Earthquake Test Review Next Which type of stress stretches rock? Tension Compression Diversion...
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Transcript of Earthquake Test Review Next Which type of stress stretches rock? Tension Compression Diversion...
Earthquake TestReview
Next
Which type of stress stretches rock?
Tension
Compression
Diversion
Shearing
This is a break or a crack in the rock.
Fault
Fissure
Fracture
Mine
This type of fault is caused by compression.
Normal
Reverse
Strike-slip
Oblique strike-slip
The type of fault shown below:
Normal
Reverse
Strike-slip
Oblique strike-slip
Which type of stress creates the fault below:
Tension
converging
compression
shearing
The location where an earthquake begins
epicenter
fault line
focus
seismograph
The point directly above the focus.
Seismogram
Epicenter
Stress
Fracture
All earthquakes happen at plate boundaries
True
False
The waves that move out in all directions from the focus on an earthquake.
Seismic waves
Sonic waves
Sound waves
Sonar waves
Type of seismic wave that does the most damage.
Primary Wave
Secondary Wave
Surface Wave
Sound wave
The first type of wave to arrive at a seismograph station.
Primary Wave
Secondary Wave
Surface Wave
Sound wave
This type of wave travels only through solids.
Primary Wave
Secondary Wave
Surface Wave
Sound wave
How many seismograph stations are needed to determine the epicenter?
One
Two
Three
Four
This measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake.
Intensity
Strength
Depth
Magnitude
The magnitude scale used today.
Mercalli scale
Richter Scale
Moment Magnitude Scale
Seismograph Scale
Earthquakes can be predicted.
True
False
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Types of Stress Three main types of stress:
– Tension: rocks are stretched
– Compression: rocks are squeezed
– Shear: rocks slide horizontal in opposite directions
5.1 Interactions at Plate Boundaries
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Fractures and Faults A fracture is a break or crack in
rock.
• If rock on side of a fracture has moved relative to the other side it is called a fault.
• Three main types of faults
• Normal faults
• Reverse faults
• Strike-slip faults
5.1 Interactions at Plate Boundaries
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Reverse Faults Reverse faults result from compression stress and slope at an angle. Hanging wall up relative to footwall.
5.1 Interactions at Plate Boundaries
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Normal Faults
Normal faults result from tension stress and slope at an angle.
Hanging wall down relative to footwall.
5.1 Interactions at Plate Boundaries
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Strike-Slip Faults Strike-slip faults result from shearing stress and are often vertical. San Andreas Fault in California. (p.212)
5.1 Interactions at Plate Boundaries
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Focus & Epicenter The focus is the location on the
fault where an earthquake begins.
6.1 Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries
• The closer the focus is to the surface, the stronger the shaking will be.
• The point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus is the epicenter.
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Focus & Epicenter The focus is the location on the
fault where an earthquake begins.
6.1 Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries
• The closer the focus is to the surface, the stronger the shaking will be.
• The point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus is the epicenter.
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Earthquakes Away from Plate Boundaries
6.1 Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries
Not all earthquakes happen at plate boundaries. New Madris Earthquakes of 1911
• Millions of years ago, a long zone of intense faulting was formed when the crust began to pull apart, but did not break completely.
• Today, the crust is being compressed, or squeezedtogether. (p. 246) Return to quiz
Seismic Wave
• Waves move outwardfrom the focus in alldirections.
• 3 main types of seismic waves.
Waves of energy that are produced at the focus of an earthquake.
6.2 Earthquakes and Seismic Waves
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3. Surface Waves
6.2 Earthquakes and Seismic Waves
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1. Primary Waves (P-waves)
6.2 Earthquakes and Seismic Waves
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2. Secondary Waves (S-waves)
6.2 Earthquakes and Seismic Waves
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Locating an Epicenter Triangulation is used to locate the epicenter.
• This method is based on the speeds of the seismic waves.
• At least three seismographs must record the distances.
6.3 Measuring Earthquakes
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Measuring Earthquake Size Magnitude measures the amount of energy released
by an earthquake.
• Determined by the buildup of elastic strain energy in the crust, at place where rupture occurs
• Magnitude scale is based on record of height of ground motion and ranges from 0–9.
• Richter Magnitude Scale
6.3 Measuring Earthquakes
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Moment Magnitude Scale Used today because it is a more accurate scale for
measuring earthquake size.
• Based on the amount of energy released during an earthquake.
6.3 Measuring Earthquakes
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Predicting Earthquakes At this time, geologists cannot predict earthquakes. Geologists can, however, determine the seismic risk by locating active faults and where past earthquakes have
occurred. Geologists create seismic risk maps. (p.274)
6.3 Measuring Earthquakes
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