Earth’s surface is broken into several large pieces called tectonic plates.
Earth System and Recourse. Earth’s Layers The Earth’s crust is made up of a series of rigid...
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Transcript of Earth System and Recourse. Earth’s Layers The Earth’s crust is made up of a series of rigid...
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Earth System and Recourse
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The Earth’s crust is made up of a series of rigid plates, called tectonic plates, which move in response to forces in the mantle.
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There are three major concentric zones, layers: Core, Mantle, and Crust
Asthenosphere: very hot, party melted rock. Part of the mantle. Roughly 180km thick (112 miles)
Continental Crust: below the continent, mainly consist of igneous rocks about 5-10 km thick (15-56 miles)
Oceanic crust: below the oceans. Thinner than the continental crust. About 5-10 km thick ( 3.6-6.2 miles)
Lithosphere: outer shell of the earth, composed of crust and rigid
Mohorovicic discontinuity: the border between crust and mantle AKA MOHO
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To Learn more about the rock cycle visit this website: http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/diagram.html
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Divergent Plate- where the plates move apart in opposite directions
Convergent Plate Boundary- The plates are pushed together by internal forces
Transform Fault- where plates slide and grind past one another along a fracture (fault) in the lithosphere.
Animations: Divergent , Convergent, and Transformhttp://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/animations/basic_plate_boundaries.htm
Transform: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/animations/transform_faulting.htm
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Nonrenewable resource: a concentration of naturally occurring material in or on the earth’s crust that can be extracted and processed into useful material at an affordable cost.
Metallic resources: iron, copper, and aluminum
Nonmetallic resources: salt, clay, sand, phosphates, and soil
Energy resources: coal, oil, natural gas, and uranium
Ore: rock containing enough of one or more metallic minerals to be mined profitably.
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Overburden: soil and rock and usually discards it as waste material called spoils.
Types of surface mining: open-pit mining, dredging, area strip mining, contour strip mining, and mountaintop removal
Surface Mining Control Act: (1977) requires mining companies to restore most surface- mined land so it can be used for the same purpose as before it was mined
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Removes coal and various metal ores that are too deep to be extracted by surface mining.
Disturbs less than one- tenth as much land as surface mining and produce less waste material.
Hazards: include cave-ins, explosions, and lung diseases (such as black lung) caused by prolonged inhalation of mining dust.
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Environmental Effects of Mining
Steps
Mining
exploration, extraction
Processing
transportation, purification,manufacturing
Usetransportation or transmission
to individual user,eventual use, and discarding
Environmental Effects
Disturbed land; mining accidents;health hazards; mine waste dumping;oil spills and blowouts; noise;ugliness; heat
Solid wastes; radioactive material;air, water, and soil pollution;
noise; safety and healthhazards; ugliness; heat
Noise; ugliness;thermal water pollution;
pollution of air, water, and soil;solid and radioactive wastes;
safety and health hazards; heat
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Mine, use, throw away;no new discoveries;rising prices
A
Recycle; increase reservesby improved miningtechnology, higher prices,and new discoveries
Recycle, reuse, reduceconsumption; increasereserves by improvedmining technology,higher prices, andnew discoveries
Depletion Times
The amount of time
it will take to use up a
certain proportion of
a mineral. (Typically 80%)B
C
Pro
du
ctio
n
Present Depletiontime A
Time
Depletiontime B
Depletiontime C