From village to empire

Over the course of several centuries, Rome built one of the largest empires the world has ever known. At one time the Roman Empire controlled parts of three continents.

Geography• The “boot” of Italy helped in Rome becoming great• The north was protected by the Alps• The mts w/i Italy were not “rocky” – no c/s• Not all (+); • Alps cut off from Europe; long coast lines were subject to attack

Founding of Rome• Early groups were Latins, Greeks and Etruscans• Latins were farmers, shepherds• Greeks had around 50 “colonies” on coast lines• Etruscans biggest influence on early Rome• Rome “got” language, artisanship, engineering from Etruscans

Romulus and Remus• Legend has these two brothers the founders of Rome• They were sons of the god Mars (mom said she had conversation

w/him)• Mom was buried alive and sons were cast out into Tiber• A she-wolf found them and suckled them• Romulus kills Remus over where to “start” their great city

• Started off as monarchy-7 kings in 243 years• Kings did expand territory and power• Tarquinius Priscus had first sewer system and circus maximus built• Tarquinius Superbus (the super jerk) “started” the Roman Republic• Republic - govt. where citizens elect leaders

• Classes in Rome: Patricians, Plebeians, allies and slaves

On page 143, choose 2 categories from the chart and list differences or similarities b/t Rome and the US

In Rome, senators and members of both assemblies are in office for life. If we were to elect US representatives or Senators for life would it make our government worse or better.

Housing• Common folk lived in insulae (apartments)• Usually owned by Patricians (plebs rented them)• 5-6 stories high stone • Lower levels shops and fancy apartments• Sanitation big problem…hey let’s use a public bathroom

Public Potty• Insulae didn’t have toilets• Public used “public” ones

(144)• Use a sponge instead of TP• Wash that sponge in that

water channel

Housing• Hypocaust is a system for heating houses • Mainly used in heating public baths (unless colder climate)• Warm air moved under the floors and inside the walls

Public Baths• Started in Greece and eventually ended up in Rome (1000

baths)• Rich would pay for the poor to bathe (give me your vote)• Popular meeting places – poor/rich shared• Some rich had private baths• At first was co-ed (to much bad behavior) • Start in rec room, to hot room, to bath• Clean skin w/animal fat, olive oil then scrape skin with “strigls”

You work for the finest advertising agency in all of Rome. Your boss has asked you to create an advertisement for Mr. Big. Mr. Big owns 90% of all public baths, toilets and insulae in the city of Rome.

Mr. Big’s business is not doing so well and he thinks better advertisements in the magazine ROME (kinda like GQ/VOGUE) will help his business.

Your job is to come up with an advertisement that will help Mr. Big’s business.

You may choose either his insulae, baths or toilets as your advertisement. Remember your boss is counting on you to come through

Lots of color – 50 pts (very little color – 30 pts) Less than 20 words – 50 pts (- 10 for each word over

20)

Food• Different diet for poor and rich

DON”T EAT ME

Food• Wine and “festivities”

Those Romans had FUN!! 2 Biggest forms of ent. Chariots and Coliseum (gladiator)

Chariot racing

• NASCAR of the ancient world

• Had financial backers and sought-after drivers.

• In Rome, it took place at the Circus Maximus.

• Huge stadium nearly 2,000 feet long and 400 feet wide

• Could seat between 250,000 and 300,000 people.

• Reliant Stadium only seats 70,000

• Indianapolis Motor Speedway seats 250,000

• Barrier down the middle was more than a “separator”

• Decorations, trophies, statues and fountains were in the middle

• It was built to be cluttered to block the view – increasing the suspense

• The racing was ridiculously dangerous

• Ramming was a foul but “expected”

• Super sharp turns and checking into the middle barrier

• Drivers would wrap their reins around their wrists so they couldn’t get loose unless cut away big problem if you get thrown from the chariot

The other big spectacle:

The gladiator games

Gladiator

• Most were prisoners of war, criminals or slaves

• Some citizens volunteered for the glory of the sport

• Social status low – could become “popular”

• Posters told their history and abilities “fight like a butter fly; sting like a bee”

• Would have groupies; even women who thought they were “desirable”

LADIES!!!

Several different types:

Other types:

Samnites Thracians Murmillio

The games were fought in the Flavian Amphitheatre, aka The Colosseum (this was dubbed later due to a collosal statue of Nero outside of it).

• The Colosseum was a state of the art stadium, complete with numbered entrances, toilets, food and trinket vendors, underground-behind-the-scenes corridors, and even a retractable roof.

The awnings used such a complicated pulley system that they were operate by Roman sailors.

• It sat around 50,000 people and the system was so efficient that the entire building could be vacated in minutes. Try pulling off that at Reliant.

The corridors that ran beneath the arena floor and were used for temporarily housing men and animals for the games. It came complete with elevators to the top for theatrical

entrances.

Bread and circuses

• By sponsoring the chariot races and the games, emperors could distract the citizenry from problems in the empire.

• It also kept the numerous unemployed citizens in the city occupied and placated, which kept them from uprising.

• They also got a daily bread allowance so they were entertained and fed.

• 390 B.C. Rome is sacked by Gauls• This leads to Rome expanding power• Puts pressure on Carthage/Rome relations• Sicily was the spark• Rome is defeated but key is naval warfare

Carthage’s areas of influence before the First Punic War.

They weren’t all that far apart.

Then

Now

Warship harbor

Merchant harbor

The warship island.

A warship slip

• It ain’t just ancient. Compare…

German U-Boat pens from World War II

First Punic War cont.•Carthage had finest ships• Rome “found” a Carthage ship-deconstructed it and recreated it • Introduced a “corvus”-rotating bridge with spikes to lock on enemy docks

• Despite the new tech- Rome still defeated • Rome wins when Carth. “stands” down• Surrender/peace terms harsh• MAJOR aftermath- Rome now rules Med.

2nd Punic War• Car upset over “peace” treaty-fuels the 2nd war• Hannibal attacks Roman cities (in Spain) so starts the 2nd war• Hannibal decides to attack Rome from north• Takes 50000 troops 9000 cavalry,80 war elephants over Alps in WINTER!!!

• 88000 Roman troops vs 55000 Carthage troops• Hannibal uses envelope tactic• 60000 Roman troops killed, nearly 600 per min• 80% of all of Roman military wiped out• Compare-US loss 53000 in WW I and was only 1.1% of total military loss• 300,000 in WW II, on two fronts and only 1.8% of total military loss• In Rome, 2 out of 3 people knew or had someone lost in battle

• Rome drew up a new army, enlisting a good chunk of the male populace. The word ‘peace’ was prohibited and only women could shed tears in public.

• Instead of engaging Hannibal in big battles, they merely harassed him in Italy and denied him the supplies he needed. Whenever he could get the Romans to attack, he always beat them.

• Meanwhile, Rome took the war to Carthage.

• They attacked Carthaginian forces in Spain, Carthage’s main source of wealth, which prompted Carthage to send reinforcements and supplies there instead of to Hannibal.

• Finally, Scipio, who was successful in Spain, is elected consul and he takes an army to North Africa.

• Carthage recalled Hannibal from Italy in 203 BC to face the threat.

• Scipio defeated Hannibal in the Battle of Zama (finally!).

• Scipio comes back a hero and is given the name Scipio Africanus Major.

• On the brink of destruction, Carthage sues for peace.

• Rome again imposes a victor’s peace:

• Spain becomes Rome’s.

• Carthage has to pay a lot in reparations.

• Its navy can only have 10 ships to fight pirates.

• It couldn’t raise an army without Rome’s blessing.

• Carthage, once proud and powerful, is essentially reduced to a Roman client state.

3rd Punic War

Cato’s Fig Speech• Sen. Cato would end all of his speeches with “Carthago delenda est” or Carthage must be destroyed• He flung ripe figs from his toga “this was picked 2 days ago in Carthage” •What does this mean?• Rome attacks not just on Cato’s speech but b/c they hate Carthage• Good thing b/c Carthage was rebuilding navy and army• Rome laid siege on the city of Carthage for 3 years• Rome will accept peace if Car moves away from all ports to inland and Rome can burn city• Finally the city walls are breeched and nearly every man is killed and all women/children sold into slavery (50000)

• As a result of 3rd Punic War-Rome now controls all of Meditterean, Gaul, Spain, and North Africa