Earthquakes final
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Transcript of Earthquakes final
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Dynamics of the Earth
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Do Now:You are a geology detective, you are taking a hike in the
Appellation Mountains upstate NY… you come across marine fossil in the bed rock and ask your self “How could Marine fossil be found so high in the bedrock… how did they get
here? Give an explanation in your notebook.
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I. Evidence of Crustal Motions:
A. ________________ wears down the earth’s crust.____________ _______________ creates new mountains.
Weathering & Erosion
( Uplift )Plate tectonics
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B. Sedimentary beds are
deposited as_______________
__(_____ _)
Horizontal Layers
Strata
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THIS SEDIMENTARY STRATA SHOWS NO EVIDENCE OF UPLIFT OR CRUSTAL MOTION LAW OF
ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY
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C. Evidence of motions within
the Earth’s crust is indicated by:1._____________2._____________3._____________
TiltingFoldingFaulting
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TILTING
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FOLDING
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FAULTING: OFF SET LAYERS
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FAULTING
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D. ______________provide direct
evidence of crustal movement.
Earthquakes
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World Distribution
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U.S . Distribution
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_______ ______ and________ _______
are 2 changes thatcan be observed after
an earthquake.
Fault lines Uplifted land (displaced strata)
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EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE
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E. ______ ________are used in mapping surveys and indicate exact positions and
elevations.
Bench marks
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Changes in ________________
of benchmarks are evidence that the
land is either ___________
or____________risingsinking
elevation
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F.Displaced marine fossils found in mountains have 2
interpretations:
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
Higher sea levels covered mountains
Rocks were upliftedfrom a previous ocean bottom
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G. _____________is the rising of the crust_____________
is the sinking of the crust
Uplift
Subsidence
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II: EARTHQUAKES
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1. The movement of ____________ inside
_______________
2. _______________ is the movement of rock along a surface where the rocks are broken.
A. 2 processes that cause earthquakes:
magma
volcanoes
faulting
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B. ________ movement of the crust over long periods of time builds ___________
within the rocks.
Slow
stress
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Increased pressure causes the _______ _______
to break creating a ________.
Rock strata
fault
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When faulting occurs energy radiates through the earth as ________ ________ that cause the ground to_______________
Seismic waves
vibrate
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Global Distribution of Earthquakes
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Lisa WaldUSGS Pasadena
U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
USGS Earthquake Hazards Program
Tectonic Plates
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Plate Boundaries
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Three Types of Faults
Strike-SlipThrust
Normal
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Strike-slip Fault Example
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Strike-slip Fault Example
1906 San Francisco Earthquake
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Normal Fault Example
Dixie Valley-Fairview Peaks, Nevada earthquakeDecember 16, 1954
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Thrust Fault Example
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Thrust Fault Example
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What Controls the Level of Shaking?
What Controls the Level of Shaking?
MagnitudeMore energy released
DistanceShaking decays with distance
Local soilsamplify the shaking
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Earthquake Effects - Ground Shaking
Northridge, CA 1994
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Earthquake Effects -Ground Shaking
Northridge, CA 1994
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Earthquake Effects - Ground Shaking
KGO-TV News ABC-7
Loma Prieta, CA 1989
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Earthquake Effects - Ground Shaking
Kobe, Japan 1995
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Earthquake Effects - Ground Shaking
Kobe, Japan 1995
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Earthquake Effects - Surface Faulting
Landers, CA 1992
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Earthquake Effects - Liquefaction
Source: National Geophysical Data Center
Niigata, Japan 1964
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Earthquake Effects - Landslides
Turnnagin Heights,Alaska,1964
Source: National Geophysical Data Center
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Earthquake Effects - Fires
KGO-TV News ABC-7
Loma Prieta, CA 1989
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Earthquake Effects - Tsunamis
Photograph Credit: Henry Helbush. Source: National Geophysical Data Center
1957 Aleutian Tsunami
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Seismic Waves
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Earthquake MagnitudeM5
M6
M7
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Earthquake Location
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The San Andreas Fault
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Pacific-North American Plate Boundary
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Will California eventually fall into the ocean???
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U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
USGS Earthquake Hazards Program
http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
Where to go for more information:
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III.Measuring the Earthquakes:
A. There are 2 scales to measure earthquakes:
1. ________________
2. ________________
Mercalli
Richter
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B. _______________ scale is based upon the observations of people and damage caused. It
measures ___________ of the earthquake from____ to ____
Mercalli
intensity
1 12
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Mercalli Scale – Intensity scale
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
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C._______________
uses the seismograph to determine the ________________
Magnitude is the total______ released by the earthquake.
Richter Scale
magnitude
energy
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Its numerical scale is ____ to ____.
Each of the numerical steps represent ____ increase.
1 10
31X
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Richter Scale – Magnitude scale
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Do Now:
Read the Mercalli Intensity Scale and
the highlighted section of the script.
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Let’s Use The Mercalli IntensityScale to Create
AnIsoseismal Map To Locate the
Epicenter of An Earth Quake
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VII
V
V
VI
VIII
VI
VIIIVII
VI
VIII
IV
V
VII
IV
VI
IV
VII
VI
V
V
IV
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V. Parts of the Earthquake:
A. The place underground where the break or fault occurs is the _______ of the quake.
focus
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Do Now:
Slinky Demo Time!!! Read over the Seismic Wave
chart
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QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Primary (p-wave
Secondary(s-waves)
Surface
Also called… (compressional, shear)
Causes the most damage…(Check one)
Relative Speed(Slowest, Fastest or Intermediate)
Describe the Wave Motion compared to the direction that the wave is traveling.
Bonus: In what layers of the earth can they travel?
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The __________ is the location along the surface of the earth just above the focus where the earthquake is felt most strongly.
epicenter
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A. The 2 most important energy waves are:
P-wave or Primaryand
S-wave or Secondary
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P-wave
Primary Wave
S-wave
Secondary wave
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B. Characteristics of Primary Waves (P)
waves: _______________________ _______________________
_______________________ _______________________
Faster than S wavesRecorded first
travels through both solids and fluids
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C. Characteristics of Secondary Waves (S)
waves: _______________________ _______________________
_______________________
_______________________
Slower than P wavesRecorded after P-wave
Can not travel
through fluids
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TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE WAVES
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D. Both S and P
waves travel faster through ___________
material.denser
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Do Now:
Take out Chart from Slinky Demo. Finish it.
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VI. Finding the Epicenter:
A. The seismograph records the ________________ and
________________________________________
magnitude
Records arrival time of seismic waves
Use reference table page 11
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Seismograph
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B. The steps for calculating your distance from the
epicenter:
1. ________________________2. ________________________
3. ________________________
4. ________________________
Subtract arrival time of P from arrival time of S
Mark the interval on Y-axis
Slide marks to match P & S curve
Follow down to x-axisand read distance
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01:10:00 01:20:0001:18:00 01:24:00
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Step 1 Subtract the arrival time
of the P wave from the
arrival time of the S wave
01:24:00 - 01:18:00 00:06:00Lag time= 6 minutes !!!
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Step 2
Mark the interval on the Y-axis
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Step 3Slide the marks to
match the P and S Curves.Make sure the
paper is straight!
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Step 4Follow down to the X-axis
and read distance
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Practice questions:
1. The arrival of the P-wave is 12:03:00.
The arrival of an S-wave is 12:07:00 the difference is:
How far is this earthquake from the seismic station? 4 minutes
2600 Km
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Practice questions:2. The arrival time of the
P-wave is 2:05:00The arrival of the S-wave is 2:08:00
the difference is:How far is this earthquake from the seismic station?
3 minutes
1800 Km
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Practice questions:
3. If the difference in arrival time between P and S waves is 2 minutes 35 secondswhat is the distance from the earthquake to the
Seismograph stations?1500 Km
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Practice questions:
4. How long does it take for a P-wave to travel from the focus of an earthquake to a seismograph station 2,000 km. away?
4 minutes
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Practice questions:5. What is the difference in
arrival time between P and S waves for an earthquake
that is 5,000 kilometer away from a seismograph station?
6 mins 40 secs
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VII. THE ORIGIN TIME OF AN EARTHQUAKE:
A. Earthquake waves detected at _______ times by observers are at _______ distances from the epicenter.
later
greater
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B. To find the origin time seismologists need to
know:1. _____________________
2. _____________________
Arrival time of P-wave
Travel time of P-wave(how long it took)
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Example:
A seismograph recording station located 5,700 km. from an epicenter.
It receives a P-wave at 2:45pmAt what time did the earthquake actually occur at the epicenter?
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First:use the distance to find outthe travel time.Then: subtract the travel time from the arrival time.
The answer is:
9 min.
2:36
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Do Now: Plot the following
City Distance to Epicenter
Denver 1.50 x 103 Km
Tampa 3.80 x 103 Km
San Diego 0.65 x 103 Km
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Do Now: Plot the following
City Distance to Epicenter
Wink 1.8 x 103 Km
New York 1.1 x 103 Km
Seattle 3.0 x 103 Km
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SF = San Francisco 300 km
LV = Las Vegas 390 km
LA = Los Angeles 189 km
Seismic Stations
TRIANGULATION TO FIND THE EPICENTER
SF
LVLA
300 km
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Do Now:Focused Free Write:
How could you use seismic (P&S) waves to determine if an egg is
raw, soft-boiled or hard-boiled without breaking the egg? Explain in 3-4
sentences.
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VIII. THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH:
A. The crusts thickness______ It is _________________ under the oceans and
_________ under continents.
varies
thinner
thicker
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Continental crust is mostly_______________, ____________density & __________________
The ocean basins are mostly ________ and ______ or ___________
granitic
dark densebasaltic
lowlight
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B. Inferred characteristics of Earth’s
Interior:1. Studying the _____________
of _____________ ________ allows us to make inferences about the structure and composition of the Earth’s interior.
transmission
EarthQuake Waves
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S-waves can not pass through liquid
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P-waves are bent as they passthrough the different layers
Based on the density of the layer
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2. The _____________ of a seismic wave changes with the __________ of the material it travels through.
Waves are also ___________ (bent) as they travel through different densities
velocity
density
refracted
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We know that P-waves can be transmitted through
________ _______ & ______
S-Waves can be transmitted through ONLY
________________
solid liquid gas
solid
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3. Earth Quake Shadow Zones:When an earthquake occurs both
____________ are received from most of the earth.
Opposite sides of the earth where the epicenter is, receives
____ but NO _______ because S-waves can not penetrate the _______ outer core.
S and P waves
SP
liquid
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____________ occurs at the ___________ (boundaries)
refraction interfaces
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Let’s Draw This Diagram in our Notebook:
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p-wave arrival at 21:58:30
s-wave arrival at 22:02:45
surfacewaves
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Summaryp-wave arrival at 21:58:30s-wave arrival at 22:02:45Difference in arrival times — 4
min. 15 sec.Travel Time Curves Distance =
2700 kmActual Distance between
Binghamton, NY and Port-Au-Prince, Haiti = 2647 km
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VolcanoesA Volcano is both the opening in the Earth’s crust through which molten rock flows, and the landform that develops around it.
Mt. Etna
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Where Volcanoes Form
1. At Subduction Boundaries – Subducted plate material melts to form new magma
Hot magma is less dense than surrounding rock, so it rises.
Magma reaches the surface to form volcanoes
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Augustine, Alaska
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Where Volcanoes Form
2. At Divergent BoundariesMagma forms at mid-ocean ridges.
Iceland formed as the result of volcanoes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
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Where Volcanoes Form
3. Hot Spots – Caused by plumes of hot material from deep within the mantle.
Hawaiian Islands were formed in this way.
As plate moves over hot spot, new islands form.
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Mauna Loa
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Kilauea
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Stromboli
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Stromboli
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Paricutin, Mexico
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Nevada Del Ruiz, Colombia
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Pacaya, Guatemala
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Mount Vesuvius
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Pompeii
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Crater Lake