1. 1. Rome
2. 2. The Impact of Geography Center of Mediterranean Sea. Apennine Mountains easy to cross. Good farmland both sides.
3. 3. The Impact of Geography 29 KM inland, safe from sea people and pirates, yet has sea access.
4. 4. The Peoples of Italy Around 1500 BCE, the Latin tribes, including the Romans (a Indo- European people) moved into Italy.
5. 5. The Peoples of Italy By 800 BCE, the Etruscans conquered northern Italy. By 700 BCE, the Greeks established polis in southern Italy. Both influenced Rome.
6. 6. Greek influence Greek artistic and cultural knowledge like writing, sculpture, architecture, gods, and literature.
7. 7. Etruscan influence Etruscan fashionsthe toga and short skirts, and fighting tech.
8. 8. Roman virtues Gravities: seriousness and dedication to family and state. Extremely patriarchic paterfamilias Self sacrifice for the good of the state. Simple and plain lifestyle. Practical knowledge more important then theoretical. Strength and honor in war.
9. 9. Legendary founding Romulus and Remus ( twin sons of Mars decedents of Aeneas of Troy) raised by a she wolf along the Tiber river.
10. 10. Romulus and Remus 753 BCE, as Romulus drew the boundaries of the city, Remus jumped over them. So, Romulus killed him and named the city after himself.
11. 11. 509 BCE Romans Revolt Rubens Rape of Lucritia by King Tarquin The Romans overthrew the Etruscan king and established a republic.
12. 12. Romes Legions War and Conquest For the next nine hundred years, Roman legionaries engaged in almost continuous warfare.
13. 13. By 338 B.C., Rome conquered central Italy.
14. 14. By 264 BCE, they had defeated the Greeks.
15. 15. By 260 BCE, they finished off the remaining Etruscan states of Northern Italy.
16. 16. Roman Confederation Rome allowed other Latins to have full Roman citizenship. They could vote in Rome and were protected by Roman Law. They could run their own local government, but had to provide soldiers and follow Roman foreign affairs.
17. 17. Roman Confederation The Romans made many improvements to Italy. The legions kept peace.
18. 18. They built roads for business and the army.
19. 19. Heres how they built them:
20. 20. Roman Confederation They built aqueducts, baths, forums, and stadiums.
21. 21. Forums political and shopping centers
22. 22. Roman social classes Four social groups The patricians the great landowners, dominated politics and the army. The plebeians small business and landholders, could vote and be in the army. Proletariat poor , could not vote, or be in the army. Slaves no rights.
23. 23. Women were citizens, without strong political rights, They had legal rights and owned their own business and property. Not confined to homes like Greeks.
24. 24. The Roman Republic They distrusted both kingship and direct democracy.
25. 25. The Roman Republic Checks and Balances No one part of the government could hold absolute power. 3 parts the executive the legislative and the judicial
26. 26. Executive Two consuls elected annually on March 1st by the Legions. Supervised the government. VETO (I forbid) Command the armies At end of year became a member of Senate.
27. 27. Executive Censors taxes and count the population Quasetors Public finances
28. 28. Legislative Senate 300 patricians served for life. Laws, war, peace, diplomacy and the treasury.
29. 29. Class struggle Patricians against plebeians for hundreds of years. In 471 BCE, Romans created the Popular Assembly (plebeians).
30. 30. Legislative Popular assembly Could make laws and elected 2 Tribunes. Tribunes could VETO any action of a consul or senate.
31. 31. Praetors judges elected for life by Popular Assembly Approved by the Senate Roman Laws written down Judicial
32. 32. Roman Law created Law of Nations principles still used today A person is innocent until proved guilty. People accused are allowed to defend themselves before a judge. A judge is expected to weigh evidence carefully before making a decision
33. 33. Roman Law Codified laws: they wrote down the judges rulings, laws, and organized them in books. Law should be flexible and evolve with society. Schools of law opened, producing lawyers.
34. 34. Dictator Absolute power over everything.
35. 35. Home work Pg 154 1-6
36. 36. 3 Punic Wars 264-146 BCE Romes conquest brought them in contact with the State of Carthage.
37. 37. 3 Punic Wars 264-146 BCE Since 800 BCE, the Phoenician Carthage had a titanic trading empire. It was the largest and richest state in the area.
38. 38. 3 Punic Wars 264-146 BCE The First Punic War began when Rome sends an army into Sicily. Carthage declares war.
39. 39. The Romansa land power created a large navy.
40. 40. Cape Ecnomus 256 BC . Stakes + A Roman victory would permit an invasion of North Africa, threatening Carthage itself. + A Carthaginian victory would re-establish its dominance of the Mediterranean Sea, threatening Roman holdings in Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. By Jonathan Webb, 2012
41. 41. Cape Ecnomus, 256 BC Strength Romans Well Carthaginians Well Marcus Atilius Regulus 230 quinqueremes Hamilcar 200 quinqueremes By Jonathan Webb, 2012 Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus
42. 42. Romans (Regulus/Manlius) Carthaginians (Hamilcar) NN Corvus The Romans deploy in four squadrons in a compact mass with a leading wedge formation. Two squadrons comprise the leading wedge, Regulus commanding the left, Manlius the right. A third squadron tows the transports just behind the wedge, followed by the veteran triarii squadron further to the rear. The Roman consuls plan to smash through any enemy fleet and push on to North Africa. Hamilcar deploys his fleet in three groups; he commands the center while pushing two columns to his left and right out beyond the Roman line. Hamilcar places the right wing under Hanno and gives him the fastest, most agile ships. Hamilcar plans to lure the Roman fleet in to engage the Carthaginian center while the wings envelop and destroy the tight Roman mass. Upon sighting the Carthaginian fleet, the Roman consuls do exactly as Hamilcar wants: hastily surge ahead to engage. Hamilcar turns the ships at his center around to lead the Roman into the trap as his wings sail past the Roman leading wedge formation. However, the Roman squadron towing the transports is not able to keep up with the Roman consuls squadrons, also slowing the triarii squadron down behind it; the result is a significant gap between the leading and rear squadrons. The Roman rear squadrons veer right and left to try and form a line of battle. Hamilcar Manlius Regulus Hanno Manlius Hanno Hamilcar orders the Carthaginian center to turn and engage the pursuing Roman squadrons as the Carthaginian wings bear down on their intended targets, albeit further to the rear than anticipated. The third Roman squadron releases the transports in tow and maneuvers to hit the Carthaginian left wings left flank. The transports head back to base although some get tied up with the triarii squadron; this disorders part of the triarii squadron while the other part engages the Carthaginian right wing at a disadvantage.. The Carthaginian center is performing poorly against the Roman corvus, an ingenious boarding device, but is so far holding its position. Meanwhile, the Roman right wing skilfully backs itself against the shore line, protecting its flanks and rear from the more agile Carthaginian ships and deterring them with a frontage of corvi; this creates a stalemate on this sector. The Roman triarii squadron on the left finally disentangles itself from the transports but is being outmanoeuvred and taking losses to the strong Carthaginian right wing under Hanno. The Carthaginian center breaks and flees against Roman grappling and boarding tactics. Manlius squadron secures the many captured ships while Regulus turns around to hit the Carthaginian right wing in rear and save the hard-pressed triarii squadron. Meanwhile, the battle near the shore remains a stalemate with the Carthaginian ships unwilling to fully engage the Roman corvi. Regulus Hit in rear by Regulus, the Carthaginian right wing under Hanno breaks and flees. Regulus then leads his squadron to hit the Carthaginian left wing in rear. Having secured the prizes, Manlius joins Regulus in surrounding the Carthaginian left wing, which subsequently surrenders. Manlius Regulus Romans (Marcus Atilius Regulus/ Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus) 230 quinqueremes Carthaginians (Hamilcar) 200 quinqueremes The Romans were aware of their naval inferiority and inexperience even before the First Punic War 264-241 BC, and thus introduced a boarding device to make their grappling tactics more effective. The corvus is comprised of a 1.2 by 10.9m wooden bridge with a metal spike at the ends underside. A pulley system drops the spike on the enemys deck, clasping the two ships together, allowing Roman legionnaires to rush across. The corvus thus converts Roman proficiency on land to the sea battle.
43. 43. Cape Ecnomus, 256 BC Casualties & Aftermath Romans: Carthaginians: 24 or 10% 94 or 47% By Jonathan Webb, 2012 The Roman victory allowed their invasion of North Africa to take place unthreatened. In 255 BC, Regulus defeated a Carthaginian army at the Battle of Adys but severe peace terms forced Carthage to continue the war. That same year, Spartan mercenary Xanthippus arrived in Carthage and led its army to victory over Regulus at the Battle of Tunes, forcing a Roman withdrawal from the continent. A storm then destroyed most of the Roman fleet and remaining army before it arrived in Sicily, allowing Carthage to recover. The war continued until 241 BC when the Romans decisively won the naval Battle of the Aegates Islands, and the war.
44. 44. By 241 BCE, the Roman fleet defeated the Carthaginian navy. Rome gets Sicily.
45. 45. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE Carthage vowed revenge. Carthage decides to would bring the war to Rome.
46. 46. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE Hannibal, one of the most brilliant generals of all times, and his army cross into Spain and moves east.
47. 47. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE He crosses the Alp mountains with an army of 46,000 men, cavalry, and 37 War elephants.
48. 48. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE He arrived on the other side of the Alps with about 25,000 troops and only 2 or 3 elephants.
49. 49. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE The Romans send 7 legions (40,000) to crush Hannibal.
50. 50. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE In 218 BCE, the Romans send 7 legions (40,000) to crush Hannibal.
51. 51. Battle of Trebia December 218 BC Strategic Context Hannibal Barca negates Roman control of the seas by leading the Carthaginians through Spain to attack Roman territory. Hannibal defeats a Roman army under Scipio Africanus at the Ticinus River while another under Tiberius Sempronius departs Sicily to combine forces. Since the link is established, the two armies camp on opposite sides of the Trebia River. Hannibal sends his cavalry to provoke the brave but impulsive Sempronius and succeeds; the Romans wade across the frigid Trebia River to meet the Carthaginians in battle who meanwhile warm by the fire and await their adversaries Stakes + A Carthaginian victory would shake Roman confidence and summon disgruntled Roman allies to the Carthaginian cause. + A Roman victory would deny the Carthaginians a secure base in Italy. By Jonathan Webb, 2009 No Image Available
52. 52. The Trebia, 218 BC Strength Carthaginians Well Romans Severely cold 4,000 cavalry 36,000 infantry Tiberius Sempronius Longus 10,000 cavalry 20,000 infantry Hannibal By Jonathan Webb, 2009 2 war elephants
53. 53. Romans (Sempronius) Carthaginians (Hannibal) NN Sempronius deploys his veteran legionnaire infantry in the center, flanked by his Gallic allied infantry and then his cavalry. Hannibal deploys his infantry in a thin line in the center, flanked by his elephants and then his cavalry. He detaches a cavalry force under Mago to remain unseen in a ravine near the Roman left and to only reveal his position at the most opportune time. Sempronius sends his infantry forward in typical Roman fashion: steady and in good order. They dismiss the Carthaginian elephants but are unable to decisively push the outnumbered Carthaginian infantry backwards. Meanwhile, Hannibal counterattacks the Roman cavalry with his own and succeeds in bending back the Roman line by the flanks. Hannibal transfers his elephants to his left and attacks; the Roman cavalry are defeated and now the Gallic allied infantry guarding the Roman flanks come under attack. Mago emerges from hiding to sweep behind the Roman rear to complete the encirclement. Meanwhile, the Roman infantry desperately batter the opposing Carthaginian infantry. Hannibal becomes preoccupied with reducing the trapped Roman pocket by way of assaulting its flanks. Roman infantry in the center are thus able to slice through the Carthaginian infantry line and escape along with Sempronius himself. The remaining Roman units are annihilated fighting or drowned trying to escape. Romans (Tiberius Sempronius Longus) 36,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry Carthaginians (Hannibal Barca) 20,000 infantry 10,000 cavalry 2 war elephants Mago Hannibal
54. 54. The Trebia, 218 BC Casualties & Aftermath Carthaginians: Romans: 5,000 or 16% 30,000 or 75% By Jonathan Webb, 2009 Both sides quietly retreated to winter quarters to rest, Sempronius only telling the Roman Senate that he had entered battle but did not achieve victory due to poor weather. By spring the next year, Sempronius and Scipio were replaced as consuls; their successors fared no better at the Battle of Lake Trasimene as Hannibal
55. 55. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE Rome raises and sends another army of 13 legions to stop him. Most of the Italians stayed loyal to Rome.
56. 56. Lake Trasimene June 24, 217 BC Strategic Context The 30,000 Carthaginians are faced with two Roman consular armies of 40,000 and 20,000 respectively, blocking their way to the capital. Hannibal Barca leads the Carthaginians across the dangerous, snowy Appenine passes and then the exhausting Arnus marshes. He thus outflanks both consular armies and prevents any link up between them. Gaius Flaminius, leader of the larger army, immediately marches south to seek battle and obtain all the glory for defeating Hannibal. Stakes + A Carthaginian victory would allow Hannibal to march south and establish a base closer to the Roman capital. + A Roman victory would deny the Carthaginians a secure base in Italy. By Jonathan Webb, 2008 No Image Available
57. 57. Lake Trasimene, 217 BC Strength Carthaginians Well Romans Well 4,000 cavalry 36,000 infantry Tiberius Sempronius Longus 8,000 cavalry 22,000 infantry Hannibal By Jonathan Webb, 2008
58. 58. Romans (Flaminius) Carthaginians (Hannibal) Flaminius deploys his force in column formation, heavy infantry acting as an advance guard and cavalry as the rearguard. Hannibal deploys an infantry unit in plain view of anyone entering the ravine to serve as bait and his remaining force uphill out of sight to serve as the ambush. NN Romans (Gaius Flaminius) 36,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry Carthaginians (Hannibal Barca) 22,000 infantry 8,000 cavalry Flaminius orders the long column forward in the hopes of surprising the Carthaginian camp. Hannibal meanwhile waits for the Roman column to be completely astride the lake and for the daily morning mist to shroud the Roman soldiers vision. The Roman advance guard vaguely spots the Carthaginian camp at the eastern end of the ravine and charges forward. It is now that Hannibal springs the trap; the main Carthaginian force charges downhill with a thunderous cry. The cavalry sweep around the Roman rear to cut off any retreat and then the infantry smash the Roman flanks. The Roman soldiers are blind to the disaster unfolding around them and can barely form ranks to even fight. The Romans do not recover from the initial shock and panic and are slaughtered along with their commander, Flaminius. Only the advance guard and some lucky infantry are able to scatter into the mountains.
59. 59. Lake Trasimene, 217 BC Casualties & Aftermath Carthaginians: Romans: 1,500 or 5% 30,000 or 75% By Jonathan Webb, 2008 Hannibal was able to ambush and destroy an entire Roman army at little cost but could not exploit the victory. Hannibal marched south in the hopes of being joined by cities and tribes he considered to be vassals but was disappointed. The Roman Senate was shocked by the loss of another field army and consequently appointed Quintus Fabius as Dictator. Fabius soon gained the nickname as the Delayer for his avoidance of Hannibal and scorched earth tactics that gained Rome the time to create yet another field army, 87,000 strong; it met Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae.
60. 60. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE Rome refused to surrender and raised another army.
61. 61. 216 BCE Battle of Cannae 87,000 Romans and Allied troops met Hannibal with less than 54,000 troops.
62. 62. Battle of Cannae
63. 63. Battle of Cannae
64. 64. Battle of Cannae
65. 65. Battle of Cannae Rome's worst defeat.
66. 66. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE The Romans send 7 legions (40,000) to crush Hannibal.
67. 67. In Italy Hannibal could not take of Rome because of its walls. He ravaged Italy for decades, but the Italians remained loyal to Rome.
68. 68. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE The Romans raised two armies.
69. 69. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE The second army (Scipio) pushed the Carthaginians out of Spain.
70. 70. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE Next, Rome (Scipio) invaded Carthage
71. 71. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE Carthage recalled Hannibal from Italy.
72. 72. Zama October 19, 202 BC By Jonathan Webb, 2009 Scipio Africanus Hannibal
73. 73. Zama, 202 BC Strength Romans Well Carthaginians Well Scipio Africanus 29,000 infantry 36,000 infantry Hannibal Barca 80 war elephants 4,000 cavalry6,500 cavalry By Jonathan Webb, 2009
74. 74. Romans (Scipio) Carthaginians (Hannibal) Laelius Masinissa Tychaeus Hannibal Hannibal deploys his infantry in three lines with his hardened veterans occupying the rear line and his mercenaries and levies occupying the front two lines. He deploys his war elephants and skirmishers in front of the infantry and the cavalry on the wings. Scipio deploys his infantry in three lines as well: hastati in the front, then principes and finally veteran triarii. Scipio leaves wide lanes between his formations but hides the gaps with skirmishers. He deploys his cavalry on the wings, Masinissa commanding the stronger right wing. Hannibal knows Scipios cavalry is superior and gives orders to his cavalry to lure the Roman cavalry far away from the battlefield if defeated. Hannibal charges with his war elephants and skirmishers which are confronted by Roman skirmishers. As the war elephants approach the Roman lines, Scipio orders the cavalry to blow loud horns to frighten the beasts which partly succeeds; many elephants turn about and flee. The Carthaginian left wing is stampeded by rampaging elephants, completely disordering it. Masinissa promptly charges the Carthaginian left wing and drives it from the field. Frightened elephants continue to rampage into the Carthaginian ranks, disordering the right wing cavalry. Laelius also seizes the opportunity to charge the Carthaginian right wing and drive it from the field. Meanwhile, Roman skirmishers harass the remaining war elephants and carefully lure them down the wide lanes in the infantry to be destroyed in the rear. Scipio Scipio redresses his ranks to form a continuous battle line and advances. Hannibal meets the Roman infantry with only his first two lines of infantry. Romans (Scipio Africanus) 29,000 infantry 6,500 cavalry Carthaginians (Hannibal Barca) 36,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry NN
75. 75. NN Scipio Hannibal Scipio redresses his ranks to form a continuous battle line and advances. Hannibal meets the Roman infantry with only his first two lines of infantry. The Roman hastati eventually defeat the Carthaginian front infantry line which must retreat. However, Hannibal orders is second line infantry to not allow the first line into their ranks resulting in a few initial skirmishes between friendly troops. Trapped between their own second line and the Roman hastati, the Carthaginian front line is slaughtered although some escape to settle on the wings. The Carthaginian second line counterattacks aggressively, pushing the Roman hastati backwards until reinforced by the principes. A fierce struggle ensues but the Carthaginian infantry are again defeated and forced to retreat. Hannibal does not allow these troops to mingle with his rear line but most have the sense to redeploy on the wings. Hannibals cavalry appears to be carrying out its orders magnificently as there is no sign of the Roman cavalry. Romans (Scipio) Carthaginians (Hannibal) Romans (Scipio Africanus) 29,000 infantry 6,500 cavalry Carthaginians (Hannibal Barca) 36,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry
76. 76. NN Scipio Triarii TriariiPrincipesHastatiPrincipes Scipio and Hannibal pause briefly to reorganize their formations. Scipio leisurely deploys the principes on the inner wings and the triarii on the outer wings for a balanced line which slightly overlaps the Carthaginian line. Hannibal knows an advance over the corpse-filled battlefield would be difficult and opts to wait for Scipio to attack his veteran infantry line. Scipio orders an advance over the gory battlefield. A violent and costly infantry struggle infantry ensues. Neither side appears to be gaining an advantage and the decision remains in great doubt to both commanders. As the infantry battle reaches a climax, the Roman cavalry finally return to attack the Carthaginians in the rear. In an instant, the Carthaginian infantry are annihilated where they stand or violently pursued from the battlefield. Hannibal Romans (Scipio) Carthaginians (Hannibal) Romans (Scipio Africanus) 29,000 infantry 6,500 cavalry Carthaginians (Hannibal Barca) 36,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry
77. 77. Zama, 202 BC Casualties & Aftermath Romans: Carthaginians: 5,000 or 14% 30,000 or 75% By Jonathan Webb, 2009 Hannibal escaped to convince the Carthaginian senate to sue for peace. Carthage was forced to surrender its fleet, cede land to Masinissas Numidia and pay severe reparations to Rome. Hannibal was allowed to continue playing a role in Carthaginian politics. In fact, he was so successful in Carthages recovery
78. 78. In 202 BCE, the Romans crushed Hannibals forces at Zamma.
79. 79. Zama October 19, 202 BC
80. 80. The Macedonians Kingdom of Antigonus allied with Carthage.
81. 81. Pydna June 22, 168 BC Strategic Context Following the death of Philip V of Macedon in 179 BC, Perseus of Macedon hopes to renew his fathers ambition of conquering Greece. This leads to tensions and eventual war with Pergamum, which is expanding quickly under the leadership of King Eumenes. Rome, more concerned with Macedonian power and its alliances with anti-Roman factions in Thrace, sides with Pergamum, resulting in an indecisive war 171-170 BC. Dissatisfied with this result, the Roman Senate appoints Lucius Aemilius Paullus as commander of the army to properly subdue Macedon. In June 168 BC, Paullus advances, outflanking Macedonian mountain positions, and forcing Perseus to retreat to Pydna. There the two armies encamp for days until a skirmish erupts into a full- scale battle. Stakes + A Macedonian victory would preserve its existence and end Roman influence in Greece. + A Roman victory would effectively end Macedonian independence and pacify Greece. By Jonathan Webb, 2011
82. 82. Pydna, 168 BC Strength Macedonians Well Romans Well Perseus 20,000 legionnaires21,000 phalangites Lucius Aemilius Paullus 19,000 other infantry 4,000 cavalry 2,000 cavalry 15,000 other infantry By Jonathan Webb, 2011 22 war elephants
83. 83. Macedonians (Perseus) Romans (Paullus) NN Paullus deploys alongside his experienced heavy infantry, the legionnaires, at the center. They are flanked by lighter infantry on each side, Greek allies on their left, Latin allies on their right. Paullus places his few cavalry on each flank, and his war elephants on the right wing. Perseus deploys his compact infantry phalanx at the center. It is flanked by lighter infantry on each side, mercenaries on its left, Thracians on its right. Perseus deploys an experimental anti-elephant unit opposite the Roman war elephants in the hopes of neutralizing them; Perseus holds his cavalry back on each wing awaiting the result of this experiment, himself occupying a position on the right wing. Perseus orders his infantry forward without committing his cavalry. The Thracians on the right surge ahead of the slow-moving phalanx to engage Paullus Greek allied infantry. The Macedonian phalanx advances gradually as a single mass, pinning down the Roman legionnaires and gaining an early advantage with its long spears over their swords. The Pelignians, stationed with the Latin allied infantry, attempt a counter-attack their commander resorting to tossing their standard into the enemy ranks to incite them but are repulsed with heavy loss and pushed back by the Macedonian mercenaries. The Macedonian phalanx simply pushes the Roman legionnaires back, their long spears continuing to outrange the Roman sword. However, as the Roman legionnaires fall back, the Macedonian phalanx becomes increasingly disordered as it advances over rough hilly terrain. The tight, dense formation begins to show disruption and breaks in its cohesion; a gap between the phalanx and the left wing also widens as the Roman war elephants prepare to enter the battle. Paullus orders the legionnaires to break down into smaller units to infiltrate the disrupted phalanx though many of which are already doing so on their own initiative. The Roman legionnaires exploit any and all gaps, forcing the Macedonian phalangites to drop their long spears and resort to their ineffective short swords. The Roman attack is particularly effective on the phalanxs exposed left flank. Paullus also orders a war elephant charge which routs the anti-elephant corps and threatens the entire Macedonian left wing. With war elephants on the field, Perseus cannot commit his cavalry and influence the battle. The Roman war elephants smash the Macedonian mercenaries, hitting their left flank and rear. Meanwhile, the Roman legionnaires continue to slaughter the Macedonian phalangites as their formation disintegrates and routs; only a small unit of the phalanx maintains its resolve and fights to the last. With the collapse of the phalanx, Perseus and the cavalry flee. Macedonians (Perseus) 21,000 phalangites 19,000 other infantry 4,000 cavalry Romans (Lucius Aemilius Paullus) 20,000 legionnaires 15,000 other infantry 2,000 cavalry 22 war elephants
84. 84. Pydna, 168 BC Casualties & Aftermath Macedonians: Romans: 31,000 or 70% 1,000 or 3% By Jonathan Webb, 2011 The Romans captured Perseus shortly after the battle, ending the war. The Roman Senate decided to deal with Macedon harshly to avoid any future troubles, occupying its territory and disarming is citizens. The Romans imprisoned anyone believed to have been involved with Perseus indefinitely and even vilified King Eumenes of Pergamum, whose territory became a Roman vassal as a result of the power shift in the region. In 150 BC, Macedon again became a problem for Rome when Andriscus claimed to be heir to Perseus and led a popular uprising; the uprising was crushed once again near Pydna in 148 BC.
85. 85. Third Punic War 146BCE For 10 days, Roman legions burned and demolished all of the citys buildings. Population sold into slavery. North Africa becomes a Roman province.
86. 86. In 148 BCE, Rome made Macedonia into a province.
87. 87. The new conquests of Rome were wars of plunder. Provinces were stripped of wealth, the people often made slaves, and leaders sent to Rome.