Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.
-
Upload
magdalen-chapman -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.
![Page 1: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Earth Science Final
December 2014
Mrs. Sagala-Riddle
![Page 2: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Branches of Earth Science
The Branche
s of Earth
Science
Astronomy
Geology
Meteorology
Oceanography
Environmental
Science
![Page 3: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Earth’s 4 Spheres Atmosphere
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere
![Page 4: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Carbon Cycle
• Photosynthesis• Respiration• Combustion• Erosion• Decomposition
![Page 5: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Layers of the Earth’s Atmosphere
![Page 6: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Composition of Earth’s AtmosphereDuring Formation, Outgassing, & Present• During Formation: Hydrogen & Helium
• Outgassing: Outpouring of gases from the earth's interior, Other gases were injected into the atmosphere:• water vapor (produced rain - rivers, lakes, oceans)
• carbon dioxide
• Nitrogen
• Present: 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 1% Other
![Page 7: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Differences between Inner Planets, Outer Planets, Dwarf Planets, Exoplanets
Inner PlanetsRockyCloser to the sunOrbits the sunFew or no moons/no rings
Outer PlanetsGas planetsFurther from the sunOrbits the sunMany moons & ringsMade of ice & rock
Dwarf PlanetsSmaller than our planets, bigger than asteroidsMedium sized planetsOrbit the sun, not other planetsSphere (round) shaped
ExoplanetsDoes NOT orbit the sun, orbits other starsMost are gas giants
![Page 8: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Parts of the Sun
![Page 9: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Life Cycle of Stars like the Sun
• Nebula
• Protostar
• Star like the sun
• Red Giant
• Planetary Nebula
• White Dwarf
![Page 10: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Life Cycle of a Massive Star
• Nebula
• Protostar
• Massive star
• Red supergiant
• Supernova
• Neutron star
![Page 11: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
![Page 12: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Steps of Nuclear Fusion
• Step 1 Proton fuses with Proton = Neutron + Proton (Releases Energy)
• Step 2 Neutron/Proton fuses with Proton = (Releases Energy)
• Step 3 2 Protons fuse with 2 Neutrons = (Releases Energy)
![Page 13: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Hertzsprung Russell (HR) Diagram
![Page 14: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Big Bang Theory
• All matter & energy in the universe was compressed into an extremely small
volume that 13 to 15 billion years ago exploded & expanded in all directions.
![Page 15: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Nebular Hypothesis
• Explains the origin of the solar system.• A rotating nebula cooled & contracted,
throwing off rings of matter that contracted into planets & moons, while the great mass of the condensing nebula became the sun.
![Page 16: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Giant Impact Hypothesis
• The Moon was formed out of the debris left over from an indirect collision between the Earth and an astronomical body the size of Mars,
• About 4.5 billion years ago
![Page 17: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Deforestation
• Deforestation is clearing Earth's forests on a massive scale.
• Causes damage to the quality of the land.
• The world’s rain forests could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation.
![Page 18: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Greenhouse Effect
![Page 19: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Red Shift (evidence of the Big Bang Theory)
• Red Shift (Red is the color for longer wavelengths)
• The observed wavelength of the light is longer when objects are moving away from us. The light is shifted towards the red end of the spectrum, RED SHIFT. A force that opposes gravity, pushing galaxies further apart.
![Page 20: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Blue Shift
![Page 21: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Parallax
• Shift in position of an object caused by your own motion.
• For example, if you look at some nearby object and move your head a little from side to side, the object looks like it is moving back and forth.
![Page 22: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Astronomical Unit
• An astronomical unit (au) is a unit of length, roughly the distance from the Earth to the Sun.
![Page 23: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Light Year
• A light-year is a unit of length used informally to express astronomical distances.
• It is equal to about 6 trillion miles.
• A light-year is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one Julian year.
![Page 24: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
PerihelionAphelion
• Point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid, or comet where it is nearest to the sun.
• Point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid, or comet at which it is furthest from the sun.
![Page 25: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Constellation
• A constellation is a specific area of the celestial sphere.
• Star Patterns from which the constellations take their names.
• 88 recognized constellations, covering the entire sky.
![Page 26: Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e915503460f94b96bc2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Galaxy
• A massive, gravitationally bound system.
• Consists of stars, stellar remnants, gas, dust & dark matter.