Earth and Environmental Science Reviewer First Grading

8/11/2019 Earth and Environmental Science Reviewer First Grading

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Earth and Environmental Science Reviewer First Grading

1. Sciencethe intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and

behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment

2. Technologythe application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry

3. Earth Sciencethe branch of science dealing with the physical constitution of the earth and its atmosphere

4. Geologythe science that deals with the earths physical structure and substance, its history, and the

processes that act on it

5. Meteorologythe branch of science concerned with the processes and phenomena of the atmosphere

especially as means of forecasting the weather

6. Oceanographythe branch of science that deals with the physical and biological properties and phenomena

of the sea

7. Astronomythe branch of science that deals with celestial objects, and the physical universe as a whole

Tornado rating system:

Difference Rating Speed

52 F-0 64-116 kph

63 F-1 117-180 kph

72 F-2 181-253 kph

77 F-3 254-331 kph

86 F-4 332-418 kph

93 F-4 419-512 kph

Name of Scientist Dr. Raymundo S.

Punongbayan

Dr. Robert Ballard Dr. Tetsuya Theodore

Fujita

Dr. Susan

Wyckoff/Edmund

HalleyField of Study Geology Oceanography Meteorology Astronomy

Topics How to avoid

earthquakes and

volcanic eruptions

Looking at the ocean Provide better

warnings for

tornadoes

Comets

Major Contribution/s -They investigated

areas where any

unusual activities

occur

-He warned the public

about the fault line

-He advised thepeople living along the

fault line to take

precautions

-He urged the public

officials to inspect

bridges, buildings, and

other public structures

-He informed the

population of the

Philippines that it is an

earthquake country

-Made many dives to

the bottom of the

Atlantic/Pacific oceans

-Discovered new kinds

of underwater

creatures

-Discovered theTitanic wreck

-Uses a submarine

research vessel called

a submersible Alvin

-Along with Alvin, a

remote controlled

camera called Jason Jr.

explored and

photographed the

ship

-1 mid-ocean ridge

-Studied paths of

almost 26 000

tornadoes

-He discovered the

rating system on how

to classify thousands

of tornadoes thatoccur each year

-He researched the

movement and

behaviour of

tornadoes

-He studied tornadoes

in 2 basic ways: by

analysing the path of

destruction; by

observing model

tornadoes-Invented tornado

machine

E.D.

-Calculated the orbit

of a certain comet

named after him

-Studied the

composition of

Halleys Comet-Predicted the comet

will return every 76

years

S.W.

-Led a group of

scientists to study the

comet

-Researched about

comet. She theorized

that they may contain

evidence on how thesolar system formed

4.6 billion years ago


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1. Stereoscopeused for viewing a stereoscopic pair of separate images, depicting left eye and right eye of the

same scene, as a three dimensional image

2. Telescopeinstrument that aids the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation

such as visible light

3. RADAR(Radio Detection And Ranging) an object detecting system that uses radio waves to determine the

range, altitude, direction, and speed of objects

4. Computera general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out set of arithmetic or logical

operations automatically

5. Super Computera computer at the frontline of contemporary processing capacity particularly speed ofcalculation which can happen at speeds of nano seconds

6. Remote Sensing Satelliteused for the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without

making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to in situ observation *in situa latin phrase

translates to in position

7. LANDSAT Satelliteused to take specialized digital photograph of the earths continents and surrounding

coastal regions for over 3 decades, enabling people to evaluate the dynamic changes caused by both natural

processes and human practices

8. SPOT Satellite(Satellite Pour lObserbation dela Terre [French] Satellite for Observation of the Earth) a

commercial high resolution imaging earth observation satellite system operating from space

9. Rock Hammer/Hand Lensused for collecting and examining rocks

Mineralan element or compound that occurs naturally in rocks or soil

Gemsprecious prized minerals that are used as ornaments, jewelries, and decorations

Characteristics of Minerals

-All minerals are solid

-Minerals form naturally

-The substances that make up minerals were never part of living things nor were formed by living things

-Each mineral have definite chemical composition or a limited range of composition

-The atoms of minerals are connected in a repeating and orderly manner

-A crystal is the outward sign of the orderly atomic arrangement of a mineral

Crystallizationa process occurring when liquid containing minerals cool to form solid minerals

Rock-forming minerals make up 95% of the earths crust.

Silicates contain silicon and oxygen

Ferromagnesiandenser than other rock forming minerals

Feldsparmost abundant silicate material

Clayused in making ceramics

Quartzthe last mineral to crystallize in rock that is forming from cooling magma

Large Quartz crystals dont usually form in such rocks

Pure Quartz is colourless and is made entirely of silicon and oxygen


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OTHER MINERAL GROUPS

Oxides

-forms when an element combines with oxygen

-some oxides form deep in the earths crust when melted rock hardens

Sulfides

-contains sulphur

-found very deep in a mine

Halides-when certain elements combine with chlorine (Cl), Iodine (I), Bromine (Br), and Fluorine (F)

-salt or Halite is the best known halide

Carbonates

-compunds that contain a single carbon atom surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms

-soft and light colored

Sulfates

-minerals containing 1 sulfur atom surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms

Mohs Scale of Hardness

USES OF MINERALS

Galena (PbS) Chief ore of lead

Magnetite (Fc3O4) Ore of iron

Graphite (C) Lubricant, pencil lead

Chalcopyrite (C4FeS2) Ore of copper

Pyrite (FeS2O3) Sulfur ore, used in Sulfuric Acid

Hematite (Fe2O3) Major iron ore, Pigment

Quartz (SiO2) Form of pure sand

Halite (NaCl) Table salt and Road salt

Calcite (CaCo3) Fertilizer, soil conditioner

Muscovite [(KF)(AlO)(SiO)] Wallpaper, paint

2 WAYS TO FORM MINERALS

-ores crystallize from magma

-form when hot water and gases cool

Talc 1

Gypsum 2

Calcite 3

Fluorite 4

Apatite 5

Orthoklase 6

Quartz 7

Topaz 8Corundum 9

Diamond 10


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DIFFERENCES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

FISSUREwhen magma pours out onto the earths surface through a volcano or through a large crack in the ground

LAVAmagma that reaches the earths surface

3 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Type Description Examples

Clastic Rocks Made from bits of

mineral fragments

or sediments

-Conglomerate

-Breccia

-Sandstone

-Shale

Chemical Rocks Made up of

dissolved minerals

-Rock Salt

-Rock Gypsum

-Chert

Organic Rocks Made up of plants

and animal fossil

-Limestone

-Coquina

-Chalk

-Coal

Clastic Chemical Organic

1. Conglomerate

-formed far away from the source of

pebbles

-made from boulder/pebble sized

fragments

2. Breccia

-made from boulder/pebble sized

fragments

-made of sharp angular fragments

3. Sandstone

-sand sized particles cemented

together

-very hard

-can be yellow, red, or brown

because of the presence of Iron

4. Shale

-most common sedimentary rock

-made of fine mud, clay, etc.

-form when layers squeeze out water

and air

1. Rock Salt

-made entirely of Halite

-formed from evaporation of

seawater

2. Rock Gypsum

-made from Gypsum

-formed from evaporation seawater

3. Chert

-very hard

-made of tiny quartzite grains

-does not form layers

1. Limestone

-50% calcite

-made of sea shells

-has Iron Oxide

2. Coquina

-found along the beaches of florida

3. Chalk

-limestone mad of shells

-white cliff of dover

4. Coal

-made from debris of decayed plants

and animals

Igneous

Rock

Description Texture Examples

Intrusive

Rocks

Formed

beneath

the earths

surface

-Coarse

grained

-Big

crystals

Diorite

Gabbro

Granite

Peridotite

Extrusive

Rock

Formed

above the

earths

surface

-Fine

grained

-None

or

small

crystals

Basalt

Andesite

Rhyolite

Scoria

Pumice

Obsidian


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SPECIAL FEATURES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Bedding -most obvious feature

-contains sediments of different types or sizes

-most often associated with sedimentary rocks

Fossils -evidence of past life

-very common in sedimentary rocks

Geove -forms when mineral-rich water enters a round hole

-(butas)

Concretion -grows in rounded layers or dissolved materials and aredeposited around a real central object

-(bilog)

Mudcracks -bare soil often show much mud cracks if rain has not

fallen for the past few days

Ripple Marks -caused by water or air that forms patterns on loose

sediments such as sand

Earth and Environmental Science Reviewer First Grading

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