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Earth’s Moon- Our Unique Celestial Neighbor
Definition: a moon is a natural satellite that revolves around a planet
Play Guster Satellitefrom desktop
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Origin of Earth’s Moon Collision between proto-Earth and a Mars-
size object. This is known as a Catastrophic Event
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The Moon’s OriginOrpheus Theory
Borne from a planetary collision between proto-Earth and Orpheus (another planetary object initially between Earth and Mars).
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Age of Earth’s Moon Approximately 4 billion years old (b.y.o) Evidence- Chemical analysis and radioactive
dating of Moon rock collected during Apollo Missions in the 1970’s
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Earth’s Moon Distance: is our closest neighbor in space
at an average distance of 238,857 miles
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Physical Characteristics Equatorial Diameter is about one-quarter
the size of Earth. This is large compared to “mother planet”- Unique
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Gravity Comparison
One- sixth less gravity then Earth because the moon has less mass
Walking on the Moon
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Temperatures 240°F in the Sun - 240°F in the shade Because there’s no atmosphere to transfer
heat
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Moon’s Importance Scientists theorize that without our Moon
there may not be humans on Earth Moon stabilizes Earth’s axial tilt Without our Moon the Earth have drastic
weather changes
Bark at the Moon
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If We Had No Moon Video Quiz
12. Add question #12 What happens to the body without gravity for a long period of time?
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The features of the Moon include:Craters, Marias, Highlands, and Mountains
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Did you know the last man on the moon, Gene Cernan, wrote his daughter’s initials on the lunar surface.
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Moon Map Activity
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Moon Map ActivityRevise the following questions:
4.Identify the largest mare.5.How many men have walked on the lunar surface?7. List 5 interesting Lunar Facts not covered in the notes.
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Moon’s Motions The Moon revolves around the Earth
counterclockwise in an elliptical orbit
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Apogee
Apogee= Away from Earth (distance 252,000 miles
Slowest Velocity
• Apparent Diameter of Moon: Looks Smaller• Pull of Gravity: Less
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Perigee
Perigee= Closest to Earth (distance 223,000 miles
Fastest Velocity
• Pull of Gravity: More• Apparent Diameter of Moon: Looks Larger
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The apparent difference in Lunar size from Perigee to Apogee
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Why do we Always See the Same Side of the Moon?
The rotation period of the Moon, with respect to the universe, is exactly the same as the revolution period of the Moon around the Earth.
Is this a coincidence? No! It’s due to Tidal Locking
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Synchronous Motion Because Moon’s period of revolution and
rotation are identical, we view only the near side of the Moon. Never the far side!
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Lunar Phases
This causes the “phases” of the Moon Waxing Moon – increasing from day to day Waning Moon – decreasing from day to day
Sunlight illuminates half of the Moon• it’s a ball and the Sun is
shining on it from one direction
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Lunar Cycle 29.5 Days = Synodic Month or Lunar
Month the time it takes the moon to go through its full cycle of phases. For example full to full.
Sidereal Month 27.3 time it takes for the moon to complete 1 full revolution around Earth in relation to the background stars.
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Cycle of Lunar Phases
Takes 29.53 days This is because when moon gets back to its
original position in 27.3 days, the earth has moved 1°/day or about 27°.
The moon moving at l3°/day takes about 2 days to catch up with Earth and align with it and the sun in a new moon phase.
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Sidereal vs. Lunar CycleSidereal vs. Lunar Cycle
Moon Stick DemoMoon Stick Demo
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Moon Phases Definition- the cyclic apparent changing of
the shape of the Moon Occurs because Moon revolves around
Earth and when viewed from Earth we see different amounts of the sunlit portion of the Moon
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Moon Phases
Half of the moon is always receiving light from the sun.
The “lit” portion that is visible to earth varies as the moon REVOLVES around earth. THIS CAUSES THE PHASES OF THE MOON.
Visible portion of moon growing = waxing Visible portion of moon shrinking = waning
Vocabulary Page 2
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The Phase of the Moon
The phase of the Moon depends on the relative position between the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon…
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Lunar Phases
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Phases of the MoonPhases of the MoonDefinition: Apparent change of the shape of the Moon.Definition: Apparent change of the shape of the Moon.1. Caused by 1. Caused by ________________________________________________________________________
2. Our Earth view of the changing2. Our Earth view of the changing__________________________________________________________________
We see the moon because the sun is reflecting off of it.We see the moon because the sun is reflecting off of it.
WaxingWaxing: increasing the sunlit portion of the Moon that : increasing the sunlit portion of the Moon that you see from Earth.you see from Earth.
WaningWaning: decreasing the sunlit portion of the Moon : decreasing the sunlit portion of the Moon that you see from Earth.that you see from Earth.
the moon’s revolution around the Earth
illuminated part of the moon’s surface
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Phases of the Moon Rap
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Identify the Phase
Waxing Crescent
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Identify the Phase
First Quarter
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Identify the Phase
Waning Gibbous
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Lunar Cycle 29.5 Days = Synodic Month or Lunar
Month the time it takes the moon to go through its full cycle of phases. For example full to full.
Sidereal Month 27.3 time it takes for the moon to complete 1 full revolution around Earth in relation to the background stars.
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Cycle of Lunar Phases
Takes 29.53 daysThis is because when moon gets back to its
original position in 27.3 days, the earth has moved 1°/day or about 27°.
The moon moving at l3°/day takes about 2 days to catch up with Earth and align with it and the sun in a new moon phase.
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Blue Moon
What is a Blue Moon?
The second full moon in the same month
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Lunar Eclipse Moon goes into Earth’s Shadow Can only happen in the Full Moon Phase Total eclipse lasts for 100 minutes Happens 2 times a year Can be witnessed by many people Winter Solstice Eclipses-2010 Lunar Eclipses-4:16 Slooh.com
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Lunar Eclipse
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Solar Eclipse Moon blocks out sunlight from reaching
Earth Day turns to night Total Solar Eclipse lasts for 7.5 minutes New Moon Phase Rare 1 every 200 years for a particular
location Moon Dance Slow-Quad-total lunar eclipse 12/20/2010
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Solar Eclipse
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Bailey’s Beads
Solar Eclipse- Side, Turkey-2006
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Annular Solar Eclipse Moon does not totally obscure the face of
the Sun. Why?
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Total Solar Eclipse of 21 June 2001 from Zimbabwe
See Richard Monk’swebpage on eclipses:www.williams.edu/astronomy/IAU_eclipses/
Bailey’s Beads
Solar Corona
“Diamond Ring”
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Solar Eclipse ForecastSolar eclipses from 2004 to 2030
Knowing the orbit of the Earth and the Moon, we can now calculate the time and path of solar eclipses with great accuracy.
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The Cause of Eclipses: Shadows
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Lunar Eclipses
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Solar Eclipses
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Solar Eclipses Occur when moon’s orbit intersects ecliptic
during the new moon phase
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Total Solar Eclipses only last about 7 minutes in a very narrow range
across Earth
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Eclipse facts
• Lunar eclipses can only occur during a full moon.
• Solar eclipses can only occur during a new moon.
• A Solar eclipse always occurs two weeks before or after a lunar eclipse.
• Eclipses very often occur in threes, alternating lunar, solar and lunar.
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Eclipse facts
• The maximum time a lunar eclipse can last is 3 hours and 40 minutes.
• The longest time the Moon can stay in totality is 1 hour 40 minutes.
• The maximum time for a total solar eclipse is 7 minutes and 40 seconds.
• The maximum time for an annular solar eclipse is 12 minutes 24 seconds.
• Lunar eclipses can occur up to 3 times a year.
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Eclipse facts
• Solar eclipses can occur at least 2 and no more than 5 times a year.
• Lunar eclipses are visible over an entire hemisphere.
• Solar eclipses are visible in a narrow path a maximum of 167 miles wide (269km.)
• At any geographic position on the Earth, a total solar eclipse occur an average of once every 360 years.
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Eclipse facts
• The cycle of eclipses repeats every 18.6 years called the saros.
• The eclipse shadow moves at 2,000 mph at the Earth's poles and 1,000 mph at the Earth's equator.
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Uniform water level
Moon
Moon’s orbit
The twice-daily rise and fall of Earth’s oceans—
known as the tide—is a result of gravitational pulls
from the moon and the sun.
VOCABULARY
TidesThe Moving Ocean
Low tide
Low tide
Direct high tide
Indirect high tide
tides
perigee
apogee
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Tides reach different levels depending on Earth’s location in relation to the moon and sun.• High tides are higher and low tides are lower when the moon, sun, and Earth are aligned.• High tides are not as high and low tides are not as low as usual when the moon and sun are not in line with Earth.
VOCABULARY
Tides
The Moving Ocean
The twice-daily rise and fall of Earth’s oceans—
known as the tide—is a result of gravitational
pulls from the moon and the sun.
tides
perigee
apogee
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Earth
Moon Moon
Spring Tides
The gravitational affects of the moon and sun combine to influence the flow of the oceans on Earth.
New MoonPhase of the moon?
Full Moon
Phase of the moon?
Moon
New Moon
Phase of the moon?
Higher high tides and lower low tides
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Spring Tides Occurs when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are
all aligned in a straight line. Can only occur in the Full and New Moon
phases Strong tides- Higher than normal high tides
and lower than normal low tides (large tidal range)
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Earth
Moon
MoonFirst Quarter
Phase of the moon?
Third Quarter
Phase of the moon?
Neap Tides
The gravitational affects of the moon and sun fight each other with their influence on the flow of the oceans on Earth.
Moon
Third Quarter
Phase of the moon?
Lowest high tides and highest low tides
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Neap Tides Occurs when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are
aligned at a 90° angle. Can only occur in the Quarter Moon phases Weak tides- Lower than normal high tides
and higher than normal low tides (small tidal range)
Moonlight Drive- Doors
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Tides• Perigee: The point
closest to Earth in the moon’s orbit.
• Apogee: The point farthest to Earth in the moon’s orbit.
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Daily Cycle of Tides
Driven by the gravitational pull of the moon and Sun
Affected by nearness of the moon more than the size of
the Sun
As earth rotates, the tides move around the Earth
alternating between high and low tides approximately
every 6 hours.
Man on the Moon
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Tides Definition- the periodic rising and falling of
the oceans Caused by the Moon’s gravity Affected by the Earth’s rotation 2 types- Spring and Neap
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Spring Tides – Neap Tides
Tidal range: Difference in height between high tide and low tide
Spring Tides: new and full moon phase – greatestrange
Neap Tides: 1st and 3rd Quarter phases – smallestrange