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![Page 1: Early warning Systems in Sudan Meteorological Authority Ahmed M Abdel Karim Sudan Meteorological Authority Ahmed@ersad.gov.sd Crop and RAngeland Monitoring.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649d085503460f949d99f3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Early warning Systems in Sudan Meteorological Authority
Ahmed M Abdel KarimSudan Meteorological Authority
Crop and RAngeland MonitoringRegional Centre for Mapping of Resources for
Development 26-30 September 2011
Nairobi Kenya
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Climate • Climate and weather over Sudan is controlled by the
following weather system:• Azores anticyclone (Sahara)• St. Helena anticyclone• Siberian anticyclone• Mascarene anticyclone• The monsoon• Sudan Thermal low• The ITCZ• The Easterly Jet Stream
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Winter Season (NDJF) Advancing Monsoon Season (MAM)
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Rainy Season (JAS) Retreating Monsoon Season (Oct)
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Seasons
Four Season are identified: 1. Winter Season (NDJF)2.Advancing Monsoon Season (MAM)3.Rainy Season (JJAS)4.Retreating Monsoon Season (Oct)5.This lead to the rainfall distribution which is
the most important element in monitoring and forecasting. JJAS is main rainy season
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Monthly rainfall distribution over Sudan
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July normal rainfall distribution during the base period (1971-2000) [in mm]
1. Rainy Season (JJAS)
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Natural Hazards and its impact in Africa
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SOURCE: Global results of the WMO Country-Level DPM Survey: SOURCE: Global results of the WMO Country-Level DPM Survey: Maryam Golnaraghi, Chief of DPM Programme, December 4, 2006Maryam Golnaraghi, Chief of DPM Programme, December 4, 2006
Patterns of casualties by natural hazards in WMO Regions
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Volcano0.28%
Tsunami0.04%
Epidemic, famine, insects17%
Windstorm 0.5%
Earthquake1.0%
Drought80%
Flood 2%
SOURCE: Global results of the WMO SOURCE: Global results of the WMO Country-Level DPM Survey: Country-Level DPM Survey: Maryam Maryam Golnaraghi, Chief of DPM Programme, December 4, Golnaraghi, Chief of DPM Programme, December 4, 20062006
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SOURCE: Global results of the WMO Country-Level DPM Survey: SOURCE: Global results of the WMO Country-Level DPM Survey: Maryam Golnaraghi, Chief of DPM Programme, December 4, 2006Maryam Golnaraghi, Chief of DPM Programme, December 4, 200611
Patterns of economic losses by natural hazards in WMO Regions
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Volcano0.6%
Tsunami0.3%
Epidemic, famine, insects39%
Wild Fires 1.1%
Windstorm 9%
Earthquake3%
Drought18%
Extreme Temperature
0.7%
Flood 27%
Slides 1.3%
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Monitoring
Different types of report are be issued on different time scale
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Agrometeorological products• Monthly Bulletin • Dekadal Bulletin• Pentad Bulletin• Climate bulletin• SAMIS (Sudan Agro-meteorological
information System)
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Monthly BulletinSUDAN METEOROLOGICAL AUTHORITY WEATHER SUMMARY FOR MAY 2007 Both maximum and minimum temperatures were near to above the normal in most parts of the country during the month. The highest deviation for the maximum temperature was 3.4 ºC reported at Abu-Hamad, and the highest deviation for the minimum was 3.7ºC reported at Dongola. The extreme value for the max. temperature was 47.0ºC reported at WadI-Halfa on the 9th of the month and at Karima on the 10th of the month, while the lowest value for the minimum temperature was 20.0º C reported at WadI-Halfa on the 15th and the 19th of the month and reported at Dongola on the 14th and 18th of the month .The highest rainfall amount for the month was 177.6 mm reported at Juba. Mousa Abdelbagi COMPUTER SECTION
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Monthly BulletinSTATION
DATE MAX MIN RF MAX MIN RF MAX MIN RF MAX MIN RF
1 42.0 29.2 0.0 46.0 29.5 0.0 44.2 32.7 0.0 45.0 29.5 0.0
2 42.0 29.8 0.0 44.4 30.2 0.0 41.6 29.8 0.0 45.0 27.0 0.0
3 42.0 29.0 0.0 44.0 30.3 0.0 39.5 29.0 0.0 45.2 27.7 0.0
4 39.5 28.0 0.0 43.0 29.5 0.0 42.7 29.6 0.0 42.7 29.0 0.0
5 39.5 28.0 0.0 43.5 29.5 0.0 42.5 29.4 0.0 43.3 26.5 0.0
6 40.0 25.5 0.0 44.5 26.8 0.0 44.1 29.5 0.0 44.0 27.1 0.0
7 42.0 26.0 0.0 43.0 27.5 0.0 35.4 30.2 0.0 43.2 26.0 0.0
8 43.0 30.0 0.0 43.5 25.5 0.0 38.7 31.0 0.0 44.2 26.0 0.0
9 42.4 28.5 0.0 45.0 30.4 0.0 43.2 29.6 0.0 43.5 27.5 0.0
10 38.5 27.5 0.0 44.0 29.2 0.0 43.0 29.0 0.0 41.9 26.5 0.0
11 40.0 26.0 0.0 44.2 30.5 0.0 42.7 29.8 0.0 41.8 25.5 0.0
12 42.0 26.0 0.0 42.0 31.0 0.0 43.1 29.5 0.0 42.0 25.0 0.0
13 43.0 29.0 0.0 44.2 31.5 0.0 38.8 30.5 0.0 44.3 29.7 0.0
14 41.5 29.5 0.0 43.6 31.0 0.0 40.0 29.2 0.0 42.6 32.0 0.0
15 38.0 29.0 0.0 42.0 28.6 0.0 39.6 28.7 0.0 42.0 28.6 0.0
16 37.0 25.5 0.0 41.5 27.6 0.0 38.6 28.8 0.0 40.0 26.0 0.0
17 37.0 26.5 0.0 42.0 28.0 0.0 42.8 268.0 0.0 39.5 24.5 0.0
18 37.0 25.0 0.0 42.0 27.6 0.0 39.6 27.6 0.0 38.6 24.3 0.0
19 36.0 24.5 0.0 42.0 27.5 0.0 39.9 27.0 0.0 38.3 24.3 0.0
20 38.0 24.5 0.0 43.0 28.0 0.0 38.9 28.2 0.0 41.0 24.0 0.0
21 39.5 25.6 0.0 43.5 30.0 0.0 42.0 28.5 0.0 41.8 26.6 0.0
22 38.5 27.0 0.0 44.3 31.3 0.0 37.6 28.5 0.0 41.2 26.8 0.0
23 41.0 28.5 0.0 41.5 29.5 0.0 37.8 29.0 0.0 40.0 28.3 0.0
24 41.0 29.0 0.0 43.0 30.0 0.0 38.2 28.7 0.0 42.8 31.0 0.0
25 42.5 29.0 0.0 43.8 26.0 0.0 39.9 25.8 0.0 44.0 29.6 0.0
26 43.0 29.5 0.0 43.0 26.7 0.0 40.5 26.4 0.0 44.6 27.5 0.0
27 43.0 28.0 0.0 43.0 28.0 0.0 41.3 26.7 0.0 45.0 28.0 0.0
28 45.0 26.0 0.0 44.3 26.2 0.0 40.5 27.0 0.0 44.7 29.0 0.0
29 45.0 31.3 0.0 44.0 26.5 0.0 42.1 27.0 0.0 45.5 27.6 0.0
30 42.0 28.0 0.0 42.5 24.5 0.0 37.9 27.0 0.0 44.2 28.5 0.0
31 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
MON 40.7 27.6 0.0 43.3 28.6 0.0 40.6 36.7 0.0 42.7 27.3 0.0
DEK1 41.1 28.2 0.0 44.1 28.8 0.0 41.5 30.0 0.0 43.8 27.3 0.0
DEK2 39.0 26.6 0.0 42.7 29.1 0.0 40.4 52.7 0.0 41.0 26.4 0.0
DEK3 42.1 28.2 0.0 43.3 27.9 0.0 39.8 27.5 0.0 43.4 28.3 0.0
higst 45.0 31.3 0.0 46.0 31.5 0.0 44.2 268.0 0.0 45.5 32.0 0.0
lowst 36.0 24.5 0.0 41.5 24.5 0.0 35.4 25.8 0.0 38.3 24.0 0.0
DATA DAILY FOR SEPTEMBER 2010
600 W-HALFA 640 ABU HAMED 641 P-SUDAN 650 DONGOLA
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Dekadal Bulletin
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Ten days bulletin
Period: 1-10 September 2009
Temperature Situation: Both maximum and minimum temperatures were about to above the longterm mean and last year records in most parts of the country.
Rainfall Situation:- Rainfall amounts during the dekad were below normal in most parts of the country except in Gadaref, Babanusa and Malakal. The cumulative rainfall amounts were below normal in most parts of the country except in Khartoum, W-Madani, Babanusa, and Geniena.
Outlook for the Period: 21-31 August 2009 The I.T.C.Z is expected to shift southward to latitude 16° N Moderate to heavy rains associated with thunderstorms are expected south of latitude 150N especially in Greater Darfur, Greater Kordofan, south eastern and southern parts of the country . Along the Red Sea coast partly cloudy weather associated with slight to moderate rains and rise in temperature is expected to prevail.
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Dekadal BulletinSUDAN METEOROLOGICAL AUTHORITY
TEN DAYS AVERAGE TEMERATURES
MAXIMUM ° C MINIMUM ° C MEAN ° C
normal 10 day deviation days> 2010 deviation normal 10 day deviation days< days< 2010 deviation mean temp days temp
STATION (1981-2010) averg 2011 from mean 35°c average from mean (1981-2010) averg 2011 from mean 15°c 18°c average from mean 2011 < 25°c
W-HALFA 39.1 38.6 -0.5 10 40.7 -2.1 25.4 23.7 -1.7 0 0 27.6 -3.9 31.1 0
DONGOLA 42.3 41.5 -0.8 10 43.4 -1.9 25.9 24.7 -1.2 0 0 28.3 -3.6 33.1 0
HAMAD 43.0 41.2 -1.9 10 43.3 -2.2 27.4 25.3 -2.1 0 0 27.9 -2.6 33.2 0
p-sudan 37.1 41.1 4.0 10 39.8 1.3 26.3 27.8 1.5 0 0 27.5 0.3 34.4 0
KARIMA 42.9 42.4 -0.5 10 43.1 -0.7 27.3 26.6 -0.7 0 0 28.4 -1.8 34.5 0
ATBARA 42.2 41.3 -0.9 10 42.0 -0.7 27.5 26.7 -0.8 0 0 27.6 -0.9 34.0 0
KHARTOUM 40.1 39.1 -1.0 9 40.3 -1.2 27.0 26.7 -0.3 0 0 27.8 -1.1 32.9 0
KASSALA 38.2 35.7 -2.5 8 37.5 -1.8 25.1 24.0 -1.2 0 0 24.5 -0.6 29.8 0
MEDANI 37.2 38.9 1.7 9 38.0 0.9 22.1 23.4 1.3 0 0 22.5 0.9 31.2 0
SENNAR 36.2 34.8 -1.4 5 36.3 -1.5 22.5 22.6 0.1 0 0 23.4 -0.8 28.7 0
ED-DUEM 37.8 35.3 -2.5 5 37.9 -2.6 25.0 24.2 -0.8 0 0 25.6 -1.4 29.7 0
KOSTI 37.7 33.0 -4.7 2 36.8 -3.8 23.7 23.2 -0.5 0 0 24.8 -1.6 28.1 0
NEW-HALFA 38.4 37.3 -1.1 10 37.6 -0.3 23.8 23.1 -0.7 0 0 23.1 0.0 30.2 0
PERIOD:- 21-30 September 2011
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Dekadal BulletinSUDAN METEOROLOGICAL AUTHORITY
TEN DAYS AVERAGE TEMERATURES `
MAXIMUM ° C MINIMUM ° C MEAN ° C
normal 10 day deviation days> 2010 deviation normal 10 day deviation days< days< 2010 deviation mean temp days temp
STATION (1981-2010) averg 2011 from mean 35°c average from mean (1981-2010) averg 2011 from mean 15°c 18°c average from mean 2011 < 25°c
GADAREF 35.6 35.4 -0.2 5 35.3 0.1 22.3 22.6 0.3 0 0 23.0 -0.4 29.0 0
DAMAZINE 33.4 32.5 -0.9 1 34.2 -1.7 20.9 21.3 0.4 0 0 21.6 -0.4 26.9 2
A-NAAMA 34.9 31.7 -3.2 1 34.2 -2.5 22.3 22.3 0.0 0 0 21.4 0.9 27.0 1
OBEID 36.4 33.7 -2.7 2 35.9 -2.2 23.0 21.8 -1.2 0 0 23.3 -1.5 27.7 1
NAHOUD 36.4 34.3 -2.1 4 37.8 -3.5 22.9 22.1 -0.8 0 0 24.2 -2.1 28.2 0
RASHAD 32.6 28.6 -4.0 0 32.8 -4.2 20.8 19.1 -1.7 0 2 21.4 -2.3 23.9 8
BABANUSA 34.4 31.3 -3.1 0 33.8 -2.5 23.3 20.8 -2.5 0 0 23.5 -2.7 26.1 2
FASHER 35.9 34.8 -1.1 4 36.3 -1.5 22.1 23.9 1.8 0 0 23.4 0.5 29.4 2
NYALA 35.3 33.9 -1.4 3 34.8 -0.9 22.6 20.2 -2.4 0 1 20.9 -0.7 27.1 0
GENEINA 34.4 32.2 -2.2 2 34.0 -1.8 20.4 20.8 0.4 0 0 21.6 -0.8 26.5 2
KADUGLI 35.3 31.0 -4.3 0 35.0 -4.0 23 21.75 -1.3 0 0 23.2 -1.5 26.4 1
SHENDI 40.3 41.2 0.9 10 40.4 0.8 22.2 25.7 3.5 0 0 22.2 3.5 33.4 0
UMBANIEN 33.7 32.3 -1.4 1 33.4 -1.1 20.4 22.6 2.2 0 0 20.4 2.2 27.5 2
PERIOD:- 21-30 September 2011
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Dekadal Bulletin
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Dekadal Bulletin (WSI)
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Pentad BulletinPENTAD NO 52 FOR PERIOD: 13--17 SEPT 2011
privous previous R A I N F A L L mm R A I N F A L L mmpentad pentad ANNUAL FOR THE PERIOD CUMULATIVE SINCE JANUARYnormal actual NORMAL AMOUNT last year NORMAL DEPARTUREAMOUNT last year NORMAL DEPARTUREhigest year lowest year %
6.7 0.0 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 14.8 7.3 0.0 79.0 1953 0 SEV 0
10.0 0.0 13.9 0.0 11.4 0.5 -0.5 0.0 19.6 10.5 -10.5 136.0 1950 0 SEV 0
42.9 39.2 48.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 -0.2 39.2 17.6 43.1 -3.9 242.0 1910 0 SEV 91
19.3 1.5 85.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 24.6 19.3 -17.8 196.0 1993 0 SEV 8
214.6 121.7 235.0 0.0 11.0 5.6 -5.6 121.7 169.7 220.2 -98.5 488.0 1916 37 1990 55
240.1 235.9 249.5 20.5 9.0 3.9 16.6 256.4 316.8 244.0 12.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A 105
563.3 377.0 610.4 43.2 56.8 11.4 31.8 420.2 605.5 574.7 -154.5 1035.0 1988 372 1990 73
105.2 40.8 120.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 -3.7 40.8 63.1 108.9 -68.1 420.0 1988 1 2000 37
259.8 134.9 286.3 0.0 0.0 6.9 -6.9 134.9 252.3 266.7 -131.8 707.0 1929 51 1984 51
233.5 158.0 244.6 31.1 36.0 1.9 29.2 189.1 279.8 235.4 -46.3 533.0 1978 51 1984 80
365.5 198.6 408.2 17.7 13.4 11.1 6.6 216.3 468.8 376.6 -160.3 793.0 2007 114 1984 57
312.2 264.7 330.2 0.0 12.0 6.9 -6.9 264.7 316.9 319.1 -54.4 723.0 2007 96 2007 83
529.9 400.9 584.9 52.5 8.5 10.4 42.1 453.4 727.8 540.3 -86.9 994.0 1994 354 1994 84
564.8 491.2 692.1 20.7 32.8 20.4 0.3 511.9 590.5 585.2 -73.3 906.0 1994 362 1978 87
333.6 292.9 348.8 28.0 13.6 4.0 24.0 320.9 358.4 337.6 -16.7 368.0 2007 171 1990 95
305.0 440.2 349.6 6.4 4.5 13.7 -7.3 446.6 270.9 318.7 127.9 747.0 2007 127 1913 140
366.9 317.8 501.1 1.0 0.4 24.4 -23.4 318.8 374.0 391.3 -72.5 720.0 1988 225 1974 81
521.1 518.0 656.3 95.0 39.5 19.3 75.7 613.0 760.5 540.4 72.6 N/N N/A N/A N/A 113
536.8 504.2 687.7 0.0 1.0 25.6 -25.6 504.2 562.1 562.4 -58.2 1041.0 1950 425 2000 90
332.7 447.4 430.9 31.0 26.2 17.2 13.8 478.4 468.1 349.9 128.5 849.0 1934 67 1984 137
178.1 113.7 193.3 11.1 7.8 5.8 5.3 124.8 206.3 183.9 -59.1 717.0 1954 90 2004 68
326.3 423.0 383.4 14.8 42.7 12.5 2.3 437.8 314.2 338.8 99.0 840.0 1922 14 2002 129
En Nahud
Babanusa
Rashad
Kadugli
STATES/STATIONS
SUDAN METEOROLOGICAL AUTHORITY COMPUTER CENTRE
HIGEST &LOWEST RAINFALL
Kosti
Abu Naama
El Fasher
Nyala
Darfur
Damazine
Kordofan
Obied
Geneina
Khartoum
Khartoum
Central
Wad Medani
Ed Duiem
Sennar
Gedaref
Northern
Dongola
Karima
Atbara
Eastern
Port Sudan
Kassla
N-halfa
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Pentad Bulletin
2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8
The Departure (in mm)of the Cumulative Rainfall from Normal
Pentad No 46 for period(14-18)August 2006
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22 W HF
ABH PSDDNG
KRM
HLG
ATB
KHT KSL
DUMW DM
GDFFSH SNRGEN
BNS
OBD KSTNHD
NYLABN
RNKRHD DMZ
KDG
MLK
W AU
JUB
-180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
120
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25
The Dekad rainfall report
2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8
R A I N F A L L D E K A D A L F O R P E R I O D 1 - 1 0 A U G U S T
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8
2 0
2 2
P S DD N G
K R M
H L G
A T B
K H T K S L
D U MW D M
G D FF S H S N RG E N
B N S
O B D K S TN H D
N Y LA B N
R N KR H D D M Z
K D G
M L K
W A U
J U B
- 1 8 0
- 1 5 0
- 1 2 0
- 9 0
- 6 0
- 3 0
0
3 0
6 0
9 0
1 2 0
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22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
W DH
DNGABH PSN
KRM
ATB
KHR KSL
W MD
SNR
DUM
KST
nhf
shn
bnu
GDF
DZM
ABU
OBD
NHD
RSH
bns
FSH
NYL
GEN
RNK
MAL
KDG
W AU
JUB -1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
M in Tem p (D ev Last Year)
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22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
WDH
DNGABH PSN
KRM
ATB
KHR KSL
WMD
SNR
DUM
KST
nhf
shn
bnu
GDF
DZM
ABU
OBD
NHD
RSH
bns
FSH
NYL
GEN
RNK
MAL
KDG
WAU
JUB
-1 .2
-0.8
-0.4
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
M in. Tem p (Dev Norm al)
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Sudan Agro-Meteorological Information System (SAMIS ):Is an operational system for the production of agro-meteorological information from meteorological station and satellite data, installed at the Sudan Meteorological Authority.
SAMIS plays a fundamental role as the provider of core information for early warning and vulnerability assessment and mapping activities. It also enables the SMA to fulfill its role of providing agro-meteorological information for users involved in the monitoring and management of agricultural, environmental and hydrological resources.
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SAMIS products• Dekadal Rainfall Amounts• Dekadal Rainfall Anomaly (ratio against climatology)• Cumulative Rainfall from March to current dekadal• Cumulative Rainfall Anomaly (ratio against climatology)• Dekadal Number of Rain Days • Length of Currently Active Dry Spell (maximum over
30days) • Vegetation Index • Vegetation Index Difference from long term mean • Monthly Rainfall • Monthly Rainfall Anomaly • Monthly Number of Rain Days
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SAMIS report
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31
Rainfall Analysis – 10 Day Amounts•10 day rainfall amounts produced by SAMIS at SMA are based on a combination of METEOSAT satellite and synoptic gauge data. •Rainfall climatology is similarly derived from a combination of historical data from the two sources.
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32
•Rainfall Analysis – Cumulative Amounts•Cumulative amounts are obtained by summing the dekadal estimates starting from Dekad 1 of March until present. •The climatological cumulative are likewise derived by summing the dekadal climatological estimates over the same period of time.
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33
The cumulative rainfall amounts display the usual organization in latitude bands (as the rainfall moves north following the ITCZ).
In relative terms, significant above average departures
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34
The rainfall total for the dekadal and its departure for the Same period
The rainfall total for the dekadal and its departure for the Same period
SAMIS is at http://ersad.gov.sd
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Rainfall AS Parentage of Average
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Cumulative Rainfall as % of Average
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Total Rainfall
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Dekads Since Start of Growing Season
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Number of Wet Dekads
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Moisture Index
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End of Growing Season
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Location Analysis: RVT Plots
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Rainfall and Vegetation Plots
Start of Green Up
End of Rainfall Season
Planting Rains
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Rainfall and Vegetation Plots
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Seasonal Forecast
Prediction
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Numerical Weather Prediction Models
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22 August 2010
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23 August 2010
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24 August 2010
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25 August 2010
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26 August 2010
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The monthly seasonal rainfall outlook
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Seasonal forecast outlook fro the rainfall for JJAS 2010
ANB
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• Three stations is understudy to predict the PET.• Kosti, Fashir and Damzine • The following graph show the inverse relations with
the PET and the rainfall.• The months for the PET is taken (July, Aug and
September)• The month of the SST is April• When the PET is positive ==== Dry • When the PET is negative ==== Wet
On the study to predict Drought using the SST
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The monthly average PET for Kosti
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PET Anomalies for Kosti
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-2.00
-1.50
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
RF
PET_KST_act
PET_KST_frc
PET Actual vs Forecast (Ksoti)
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Tricle Tableyear PET_KST_actPET_KST_frcRF
1999 -1.24 -1.71 0.471995 -0.87 -1.55 -0.881998 -1.02 -1.14 0.011994 -1.32 -1.08 0.282009 -0.88 -1.792002 -1.17 -0.87 0.191992 -0.95 -0.87 -0.862004 -0.06 -0.86 -0.712003 -0.95 -0.85 1.711967 -0.80 -0.74 0.611997 -0.72 -0.71 -0.262008 -0.69 -1.792000 0.31 -0.54 0.311991 -0.28 -0.53 0.362001 -1.09 -0.48 -0.012005 -0.43 0.341988 -1.46 -0.34 0.211993 -1.39 -0.34 1.261986 -0.13 -0.28 -0.302006 -0.26 0.631989 -0.58 -0.26 0.151984 1.42 -0.12 -1.361965 0.76 -0.10 0.331985 -0.65 -0.06 0.461961 0.31 -0.05 1.312011 -0.041975 0.09 -0.04 0.942010 -0.02 0.021968 -0.72 0.01 -0.121962 1.05 0.03 0.291977 0.17 0.04 0.391974 0.02 0.09 -0.142007 0.09 1.221996 -0.95 0.11 0.491983 1.65 0.14 -0.461976 0.98 0.16 -0.151987 0.02 0.24 -1.631982 0.98 0.25 -0.121980 -0.72 0.30 0.221990 1.87 0.32 -0.661981 0.09 0.38 0.171971 0.83 0.43 0.281978 0.68 0.60 0.321972 0.61 0.76 0.311973 2.02 0.78 0.371966 1.94 1.02 -0.251963 1.42 1.13 0.051979 0.54 1.19 -0.171964 0.83 1.30 0.021969 1.65 1.32 0.181970 1.42 1.60 -0.27
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NDVI prediction using SST
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• MethodologyNDVI images from 1982-2003 were processed, by extracting the maximum NDVI for each of the years
This maximum NDVI is an indicator of vegetation seasonal development
Values were extracted at the synoptic station locations generating an NDVI time series (22 elements) for each
Anomalies were then computed for each station
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2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8
2 0
2 2
2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8
2 0
2 2
1 9 8 4 R a i n f a l l
N D V I f o r t h e 1 9 8 4
Rainfall NDVI max1984( dry)
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22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
KHR KSL
DU MW DM
G DFSNR
KSTABU
D ZM
M AL
FSHG ENO BD
NH DNYL RSH
KDG
W AU
JUB
-1.4
-0.9
-0.4
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
N D VI prediction for the year 1984
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2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8
2 0
2 2
2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8
2 0
2 2
R a i n f a l l N D V I
Rainfall NDVI max1990( Dry)
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20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
KH R KSL
D UMW D M
G D FSN R
KSTABU
DZM
M AL
FSHG ENO BD
NH DNYL R SH
KD G
W AU
JU B
-1.4
-0.9
-0.4
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
ND VI prediction for the year 1990
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Rainfall year 1999 (wet year) NDVI
2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8
2 0
2 2
2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8
2 0
2 2
-2.8
-2.4
-2-1.6
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
00.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
22.4
2.8
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20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
KH R KSL
D UMW D M
G D FSN R
KSTABU
DZM
M AL
FSHG ENO BD
NH DNYL R SH
KD G
W AU
JU B
-1.4
-0.9
-0.4
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
N D VI prediction for the year 1999
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Rainfall
2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8
2 0
2 2
2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8
2 0
2 2
-2.8
-2.4
-2 -1.6
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0 0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2 2.4
2.8
NDVI max2003( wet)
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20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
KH R KSL
D U MW D M
G D FSN R
KSTABU
D ZM
M AL
FSHG ENO BD
N H DN YL R SH
KD G
W AU
JU B
-1.4
-0.9
-0.4
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
N D VI prediction for the year 2003
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Recommendations• Forecasting rainfall in different time
scales (monthly, dekadal) . • Prediction element other than
rainfall must be introduced to be used as indicator as (NDVI and PET) to predict drought.
• Joint research