Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) in collections from Guam and the ...
EarthTec QZ Case Study: Control of colonial hydroids · Study Objective: To compare two strategies...
Transcript of EarthTec QZ Case Study: Control of colonial hydroids · Study Objective: To compare two strategies...
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EarthTec QZ Case Study: Control of colonial hydroids (Cordylophora caspia) occurring in association with quagga mussels David Hammond, PhD, Senior Scientist, Earth Science Labs, Inc. Scott Bryan, MS, Senior Biologist, Central Arizona Project
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Examples of Mussel Eradication or Control with EarthTec QZ
A. Rapid Response projects: 1. 2014: Christmas Lake 2. 2014: Independence Lake 3. 2015: Ruth Lake 4. 2016: Lake Minnewashta 5. 2017: Lake Marion
B. Full-lake eradications: 6. 2016: Indiana private lake 7. 2017: Billmeyer PA 8. 2017: Minnesota Zoo
C. Fish Hatchery eradications and decontaminations: 9. 2016: Indiana 10. 2017: Oklahoma 11. 2017: South Dakota
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Priority Sites for Mussel Control • Flowing Waters (pipelines, aqueducts)
• Open Waters (lakes)
• Closed or Semi-Closed Systems (ballast water, sprinkler)
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Zebra mussels have historically infested the intake structure of a major municipal WTP in the Midwest
2015-16
Raw Water Intake Structure for a 60 MGD Municipal WTP
Water Intake Structure Raw water enters here
Water then travels 4.5 miles to WTP
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This is what the clean screens should look like
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Zebra mussels historically fouled the intake screens of the WTP 2015
Screens and intake fouled with zebra mussels, 2015
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Zebra Mussels Infesting the 90” Raw Water Pipeline 2015
90” pipeline in the process of being manually cleaned, 2015
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Zebra Mussels Infesting the 90” Raw Water Pipeline 2015
Manually scraped mussels to be removed, 1 foot deep, 2015
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Zebra mussels being removed from the raw water pipeline 2015
Manual cleaning represents a worker safety hazard, requiring Tyvek suits and respirators
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Zebra mussels removed from the pipeline and screens
Mussels are removed by the dumpster load
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Zebra Mussel Control using EarthtTec QZ Summer, 2016
Bulk storage tank for EarthTec QZ next to intake -- 5,500 gallons
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Delivery side
Supply side
Metering pump and wall skid
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Results of treatment with 1ppm QZ Ensured intake screens free of zebra mussels during height of the mussel season
September, 2016
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EarthTec QZ successfully prevented biofouling in Summer-Fall of 2016
Treatment with 1ppm QZ ensured intake screens are free of zebra mussels
September, 2016
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1 ppm dose as QZ
= 60 ug/L as copper
sufficient to achieve
complete control
EarthTec QZ successfully prevented biofouling in Summer-Fall of 2016
Treatment with 1ppm QZ ensured pipeline remained free of zebra mussels
September, 2016
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1 ppm dose as QZ
= 60 ug/L as copper
sufficient to achieve
complete control
EarthTec QZ successfully prevented biofouling in Summer-Fall of 2016
6 ft x 4 ft intake gate
Treatment with 1ppm QZ ensured intake gates remained free of zebra mussels
September, 2016
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1 ppm dose as QZ
= 60 ug/L as copper
sufficient to achieve
complete control
EarthTec QZ successfully prevented biofouling in Summer-Fall of 2016
Note that mussels were only able to
colonize a few spots within eddies of unmixed water,
such as on the feed line itself.
6 ft x 4 ft intake gate
Treatment with 1ppm QZ ensured intake gates remained free of zebra mussels
September, 2016
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Zebra Mussel Control at City of St Paul, Minnesota
Copper Concentration (ug/L = ppb) in treated water
reaching the St Paul WTP, summer of 2016
Date WTP
6/14/2016 0
6/23/2016 2
6/30/2016 0
7/7/2016 3
7/14/2016 4
7/21/2016 1
7/28/2016 0
8/11/2016 0
8/18/2016 1
8/25/2016 0
8/31/2016 0
9/15/2016 0
Average: 0.92
Dose applied at pipeline intake
1 ppm as QZ = 60 ug/L as copper
Copper is consumed by background demand
in the pipeline
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
% M
ort
alit
y
Days of Treatment
Avg Mussel Mortality to QZ Concentration Applied in Pipeline
0.5 ppm
1 ppm
2 ppm (#2)
Ohio WTP
0.5 ppm 1 ppm 2 ppm = 30 ppb as copper
= 60 ppb as copper
= 120 ppb as copper
100% mortality in 6 days at 2 ppm, in 12 days at 1 ppm, in 28 days at 0.5 ppm
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We continued the testing even under ice
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Lead and Copper Rule
The copper residual concentration arriving at a WTP is in the
range of 1/1000th to 1/100th of the Lead and Copper Rule standard
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Main message of this talk: There is a new generation of liquid copper products that
• deliver copper entirely as cupric ions, Cu++
• are highly bioavailable, • are effective at unprecedentedly low doses
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Green Chemistry 1. Prevent waste 2. Maximize atom economy 3. Design less hazardous chemical syntheses 4. Design safer chemicals and products 5. Use safer solvents and reaction conditions 6. Increase energy efficiency 7. Use renewable feedstocks 8. Avoid chemical derivatives 9. Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents 10. Design chemicals and products to degrade after use 11. Analyze in real time to prevent pollution 12. Minimize the potential for accidents
EarthTec is an example of Green Chemistry: • More efficient formulation • Desired benefits at lower doses • Safer • Less waste
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Quagga Mussel and Colonial Hydroid Control in Colorado River Water
Sept, 2016
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Central Arizona Project
• About 550 trillion gallons per
year (1.6 million acre-ft)
• 336 miles of canals
• 15 Pumping stations
• Tunnels, siphons
• Lifts the water >3,000 ft
vertically from the Colorado
River to Phoenix and Tucson
• Delivers to 57 water providers
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Central Arizona Project
• 6 pumps
• 60,000 hp each
• 824 ft vertical rise in
first section
• >50% of all energy
budget for CAP
used in first rise
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Water Temperatures in the Cooling System
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Wat
er T
emp
erat
ure
(0F)
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Quagga Mussel and Colonial Hydroid Control in Colorado River Water
Sept, 2016
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Colonial Hydroid
• Native to Caspian Sea • Stinging tentacles to capture
zooplankton • Species: Cordylophora caspia • Order: Hydroida • Class: Hydrozoa
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Quagga Mussel and Colonial Hydroid Control in Colorado River Water
Sept, 2016
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Quagga Mussel and Colonial Hydroid Control in Colorado River Water
Sept, 2016
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Quagga Mussel and Colonial Hydroid Control in Colorado River Water
Sept, 2016
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Quagga Mussel and Colonial Hydroid Control in Colorado River Water
Sept, 2016
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Continuous dose into Unit 6
vs
Study Objective: To compare two strategies for protection against biofouling of the cooling system
Sher-Release Foul-Release Coating
Silicone-based by Sherwin Williams
and no chemical treatment
EarthTec QZ Liquid Ionic Copper, Cu++
by Earth Science Labs
and no coating
Applied to Units 4 and 5 in July, 2016
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CopperSulfate
NatrixTM CaptainTM EarthTec®
96
h A
vera
ge P
erc
en
t M
ora
lity
0.5 mg/L copper equivalent
Zebra
Quagga
Average percent mortality after 96h of exposure to copper-based algaecides at 0.5 mg/L copper equivalent
Renata Claudi M.Sc., T.H. Prescott P.Eng., Sergey Mastisky Ph.D. & Heather Coffey M.Sc., “Efficacy of Copper Based Algaecides for Control of Quagga and Zebra Mussels”, January, 2014.
Even at equivalent doses of active ingredient, EarthTec is more effective. And we now know much lower doses of EarthTec are still effective against mussels.
Copper Sulfate vs EarthTec
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CopperSulfate
NatrixTM CaptainTM EarthTec®
96
h A
vera
ge P
erc
en
t M
ora
lity
0.5 mg/L copper equivalent
Zebra
Quagga
Average percent mortality after 96h of exposure to copper-based algaecides at 0.5 mg/L copper equivalent
Renata Claudi M.Sc., T.H. Prescott P.Eng., Sergey Mastisky Ph.D. & Heather Coffey M.Sc., “Efficacy of Copper Based Algaecides for Control of Quagga and Zebra Mussels”, January, 2014.
Even at equivalent doses of active ingredient, EarthTec is more effective. And we now know much lower doses of EarthTec are still effective against mussels.
Copper Sulfate vs EarthTec
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CopperSulfate
NatrixTM CaptainTM EarthTec®
96
h A
vera
ge P
erc
en
t M
ora
lity
0.5 mg/L copper equivalent
Zebra
Quagga
Average percent mortality after 96h of exposure to copper-based algaecides at 0.5 mg/L copper equivalent
Renata Claudi M.Sc., T.H. Prescott P.Eng., Sergey Mastisky Ph.D. & Heather Coffey M.Sc., “Efficacy of Copper Based Algaecides for Control of Quagga and Zebra Mussels”, January, 2014.
Even at equivalent doses of active ingredient, EarthTec is more effective. And we now know much lower doses of EarthTec are still effective against mussels.
Copper Sulfate vs EarthTec
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Metering pump mounted to
wall skid
Supply tanks
Injection port
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Direction of flow
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Borescope Observation of Unit 4 (Cooler A on left and Cooler B on right)
Borescope Observation of Unit 4, mid-Dec, 2017
Foul-Release Coating (Sherwin Williams Sher-Release) and no chemical treatment
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Treatment with EarthTec QZ at 0.75 ppm (= 45 ppb as copper)
Borescope Observation of Unit 6 (Cooler A on left and Cooler C on right),
after treatment with EarthTec QZ at 0.75 ppm (= 45 ppb as copper)
and no foul-release coating
Borescope Observation of Unit 6, mid-Dec, 2017
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Foul-Release Coating (Sherwin Williams Sher-Release) and no chemical treatment
Borescope Observation of Unit 4, Jan-Feb, 2017
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Treatment with EarthTec QZ at 0.75 ppm (= 45 ppb as copper)
Borescope Observation of Unit 6, Jan-Feb, 2017
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Foul-Release Coating (Sherwin Williams Sher-Release) and no chemical treatment
Borescope Observation of Unit 5, May 15, 2017
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Borescope Observation of Unit 6, May 15, 2017
Treatment with EarthTec QZ at 0.75 ppm (= 45 ppb as copper)
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Condition of plates prior to placement in EarthTec QZ at 1.0 ppm (= 60 ppb as copper)
Heavily infested settlement plates were taken from Lake Havasu on 5/15/2017 and placed into bioboxes representing a control vs treatment at 1.0 ppm as EarthTec QZ.
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Plates after 2 weeks in untreated (Control) biobox
Settlement plates in the untreated Control biobox as of 5/31/2017. Quagga mussels are healthy and dense. Hydroids are present.
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Plates after 2 weeks in biobox fed with EarthTec QZ at 1.0 ppm (= 60 ppb as copper)
Heavily infested settlement plates 5/31/2017, after 15 days in the treatment biobox. Note that the mussel shells are open and empty, the flesh having washed away.
Hydroid tissues are still present, but readily slough off.
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Infested Plates being placed in biobox 7/12/2017
Before 2 weeks of treatment at 0.75 ppm (= 45 ppb Cu++) Quagga shells mostly healthy and closed.
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Infested Plates after 2 weeks in Treated bioboxes 7/24/2017
After 2 weeks of treatment at 0.75 ppm (= 45 ppb Cu++) Quagga shells open and empty. 95+% dead vs 30% dead on Control plate
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Infested Plates in Control vs Treated Bioboxes after 2 weeks exposure at 0.75 ppm (= 45 ppb as copper)
Treated bioboxes, 0.75 ppm (= 45 ppb Cu++). Quagga shells open and empty. Many sloughed off when
plate was examined. Many empty shells found in bottom of
biobox.
Control biobox. Quagga mussels are mostly healthy and dense, about 30%
mortality.
7/24/2017
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Foul-Release Coating and no chemical treatment
Significant growth of colonial hydroid, but no quagga mussels
Borescope Observation of Unit 5, July 26, 2017
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Treatment with EarthTec QZ at 0.75 ppm (= 45 ppb as copper)
No growth of colonial hydroid or quagga mussels, just a few strands of aquatic weeds that managed to get through the strainers
Borescope Observation of Unit 6, July 26, 2017
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Infested Plates in Control vs Treated Bioboxes, 8/9/2017, after 2 weeks exposure at 0.75 ppm (= 45 ppb as copper)
Treated bioboxes, 0.75 ppm (= 45 ppb Cu++). Hydroids present but
not expanding. Quagga shells open
and empty. Control biobox. Some hydroids.
Quagga mussels are healthy and dense.
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Significant growth of colonial hydroid, but no quagga mussels Foul-Release Coating and no chemical treatment
Treatment with EarthTec QZ at 0.75 ppm (= 45 ppb as copper)
No growth of colonial hydroid or quagga mussels, just a few strands of aquatic weeds that managed to get through the strainers
Borescope Observation of Unit 5 (top) and Unit 6 (bottom), Aug 23 2017
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Treatment with EarthTec QZ at 0.75 ppm (= 45 ppb as copper)
No growth of colonial hydroid or quagga mussels, just a few strands of aquatic weeds that managed to get through the strainers
Borescope Observation of Unit 6, Aug 23, 2017
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Cooler 5 (Foul-release coating)
Infrared-Based Measure of Operating Temperature of Cooling Systems 8/23/2017
Cooler 6 (EarthTec QZ)
Cooler 4 (Foul-release coating)
All three units are running in the desirable range, but Cooler 6 is the coolest
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CopperSulfate
NatrixTM CaptainTM EarthTec®
96
h A
vera
ge P
erc
en
t M
ora
lity
0.5 mg/L copper equivalent
Zebra
Quagga
Average percent mortality after 96h of exposure to copper-based algaecides at 0.5 mg/L copper equivalent
Renata Claudi M.Sc., T.H. Prescott P.Eng., Sergey Mastisky Ph.D. & Heather Coffey M.Sc., “Efficacy of Copper Based Algaecides for Control of Quagga and Zebra Mussels”, January, 2014.
Even at equivalent doses of active ingredient, EarthTec is more effective. And we now know much lower doses of EarthTec are still effective against mussels.
Copper Sulfate vs EarthTec
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1. The Foul-Release Coating worked as advertised: a. Biofouling does occur, but is readily removed with mechanical
cleaning of the fouled surface b. Lifespan of the coating material is still unknown
2. EarthTec QZ worked as hoped:
a. Quagga mussels did not colonize b. Adult mussels introduced to the system were killed c. Effective at unprecedentedly low concentrations, in the range
of 0.75 ppm as product, equivalent to 45 ppb as copper
3. EarthTec QZ treated units operated at the greatest efficiency, although thus far all units are within acceptable range
4. Preventing biofouling altogether is preferable vs a coating of surface that gets biofouled but is easily cleaned
Conclusions
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Pennsylvania WTP in Sept, 2016
Bryozoan or sponge infesting intake, prior to treatment at 0.5 ppm (= 30 ppb as copper)
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David Hammond, PhD Senior Scientist
Earth Science Labs, Inc. [email protected]
510 289-3310
Acknowledgements
Tom Prescott Renata Claudi
Kelly Stockton-Fiti
Thank you!
Scott Bryan, MS Senior Biologist
Central Arizona Project