Earth History GEOL 2110
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Transcript of Earth History GEOL 2110
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Earth History GEOL 2110
The Paleozoic EraPart 5b: Geological History of
Gondwanaland and Late Paleozoic Life
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Major Concepts
• The continental reconstructions of Gondwana by Werner and DuToit were bang on and confirmed by geologic mapping, paleomagnetism, biostratigraphy, and paleogeography.
• The supercontinent of Gondwana, composed of South America, Africa, Australia, India, and Antarctica, was together for most of the Paleozoic and situated in the high latitudes of the southern hemisphere.
• Floral and faunal assemblages of Gondwana were very distinct from the northern landmasses (Laurasia)
• The Permo-Triassic extinction devastated marine life and to a lesser extent, land-based plants and animals. The cause of this greatest of all extinctions is still unclear.
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Events of the Late Paleozoic Era
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Making PangeaConvergence of Laurasia and Gondwanaland
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Wegner’s Pangea (1927)
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Gondwana Reconstruction by DuToit (1927Correlating the Permo-Triassic Gondwana Orogen
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Paleomagnetism Confirms Gondwana Continent Reconstructions
From Bullard, 1965
Apparent Polar Wander Paths for SA and Africa
Best-fit of curves imply that SA, Africa & Australia (& Antarctica) have been together near the South Pole since late Cambrian
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Current Reconstruction
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Late Paleozoic Gondwana Stratigraphy
Dominated by non-marine sediments and tillitesMade it difficult to correlate with European strata based on marine fossilsCapped by Jurassic-Cretaceous basalts – Break-up
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Late Paleozoic Glaciation of GondwanaCarboniferousDwyka Tillite
Glacial Striations
Permian Dropstone
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Jurassic Basalts Cap Gondwanan SequenceMarking the Break-up
Karoo basalts, South Africa
Ferrar Dolerite Sills, Antarctica
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Glossopteris Flora unique to the Gondwanan Continents
Liked cool swampy areas compared to the tropical Lycopsids
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The Permo-Triassic Reptiles of GondwanaMesosaur
A freshwater fish-eating reptile
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Paleogeography and Paleoclimate of Pangea
Permian ~250 Ma
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Paleogeography and Paleoclimate of Pangea
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Paleogeography and Paleoclimate of Pangea
Liehl and Shields, 2005, Geology
Strong Latitudinal Zoning of Climate
Tethys Sea
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Paleophytic Mesophytic Plant Transition in Mid-Permian
driven by more arid climates
Seedless Vascular Spore-bearing Plants (Silurian-mid Permian)
Seed-bearing Gymnosperm Plants (mid-Permian – mid-Cretaceous)
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Late Paleozoic Land AnimalsArthopods, Amphibians and Anthracosaurs, Oh My!
AnthracosaursAmphibian -Reptile Missing Link
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Amniotes Arrive in Mid-CarboniferousThe Evolution of Eggs with Amniotic Membrane leads to Reptiles, Birds and
Mammals
Hyolnomus
Dimitrodon
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The Great Permo-Triassic Extinction90-95% of all marine species die out, and land life too
Proposed Causes - Global cooling due to Gondwana glaciation- Reduced marine habitat due to the creation of Pangea - Extreme climatic changes- Oxygen depletion due to exposure of coal deposits- Upwelling of CO2 from deep ocean waters – hypercapnia- Intense outpouring of basalt in SerbiaNO EVIDENCE OF A METEOR IMPACT AT LEAST!
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Summary of Late Paleozoic Biologic and Geologic Events
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FRIDAY
Mid-term on Chapters 8-13
25% Multiple Choice from QuizzesFocus on Figures and Figure Captions
Chapter SummariesPowerPoints