Early Maritime Observations (Winds)
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Transcript of Early Maritime Observations (Winds)
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• Redfield• “Whirlwind
Theory”• Rotation• Coriolis
• Espy• Convergence into
Low• PGF• 1841
• Loomis• Rotation AND
Convergence• 1860
Early Maritime Observations (Winds)http://m.nautil.us/issue/25/water/the-dueling-weathermen-of-the-1800s
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Putting it Together (Air Masses)
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A First Mention of Fronts
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Norwegians Begin to go 3-D
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Looking More Like Fronts!
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Fronts and Cross-Sections: 1921
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Another View
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Is the Norwegian Model Still Relevant?
Unified Surface Analysis Manual
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Artists don’t get it: Spot the Error!
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What’s Wrong with This Picture?
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How About This One?
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Circled Obs DO NOT Fit CG Pressure Field!
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Human-Adjusted Isobars: A Better Fit
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The Station Model
You are expected to already know how to read thisPressure in this example is 1024.7mb
Isobars:- The standard contour is simply a quasi-universal starting point for plotting, and is 1000mb- The contour interval is the change in value between isobars. It will be 4mb or less (2mb or 1mb for mesoscale)- Intermediate isobars are drawn in areas of slight pressure gradient and are ½ the value of the general map contour interval- Regular contours are solid lines, intermediates are long dash, nested intermediates are short dash and you may not jump to 1mb intermediates without first using 2mb intervals
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Some Standard Surface Symbols
- Frontolysis and frontogenesis will be covered later
- Ignore squall line, ridge, tropical wave: we do not plot the last two and use a different conven-tion for squall lines
- Troughs may be colored brown, purple or black
- Drylines (ignore for now) may be colored brown or orange
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Reminders (things you should already know)
• Look over the error sheet when doing your weekly maps and try to avoid those most obvious mistakes
• Front Type is determined by air movement on cold side of boundary
• Front Location is determined by careful analysis of:– Pressure troughs– Wind shifts– Temperature and dewpoint gradients– Cloud and precipitation location– Pressure tendencies
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For Those Away at AMS…• Class Policy (please keep these in mind):
– Working together on weekly maps is ENCOURAGED and RECOMMENDED– Working together on weekly quizzes is considered CHEATING, these are
designed to test individual knowledge and progress• Pre-Test
– Print this and individually list the errors (do not work together on this)– Do not include the jumpy nature of the isobars, this is an artifact of the
crappy software I used, but, yes, isobars should be neat and smooth• Quiz 1
– Print this and individually answer the questions and mark the appropriate maps. Have your glasses ready if needed, the numbers are very small
• Map 1– Print this, preferably on 11x17-inch paper (if available), and analyze:
• Fronts, highs and lows (proper symbols and color)• Isobars (4mb intervals, 1000mb standard contour, label isobars, use regular black pencil)