Earth Science, 13e
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Transcript of Earth Science, 13e
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Earth Science, 13e
Tarbuck & Lutgens
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POD #65
Geology of the Grand Canyon Notes
(Min. 10)
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POD # 64
1. How old is the “Blue Beauty”? ______
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POD # 64
1. How old is the “Blue Beauty”? ______
2. Video notes• • • • •
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Historical notes
Catastrophism• Landscape developed by catastrophes • James Ussher, mid-1600s, concluded
Earth was only a few thousand years old
Modern geology • Uniformitarianism
• Fundamental principle of geology • “The present is the key to the past”
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Historical notes
Modern geology • James Hutton
• Theory of the Earth • Published in the late 1700s• Argued that mountains are
Destroyed by weathering
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Relative dating
Placing rocks and events in sequence Principles and rules of
• Law of superposition – oldest rocks are on the bottom
• Principle of original horizontality – sediment is deposited horizontally
• Principle of cross-cutting relationships – younger feature cuts through an older feature
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Superposition is well illustrated in the Grand Canyon
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Cross-cutting relationships
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Relative dating
Principles and rules of • Inclusions – one rock contained within
another (rock containing the inclusions is younger)
• Unconformities• An unconformity is a break in the rock record • Types of unconformities
• Angular unconformity – tilted rocks are overlain by flat-lying rocks
• Disconformity – strata on either side are parallel
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Formation of an Unconformity
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2902/es2902page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
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Formation of an angular
unconformity
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Relative dating
Principles and rules of • Unconformities
• Types of unconformities • Nonconformity
• Metamorphic or igneous rocks below
• Younger sedimentary rocks above
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Several unconformities are present in the Grand Canyon
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POD #66
**Read pages 330-332 to learn about correlation.
1. What is the goal of correlation?
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Correlation of rock layers
Matching rocks of similar age in different regions
Often relies upon fossils
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POD #681. Describe how this fossil was
formed.
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Fossils: evidence of past life
Remains or traces of prehistoric life Types of fossils
• Petrified – cavities and pores are filled with precipitated mineral matter
• Formed by replacement – cell material is removed and replaced with mineral matter
• Mold – shell or other structure is buried and then dissolved by underground water
• Cast – hollow space of a mold is filled with mineral matter
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Fossils: evidence of past life
Types of fossils • Carbonization – organic matter becomes a
thin residue of carbon • Impression – replica of the fossil’s surface
preserved in fine-grained sediment • Preservation in amber – hardened resin of
ancient trees surrounds an organism
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Cast and mold of a trilobite
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Fossils: evidence of past life
Types of fossils • Indirect evidence includes
• Tracks• Burrows• Coprolites – fossil dung and stomach contents • Gastroliths – stomach stones used to grind
food by some extinct reptiles
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Fossils: evidence of past life
Conditions favoring preservation • Rapid burial • Possession of hard parts
Fossils and correlation• Principle of fossil succession
• Fossils succeed one another in a definite and determinable order
• Proposed by William Smith – late 1700s and early 1800s
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Determining the ages of rocks using fossils
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Fossils: evidence of past life
Fossils and correlation• Index fossils
• Widespread geographically • Existed for a short range of geologic time
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Radioactivity and radiometric dating
Atomic structure reviewed • Nucleus
• Protons – positively charged • Neutrons
• Neutral charge
• Protons and electrons combined
• Orbiting the nucleus are electrons – negative electrical charges
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POD #69
1. What did you learn from the Radiometric Dating Lab?
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Radioactivity and radiometric dating
Atomic structure reviewed • Atomic number
• An element’s identifying number • Number of protons in the atom’s nucleus
• Mass number • Number of protons plus (added to) the
number of neutrons in an atom’s nucleus • Isotope
• Variant of the same parent atom
• Different number of neutrons and mass number
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Radioactivity and radiometric dating
Radioactivity • Spontaneous breaking apart (decay) of
atomic nuclei• Radioactive decay
• Parent – an unstable isotope• Daughter products – isotopes formed from
the decay of a parent
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Radioactivity and radiometric dating
Radioactivity • Radioactive decay
• Types of radioactive decay• Alpha emission
• Beta emission
• Electron capture
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Types of radioactive decay
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Radioactivity and radiometric dating
Radiometric dating • Half-life – the time for one-half of the
radioactive nuclei to decay • Requires a closed system• Cross-checks are used for accuracy • Complex procedure • Yields numerical dates
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The radioactive decay curve
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Dating sedimentary strata using radiometric dating
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Radioactivity and radiometric dating
Carbon-14 dating • Half-life of only 5730 years • Used to date very recent events • Carbon-14 produced in upper atmosphere
• Incorporated into carbon dioxide • Absorbed by living matter
• Useful tool for anthropologists, archeologists, historians, and geologists who study very recent Earth history
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Geologic time scale
Divides geologic history into units Originally created using relative
dates Subdivisions
• Eon• Greatest expanse of time • Four eons
• Phanerozoic (“visible life”) – the most recent eon
• Proterozoic
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Geologic time scale
Subdivisions• Eon
• Four eons• Archean
• Hadean – the oldest eon
• Era • Subdivision of an eon
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Geologic time scale
Subdivisions• Era
• Eras of the Phanerozoic eon • Cenozoic (“recent life”)
• Mesozoic (“middle life”)
• Paleozoic (“ancient life”)
• Eras are subdivided into periods• Periods are subdivided into epochs
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The geologic time scale
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Geologic time scale
Difficulties in dating the time scale• Not all rocks are datable (sedimentary
ages are rarely reliable)• Materials are often used to bracket
events and arrive at ages
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End of Chapter 11