Earth Structure Basic layers Layered surface structure Spreading centers Subduction zones Hot Spots...
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Transcript of Earth Structure Basic layers Layered surface structure Spreading centers Subduction zones Hot Spots...
![Page 1: Earth Structure Basic layers Layered surface structure Spreading centers Subduction zones Hot Spots Transform faults Evidence Animations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649d625503460f94a44aa4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Earth Structure
• Basic layers• Layered surface
structure• Spreading centers• Subduction zones• Hot Spots• Transform faults• Evidence• Animations
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![Page 3: Earth Structure Basic layers Layered surface structure Spreading centers Subduction zones Hot Spots Transform faults Evidence Animations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649d625503460f94a44aa4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Earth Structure Basic layers Layered surface structure Spreading centers Subduction zones Hot Spots Transform faults Evidence Animations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649d625503460f94a44aa4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Surface Layer Structure
![Page 5: Earth Structure Basic layers Layered surface structure Spreading centers Subduction zones Hot Spots Transform faults Evidence Animations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649d625503460f94a44aa4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
All plate motions can be described by thinking about the movement of plates on a sphere.
![Page 6: Earth Structure Basic layers Layered surface structure Spreading centers Subduction zones Hot Spots Transform faults Evidence Animations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649d625503460f94a44aa4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Earth Structure Basic layers Layered surface structure Spreading centers Subduction zones Hot Spots Transform faults Evidence Animations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649d625503460f94a44aa4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Spreading Centers
![Page 8: Earth Structure Basic layers Layered surface structure Spreading centers Subduction zones Hot Spots Transform faults Evidence Animations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649d625503460f94a44aa4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Earth Structure Basic layers Layered surface structure Spreading centers Subduction zones Hot Spots Transform faults Evidence Animations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649d625503460f94a44aa4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Earth Structure Basic layers Layered surface structure Spreading centers Subduction zones Hot Spots Transform faults Evidence Animations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649d625503460f94a44aa4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Spreading centers form the longest mountain chain in the world, almost 60,000 km. They are areas of recently formed ocean crust, and have reasonable levels of shallow seismicity.
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Subduction Zones
![Page 12: Earth Structure Basic layers Layered surface structure Spreading centers Subduction zones Hot Spots Transform faults Evidence Animations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649d625503460f94a44aa4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Note that Earth is density stratified, that is, each deeper layer is denser than the layer above.
At the Peru-Chile Trench, the oceanic lithosphere is much denser than the continental lithosphere, so it sinks down into the mantle
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Subduction zones are areas where plates collide, usually resulting in very deep earthquakes.
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Ocean islands and basins can both be created and destroyed. Destruction occurs when two pieces of continental lithosphere or island arc collide: they accrete to each other and the basin between is destroyed. This process also brings old seafloor (ophiolites) up onto continent edges.
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Hot Spots
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Hot spots are areas of mantle “plumes” where hot material is rising to the surface from deep within the mantle. Plate movements over a hot spot form island chains, such as the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount Chain in the Pacific Ocean.
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Transform Faults
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Transform faults form connections between spreading centers and subduction zones -- they are where plate boundaries are moving in opposite, but parallel directions.
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Pacific NW has it all!
• 5 plates• Subduction zones• Spreading center (JdF Ridge) • Transform faults• Ophiolites (Olympics)• Deep & shallow earthquakes• Subduction volcanoes
• NEPTUNE - proposed regional cabled observatory - see http://www.neptune.washington.edu
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Plate Tectonics: Topography
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Plate Tectonics: Volcanoes
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Plate Tectonics: Earthquakes
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Plate Tectonics: Seafloor Age
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Magnetic anomalies remain from switch in magnetic polar direction over time...left distinct pattern on both seafloor and some rocks on continents.
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The Integrated Picture
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The breakup of Pangaea, a “Super Continent” is responsible for the current plate configuration.
![Page 27: Earth Structure Basic layers Layered surface structure Spreading centers Subduction zones Hot Spots Transform faults Evidence Animations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649d625503460f94a44aa4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Plate Motions through time