EarthSci 3 - Minerals and Rocks
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Transcript of EarthSci 3 - Minerals and Rocks
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is a solid combination of more than one mineral formations.
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is a solid formation that occurs naturally in the earth.
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Igneous Rocks• These are rocks formed by the cooling of
molten rock (magma.)
magma
volcano Magma cools and solidifies forming igneous rocks
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Sedimentary Rocks• Sedimentary Rocks are rocks
formed when particles of sediment build up and are “cemented together” by the effect of pressure and minerals.
sea
Fragments washed to the sea
Sedimentary rocks
Rocks are brokenup by the actionof weather
Gettin
g o
lder
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Metamorphic Rocks• Metamorphic rocks are formed by the effect
of heat and pressure on existing rocks.• This can greatly affect the hardness, texture
or layer patterns of the rocks.
Magma
metamorphic
rockforming
here
heat
Pressure from surface rocks
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Igneous rock begins as magma.Magma can form:
▪ When rock is heated▪ When pressure is released▪ When rock changes composition
Magma freezes between 700 °C and 1,250 °C
Magma is a mixture of many minerals
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/igneous.htm
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Felsic: light colored rocks that are rich in elements such as aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium
Mafic: dark colored rocks that are rich in calcium, iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon
Coarse-grained: takes longer to cool, giving mineral crystals more time to grow
Fine-grained: cools quickly with little to no crystals
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Felsic
Mafic
Coarse-Grained
Fine-Grained
Granite
Gabbro Basalt
Rhyolite
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Intrusive Igneous Rocks: magma pushes into surrounding rock below the Earth’s surface
Extrusive Rocks: forms when magma erupts onto the Earth’s surface (lava), cools quickly with very small or no crystals formed
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/ig_intrusive.html&edu=high&fr=t
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Obsidian
What is Obsidian?
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form.
____________ is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form. Is this rock
Felsic or Mafic?
Is it fine-grained or coarse-grained?
Is this rock Intrusive or Extrusive?
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Obsidian
What is Obsidian?
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form.
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form. Is this rock
Felsic or Mafic?
Is it fine-grained or coarse-grained?
Is this rock Intrusive or Extrusive?
Mafic, fine grained, extrusive
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http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/sediment.htm
Sedimentary rock is formed by erosion
Sediments are moved from one place to another
Sediments are deposited in layers, with the older ones on the bottom
The layers become compacted and cemented together
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Sedimentary Rocks are formed at or near the Earth’s surface
No heat and pressure involved
Strata – layers of rock
Stratification – the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers
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Clastic – made of fragments of rock cemented together with calcite or quartz_________ is a term
most often used for clastic sedimentary rocks that are composed of large angular fragments (over two millimeters in diameter).
The spaces between the large angular fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a mineral cement that binds the rock together.
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Clastic – made of fragments of rock cemented together with calcite or quartzBreccia is a term most
often used for clastic sedimentary rocks that are composed of large angular fragments (over two millimeters in diameter).
The spaces between the large angular fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a mineral cement that binds the rock together.
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Chemical Sedimentary – minerals crystallize out of solution to become rock
__________is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of the mineral calcite. It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters.
It is usually an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and fecal debris.
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Chemical Sedimentary – minerals crystallize out of solution to become rock
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of the mineral calcite. It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters.
It is usually an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and fecal debris.
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Organic sedimentary – remains of plants and animals
_________ is an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation and preservation of plant materials, usually in a swamp environment.
Coal is a combustible rock and along with oil and natural gas it is one of the three most important fossil fuels.
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Organic sedimentary – remains of plants and animals
Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation and preservation of plant materials, usually in a swamp environment.
Coal is a combustible rock and along with oil and natural gas it is one of the three most important fossil fuels.
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http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/metamorph.htm
Meaning to change shape
Changes with temperature and pressure, but remains solid
Usually takes place deep in the Earth
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Contact Metamorphism – heated by nearby magma
Increased temperature changes the composition of the rock, minerals are changed into new minerals
_________ is a fine-grained non-foliated metamorphic rock produced by contact metamorphism http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_contact.html&ed
u=h igh&fr=t
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Contact Metamorphism – heated by nearby magma
Increased temperature changes the composition of the rock, minerals are changed into new minerals
Hornfels is a fine-grained non-foliated metamorphic rock produced by contact metamorphism http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_contact.html&ed
u=h igh&fr=t
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Regional Metamorphism – pressure builds up in rocks that is deep within the Earth
Large pieces of the Earth’s crust collide and the rock is deformed and chemically changed by heat and pressure
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_regional.html&edu=high&fr=t
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Foliated - contain aligned grains of flat minerals
________ is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance and is made up of granular mineral grains.
It typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals.
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Foliated - contain aligned grains of flat minerals
Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance and is made up of granular mineral grains.
It typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals.
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Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not arranged in plains or bands
_________ is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone.
It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate.
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Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not arranged in plains or bands
Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone.
It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate.
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Determine if the following rock samples are foliated or non-foliated:
Amphibolite Quartzite Phyllite
Foliated
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Igneous
metamorphic
Sedimentary
The Rock Cycle
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Felsic: light colored rocks that are rich in elements such as aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium
Mafic: dark colored rocks that are rich in calcium, iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon
Coarse-grained: takes longer to cool, giving mineral crystals more time to grow
Fine-grained: cools quickly with little to no crystals
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Felsic
Mafic
Coarse-Grained
Fine-Grained
Granite
Gabbro Basalt
Rhyolite
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Intrusive Igneous Rocks: magma pushes into surrounding rock below the Earth’s surface
Extrusive Rocks: forms when magma erupts onto the Earth’s surface (lava), cools quickly with very small or no crystals formed
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/ig_intrusive.html&edu=high&fr=t
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Obsidian
What is Obsidian?
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form.
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form. Is this rock
Felsic or Mafic?
Is it fine-grained or coarse-grained?
Is this rock Intrusive or Extrusive?
Mafic, fine grained, extrusive
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http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/sediment.htm
Sedimentary rock is formed by weathering then sedimentation
Sediments are moved from one place to another
Sediments are deposited in layers, with the older ones on the bottom
The layers become compacted and cemented together
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Clastic – made of fragments of rock cemented together with calcite or quartzBreccia is a term most
often used for clastic sedimentary rocks that are composed of large angular fragments (over two millimeters in diameter).
The spaces between the large angular fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a mineral cement that binds the rock together.
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Chemical Sedimentary – minerals crystallize out of solution to become rock
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of the mineral calcite. It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters.
It is usually an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and fecal debris.
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Organic sedimentary – remains of plants and animals
Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation and preservation of plant materials, usually in a swamp environment.
Coal is a combustible rock and along with oil and natural gas it is one of the three most important fossil fuels.
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http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/metamorph.htm
Meaning to change shape
Changes with temperature and pressure, but remains solid
Usually takes place deep in the Earth
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Contact Metamorphism – heated by nearby magma
Increased temperature changes the composition of the rock, minerals are changed into new minerals
Hornfel is a fine-grained non-foliated metamorphic rock produced by contact metamorphism http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_contact.html&ed
u=h igh&fr=t
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Regional Metamorphism – pressure builds up in rocks that is deep within the Earth
Large pieces of the Earth’s crust collide and the rock is deformed and chemically changed by heat and pressure
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_regional.html&edu=high&fr=t
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Foliated - contain aligned grains of flat minerals
Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance and is made up of granular mineral grains.
It typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals.
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Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not arranged in plains or bands
Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone.
It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate.
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Igneous
metamorphic
Sedimentary
The Rock Cycle
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