Earth Science Review Part II

41. Which of the following represents a reverse fault?

A B

C D

42. A fault is a fracture in Earth’s crust. When the crust faults, it can create an earthquake. Which of the following is TRUE of earthquakes?

a. An earthquake’s epicenter is located deep in the earth.b. The focus of an earthquake can be determined with circles

drawn from information from two seismic stations.c. An earthquake’s surface waves will usually travel faster than

any of the other wave types.d. The seismograph of an earthquake will show first the P

waves, then S waves, then the Surface waves.

43. Ninety-five percent of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur a. within an area of the Atlantic Ocean called the mid-Atlantic Ridge.b. along a line that follows the borders of the Pacific Ocean called the Ring of Fire.c. in Japan and California.d. along the equator.

44. A tsunami is formed from a. a hydrothermal vent deep in the ocean.b. the eruption of a deep ocean volcano.c. the sudden uplift of a deep ocean earthquake.d. a hurricane moving toward shore.

45. Volcanoes can cause great harm to the Earth and its inhabitants. Which of the following is true of volcanic eruptions?

a. Ash clouds are made of lava bombs and lava blocks.b. Pyroclastic flows are harmless clouds of ash that flow down

the volcanic mountain.c. The most violent eruptions are from caldera volcanoes.d. Violent eruptions usually include lava that has low viscosity.

46. Which of the following would NOT contribute to the explosiveness of a volcanic eruption?

a. high viscosityb. high amount of gasesc. shape of the volcanod. size of the magma chamber

47. The study of organisms and their environments is calleda. symbiosisb. ecologyc. pathologyd. trophism

48. Natural selection can only act on a population. What is a population?a. a group of individuals of the same species living in the same areab. a group of communities of the same species living in the same areac. a group of individuals of different species occupying a single habitatd. a group of individuals of different species that occupy the same niche

49. Which of the following statements about populations is true?

a. Two groups of individuals of the same species but living in different areas make up two populations.b. Populations contain only advantageous adaptations.c. Populations are only affected by biotic factors.d. Changes in a population can only occur if there are mutations.

50. Symbiotic relationships between organisms of two different species can be divided into mutualism, commensalism, parasitism and predation. Which of the following statements about these types of symbiosis is TRUE?a. The acacia ant kills weeds around the acacia tree that provides it with shelter and food. This is an example of mutualism.b. Cattle egrets follow cattle as they graze stirring up insects that the egrets eat. The cattle are unaffected by the egrets. This is an example of parasitism.c. Tapeworms reproduce and grow inside a dog causing serious damage to the dog. This is an example of commensalism. d. An integral part of the coyote’s diet is rabbits. The rabbits produce many offspring to compensate for the loss of their population to hunting coyotes. This is an example of mutualism.

51. Population dynamics depend on many factors. Which of the following statements about the growth and depletion of populations is TRUE?

a. A rapid increase in numbers of a particular population is called exponential growth and produces an S-Curve when graphed.

b. When a prey population increases, the predator population will decrease.

c. Most communities include larger populations of producers than consumers.

d. Removal of only one population from a food web will have little effect on the rest of the web.   

52. Water is the primary molecule making up all life forms. Which of the following statements is NOT true of water?

a. Water is an excellent solvent due to its polarity.b. Water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds.c. The property of water that allows water bugs to remain on

the surface is called surface tension.d. Water is at its coldest at 0oC.

53. Which of the following properties of water allows fish to survive in a pond in the winter?

a. Water is most dense at 4oC.b. Water has a high specific heat.c. Water exhibits adhesion.d. Water exhibits cohesion.

54. Refer to the illustration of a food pyramid below. What is the biomass at the secondary consumer level?

Fox

Birds

Grasshoppers 

Grass7153 kg

a. 7.153 kgb. 71.53 kgc. 715.3 kgd. 7153 kg

55. Water is a nonrenewable resource. Which of the following statements is TRUE of the supplies of water on Earth?a. The ocean makes up 50% of the water on Earth and is salty.b. The majority of freshwater on Earth is in the form of ice.c. Groundwater is plentiful making up 63% of the freshwater on Earth.d. Most of the available freshwater is collected in large bodies of water such as lakes, ponds, and rivers.

56. The Hydrologic Cycle is the way water circulates from atmosphere to land and back again. While water is on land it is stored in several ways. Which of the following is NOT a type of water storage?

a. ice and snow storageb. groundwater storagec. freshwater storage in lakes and pondsd. stream storage

Y

X Z

a. oxbowb. meanderc. stream curved. tributary

57. The ability of a stream to erode and transport materials is largely due to its

a. depthb. velocityc. widthd. discharge

58. The illustration below shows the path of a stream through a valley. What is the structure labeled “Z” below?

59. The health of a body of freshwater can be determined in many ways. Which of the following collections of information would indicate a healthy pond?

a. high temperature, low oxygen, high turbidity, pH 7.0, high chlorophyll a

b. high nitrates, high chlorophyll a, high turbidity, pH 6.5c. low temperature, healthy trout, high oxygen, low turbidityd. low temperature, low chlorophyll a, high nitrates, pH 8.0

land

landocean

river

?

60. Consider the illustration below. What stream structure is illustrated?

a. leveeb. estuaryc. alluvial fand. wetland

61. Rainfall is necessary for the growth of plants and to provide drinking water. However, not all rainfall is stored for use. Which of the following statements about rainfall runoff is correct?a. Watersheds are large structures in which rainfall is collected.b. River Basins are areas of land where streams from multiple areas deposit their rain.c. TJCA is within the Catawba River Basin.d. Most of the water that makes up rainfall runoff is polluted. 62. Which of the following statements about Earth’s ocean is TRUE?a. The Atlantic Ocean is the dominant physical feature of our planet.b. There is only one huge world ocean.c. The Pacific Ocean is the largest and the Southern Ocean is the smallest.d. The ocean formed on Earth about 4.8 billion years ago.

63. Matthew Maury was the first to write a textbook about oceans. Since then many wonderful discoveries have been made. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the exploration of the ocean?

a. The study of the ocean and its life forms is called oceanology.b. A bathysphere is a submersible that remains connected to the ship.c. Argo was the submersible that was used when scientists first discovered hydrothermal vents.d. The remains of the titanic were discovered using a robotic submersible named Alvin.

64. As we strive to map the ocean floor, new technology is used to provide accuracy. Which of the following is TRUE regarding mapping the ocean floor.

a. Sonar is an acronym for Sound Navigation and Ranging.b. Sonar works by sending out laser light that bounces off the floor of the ocean and provides data that can then be used to determine the depth of the ocean at that point.c. Continental shelves are sometimes referred to as the “drop off.”d. An abyss is a deep trench or canyon on the ocean floor.

65. Salt is a primary component of our oceans. Which of the following is true of ocean salinity?a. If salinity decreases, buoyancy increases so ships will float higher.b. Thermohaline circulation acts to circulate energy and nutrients throughout the oceans.c. The salinity of our oceans does not affect our climates.d. Salinity is not related to the “global conveyer belt.”

66. What is El Niño?a. a warm current that flows up the eastern side of North America from the equatorb. a cold current that flows up the western side of South America from the Antarcticc. a reversal of cool waters that normally flow on the surface with warm waters that flow on the bottom of the oceand. a natural phenomenon that occurs once every 50 years along the equator in the Atlantic Ocean

67. Waves are an important part of the ocean. Which of the following statements about waves is true?a. The lowest point of a wave is called its crest.b. A wavelength is measured from the shore to the top of the wave.c. Wave height is only affected by wind speed.d. As waves approach the shore, the land pushes them upwards.

68. There are many zones in the ocean. These areas can be separated horizontally or vertically. Which of the following statements about ocean zones is TRUE?a. Ocean zones are determined by temperature, pressure, and light.b. Organisms that live in the neritic zone must be able to live both in and out of water.c. The most productive zone in the ocean is the intertidal zone.d. The area in the ocean that separates the upper layer from the lower layer is called the thermohale.

69. The organism that is most likely to be at the base of the oceanic food web is

a. microscopic algaeb. nektonc. seaweedd. coral

70. Shorelines can vary greatly in their appearance and composition. Which of the following is TRUE of shorelines?a. Marshes have mostly grasses and are only occasionally covered with water.b. Swamps have trees and bushes and are usually covered with water.c. Estuaries are found at the head of rivers.d. Deltas are bodies of water that are a mixture of freshwater from rivers and saltwater from the ocean.

71. Coral reefs support approximately 25% of all marine species and are thousands of years old. Which of the following is true of coral reefs?

a. The coral reefs of the Florida Keys are one of the few healthy reefs in the world.

b. Bleaching is a condition in which living coral produces a substance similar to bleach.

c. Coral reefs are so biodiverse that they are often called the “rainforests of the sea.”

d. Coral reefs easily adapt to changes in water quality.

72. The deep ocean has only begun to be explored. Which of the following is true of deep oceans?

a. Deep ocean hydrothermal vents are openings in the Earths crust which release microorganisms into the sea.

b. Chemosynthesis is the process of producing food using chemicals such as sulfur where there is no light.

c. The deep ocean only includes the ocean abyss.d. Deep ocean organisms that can swim are called plankton.

73. Rachel Carson wrote a book that is widely credited with helping launch the contemporary American environmental movement. The name of this book is

a. Silent Deathb. An Unpleasant Truthc. Beginnings of Understandingd. Silent Spring

74. Humans have great impacts on our Atmosphere. Which of the following is true of human impacts on the atmosphere?a. Chlorofluorocarbons from our factories increases global warming. b. Hydrocarbons from burning fossil fuels increase greenhouse gases.c. Sulfur dioxide from refrigeration units cause acid rain.d. Carbon monoxide causes ozone depletion.

75. Deforestation of the rainforests causes which of the following impacts?

a. Decrease in carbon dioxide in the air.b. Increase in atmospheric oxygen.c. Loss of grassland habitats.d. Extinction of species.

76. When legislation began regarding clean drinking water, the government was trying to

a. decrease the amount of fecal coliform in the drinking water in cities.

b. decrease the amount of pollution in drinking water.c. ensure clean drinking water for rural areas.d. control what people could drink.

77. Drinking water is treated in several different ways. Which of the following descriptions correctly defines a water treatment method?a. Aeration is a method of putting carbon dioxide into wastewater to inhibit growth of bacteria.b. Flocculation is a method of releasing oxygen into water to kill anaerobic bacteria.c. Active Carbon Absorption is a method of trapping pollutants in the pores of activated carbon.d. Reverse osmosis is a method of allowing wastewater to flow backward through a filtration screen.

78. There are several natural wastewater treatment systems. Which of the following is NOT a natural wastewater treatment system?

a. rakingb. overland flowc. rapid infiltrationd. aquaculture

79. Environmental degradation is the destruction of the environment. Which of the following is a result of environmental degradation?

a. increased biodiversity of communitiesb. elimination of tolerant speciesc. increase of intolerant speciesd. elimination of intolerant species

80. Which of the following would NOT be considered an economic trade-off?a. Using compact fluorescent bulbs reduces energy consumption but may create a risk for mercury exposure.b. Hybrid cars reduce the burning of fossil fuels but create a problem in disposing the batteries.c. Growing massive quantities of corn for ethanol use reduces burning of fossil fuels in automobiles but increases burning of fossil fuels emitted by tractors and other planting and harvesting equipment.d. Recycling plastic reduces the use of fossil fuels to make plastic but also reduces the amount of plastics purchased.