law

EARTHWORKAUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals5

Earthworks regulation and approval is under the jurisdiction of Local Council.Earthworks regulation and approval is under the jurisdiction of Local Council.

59Feb 2010

Submission Checklist

√

√

√

Copy of Letter of Appointment As Consulting Engineer

Copy of D.O. Letter from Planning Dept.

Copy of Land Title / S & P Agreement

EARTHWORK5 AUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals

√

√

√

√

Earthwork Plan (duly endorsed by PE)

Copy of Approved D.O. Plan / Development Layout by Architect

Copy of Quit Rent of Current Year

Site Photos of present condition

60

√

√

√

√

Copy of Approval Letter From JKR For Road SystemOr Prove Of Submission

Copy of Approval Letter From JPS For Drainage SystemOr Prove Of Submission

Copy of Approval Letter of Main Infra / Main Earthwork (if app.)

Copy of Geological Mapping (for hill dev) & Erosion Control Plan Report

Feb 2010

Submission Process Flow

EARTHWORK5

SUBMITTING PERSON

No

AUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals

JPS

JKR

Approval

No

Yes

61

PTG

LC

OSC One Stop Centre

Feb 2010

EARTHWORK

66 Construction

62Feb 2010

Earthwork Construction

EARTHWORK6 CONSTRUCTION

• Identification of project site

• Planning of temporary drainage system

• Access and wash through location• Access and wash through location

• Detention ponds / silt traps

• Project office & facility

• Construction of Hoarding

• Observe all laws pertaining to construction

• Plan, design, manage all temporary works

• Earthwork construction & supervision

63Feb 2010

Earthwork Construction


• Review costruction

programme

• Control & Monitor• Control & Monitor

64Feb 2010

GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

1

EARTHWORKCONSTRUCTION6

2

3

4

5

6

65Feb 2010

Quality Control


• General Instruction

• Construction Drawings

• Specifications Contract Document

• Bills of Quantities

• Compliance to Authority’s requirement

Site Supervision to comply ;

• Compaction 95% max of dry density @ BS 1377

Building footprints, roads & services corridor, runways, etc

• Compaction 75%

Building footprints but to allow Suspended Floor slab design

Area not subject to buildings construction i.e fields, landscape, etc

• Each layer ≤ 200mm thick

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• For road sub-base, soaked CBR value ≥ 30 for 95% consolidation

Feb 2010

Soil Compaction


Selection of types of compaction machinery Vs types of soil

67

Grid roller

Sheepsfoot rollerSmooth wheeled roller

Feb 2010


July 2009 68Site Clearing Work

68Feb 2010


69

In-land Development

Feb 2010


Low Land Earthwork Platforming

70Feb 2010


Mandatory Hoarding

71Feb 2010


Installation of Mandatory Paver Blocks at Entrance of Construction Site

72Feb 2010


Mandatory Wash Through

73Feb 2010


Installation of Geosynthetic Materials For Earthwork in Soft Ground

74Feb 2010


Cut Slopes Formation With Closed Turf

75Feb 2010


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Installation of Geomembrane to prevent ground contamination @ solid waste disposal

Feb 2010


Urban Construction - Completed Earthwork Being CloseTurfed – Final Stage

77Feb 2010

EARTHWORK

77 Post - Construction

78Feb 2010

Inspection & As-Built Documents

EARTHWORK7 POST - CONSTRUCTION

• Engineer to carry out confirmatory Soil Investigation to verify full compliance i.e. Compaction, Soil Stabilization, etc.

• Land Surveyor to survey As-Built earthworks platforms to verify full • Land Surveyor to survey As-Built earthworks platforms to verify full

compliance pertaining to FGL or PL.

• Land Surveyor & Engineer to certify As-Built survey drawings

• Engineer Review Construction Drawings & Correct to As-Built Drawings

• Engineer updating As-Built information not covered i.e. Authority’s requirement not spelt out in Construction Drawings, V.O.

• Engineer to ensure all mandatory dues to Authority are complied

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• Engineer arranged mandatory inspections with JPS, JKR, LC, etcto facilitate handing over works & recommendation for CCC

Feb 2010

CCC Process Flow


SUBMITTING PERSON (SP)

No

JPS

JKR

Recommendation

No

Yes

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PTG

LCPSP Issue CCC

Feb 2010

PSP Principal Submitting Person

Post - CCC


• Issue Certificate Of Completion & Compliance

• Defects Liability Period. Generally 1 to 1.5 years

• Issue Certificate of Completion After Defects• Issue Certificate of Completion After Defects

• Final Account

• Total Completion of Project

81Feb 2010

Thank You

Terima Kasih

82July 2009

Questions & Answers

83July 2009

Earthwork

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